Machines Manual 2016

Electric Machines Lab
EED, UET, Lahore
Sumpner Test / Back to Back Test of a Transformer
Experiment 1
Equipment
1. Two identical transformer
2. Two varaics
3. Two AC measuring panels
4. Calculator
Theoretical Background
The Sumpner test is a method of determining efficiency, regulation and heating under load
conditions. The open circuit and short circuit tests give us the equivalent circuit parameters
but cannot give heating information under various load conditions. The Sumpner test
provides copper loss, iron loss and heating information in a single test. In open circuit test,
there is no load on the transformer while in short circuit test also only fractional load gets
applied. In open circuit and short circuit tests, the loading conditions are absent and the
results are inaccurate. In Sumpner test, actual loading conditions are simulated hence the
results obtained are much more accurate. Thus Sumpner test is much improved method of
predetermining regulation and efficiency than open circuit and short circuit tests.
The Sumpner test requires two identical transformers. Both the transformers are connected to
the supply such that one transformer is loaded on the other. Thus power taken from the
supply is that much necessary for supplying the losses of both the transformers and there is
very small loss in the control circuit.
While conducting this test, the primaries of the two identical transformers are connected in
parallel across the supply V1. While the secondaries are connected in series opposition so that
induced EMFs in the two secondaries oppose each other. The secondaries are supplied from
another low voltage supply, connected in each circuit to get the readings. The connection
diagram is shown in the Figure below.
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T1 and T2 are two identical transformers. The secondaries of T1and T2 are connected in series
opposition. So EEF = EGH i.e. EMFs induced in two secondaries are equal but the secondaries
are connected such that E is connected to G and F is connected to H. Due to such series
opposition, two EMFs act in opposite direction to each other and cancel each other, so net
voltage in the local circuit of secondaries is zero, when primaries are excited by supply 1 of
rated voltage and frequency. There is no current flowing in the loop formed by two
secondaries. The series opposition can be checked by another voltmeter connected in the
secondary circuit as per polarity test. If it reads zero, the secondaries are in series opposition
and if it reads double the induced EMF in each secondary, it is necessary to reverse the
connections of one of the secondaries.
As per superposition theorem, if V2 is assumed zero then due to phase opposition no current
flows through secondary and both the transformers T1, T2 are as good as on no load, so open
circuit test gets simulated. The current drawn from source V1 in such case is 2Io where Io is no
load current of each transformer. The input power as measured by wattmeter W1 thus reads
the iron losses of both the transformers.
Pi per transformer =W1/2 as T1, T2 are identical
Then a small voltage V2 is injected into the secondary with the help of low voltage
transformer, by closing the switch S. With regulation mechanism, the voltage V2 is adjusted
so that the rated secondary current I2 flows through the secondaries as shown. I2 flows from E
to F and then from H to G. The flow of I1 is restricted to the loop B A I J C D L K B and it
does not pass through W1. Hence W1 continues to read core losses. Both primaries and
secondaries carry rated current so short circuit test condition gets simulated. Thus the
wattmeter W2 reads the total full load copper losses of both the transformers.
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(Pcu full load) per transformer = W2 /2
Key Point: Thus in the Sumpner test without supplying the load, full iron loss occurs in the
core while full copper loss occurs in the windings simultaneously. Hence heat run test can be
conducted on the two transformers. In open circuit and short circuit test, both the losses do
not occur simultaneously hence heat run test cannot be conducted. This is the advantage of
Sumpner test. From the test results the full load efficiency of each transformer can be
calculated as
Where
Output = VA rating x cos 2
Key Point: As all the voltage, currents and powers are measured during the test, the
equivalent circuit parameters also can be determined. Hence the regulation at any load and
load power factor condition can be predetermined.
The only limitation is that two identical transformers are required.
Observations
No load voltage = Rated voltage = ________________V
No load current = 2 Io = ________________________A
No load power = Core losses of two transformer = W1 = _______________ Watt
Secondary side voltage (reduced voltage) = __________V
Rated current in secondaries = ____________________A
Power in secondaries -= Copper losses = ___________W
Iron loss of one transformer = _____________W
Copper loss of one transformer = ___________W
Total losses of one transformer = ___________W
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Calculate efficiency at full load at unity power factor
% =
(VA rating) cos2

x100 with cos2 = 1
(VA rating) cos2 + Pi + Pcu at full load
Calculate efficiency at half load at 0.8 power factor.

At half load, cos 2 = 0.8 and n = 1/2 = 0.5
% =
n x (VA rating) cos2

x100
n x (VA rating) cos2 + Pi + n 2 ( Pcu at full load)
Pcu at half load=n 2 ( Pcu at full load) where n is the fraction of full load
Draw equivalent circuit and calculate all its parameters
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Comments
1. How you can determine the efficiency of a transformer?
2. Which winding is connected in parallel in this test?
3. How much voltage is applied on primary side while performing Sumpner test?
4. How much voltage is applied on secondary side while performing Sumpner test?
5. How secondaries of transformers are connected in this test?
6. How much current flows in primary and secondary winding while performing this
test?
7. What do you mean by phase opposition in reference to Sumpner test?
8. What is the necessary condition to be fulfilled by transformers in this test?
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Speed Control of a Three Phase Induction Motor
Experiment 2
Speed of squirrel cage Induction motor can be controlled using two methods
1. Voltage control method
2. Frequency control Method
Three phase variable voltages are applied to the stator of induction machine and speed is
controlled. In lab we are using an induction motor drive to control the voltage and frequency.
Clearly observe the circuit installed and draw circuit here in terms of block diagram and get it
checked by your instructor. Please refer your text book for detailed connections.
Induction Motor Specifications

Write down the name plate data of 3-phase machine.
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Vab
Vbc
Vca
Average
Voltage
Speed in
RPM
Speed in
rad/sec
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Frequency
Hz
Speed in
RPM
Speed in
rad/sec
Frequency Speed in
Hz
RPM
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
10
20
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Speed in
rad/sec
Plot graph between average voltage and speed of induction motor (Speed on y-axis)
Plot graph between supply frequency and speed of induction motor. (Speed on y-axis)
What is the synchronous speed?
Can we run induction motor above the synchronous machine?
What do you mean by slip?
What are different methods to measure speed?
Briefly explain the method of speed measurement in this experiment.
What do you mean by an induction motor drive?
Draw internal block diagram of the induction motor drive
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Voltage Regulation of a Transformer
Experiment 3
Voltage Regulation of a Single Phase Transformer with resistive, inductive and
capacitive load
Equipment
1. Two terminal boards consisting of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter
2. A varaic
3. A single phase transformer
4. Resistive load
5. Inductive load
6. Capacitive load
Procedure
1. First of all connect the primary of the transformer to the variable AC source available
in the Lab. This is so because we want to adjust the primary of the transformer at the
rated voltage and find the voltage regulation at the rated voltage. If WAPDA voltage
is less than the rated voltage of the transformer then set the primary voltage at 200 or
less but that should be maintained constant during the experiment.
2. At rated primary voltage there should be rated secondary voltage. If primary voltage
is different from rated then secondary will also be different from the rated. It is
recommended to set the rated voltage at secondary. Note down the value of secondary
voltage at no load.
3. Connect resistive load that consist of bulbs to the secondary of the transformer.
Connect an ammeter and a voltmeter across load to measure current and voltage
respectively.
4. Gradually vary the load by turning on the bulbs & take readings by noting down the
corresponding load currents (increasing Load currents) & voltages at that time. Take
about twelve readings.
5. Calculate the percentage regulation of the transformer at different loads by using the
formula
% Voltage Regulation =
Vnl Vload
x100
Vnl
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Where Vnl is the secondary voltage at no load and VLoad is the secondary voltage with
load
6. Plot a graph between percentage regulation & load current.
7. Repeat all the above steps for inductive and capacitive load.
Observations
1. Resistive load
Sr.
#
Primary
Voltage Vp
(V)
Kept
constant
Load
Current
IL
Secondary
(Load) Voltage
VL
No load
Secondary
Voltage
Percentage
Voltage
Regulation
(A)
(V)
Vnl
Vnl VL
x100
Vnl
(V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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2. Inductive Load
Sr.
#
Primary
Voltage Vp
(V)
Kept
constant
Load
Current
IL
Secondary
(Load) Voltage
VL
No load
Secondary
Voltage
Percentage
Voltage
Regulation
(A)
(V)
Vnl
Vnl VL
x100
Vnl
(V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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3. Capacitive load
Sr.
#
Primary
Voltage Vp
(V)
Kept
constant
Load
Current
IL
Secondary
(Load) Voltage
VL
No load
Secondary
Voltage
Percentage
Voltage
Regulation
(A)
(V)
Vnl
Vnl VL
x100
Vnl
(V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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Draw phasor diagram for secondary side of transformer with resistive load
Draw phasor diagram for secondary side of transformer with inductive load
Draw phasor diagram for secondary side of transformer with capacitive load.
Plot graph between load current and % voltage regulation for resistive load (%VR on
y-axis)
Plot graph between load current and % voltage regulation for inductive load (%VR on
y-axis)
Plot graph between load current and % voltage regulation for capacitive load (%VR
on y-axis)
What relationship can be observed in the graphs? Which graph has more slope and
why?
What can be done to keep % Regulation as minimum as possible?
What is the best ideal Voltage Regulation value and why? Explain
What difference is observed between resistive and capacitive load voltage regulation.
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Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
Experiment 4
Equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer using open circuit and short circuit test
Equipment
1. Two terminal boards consisting of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter
2. A varaics
3. A single phase transformer
It is possible to experimentally determine the values of the inductances and resistances in the
transformer model. An adequate approximation of these values can be obtained with only two
tests, the open-circuit test and the short-circuit test. In the open-circuit test, one transformer
winding is open-circuited, and the other winding is connected to full rated line voltage. Look
at the equivalent circuit in Figure.
Under the conditions described al1 the input current must be flowing through the excitation
branch of the transformer. The series elements, Rp and Xp are too small in comparison to Rc
and XM to cause a significant voltage drop, so essentially all the input voltage is dropped
across the excitation branch. The open-circuit test connections are shown in Figure. Full line
voltage is applied to one side of the transformer, and the input voltage, input current, and
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input power to the transformer are measured. (This measurement is normally done on the low
voltage side of the transformer, since lower voltages are easier to work with.) From this
information, it is possible to determine the power factor of the input current and therefore
both the magnitude and the angle of the excitation impedance.
The easiest way to calculate the values of Rc and XM is to look first at the admittance of the
excitation branch. The conductance of the core-loss resistor is given as
Gc =
1
Rc
and the susceptance of the magnetizing inductor is given as

