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Topic2

QUESTIONSHEET1

(a)(i)B
11

(ii)D
11

(iii)C
11

(b) +

2
2

(c)(i)isotopes
11

(ii)differentnumbersofneutrons
11

TOTAL/7

QUESTIONSHEET2

(a)alpharadiationwouldnotbeabletopassthroughthecardboard1

(b)gammaradiationwouldnotbesignificantlyreduced
11

(c)radiationdetecteddrops
11
hopperstops/closes
11
signalgoestomotor/conveyerbelt/operator
11
nextboxmovesunderhopper
11

Note:Apopulartypeofquestion.Avariationofthisisthemonitoringofthicknessofmetalsheets
astheyarerolledout.(seequestion6)

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TOTAL/6

QUESTIONSHEET3

(a)negativeparticles/electrons
11
embeddedinpositivelychargedpudding
11

(b)anyfivefrom
mostalphaparticlesarenotdeflected/passstraightthrough
so,atommostlyemptyspace/coremustbetiny

a
few
alpha
particles
deflect
strongly
alphaparticlesarepositivelycharged
likechargesrepeleachother
so,positivechargeatcentre
55

(c)largenucleusbombardedwithneutrons
11
nucleussplitsintwo
11
moreneutronsreleased
11
largeamountofenergyreleased
11

Note:Iftheneutronsreleasedfromthesplittingofanucleusbombardothernuclei,
achainreactionresults.Acontrolledchainreactionoccursinanuclearreactor.

TOTAL/11

QUESTIONSHEET4

(a)timetakenforhalfatomspresenttodecay
11

(b)(i)13hours
11

(ii)280countspermin(+/5)
11

(c)(i)0.01g
11

Note:39hoursisthreehalflives.Tofindtheanswer,halvethemassthreetimes.
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Topic2

(ii)somehasbeenmetabolised/bodyhasexcretedsome1

(d)(i)halflifetoolongsocoulddamagebody
11
somebetaradiationabsorbedbybodytissue,sonotall
couldbedetectedfromoutside
11

(ii)
+
22

TOTAL/9

QUESTIONSHEET5

(a)marksforeachoffollowing.Totalroundedup

protonsneutrons
Rn86134
Na1113
P1517
Sr3852
C68
55

(b)(i)C/carbon
11

(ii)P/phosphorus
11

TOTAL/7

QUESTIONSHEET6

(a)GeigerMuller/GMtube
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11

(b)GMtubedetectsradiation
11
ifsheettoothick,lessradiationgetsthrough
11
ifsheettoothin,toomuchradiationgetsthrough1
pressurecontroladjusted
11
dependingonamountofradiationdetected
11

(c)alpharadiationwouldnotpassthroughmetalsheet1

TOTAL/7

QUESTIONSHEET7

(a)(i)carbon14/C14/14C/
11

(ii)carbonpresentinalllivingmaterials/
thosewhichwereliving
11

(b)(i)presenttime/now/today
11

(ii)4200years(+/200years)
11

(iii)80countsperminute(+/5cpm)
11

(iv)5700years(+/200years)
11

(c)organicmatterwouldhavedecayedaway
11
toolittleC14leftinsample
11

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TOTAL/8

QUESTIONSHEET8

(a)(i)neutron
11

(ii)showeachuraniumnucleussplittinginto2smallernuclei
and2furtherneutronsproduced
11

(iii)chainreaction
11

(iv)heat/heatenergy
11

(b)(i)heats/boilswater
11
steamdrivesturbinetogenerateelectricity
11

(ii)providesradiationshield/stopsradiationescaping/
absorbsradiationformreactor
11

(iii)toslowdownchainreaction/absorbneutrons/
slowdownnuclearfission
11

TOTAL/8

QUESTIONSHEET9

(a)nucleus
11
neutrons/protons
11
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protons/neutrons(differentfrompreviousanswer)1
electrons
11

(b)random
11
emission
11
ofradiation
11
from(atomic)nucleus
11

Note:Theonlyatomthatdoesnothaveneutronsinitsnucleusishydrogen.
Whenanatomemitsradiationitgivesoutalphaorbetaparticlesorlosesenergy
(gammaradiation).Thisisarandomprocessyoucantpredictexactlywhenitwillhappen.

TOTAL/8

QUESTIONSHEET10

(a)2protons+2neutrons
11
betanegative
22
electromagneticradiationspeedoflightzero3

(b)aneutroninthenucleus
11
becomesaproton+electron
11
theelectronisemitted
11

Note:Itisacommonmistaketothinkthatsinceabetaparticleisanelectron,itmustbeanorbitalelectron.

