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1.

Collingwood,

:... (

,.)Y.::.v"i)Y()'.-!P

R.G., The Idea of History (Oxford: London:

1978), p.1l.
2.

Griffith, R.T.H., The Hymns of the Rigveda (Delhi: Motilal


Banarsi Das, 1988), V.29, p.lO.

3.

Homer, Iliad, 1974, p.216.

r'1--

4.

Burri, J.B., The Ancient Greek Historians (New York: Dover


Publication Inc., 1958), p.2.

5.

Hegel, G.W.F., Translated

by Sibree, The Philosophy

of

History (New York: Prometheus, 1991), pA.


6.

Collingwood, op.cit., pp.28-29.

7.

Durant, Will, The Story, Part-II: The Life of Greece (New


York: Simon and Schuster, 1966), ppA30-433.

8.

Strabo,

Geography

(London:

G. Bell & Sons,

1912),

XVII.1.52.
9.

Mahaffy, J.P., Social Life in Greece (London: 1925), p.208.

10. Bossuet, Translation of Discourse, pA04.


11. Collingwood, op.cit., p.116.
12. Ibid., pA8.
13. Hook, Sidney, From Hegal to Marx (Michigan: Ann Arbor,
1971), p.36.

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1.

E. Sreedharan, A Textbook of Historiography 500

Be to

AD 2000 (Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman, 2000).

t0V("'~..i.?r.(;)'~Jv.r[;,))..::.-~).v?(.)!)~~k"j?
~~/..::.::.tl)

(r

:v.r
(a) Shahid Amin and Gautam Bhadra, 'Ranajit Guha: A
Biographical

Sketch',

--

in David Arnold

t.._-

and David

Hardiman (eds.), Subaltern Studies VIII (Delhi: Oxford


University Press, 1997), pp.222-25.
(b) 'Writing History' [Interview of Ranajit Guha to Badri
Narayan], Biblio, November-December 2003.
3.

Ranajit Guha, 'Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency


in India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1983).

4.

Shahid Amin, 'Small Peasant Commodity Production and


Rural Indebtedness: The Culture of Sugarcane in Eastern
UP, c.1880-1920',

in Ranajit

Guha (ed.), Subaltern

Studies-I (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997).


5.

See, Shahid Amin, 'Approver's

Testimony,

Judicial

Discourse. The Case of Chouri Choura', in Ranajit Guha


(ed.), Subaltern Studies V (Delhi: Oxford University Press,
1987).
6.

Shahid Amin, 'Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur District,


Eastern UP, 1921-22', in Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern
Studies-III (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984).

7.

Gyan Pandey, 'Peasant Revolt and Indian Nationalism: The


Peasant Movement in Awadh, 1919-1922', in Ranajit Guha
(ed.), Subaltern Studies-I, op.cit.

8.

David Arnold, 'Famine in Peasant Consciousness

and

Peasant Action: Madras, 1876-78', in Ranajit Guha (ed.),


Subaltern Studies-Ill, op.cit.
9.

David Arnold, 'Touching the Body: Perspectives

on the

Indian Plague, 1896-1900', in Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern


Studies-V, op.cit.
10.

Dipesh Chakrabarty,

--

'Trade Unions in a Hierarchical

~I--

Culture: The Jute Workers of Calcutta, 1920-50', in Ranajit


Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies-III, op.cit.
11.

Sumit Sarkar, 'The Conditions and Nature of Subaltern


Militancy: Bengal from Swadeshi to Non-cooperation,
c.1905-22', in Ranajit Guha (ed.), ibid.

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'Charbagh-e-Punjab,

by Ganesh

Das',

_II

Ibid.,p.121

_Ir

Proceedings of Punjab History Conference, Punjabi


University, Patiala, p.119

Ganesh Das (translated and edited by J.S. Grewal & Indu _Ir'
Banga, Early Nineteenth Century Punjab, G.N.D. University,
Amritsar, 1975, p.13
Ibid.,pp.13-14
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Ibid., p.124

_(Y.

Urndat-ut-Tawarikh,

Dafter

_(y1

II, G.N.D. University, Amritsar, 2002, pp.80-81

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