BM =
1
XM
Since these two elements are in parallel, their admittances add, and the total excitation
admittance is
YE = Gc jBM
1
1
YE = j
Rc
XM
The magnitude of the excitation admittance (referred to the side of the transformer used for
the measurement) can be found from the open-circuit test voltage and current:
YE =
Ioc
Voc
The angle of the admittance can be found from a knowledge of the circuit power factor. The
open-circuit power factor (PF) is given by
PF = cos =
Poc
VocIoc
Poc
VocIoc
= cos 1
The power factor is always lagging for a real transformer, so the angle of the current always
lags the angle of the voltage by degrees. Therefore, the admittance YE is
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Ioc

Voc
Ioc
YE =
cos 1 ( PF )
Voc
YE =
By comparing two equations for YE , it is possible to determine the values of Rc and XM

referred to the connected side directly from the open-circuit test data.
In short-circuit test, the secondary winding terminals of the transformer are short-circuited,
and the primary winding terminals are connected to a variable voltage source. The input
voltage is adjusted until the current in the short-circuited windings is equal to its rated value.
(Be sure to keep the primary voltage at a safe level. It would not be a good idea to burn out
the transformer's windings while trying to test it.) The input voltage, current, and power are
again measured. Since the input voltage is so low during the short-circuit test, negligible
current flows through the excitation branch. If the excitation current is ignored, then the
entire voltage drop in the transformer can be attributed to the series elements in the circuit.
The magnitude of the series impedances referred to the primary side of the transformer is
Zsc =
Vsc
Isc
The power factor of the current is given by

PF = cos =
Psc
VscIsc
and is lagging. The current angle is thus negative, and the overall impedance angle
is
positive: Therefore,
Psc
VscIsc
= cos 1
The series impedance ZSE is equal to
ZSE = Re q + jXeq
ZSE = (Rp+ a 2 Rs) + j(Xp+ a 2 Xs)

It is possible to determine the total series impedance referred to any side by using this
technique, but there is no easy way to split the series impedance into primary and secondary
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components. Fortunately, such separation is not necessary to solve normal problems. Note
that the open-circuit test is usually performed on the low-voltage side of the transformer, and
the short-circuit test is usually performed on the high voltage side of the transformer, so Rc
and XM are usually found referred to the low-voltage side, and Req and Xeq are usually found
referred to the high-voltage side. All of the elements must be referred to the same side (either
high or low) to create the final equivalent circuit.
Circuit diagram for open circuit test

Connect the circuit as shown in the figure. Use 220 V tap on the primary side.
Observations
No load primary voltage Voc= _______________ (It should be rated voltage of the primary
side)
No load primary current Ioc= _________________
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No load Power Poc = ________________________ (Iron losses of the transformer)
Poc
=___________________
VocIoc
No load power factor = PF = cos =
Poc
=________________
No load power factor angle = = cos 1
VocIoc
Iw (current through Rc) = Ioc cos =____________

Im (current through Xm) = Ioc sin =____________
Rc =
Voc
=__________
Iw
Xm =
Voc
=__________
Im
Alternative way
YE =
YE =
Ioc
=________________
Voc
Ioc
=_____________
Voc
YE = Gc jBM =_____________
As YE =
1
1
1
1
so Rc =
=___________ and XM =
=_____________
j
Rc
XM
Gc
BM
Circuit diagram for short circuit test

Connect the circuit as shown in figure. Make sure at start the applied voltage is zero.
Gradually and carefully increase the voltage on the primary side such that rated current flows
in primary side.
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Observations
Short circuit: Primary voltage Vsc= _______________ (It should be very small voltage)
Short circuit: Primary current Isc= ________________ (It should be the rated current)
Short circuit: Secondary current= _________________ (Slightly lower than above)
Cu-Losses: Power Psc = ________________________
Short circuit power factor = PF = cos =
Psc
=___________________
VscIsc
Psc
Short circuit power factor angle = = cos 1
=________________
VscIsc
ZsE =
ZsE =
Vsc
=__________________
Isc
Vsc
=________________
Isc
ZSE = Re q + jXeq =______________

Re q =________________________ & Xe q =________________________
Or
Re q =
Psc
=___________________
Isc 2
Xe q =
ZSE Re q 2 =___________
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Xeq=_________________________
Draw the equivalent circuit referred to the primary side and clearly mention all the
values
Draw the equivalent circuit referred to the secondary side and clearly mention all the
values (a=Is/Ip in short circuit test) a=____
How we can minimize the no-load current of the transformer?
In which case the PF of transformer is higher, open circuit test or short circuit test?
Why?
Teacher Signature: ________________

