Surface and

Sub-Surface
Survey of
Groundwater
Dr. Doni Prakasa Eka Putra

Why groundwater survey?

The potential area for groundwater development

(1). Good productive aquifer
(2). The groundwater level is not too deep
(3). The water quality is good
(4). The aquifer is protected from contamination

Objective of Groundwater Survey

The objective of groundwater survey should be

clear from the beginning, such as:
- domestic/irrigation/industrial use ?
- quantity and quality needed ?
- area of survey ?
- Prediction ?

Groundwater Investigation

Preparation & Reconnaisance

Prefeasibility Study
Exploration
Feasibility Study

Pilot Project
Development

Exploitation and
Management

Scheme of groundwater survey

Groundwater Survey

Surface
Investigation
Direct

Geologic
Investigation

Sub-Surface
Investigation
Indirect

Remote
Sensing

Surface
Geophysical
Method

Exploration
well

Geophysical
Logging

Supplemented by:
Hydrology

Drilling

Resistivity Log

Geography

Pumping Test

SP Log

Climatology

Groundwater
Quality Test

GR Log, etc

Agriculture, etc

Surface Investigation of
Groundwater
Geologic

Investigation Methods
Remote Sensing
Geophysical Exploration

Geologic Investigation
Enable large areas to be rapidly appraised to their
potential for groundwater development.
A geologic investigation begins with
(1). Collection, analysis and hydrogeologic
interpretation of existing data.
(2). Supplemented by geologic field reconnaisance.
(3). Supplemented by evaluation of hydrologic data
on; streamflow and springs; well yields;
groundwater recharge and discharge, levels and
water quality.

Lithostratigraphy

Hydrostratigraphy
Stratigraphic
Surficial Deposits

Floral Fm

Lithologic

Hydrostratigraphic

Clay

Surficial Aquitard

Sand

Floral Aquifer

Till

Floral Aquitard

Empress Gp

Sand & Gravel

Empress Aquifer

Bearpaw Fm

Shale / Mudstone

Bedrock Aquitard

Contoh Kasus
Studi Hidrogeologi Sarasuta Saraswaka

Remote Sensing

Surficial Features Identified on Aerial Photographs that

Aid in Evaluating Groundwater Conditions:
Topography regional relief setting and local relief
setting
Geologic Landform likely to contain relatively
permeable strata
Lakes and Streams
Moist depressions (marshy environment) and seepages
Springs (tentatively inferred from aerial photograph)
Artificial water features Wells, Reservoirs, Canals,
Developed Springs

Satellite Image

Surface Geophysical Exploration

Electric Resistivity Method

Seismic Refraction Method
Gravity and magnetic Method

Electric Resistivity Method

Resistivity of rocks depend on:
1. The water content (porosity)
2. The resistivity of the water
3. The clay content
4. The content in metallic mineral

Electrical Circuit for Resistivity

Determination

Resistivity value of sediments and rocks

FENCE DIAGRAM OF HYDROGEOLOGY SYSTEM

3-D MODEL OF AQUIFER SYSTEM

Other surface geophysical survey

Seismic Refraction
the actual presence of groundwater is difficult to determine
without supplemental information because velocities overlap in
saturated and unsaturated zones.
Gravity Method
indicate subsurface geological structure, differences in water
content
in subsurface strata seldom involve measurable
differences in specific gravity at surface, little application to
groundwater prospecting
Magnetic Method
magnetic contrast is seldom associated with groundwater
occurrence, the method has little relevant to groundwater studies

Seismic Velocity of Geologic Materials

Subsurface Groundwater Survey

Exploration Well / Drilling

Well Logging

Test Drilling

Test drilling of small diameter holes to ascertain

geologic and groundwater condition.
The choice of method (cable tool, hydraulic
rotary method, auger method, jetting, etc)
depends on the type of material encountered,
drilling depth and location.
Important result Geologic Log, DrillingTime Log (Hydraulic Rotary Method), Water
Level Measurement (electric water level
sounder)

Geologic Log, Drilling Time Log

Geophysical Logging

Geophysical Logging

Geophysical Logging

Logging Data