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ED: Nagesh
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Signal Processing
www.elsevier.com/locate/sigpro
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Keywords: Frequency modulation; Phase-shift keying; Frequency-shift keying; Wavelet; Hilbert transform; Matrix pencil
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Three algorithms to estimate instantaneous frequency of a frequency-modulated signal is discussed. These algorithms are
based on Hilbert transform, Haar wavelet, and generalized pencil of function (GPOF) methods. While GPOF-based frequency
detection method appears to be least sensitive to noise, wavelet-based method is easiest to implement. The latter method is
also computationally more ecient and can be implemented in real-time. Results for both synthetic and experimental data
are shown.
? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Abstract
1. Introduction
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Schlumberger Technology Corporation, 110 Schlumberger Drive, Sugar Land, Texas 77478, USA
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: goswami@slb.com
ahoefel@ieee.org (A.E. Hoefel).
(J.C.
Goswami),
0165-1684/$ - see front matter ? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.sigpro.2004.05.016
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(1)
t
= !c t + kf
m() d:
(3)
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SIGPRO 2468
ARTICLE IN PRESS
J.C. Goswami, A.E. Hoefel / Signal Processing
Phase
Modulator
Integrator
Modulating
Signal
Frequency
Modulator
Differentiator
|s^()|
PM
Signal
c
(5)
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(7)
where u(!)
=
(8)
0 otherwise:
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+ sgn(!)]
2s+ (!) = s(!)[1
(6)
s+ (!) = s(!)
u(!);
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(4)
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FM
Signal
Modulating
Signal
= s(!)
+ j[ j sgn(!)s(!)]
;
(9)
sh (!)
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sh (t) = F1 {j sgn(!)s(!)}
s()
1
=
d;
t
(11)
sh (t)
(12)
(t) = arctan
s(t)
and
!i (t) =
d
= !c + kf m(t):
dt
(13)
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SIGPRO 2468
ARTICLE IN PRESS
J.C. Goswami, A.E. Hoefel / Signal Processing
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4. GPOF algorithm
Given a set of discrete data {fi : i = 0; 1; : : : ; N }
of a complex-valued function f(t), generalized pencil
of function method nds a set of complex coecients
{ck ; k : k = 1; 2; : : : ; M } such that
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0
fi := f(ti ) =
(a)
(b)
ck exp(k ti );
M N;
(19)
g(t) =
dk (at k);
(15)
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(16)
(17)
As with Hilbert transform case, once we have orthogonal signals, we can obtain the instantaneous phase
k := (tk ); tk = kt
dk
;
(18)
k = A arctan
ck
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0 6 i 6 L;
A2 = [F1 F2 : : : FL ]:
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(20)
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(21)
and
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3. Wavelet algorithm
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k=1
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(22)
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SIGPRO 2468
ARTICLE IN PRESS
J.C. Goswami, A.E. Hoefel / Signal Processing
0.00004
0.00019
0.00042
0.00076
0.00123
0.02897
0.03840
0.04707
0.05133
0.05656
0.00024
0.00109
0.00273
0.00523
0.00850
0.02143
0.03500
0.06756
0.10211
0.11747
0.00004
0.00005
0.00010
0.00016
0.00022
0.00030
0.00042
0.00062
0.00099
0.01252
0.5
1.5
with
additive
signal
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (seconds)
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10
Haar wavelet
0.5
1.5
2.5
Time (seconds)
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30
20
10
0.5
GPOF
1.5
2.5
Time (seconds)
dened as
|Si; n Si; 0 |2
= i
;
2
i |Si; 0 |
1
0.8
2.5
0.6
Gaussian
noise
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0.2
Fig. 4. A BFSK
(SNR = 3:0 dB).
Time (seconds)
D
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Hilbert transform
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GPOF
Computed)
Haar wavelet
Exact
Hilbert transform
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Error
Frequency estimation (
Frequency (Hz)
Noise
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Frequency (Hz)
Table 1
Error () in frequency estimation by three algorithmsHilbert
transform, Haar wavelet, and generalized pencil of function
(GPOF)for dierence noise level (as a percentage of signal
strength)
Frequency (Hz)
(23)
0.2
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
3
Time (milli-seconds)
3.5
4.5
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SIGPRO 2468
ARTICLE IN PRESS
J.C. Goswami, A.E. Hoefel / Signal Processing
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0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
3
Time (milli-seconds)
3.5
4.5
0.2
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for real-time application, since it requires signal information only in the vicinity of the current time location. In Hilbert transform method, on the other hand,
we need the entire signal before estimating the instantaneous frequency because of the global nature of
Fourier bases. The GPOF method can be implemented
in real-time, however, matrix operations are dicult
to be realized in hardware.
1.2
1
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0.2
0
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1.5
2
2.5
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3.5
Time (milli-seconds)
4.5
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References
[1] J.C. Goswami, A.K. Chan, Fundamentals of Wavelets: Theory,
Algorithms, and Applications, Wiley, New York, 1999.
[2] J.C. Goswami, R. Mittra, On the solution of a class of
large-body scattering problems via the extrapolation of FDTD
solutions, J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 12 (1998) 229244.
[3] Y. Hua, T.K. Sarkar, Generalized pencil-of-function method
for extracting poles of an EM system for its transient response,
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 37 (1989) 229234.
[4] B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication
Systems, Holt, Rinehart & Wilson, New York, 1983
(Chapter 4).
[5] A.J. Mackay, A. McCowen, An improved pencil-of-function
method and comparisons with traditional methods of pole
extraction, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 35 (1987)
435441.
[6] J.G. Proakis, Digital Communication, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1995, pp. 152157.
[7] M.L. Van Blaricum, R. Mittra, A technique for extracting
the poles and residues of a system directly from its transient
response, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 23 (1975) 777781.
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