Date:_______________
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Speed Control of a DC motor
Experiment 5
Speed Control of Separately Excited and Shunt DC Motor
Equipment
1. Terminal Board
2. DC machine
3. Tacho-meter
4. Two varaics
5. Variable resistance
Speed Control of Separately Excited Motor
Voltage Control Method
In this method of speed control field winding current is kept constant by keeping the field
voltage constant as separate supply is used to excite field winding. The applied armature
voltage is changed from 0 to 160V and the corresponding speed variation is noted down.
Speed of DC motor is directly proportional to the armature voltage. Field Current is kept
constant at 0.6 A. (Field current varies from machine to machine)
Field Current Control Method
For field control method, armature voltage is kept constant at nearly 120-140V and the field
current If is changed by varying the resistance added in series with the field winding. Field
current If is changed such that the speed varies between 500 rpm and 1800 rpm. Speed of the
DC motor is inversely proportional to the field current.
Speed Control of Shunt Motor
In this motor only one supply is used to energize field and armature winding. Field and
armature winding are connected in parallel.
Voltage Control Method
In this method of speed control field winding current is kept constant with the help of variable
resistance connected in series with field winding because the field voltage also changes with
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change of armature voltage. Armature voltage is changed from 50 to 150 V such that only
armature current changes and field current remains constant and corresponding speed is noted.
Field Current Control Method
For field control method, armature voltage is kept constant at nearly 120-140V and the field
current If is changed by varying the resistance added in series with the field winding. Field
current If is changed such that the speed varies between 500 rpm and 1800 rpm. Speed of the
DC motor is inversely proportional to the field current.
Procedure
1. Connect armature winding and field winding with separate supplies. Use volt-meter and
ammeter of the terminal board to measure the voltage and current of respective
winding. First turn on the field supply and set its voltage nearly 100V. Then turn on the
armature supply and gradually increase the armature voltage and note down the speed at
different voltages.
2. Then keep armature winding voltage and field winding voltage constant and change the
field current using the variable resistance connected in series with the field winding.
Note down the speed of the machine and record in the table.
3. To turn off your machine always switch off field circuit first and then switch off the
armature supply. Reverse procedure can cause machine to accelerate quickly which can
result in mechanical damage and due to reduced back EMF the armature current will be
very high which can result in electrical damage.
4. Now connect armature and field windings in parallel and repeat the above procedure.
Only one supply will be used in this case.
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Observations
1. Voltage Control Method for separately excited machine
Sr. # Armature Voltage (V) Speed (rpm) Speed (rad/sec) Field Current (A)
Va
W=2N/60
If (constant)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Draw Equivalent circuit used for above experiment.
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2. Field Current Control Method for separately excited machine
Va (constant)
W=2N/60
If
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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3. Voltage Control Method for shunt type machine
Va
W=2N/60
If (constant)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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4. Field Current Control Method for shunt type machine
Va (constant)
W=2N/60
If
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Draw Equivalent circuit used.
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Plot the graph between speed and field current for separately excited and shunt machine
(speed on y-axis and field current on x-axis).Clearly indicate the scale and units.
Plot the graph between speed and armature voltage for separately excited and shunt
machine (speed on y-axis and armature voltage on x-axis).Clearly indicate the scale and
units.
Comments
1. What characteristics do you observe from the speed vs armature voltage graph? Can
this method be used above rated armature voltage?
2. What characteristics do you observer from the speed vs field current graph? What will
happen if you reduce field current to minimum value?
3. What can be other methods to change the speed of Shunt Motor?
Instructor Signature:__________________
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Magnetic Characteristics of a DC generator
Experiment 6
Magnetic Characteristics of a DC Shunt and Separately Excited Generator
Equipment
1. Terminal Board
2. DC motor generator set
3. Tacho-meter
4. Two varaics
5. Variable resistance
Procedure
1. Make connection for one machine as motor. Motor connection can be of shunt
type or of separately excited type. It is your choice.
2. Connect a voltmeter at armature terminal of second coupled machine which will
be used as a generator. As we are going to perform the test on a shunt generator,
field and armature are kept in parallel.
3. Connect field winding of DC generator in parallel to armature winding such that
there is a variable resistance and ammeter in series with field winding. Select the
meter of proper range (should not be more than 1A as field current is usually very
small)
4. Run your first machine as a motor by applying armature voltage such that
machine runs at 1500 rpm (you can set it at any value in the range of 100 to 160V
but must be kept constant)
5. Now gradually vary the variable resistance in the field of DC shunt generator.
Observe the reading of the voltmeter connected across armature winding. Voltage
must be induced in armature winding. Keep in mind that there is no load
connected with armature.
6. Now gradually change the variable resistance such that the field current increases
and note down the armature voltage. Please select such an interval that you can
record at least 10 readings over the entire range of variable resistance.
7. Once readings are obtained with increasing field currents, now decrease the
currents with same values and note down the armature voltage. You will observe
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that armature voltage will be higher than the case when you were increasing field
current and this is because of residual magnetic field.
8. Note the readings in table and draw the magnetic characteristics.
9. Repeat the experiment for separately excited generator.
Observations
Sr Field Current
#
If (mA)
Voltage Generated Vg
(V)
Ascending Filed Current Descending Field Current
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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Why there is a difference between the ascending and descending values?
Which generator has the highest no load voltage and why?
Define magnetic characteristics
Is there any voltage generated at zero field current. If yes then what is the value and
why?
The drawn graph is between field current and generated voltage, explain how it
resemble magnetization curve?
On which factor the magnitude of induced EMF depends upon?
What is the saturation value of field current in your graph?
What do you mean by critical resistance?
What is the value of critical resistance in this experiment?
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Load Test of a DC Series Motor
Experiment 7
Equipment
1. Terminal Board
2. DC series machine and DC generator
3. Tacho-meter
4. Load Unit
The circuitry of this motor includes an armature in series with an inductive field winding. The
relationship between speed & torque for a series motor can be given by

This equation shows that a high torque is obtained at low speed and a low torque is obtained
at high speed. This is a special characteristic feature of DC Series Motor. Due to this feature
DC Series Motor are used in such applications where large starting torque is required. It is
also notable in this motor that T I a2 which means that DC series will produce
unidirectional torque both for AC and DC supply. Thus it is a universal motor which can be
operated both on DC as well as AC supply. DC series motor has a dangerously high starting
current if it is directly connected to the DC power supply because of very low EMF at start.
The starting current is limited either by inserting a resistance or using a low DC terminal
voltage at start. DC Series motor has a very poor speed control as it is very slow for heavy
load and fast for lighter loads. If no load is applied, the motor may over-speed and destroy
itself. This feature makes this motor unsafe for using with belts for a brake as belt may cause
motor to be destroyed.
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Data
Without any connection take a DMM and connect it across different winding of the machines
and measure the ohmic resistance.
DC compound motor (First Machine)
Resistance of armature winding (A1-A2) =__________
Resistance of field winding
(F1-F2) =___________
Resistance of series field
(D1-D2)=___________
Write down the name plate data of machines
DC separately excited / shunt motor (Second Machine)

Resistance of armature winding (A1-A2) =__________
Resistance of field winding
(F1-F2) =___________
Write down the name plate data of machines
Procedure
1. Setup consists of two DC machines which can be configured for different types.
Configure one machine as a DC series motor i.e. connects its series field winding (D1D2) in series with armature winding (A1-A2). For excitation use the supply with current
rating above 3A. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
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2. Configure second machine as a separately excited DC generator. Use the supply of 2A
rating for the excitation of field winding (F1-F2) and connect load with the armature
winding.
3. Use voltmeter and ammeter measure the load voltage and current. Power can be
calculated by taking the product of two quantities. (You can use load unit or the bulbs for
the load).
4. For speed measurement use techo-generator and brake control unit.
5. Run DC series motor by gradually increasing the voltage up to 100V (Do not set voltage
above the rated value). Select a voltage for the operation of DC series motor and that
must be kept constant throughout the experiment. If voltage changes because of the load
then adjust it with the help of varaics.
6. Set the excitation voltage of separately excited DC generator at rated value. Observe the
voltage across the armature terminals/load terminal. You can use brake control unit to
apply the load on the DC generator.
7. Vary the load and record load power, torque and speed. If you are using the bulbs as a
load then record load voltage, load current and calculate the power. With the help of
readings calculate torque and efficiency.
8. Now draw the graph between the following quantities.
Output Power v/s Torque
Output Power v/s Speed
Output Power v/s Efficiency
Output Power on the x-axis and all other quantities on the y-axis.
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Connection Diagram
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Sr. #
Motor
Motor
Terminal Current
Voltage
Ia
Input
Motor
Speed
Speed
Power
BEMF
P=VtIa
Eb
(rpm) (rad/sec)
Load
Load
Load
Voltage Current Power

VL
Vt (V)
IL
Induced
Shaft
EMF
Torque
Efficiency
Pout
VLIL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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35
Plot graph between speed and output power. (power on x-axis)