TOTAL/9

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Topic2

QUESTIONSHEET11

(a)filmdetectsamountofradiationtowhichworkerexposed1

(b)(i)GeigerMuller/GMtube
11

(ii)atomgains/loses
11
electrons
11
andbecomesnegatively/positivelycharged
11

Note: Radiation ionises atoms/molecules in materials through which it passes. This can happen in living cells and
damagethem.Thereareannuallimitsontheamountofradiationtowhichaworkerintheindustryshouldbeexposed.

TOTAL/5

QUESTIONSHEET12

(a)radioactiveemissionisarandomprocess/notconstant1
thereforecountratesvary
11

(b)87+92+81+84+80
5
11

=84.8countspersec
11
(Theunitsarenotessentialastheyaregiveninthetable)

(c)(i)backgroundradiation
11

(ii)lower
11

Note:Tomeasurethetrueactivityofasource,thebackgroundradiationshouldbemeasuredandsubtractedfromthe
averagecountrateforthesource.
TOTAL/6

QUESTIONSHEET13

(a)radiotherapy
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11

(b)gamma
11

(c)asingle(strong)beamwoulddamagehealthycells1
asingleweakbeamwouldnotkillcancerouscells1
threeweakbeamscombinetogether
11
tokillcancerouscells/leavehealthycellsundamaged1

Note:Alpha and beta radiation would not be suitable as they would be absorbed before reaching the tumour and so
damagehealthytissue.
TOTAL/6

QUESTIONSHEET14

(a)(i)15countspermin/cpm
11

(ii)cosmicrays/buildingmaterials/industrialpollution/
bombtests/smokealarms
11

(b)436countsperminute/cpm
11

(c)beta/radiation
11

(d)(i)halflife
11

(ii)halflifeislongerthanlengthofexperiment/
halftheatomscouldnotdecayonceduringexperiment2

(e)usetongs/keepsourceawayfrombody/
donottrytoopencontainer/keepinleadlinedcontainer/
replaceinlockedcupboardwhenfinished
21

TOTAL/9

QUESTIONSHEET15

(a)(i)

%
background
radiation
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dose

Xray

source

deductonemarkforeachincorrectbartomaximumof44

(ii)5
11

(iii)anytwofrom
damagegenes
deformedbabies
cancer
burnstissues
22

(b)twofrom
protectiveclothing
remotecontrolequipment
wearfilmbadgetomonitordose
22
TOTAL/9

QUESTIONSHEET16

(a)(i)alphaarrowasfaraspaper,butnotbeyond
11
betaarrowasfarasaluminium,butnotbeyond
11
gammaarrowasfaraslead(allowsmallamountbeyond)1

(ii)

alpha
&
beta
beams
deflected/moved/bent1
gammabeamnotaffected
11

(iii)alpha&betaarebeams/streams/currentsofchargedparticles1
theseareaffectedbymagneticfields
11

(b)(i)concrete/leadlinedconcrete
11

(ii)distance/staysasfarawayaspossible/useremotecontrol1

TOTAL/8

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Topic2

QUESTIONSHEET17

(a)Twofrom
candamage(living)cells/causemutation
cancausecancer
canburnflesh
cankillcells
22

(b)alpha/
11
lesslikelytoreachlivingcells
11

(c)equipmentexposedtoradioactivesource
11
radioactivitykillsbacteria/microorganisms
11

Note:Betaandgammaradiationcanreachinternaltissuesandbeabsorbed.

TOTAL/6

QUESTIONSHEET18

(a)uranium/plutonium
11

(b)(i)AblowntoUK
11
Bsettlesongrass
11
Ccowsproducemilk
11

(ii)kill/damageplants/
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kill/damageanimals/
damagewatersupplies
22

(iii)radiationlevelremainshighforthousandsofyears
1

TOTAL/7

QUESTIONSHEET19

(a)(i)

Unitsof
radiation
peryear

Area

deductonemarkforeachincorrectbartomaximumof33

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Topic2

(ii)NorthYorkshire
11

(iii)productsofradioactivematerialsinrocks/
givenoutwhenradioactivematerialsinrocksdecay1

(b)60/6
11
=10
11

TOTAL/7

QUESTIONSHEET20

(a)anytwofrom
ground/air/buildingmaterials/foodspace
22

(b)(i)Twofrom
dangerouswasteproduced
wind&waveenergyshouldbedeveloped
Wasteneedstobestoredforthousandsofyears
radiationmayleakout
22

(ii)Twofrom
fossilfuelsarerunningoutalternativeneeded
radiationlittlecomparedtobackground
chancesofaccidentsverysmall
verylittlefuelneededtoproducemuchenergy2

(c)Twofrom
Xrays
treatmentofcancers
tracingpassageofbloodorurinethroughorgans
sterilisinginstruments
22

TOTAL/8

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