Plot graph between Induced EMF and output power (power on x-axis)
Plot graph between shaft torque and output power (power on x-axis)
Plot graph between efficiency and output power (power on x-axis)
What are the applications of series motor? (Mention at least five applications)
Is it necessary to maintain the constant input voltage while performing load test?
Can we run DC series motor at no load? If not, Why?
Why applied voltage does not remain constant in this experiment?
What is the important precaution in this experiment?
Is series motor a constant speed motor?
Why speed of a series motor decrease so drastically with load?
How does the torque of a series motor vary with load current? Write down the exact
expression.
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36
Load Characteristics of the DC Shunt Generator
Experiment 8
Load Characteristics of a DC Shunt and Separately Excited Generator
Equipment:
1. Brake Control Unit SM2671
2. Drive Machine, DC Machine SM2641
3. Tacho-generator SM2631
4. Power Supply Unit SM2631
5. Terminal Board SM2635
6. Test Machine, DC Machine SM2641
7. Digital Multi-meter (DMM)
8. Measuring Unit
9. Shunt Regulator
10. Load Resistor SM2676
Background:
Shunt Generator is also called self-excited generator as field winding is connected across the
armature so that armature voltage can supply the field current. Some residual magnetism
must exist in the magnetic circuit of the generator. Because of this residual magnetism small
voltage appears across the armature terminal even when the field current is disconnected. On
connecting the field (a resistance in series), armature voltage increases which in turn increase
the field current which again builds up the voltage, so this process continues until a specific
voltage is reached. In actual cases, this build up follows approximately the magnetization
curve. Field Circuit resistance is important for voltage stabilization. If the resistance slope
coincides with somewhat linear portion of the magnetization curve it results in unstable
voltage situation. If resistance is greater than this, build up is insignificant. And for lower
values of resistance, generator will build up higher voltages. Shunt Generator uses a field
having suitable impedance across the armature such that the armature voltage supplies the
necessary field current, although in some cases, separate external voltage may also be
applied. Use a field current rheostat to adjust the current in field winding and to adjust the
armature terminal voltage. For simplicity, we assume magnetic linearity & find that
= Kf If
(0.1)
For a DC shunt generator the voltage equation can be written as:

E = Vt + I a Ra
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(0.2)
37

Where E is the induced EMF, Ia is the armature current and Vt is the terminal/load voltage.
The induced EMF is given as:
E = Kb = Kb K f I f = KI f
(0.3)
Speed relation can be formulated as:

E = Vt + I a Ra KI f = Vt + I a Ra =
Vt + I a Ra
KI f
(0.4)
As I a Ra is very small therefore we can write above equation as:
Vt
KI f
(0.5)
Thus speed varies inversely with field current. Speed also varies inversely with load. For load
torque T we have the following relation:
m =
EI a
1
m
T
T
(0.6)
Important characteristics of a shunt generator are:

1. Residual Magnetism is present in the magnetic field and armature system.
2. Field is wound such as to aid the residual magnetism.
3. Field circuit resistance is less than the critical field current resistance.
Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the value of Rf (Shunt Regulator) and proper direction of field current or
direction of rotation of prime mover to aid the residual magnetism so that voltage
generation takes place.
3. Power up the circuit with rheostat (Load Resistor) at zero i.e. at no load and note the
voltage and field current for zero load current.
4. Now attach the load resistance to the generator with the resistance set to maximum.
Note the load voltage and field current.
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38

5. For next reading slowly decrease the resistance which increases the load current.
(Maximum load current is 2.2A). You can change the resistance value of the load as
prescribed in diagram to make your load current near 2A.
6. In this way take 10 readings of load current, field current & load voltage. (Take
readings at equal intervals)
7. Calculate the Armature current by adding both the load & field currents for each
reading.
8. Calculate the total induced emf produced by using the Ra equal to 8.
9. Now draw the graph between voltage and load current. Voltage on the y-axis and load
current on the x-axis. Also draw a graph between E (Total emf induced) and the
armature current (E on the y-axis and Ia on the x-axis).
10. Repeat the experiment for separately excited generator
Precautions
1. Maximum allowable voltage to be generated by generator is 160V.
2. Maximum speed of the DC Motor acting as prime mover for the generator is 1500
rpm.
3. Take extra care while measuring field current by DMM. Use proper terminals and
range otherwise you may damage the DMM.
4. Use measuring unit or DMM supplied to measure load current and load voltage. Dont
use any other device to measure these.
5. If shunt regulator is not available, just dont use it. It is being used over here for
adjustment of field current to change the magnetic flux inside your machine.
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39

Observations
Circuit Diagram
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Plot graph between voltage and load current
Plot graph between E (EMF induced) and the armature current
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41
Load test of a three phase induction motor
Experiment 9
Components of voltage drop in a DC shunt generator
Equipment:
1. Brake Control Unit SM2671
2. Drive Machine, DC Machine SM2641
3. Tacho-generator SM2631
4. Power Supply Unit SM2631
5. Terminal Board SM2635
6. Test Machine, DC Machine SM2641
7. Digital Multi-meter (DMM)
8. Measuring Unit
9. Shunt Regulator
10. Load Resistor SM2676
Voltage Drop Components
There are three components of voltage drop in DC shunt generator which are as follows:
1. Voltage drop due to armature resistance: The armature current Ia which is the sum of
the field current If & the Load Current IL flows through the armature thus due to the
armature resistance IaRa voltage drop due occurs.
2. Voltage drop due to armature reaction: Reaction between the armature field (due to
current Ia) and the main field (due to If) gives rise to two fields at some angle to each
other. Due to all this there is a shift in the magnetic axis and redistribution of charges
takes place in some of the conductors thus producing a significant voltage drop. This
voltage drop is named as the voltage drop due to armature reaction.
3. Voltage drop due to field current reduction: When the voltage drop due to the above
mentioned reasons take place, the terminal voltage decreases which causes the field
current to decrease further as field current is given by I f = Vt / R f .Due to field current
decrease, the magnetic field strength decreases, thus less voltage is induced.
Load Characteristics in DC Generator
Following characteristics are observed for different types of DC Generator:
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42
Characteristics A - Ideal Characteristics
Characteristics B - Keeping the If constant
Characteristics C - Accounts for all the three voltage drops
Procedure
1. Connect the circuit for the shunt generator using DC shunt motor as the prime mover.
Include the shunt regulator resistance in the field winding circuit with the milliampere Meter.
2. Adjust the value of shunt regulator so that the field current has a value of 45mA. Note
down the no-load Voltage.
3. Add a variable resistive load of 200.
4. Start increasing the load current i.e. decreasing the resistance and note down the
values of load current IL, field current If, terminal voltage Vt for different values of the
load current. The terminal voltage recorded has a drop for all the three components of
voltage drop as mentioned in the above text. Make the speed of the prime mover
constant at every set of readings to 1500 rpm by changing the applied voltage of the
motor.
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43

5. After taking the above set of readings, another set of readings is to be taken for the
same load currents IL but making the field current constant at 45mA at every reading
by varying the shunt regulator included in the field circuit. In this way the terminal
voltage recorded do not account the drop due to field current If decrease as the field
current is leveled at every reading.
6. In order to calculate the voltage drop due to armature reaction, the voltage drop due to
IaRa is subtracted from the second set of readings terminal voltage for the same load
current IL. All these calculations are done in the third table.
7. Now draw the graph for all the three characteristics as shown in the above figure (2)
with load current on the x-axis and terminal voltage on the y-axis.
Precautions
DC Motor acting as prime mover for the generator should not be over powered or
underpowered so that it goes beyond its prescribed speed. A suitable operating speed should
be around 1500 rpm.
Observations
No Load Voltage = VtA = _______ V
Table 1
(Accounts for all the three voltage drop components)
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44

Table 2
(Accounts for the two voltage drop components i.e. armature reaction and IaRa drop as the
field current If is kept constant for every value)
Table 3
(Calculation for all three components of voltage drop)
Which component of the voltage drop is the largest and why?Armature Reaction
increases with load or not? Why?
Which of the following drops would be present in separately excited generator and
series Generator? Discuss with reason?
Write all types of Losses occurring in a DC Generator?
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45

Connection Diagram
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Experiment 10
Load Test of a Three Phase Induction Motor
Objective
To determine the load characteristics of an induction motor and to plot a graph between the
following quantities:
Output power and efficiency
Speed and efficiency
Power factor (cos ) and efficiency
Reactive power and efficiency
Torque and efficiency
Induction Motor
Principle
In ac motors the rotor does not receive the electrical power by conduction but by induction in
the same way as in case of secondary of a two-winding transformer receives its power from
primary. Thats why such motors are called as induction motors. In fact the induction motor
can be treated as rotating transformer i.e. one in which primary winding is stationary but the
secondary is free to rotate.
Where a poly phase electrical supply is available, the three-phase (or poly phase) AC
induction motor is commonly used, especially for higher-power motors. The phase
differences between the three phases of the poly phase electrical supply create a rotating
electromagnetic field in the motor. Through electromagnetic induction, the rotating magnetic
field induces a current in the conductors in the rotor, which in turn sets up a counterbalancing
magnetic field that causes the rotor to turn in the direction the field is rotating. The rotor
always rotates slower than the rotating magnetic field produced by the poly phase electrical
supply; otherwise, no counterbalancing field will be produced in the rotor.
Construction
An induction motor essentially consists of two main parts; a stator and a rotor.
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Stator
The stator is the outer body of the motor which houses the driven windings on an iron core.
In a single speed three phase motor design, the standard stator has three windings, while a
single phase motor typically has two windings. The stator core is made up of a stack of round
pre-punched laminations pressed into a frame which may be made of aluminum or cast iron.
The laminations are basically round with a round whole inside through which the rotor is
positioned. The inner surface of the stator is made up of a number of deep slots or grooves
right around the stator. It is into these slots that the windings are positioned. The arrangement
of the windings or coils within the stator determines the number of poles that the motor has.
A standard bar magnet has two poles, generally known as north and south. Likewise, an
electromagnet also has a north and a south pole.
As the induction motor stator is essentially like one or more electromagnets depending on the
stator windings, it also has poles in multiples of two. i.e. 2-pole, 4-pole, 6-pole etc. Greater
the no of poles slower will be the speed and vice versa. The stator winding ,when supplied
with 3 phase currents ,produces a magnetic flux which is of constant magnitude but revolves
at synchronous speed (given by Ns=120f/P).This revolving magnetic flux induces an emf in
the rotor by mutual induction.
The winding configuration, slot configuration and lamination steel all have an effect on the
performance of the motor. The voltage rating of the motor is determined by the number of
turns on the stator and the power rating of the motor is determined by currents in winding, the
losses which comprise copper loss and iron loss, and the ability of the motor to dissipate the
heat generated by these losses. The stator design determines the rated speed of the motor and
most of the full load, full speed characteristics.
Rotor
The Rotor comprises a cylinder made up of round laminations pressed onto the motor shaft,
and a number of short-circuited windings. The rotor windings are made up of rotor bars
passed through the rotor, from one end to the other, around the surface of the rotor. The bars
protrude beyond the rotor and are connected together by a shorting ring at each end. The bars
are usually made of aluminum or copper, but sometimes made of brass. The position relative
to the surface of the rotor, shape, cross sectional area and material of the bars determine the
rotor characteristics. Essentially, the rotor windings exhibit inductance and resistance, and
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these characteristics can effectively be dependent on the frequency of the current flowing in
the rotor. A bar with a large cross sectional area will exhibit a low resistance, while a bar of a
small cross sectional area will exhibit a high resistance.
Likewise a copper bar will have a low resistance compared to a brass bar of equal
proportions. Positioning the bar deeper into the rotor, increases the amount of iron around the
bar, and consequently increases the inductance exhibited by the rotor. The impedance of the
bar is made up of both resistance and inductance, and so two bars of equal dimensions will
exhibit different A.C. impedance depending on their position relative to the surface of the
rotor. A thin bar which is inserted radially into the rotor, with one edge near the surface of the
rotor and the other edge towards the shaft, will effectively change in resistance as the
frequency of the current changes. This is because the A.C. impedance of the outer portion of
the bar is lower than the inner impedance at high frequencies lifting the effective impedance
of the bar relative to the impedance of the bar at low frequencies where the impedance of
both edges of the bar will be lower and almost equal. The rotor design determines the starting
characteristics.
Main types of rotor
1-Squirrel cage rotor
2-Phase wound or wound rotor
Squirrel Cage Rotor
Most common AC motors use the squirrel cage rotor, which will be found in virtually all
domestic and light industrial alternating current motors. The squirrel cage takes its name from
its shape - a ring at either end of the rotor, with bars connecting the rings running the length
of the rotor. It is typically cast aluminum or copper poured between the iron laminates of the
rotor, and usually only the end rings will be visible. The vast majority of the rotor currents
will flow through the bars rather than the higher-resistance and usually varnished laminates.
Very low voltages at very high currents are typical in the bars and end rings; high efficiency
motors will often use cast copper in order to reduce the resistance in the rotor.
In operation, the squirrel cage motor may be viewed as a transformer with a rotating
secondary - when the rotor is not rotating in sync with the magnetic field, large rotor currents
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49

are induced; the large rotor currents magnetize the rotor and interact with the stator's
magnetic fields to bring the rotor into synchronization with the stator's field. An unloaded
squirrel cage motor at synchronous speed will consume electrical power only to maintain
rotor speed against friction and resistance losses; as the mechanical load increases, so will the
electrical load - the electrical load is inherently related to the mechanical load. This is similar
to a transformer, where the primary's electrical load is related to the secondary's electrical
load. This is why, as an example, a squirrel cage blower motor may cause the lights in a
home to dim as it starts, but doesn't dim the lights when its fan-belt (and therefore mechanical
load) is removed. Furthermore, a stalled squirrel cage motor (overloaded or with a jammed
shaft) will consume current limited only by circuit resistance as it attempts to start. Unless
something else limits the current (or cuts it off completely) overheating and destruction of the
winding insulation is the likely outcome. Virtually every washing machine, dishwasher,
standalone fan, record player, etc. uses some variant of a squirrel cage motor.
Wound Rotor
An alternate design, called the wound rotor, is used when variable speed is required. In this
case, the rotor has the same number of poles as the stator and the windings are made of wire,
connected to slip rings on the shaft. Carbon brushes connect the slip rings to an external
controller such as a variable resistor that allows changing the motor's slip rate. In certain
high-power variable speed wound-rotor drives, the slip-frequency energy is captured,
rectified and returned to the power supply through an inverter.
Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound rotor motors are expensive and require maintenance
of the slip rings and brushes, but they were the standard form for variable speed control
before the advent of compact power electronic devices. Transistorized inverters with variable
frequency drive can now be used for speed control, and wound rotor motors are becoming
less common. (Transistorized inverter drives also allow the more-efficient three-phase motors
to be used when only single-phase mains current is available, but this is never used in
household appliances, because it can cause electrical interference and because of high power
requirements.)
This type of motor is becoming more common in traction applications such as locomotives,
where it is known as the asynchronous traction motor.The speed of the AC motor is
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determined primarily by the frequency of the AC supply and the number of poles in the stator
winding, according to the relation:
Ns = 120 f / p
where
Ns = Synchronous speed, in revolutions per minute
F = AC power frequency
p = Number of poles per phase winding
Slip
Actual rpm for an induction motor will be less than this calculated synchronous speed by an
amount known as slip, that increases with the torque produced. With no load, the speed will
be very close to synchronous. When loaded, standard motors have between 2-3% slip, special
motors may have up to 7% slip, and a class of motors known as torque motors are rated to
operate at 100% slip (0 RPM/full stall).
The slip of the AC motor is calculated by:
S = (Ns Nr) / Ns
where
Nr = Rotational speed, in revolutions per minute.
S = Normalized Slip, 0 to 1.
Of all ac machines the poly phase induction motor is the one which is extensively used for
various kinds of industrial drives.
Rotating magnetic Field
The fundamental principle of operation of AC machine operation is that if a 3-phase set of
currents, each of equal magnitude and displaced by 120 (a balanced 3-phase system) flows
in a 3-phase winding, then it will produce a rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude.To
produce a rotating magnetic field, the following conditions must be met:
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51
The supply must be poly phase
There must be angular displacement between the axis of the coils for the a, b, and c
phases
The magnetic field produced by the armature windings rotates at a speed which is given by
N=
120 f
P
where f is the frequency and P is the number of poles in the machine.

In Pakistan, where the line frequency is 50 Hz, the maximum attainable speed of an AC
motor (i.e. with a 2 pole machine) is
N max =
120(50)
= 3000rpm
2
Torque
As seen above, the 3-phase stator windings set up a rotating magnetic field. The flux
produced passes through the air-gap, sweeps past the rotor surface and so cuts the rotor
conductors which are yet (at startup) stationary. Due to the relative speed between the
rotating flux and the stationary conductors, an emf is induced in the latter according to
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction and this is dynamically induced emf. The
frequency of the induced emf is the same as the supply frequency. Its magnitude is
proportional to the relative velocity between the flux and the conductors and its direction is
given by Flemings Right-hand rule. Since the rotor conductors form a closed circuit, rotor
current is produced whose direction as given by Lenzs law is such as to oppose the cause
producing it. In this case, the cause which produces the rotor current is the relative velocity
between the rotating flux and the stationary conductors. Hence to reduce the relative speed,
the rotor starts to rotate in the same direction as that of the flux and tries to catch up with it.
Percentage Slip
In practice, the rotor never succeeds in catching up with the stator field. If it really did so,
then there would be no relative speed between stator and rotor, hence no rotor emf, no rotor
current and therefore no torque to maintain rotation. That is why; the rotor runs at a speed
which is always less than the speed of the stator field. The difference in speed depends on the
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load on the motor. The difference between the synchronous speed NS and the actual speed Nr
of the rotor divided by the synchronous speed is called the percentage slip. Mathematically,
% Slip =
NS Nr
100
NS
Losses in an Induction Motor

The power input to an induction motor, Pin, is in the form of three-phase electric voltages and
currents. The first loss in the machine is I2R losses in the stator windings (the stator copper
loss). Then some amount of power is lost as hysteresis and eddy currents loss in the stator
(stator core losses). The power remaining at this point is transferred to the rotor of the
machine across the air gap between the stator and the rotor. This power is called the air-gap
power of the machine. After the power is transferred to the rotor, some of it is lost as I2R
losses (the rotor copper loss), and the rest is converted from electrical to mechanical form.
Finally, friction and windage losses and stray losses are subtracted. The remaining power is
the output of the motor, Pout.
The core losses in the induction motor come partially from the stator circuit and partially
from the rotor circuit. Since an induction motor normally operates at a speed near
synchronous speed, the relative motion of the magnetic fields over the rotor surface is quite
slow, and the rotor core losses are very tiny compared to the stator core losses.
The higher the speed of an induction motor, the higher its friction, windage and stray losses
will be there. These three categories of losses are sometimes lumped together and called
rotational losses. The total rotational losses of a motor are often considered to be constant
with changing speed, since the component losses change in opposite directions with change
in speed
Advantages of Induction Motor
It has very simple and extremely rugged, almost unbreakable construction (especially
squirrel cage type).
Its cost is low and is very reliable.
It has sufficiently high efficiency.
It requires minimum of maintenance.
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It starts up from rest and needs no extra starting motor and has not to be
synchronized .its starting arrangement is simple specially for squirrel cage type
motor.
Disadvantages
Its speed cannot be varied without sacrificing some of its efficiency.
Just like a dc shunt motor its speed decreases with increase in load.
Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of the dc shunt motor.
Block Diagram
Connect your setup according the following block diagram.
Apparatus Required
Following apparatus is required for this experiment
Terminal Board, Measuring unit, Induction motor, DC generator and break control unit
Procedure
Set the apparatus as shown in the block diagram above.
Vary the line voltage, VL, and for each different value note the values of line current,
IL, the total true 3-phase power, WT, and the total reactive power, Q, using measuring
unit.
Measure the total power using the concept of 2-wattmeter method of 3-phase
measurement.
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Note the values of torque, T, the output power, Pout, and the motor speed, Nr, are
measured from the brake control unit (BCU) for each value of line voltage.
Calculate the values of power factor, cos , % slip and the efficiency, from the
formulas given.
Plot the graphs as mentioned in the objective.
Name Plate Data of Induction Motor
Name Plate Data of DC Machine
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Synchronous speed = 1500 rpm
No.
VL
IL
WT
(V)
(A)
(W)
(VAR)
cos
Nr
(rpm)
% Slip Torque
Pout
(N.m)
(W)
Formulas
% Slip =
NS Nr
100 ----------------------(1)
NS
cos =
WT
--------------------------------(2)
3VL I L
From the above readings plot the following graphs. Also give the comments of three lines
for each plot.
Plot o/p versus efficiency
Plot reactive power versus efficiency
Plot speed versus efficiency
Plot power factor versus efficiency
Plot torque versus efficiency
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Plot torque slip curve
Answer the following questions in your note book.
1. What is the purpose of load test of induction motor?
2. Write down the expression for calculating the three phase active, reactive and apparent
power. Draw Power diagram. How we can calculate power factor?
3. What is power factor of induction motor at no load and why?
4. Why does power factor increases with load?
5. What type of motor was used in experiment, slip ring or squirrel?
6. Is induction motor is a variable speed motor?
7. Why does motor damage due to over loading.
8. Can power factor of induction motor be leading?
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Load test of a DC Series Generator
Experiment 11
Load Test of a DC Series Generator
Equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Brake Control Unit SM2671

Drive Machine, DC Machine SM2641
Tacho-generator SM2631
Power Supply Unit SM2631
Terminal Board SM2635
Test Machine, DC Machine SM2641
Measuring Unit
Procedure
1. Make connection of DC motor to run as a DC shunt motor that will act as prime
mover for DC series generator.
2. Connect armature winding (A1-A2) and series field winding (D1-D2) in series with
each other.
3. Connect load with DC series generator through measuring unit such that load voltage,
current and power in measured.
4. Run DC shunt motor near to rated speed of DC series machine
5. Gradually increase the load on DC series generator and take at least ten different
readings with-out violating the ratings of the machine.
6. If you do not get any output voltage then try again by reversing the terminals of field
winding.
Precautions
1. Take the first reading at no-load.
2. Do not exceed the Load Current value above 3A to be on the safe side.
3. Maximum speed of the DC Shunt Motor acting as prime mover for the generator is
1500 rpm.
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Circuit Diagram
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Observations
Speed of Machine = _____________________
Load
Load
IaRa
Ia Rs
Induced
Load
Voltage
Current
drop
drop
EMF
Power
(V)
(Watt)
Input
Approximate
Power
(V)
Efficiency
(Watt)
(A)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
Draw the following graphs

1. Load voltage vs load power (load voltage on y-axis)
2. Induced EMF and load current (Induced EMF on y-axis)
Why is there a difference between the Terminal Voltage & the Induced emf?
Why is it so that the terminal voltage starts increasing when the load is increased?
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Calculation of Xd and Xq of a Synchronous Machine
Experiment 12
Calculation of Xd and Xq and no. of poles of a Synchronous Machine
Objective
To calculate Xd and Xq in a 3-phase salient pole synchronous machine by applying single
phase supply to only two windings.
Synchronous Motor
Synchronous motors are AC motors that have a field circuit supplied by an external DC
source. They convert AC electrical power to mechanical power. It is electrically identical to
an alternator or AC generator. Some characteristics of the synchronous motor are:
It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all i.e. while running it maintains a
constant speed. The only way to change its speed is to vary the supply frequency.
It is not self-starting. It has to be run up to synchronous or near synchronous speed by

some means before it can be synchronized to the supply.
It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors both lagging and
leading.
Production of Torque
In a synchronous motor, a three-phase set of stator currents produces a rotating magnetic
field, BS. The field current, IF of the motor produces a steady-state magnetic field, BR.
Therefore, there are two magnetic fields present in the machine, and the rotor field will tend
to line up with the stator field, just as two bar magnets will tend to line up if placed near each
other. Since the stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor magnetic field will constantly try o
catch up. Larger the angle between the two magnetic fields, greater the torque on the rotor of
the motor. The basic principle of a synchronous motor operation is that the rotor chases the
rotating stator magnetic field around in a circle, never catching up with it.
Speed of the Synchronous Motor
The rotor (which is initially unexcited) is speeded up to synchronous or near synchronous
speed by some arrangements and then excited by the DC source. The moment this
synchronously rotating rotor is excited, it is magnetically locked into position with the stator
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i.e. the rotor poles are engaged with the stator poles and both run synchronously in the
same direction. It is because of this interlocking of stator and rotor poles that the motor has
either to run synchronously or not at all. The synchronous speed is given by the usual
relation:
NS =
120 f
P
However, this engagement is not very rigid. As the load on the motor is increased, the rotor
progressively tends to fall back in phase by some angle but it still continues to run
synchronously.
Types of the synchronous Motor
There are basically two types of synchronous motors depending on the shape of the rotor. The
stator is same for all AC machines.
1. Cylindrical or non-salient
The rotor is cylindrical in shape and has slots in the outer periphery to support the field
windings. This motor is usually designed for a small number of poles. Maximum poles used
are four. According to equation (1), the smaller the number of poles the greater the speed,
therefore this type of motor has high speed applications.
2. Salient pole
In this type of motor, the shaft is prepared separately and the poles are designed separately.
The two are then bolted together. Therefore, with this arrangement we can have as many
numbers of poles as we like and according to equation (1), the speed of this motor is therefore
lesser than cylindrical type motor. However, this motor is more powerful than the cylindrical
machine.
EED, UET, Lahore
62
Figure-1: Types of synchronous motors

Q-axis and d-axis
The line parallel to the direction of magnetic flux of field windings is called the direct
axis, D-axis or polar axis
The line perpendicular to the D-axis is quadrature axis or Q-axis or interpolar axis.
The angle between the two axes is always 90E.In Figure-1, it is clear that the air gap
between the stator and rotor is uniform in the case of cylindrical rotor machine whereas nonuniform in the case of salient-pole machine. Hence, along the d-axis the air gap is minimum,
and along the q-axis it is maximum in salient-pole machine. Now, since inductance is
proportional to flux which is further proportional to inductive reactance, therefore, with the
change of position of the rotor the reactance of the armature windings varies. The maximum
reactance is called Xd and the minimum is called Xq.
Defination of Xd and Xq
Xd:
It is the reactance of the armature winding when axis of armature winding coincides
with the D-axis of the rotor winding
Xq:
It is the reactance of the armature winding when axis of armature winding coincides
with the Q-axis of the rotor winding
Hence the conclusion is that in cylindrical machine Xd = Xq, whereas for salient-pole Xd >
Xq.
EED, UET, Lahore
63

Block Diagram
Figure-2: Block Diagram

Apparatus
Terminal Board
Measuring unit
Synchronous motor
Procedure
Set the apparatus as shown in block diagram.
Apply a single phase low value AC supply to only one winding. Since 1-phase does
not produce a rotating magnetic field, therefore the rotor will not rotate.
Rotate the rotor slowly by hand and note the current variation in the armature
winding.
Record the minimum and maximum values.
Find the values of reactance of the windings by dividing the voltage by the current
assuming the resistance of the windings to be negligible.
Change the voltage to different values to obtain a set of readings and calculate the
average values of Xd and Xq.
The maximum and minimum current occurs when the rotor passes two consecutive
poles. Using this fact and the mark on the machines back, determine the number of
poles by observing the number of variations in current during one complete
revolution (i.e. 360)
EED, UET, Lahore
64

Note the Name Plate data of synchronous machine
Observations
No. of
Voltage, V Minimum Maximum
observation
current, Id current, Iq
(V)
(A)
(A)
Xd =
V
Id
Xq =
V
Iq
1
2
3
Average value of Xd = _______

Average value of Xq = _______
No. of poles of the machine =_______
EED, UET, Lahore
65

Rotate the shaft of the machine slowly such that you can take 12 readings in rotation and note
down the following readings.
Angle
Voltage, V Minimum Maximum

current, Id current, Iq
(V)
(A)
(A)
Xd =
V
Id
Xq =
V
Iq
Ld
Lq
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
30
EED, UET, Lahore
66

Plot d-axis and q-axis inductances from above table
Answer the following questions

What is d and q axis of a synchronous machine?
What is Xd and Xq?
What is the advantage of finding Xd and Xq?
Which one is greater Xd or Xq? Explain Why?
Why this experiment is done at low voltages?
At what speed the machine is run in this experiment?
Why Id is smaller as compared to Iq?
EED, UET, Lahore
67
Equivalent Circuit of a Three Phase Induction Motor
Experiment 13
Equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Terminal Board
Measuring unit
Three phase induction motor
Variable three phase supply
Calculator
To find out the equivalent circuit of a three phase induction machine normally three tests are
performed on the induction motor called open circuit test, blocked rotor test and DC test for
stator resistance. The equivalent circuit of an induction motor is a very useful tool for
determining the motors response to changes in load. R1, R2, X1, X2 and Xm are calculated
using the above mentioned tests. The equivalent circuit is shown in figure below.
This circuit is modified to represent rotor copper losses and converted power as
EED, UET, Lahore
68

No Load Test
The no-load test of an induction motor measures the rotational losses of the motor. In this test
the motor is run without any external mechanical load on it. It spins freely and the only load
on the motor is the friction and windage loss. Therefore, all the input power is consumed by
mechanical losses. The slip is very low, possibly as small as 0.01 or less, because the speed
of the rotor would be very much near synchronous speed. The no-load power input, Wo, is
measured by two wattmeter and the no-load current, Io, by an ammeter and Vo by a voltmeter.
In this test, the rotor copper losses are negligible because the current I2 is extremely small, so
they may be neglected. The stator copper losses are given by:
PSCL = 3I 1 R1 --------------------- (1)

2
so the input power must equal

Pin = 3I 1 2 R1 + Prot
Where Prot is the rotational losses of the motor and are the sum of core losses, friction and
windage losses, and stray losses. Hence, if R1 is known (from the DC test or statorresistance test) and the input is known then the rotational losses of the machine can be
determined.
In addition to this, the power factor at no load, o, can also be calculated from the following
formula:
cosO =
WO
3VO I O
Blocked Rotor Test

This test is also known as locked-rotor test. This test is used to find:
Short-circuit current with reduced voltage applied to stator
Power factor on short circuit
In this test, the rotor is locked or blocked, so that it cannot move. In the case of a slip-ring
type rotor, the rotor windings are short-circuited at the slip-rings. A reduced voltage is
applied to the motor, and is so adjusted that full load current flows in the stator. The resulting
EED, UET, Lahore
69

voltage, current, and power are measured. Since the rotor is not moving, slip =1 and so the
rotor resistance referred to the stator, which is given by R2/s, becomes R2, which is a small
value. The power factor is found from the relation:
cosS =
WS
3VS I S
Apparatus Setup:
Name Plate Data of Induction Motor

Rated Stator Voltage = __________V
Rated Stator Current =__________A
Type of connection =_______________
Stator Resistance Measurement
Find out the resistance of a stator winding with the help of DMM. If both terminals of a phase
winding are available externally then you can directly find per phase stator resistance R1 but
if machine is internally Y-connected and only one terminal of a phase winding is available
then measure the resistance between two phases and divide it by 2 to get the per phase
resistance of the stator circuit.
EED, UET, Lahore
70

Stator resistance R1 of phase A =_________ ohms
Stator resistance R1 of phase B =_________ ohms
Stator resistance R1 of phase C =_________ ohms
Average stator resistance R1
=_________ ohms
No load/open circuit test Readings

Run the three phase induction motor without any load and measure the following parameters
with the help of measuring unit.
RMS value of VAB = __________ Volts
RMS value of VBC = __________ Volts
RMS value of VCA= ___________Volts
Take the average voltage of the above three RMS line voltages
Average RMS terminal Voltage VL = ____________Volts
Now measure the line currents
Line 1 current: Ia = ____________ Ampere
Line 2 current: Ib = ____________ Ampere
Line 3 current: Ic = ____________ Ampere
Average line current: IL,oc = (Ia+ Ib+ Ic)/3 = ____________ Ampere
Input Power = Pin,nl =__________ W
Locked Rotor test readings
Now perform the blocked rotor test. Hold the shaft static with your hand and gradually
increase the voltage such that the full load current flows in the stator winding. Note the
following parameters when full load current is established.
RMS value of VAB = __________ Volts
RMS value of VBC = __________ Volts
RMS value of VCA= ___________Volts
EED, UET, Lahore
71

Take the average voltage of the above three RMS line voltages
Average RMS terminal Voltage Vfl = ____________Volts
Line 1 current: Ia = ____________ Ampere
Line 2 current: Ib = ____________ Ampere
Line 3 current: Ic = ____________ Ampere
Average line current: I2 = (Ia+ Ib+ Ic)/3 = ____________ Ampere
Input Power = Pin,br =__________ W
Calculations for equivalent circuit:
No load Test:
Stator resistance R1 = ____________
Average line current from no-load test: IL,oc = I1 = ____________ Ampere
Average RMS terminal no-load line voltage = VL = ____________Volts
Phase voltage = Vp =
VL
= ___________ Volts
3
No-load Impedance = Znl =
Vp
= X 1 + Xm = ___________
I1
Stator copper losses = PSCL = 3I 12 R1 = __________ Watt

No-load rotational losses = Pr ot = Pin , nl PSCL , nl = _________________________ = _________ Watt
No load power factor = PFnl =
Pin, nl
3I 1VL
= ___________
No load impedance angle = nl = cos 1 ( PFnl ) = ____________

Approximate Voltage across magnetizing branch Vm = Vp I1R1 = ___________V
(It has been assumed that there is no voltage drop across X1 as X1 is unknown)
Current through Xm: Im= I1sin( nl )=_____________ Ampere
Current through Rc: Ic = I1cos( nl )=_____________ Ampere
EED, UET, Lahore
72
Approximate value of Xm =
Vm
= ______________
Im
Approximate value of Rc =
Vm
= ______________
Ic
Parallel combination of Xm and Rc: Zm =
jXmRc
= _____________
jXm + Rc
Approximate value of X1 = Znl-Xm = ___________

Or X1=Znl-imag(Zm)=_________________
Blocked Rotor test:
VL , fl = ____________ V
VL , fl
____________ V
3
I 2 = ____________ A
Vp , fl =
Pin , br = ____________ W
Pin , br = PSCL + PRCL Pin , br = 3I 2 2 R1 + 3I 2 2 R 2
Pin , br 3I 2 2 R1
3I 2 R 2 = Pin , br 3 I 2 R1 R 2 =
3I 2 2
2
Pin , br 3I 2 2 R1
R2 =
= _______________
3I 2 2
Full load Impedance = Zfl =
Vp , fl
= ____________ = ( R1 + R 2)2 + ( X 1 + X 2)2
I2
2
2
Approximate X2: X 2 = Zfl ( R1 + R 2) X 1 = __________
EED, UET, Lahore
73

Draw the equivalent circuit of Induction of motor with values of R1, X1, R2, X2 and Xm
calculated above.
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit:
jXm
Vp = _______________
R1 + jX 1 + jXm
Xm
Vth =
Vp = _____________ V
R12 + ( X 1 + jXm) 2
Vth =
Xm
Vp ___________ V
X 1 + Xm
Xth X 1 = ______________
Vth
Xm
Rth R1
= ____________
X 1 + Xm
Draw the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit:
EED, UET, Lahore
74

Calculation of Torque:
f = ______ Hz
P = ______ poles
120 f
= ________ rpm
P
2 Ns
= _________ rad / sec
ws =
60
3Vth 2 R 2
Tstart =
= __________________ N .m
ws ( ( Rth + R 2) 2 + ( Xth + X 2) 2 )
Ns =
s max =
T max =
R2
Rth + ( Xth + X 2)
2
= ________________
3Vth 2
2 ws Rth + Rth + ( Xth + X 2)

2
= __________________ N .m
Draw Torque speed Characteristics of Induction motor and indicate starting and pullout torque.
EED, UET, Lahore
75

Power Flow Diagram
The power flow diagram of the induction motor is given as
Draw the power flow diagram of the motor you used in the experiment. Properly indicate all
the values and find out the efficiency of the motor. Assume that the stray losses are 1% and
frictional & windage losses are 3% f the rated power of the motor.
EED, UET, Lahore
76

Comments
What is the advantage of equivalent circuit diagram?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
In which test the power factor will be higher and why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
What is no load current of the induction motor in terms of percentage of full load current of
the machine? Compare it with the no load current of the transformer and justify why no load
current of induction motor is higher than the no load current of the transformer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EED, UET, Lahore
77
V-Curves of a Synchronous Machine
Experiment 14a
To Run an Induction Motor as an Induction Generator
Apparatus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Induction motor
DC Machine
Brake Control Unit
Measuring unit
Terminal Board
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
First run DC motor (Shunt) and note the direction of rotation of the motor.
Connect the induction motor (Y or as prescribed on the name plate of the Motor)
separately and run it at rated Voltage and note its direction of rotation.
If it is same as that of the DC Shunt motor then proceed further otherwise first make
the direction of rotation of both same by changing the phase sequence.
Start both of them together. Measuring unit will show the values of voltage, current,
real power and reactive power. Measure WT (total power) by the Measuring Unit by
referring to the Appendix of the Lab Manual. WT = W1 + W2
EED, UET, Lahore
78
At this point the speed is less than synchronous speed and power shown is positive.
Now increase the speed of the DC motor so that it becomes equal to the synchronous
speed. At this point the power shown by the meter will be zero.
At this speed the motor is in floating condition i.e. when slip becomes zero the
machines would be in floating condition. Again note the values of current, voltage,
active and reactive power for the floating condition.
Now increase the speed further from 1500 rpm. At this point the induction motor
becomes a generator and the values of voltage, current, active power and reactive
power are noted. Active power now becomes negative. Note down these readings in
the table provided.
Comments
Is induction generator self-start generator? Yes or no, why?
Comment on the values of reactive VARs in the table for three states of Induction Machine.
Why it is so?
Comment on the values of power factor in the table for three states of Induction Machine.
Why this behavior is observed? Discuss in detail.
Comment on the values of Active power P in the table for three states of Induction Machine.
What does it signify?
Discuss De-merit of Induction Generator if any?
Induction Generator supplies Active or Reactive Energy or both to the WAPDA
Grid?
EED, UET, Lahore
79

V-curves of a synchronous machine
In this part of experiment we will run a synchronous motor with the help of DC motor acting
as the prime mover. Connection for this part of experiment are same as made in the last part,
only difference is to apply DC excitation to the synchronous machine once the machine is
running at synchronous speed.
Procedure
1. Run machine as an induction machine by shorting the rotor winding terminals and
note the direction. Use fixed voltage supply on the stator.
2. Run coupled DC machine in the same direction.
3. Now run both of machines such that both rotate in same direction.
4. With the help of DC machine increase the DC speed such floating condition is
achieved. Now remove short circuiting of rotor terminals and apply DC excitation.
5. Vary the Excitation current and observe stator current. Stator current should decrease
first and then increase.
6. Block diagram is shown in figure below.
Observations
EED, UET, Lahore
80

Sr. # Excitation Current
Stator Current
If(A)
Ia (A)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
EED, UET, Lahore
81

Draw V-curves of synchronous machine i.e. the graph between the excitation current and
stator current.
EED, UET, Lahore
82
Voltage and Frequency Control of a Synchronous Generator
Experiment 15
The frequency of the synchronous generator depends upon the speed of the prime mover that
is the mechanical input of the synchronous generator. Speed of prime mover determines the
output power and frequency of the system.
The excitation in synchronous generator controls the terminal voltage which majorly depends
upon the flow of reactive power in the system.
Procedure:
1. Run a DC motor that will act as a prime mover for the synchronous generator. There
should be a provision for the speed control of the motor.
2. Connect the generator windings according to the connection mentioned on its name
plate. All the phase windings terminals are available on the panel and can be
configured.
3. Connect a digital oscilloscope across the terminals of the generator by using a x10
probe to observe the frequency and magnitude of the voltage
4. Connect the field circuit with the variable DC supply available on the panel. This is
basically the excitation control.
5. Run DC motor working as the prime mover at about 500 rpm.
6. Increase the excitation voltage and set at half of the rated voltage
7. Observe the frequency of the induced EMF using the oscilloscope
8. Keep on incrementing the speed of the DC prime mover and observe the frequency of
the induced EMF
9. After completing first part set the speed of the prime mover at one value and control
the DC excitation voltage and observe the voltage across the terminals of the
generator.
EED, UET, Lahore
83

Observations
1. Change the speed of the DC prime mover and record the frequency of the induced
EMF.
Sr. No.
Speed of Prime
Frequency of
Expected Frequency
Mover
Induced EMF
using Ns=12f/P
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Draw the waveform for the last reading that was observed on the oscilloscope.
EED, UET, Lahore
84

2. Change the Excitation voltage in steps and monitor the output voltage
Sr. No.
Excitation Voltage
Line Voltage
Phase Voltage
Vdc (V)
VL (V)
Vp (V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
EED, UET, Lahore
85
Three Phase Transformers
EED, UET, Lahore
86

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Electric Machines Lab

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