Math 202, Homework #9 Solutions

Elizabeth Pannell, Toby Stockley, Wei Yuan

Exercise 10.5.6. In view of Proposition 30, part (3), and Proposition 34, part (4), both properties of R
are equivalent to the statement that every short exact sequence of R modules splits.
Exercise 10.5.10. Let R and S be rings, M and N left R-modules, and M an R-S bimodule.
a) Show for s in S, and in HomR (M,N), s(m) = (ms) is a homomorphism and imbues a left S-modules
structure on HomR (M,N).
s(m + m0 ) = ((m + m0 )s) = ((ms) + (m0 s)) = (s(m)) + (s(m0 ))
r(s)(m) = r(ms) = (rms) = (s(rm))
s is a homomorphism.
Let and be in HomR (M, N ).
s( + )(m) = ((m) + (m))s = (m)s + (m)s = s(m) + s(m)
HomR (M,N) has left S-module structure.
b) Let S = R, M = R from above, and for all n N define n (r) = rn. To show: n HomR (R, N )
r0 n (r1 + r2 ) = r0 ((r1 + r2 )n) = r0 (r1 n + r2 n = r0 r1 n + r0 r2 n = n (r0 r1 ) + n (r0 r2 )
Now, from a) above, HomR (R,N) is a left R-module. If n (r) = 0N for all r, then rn = 0 and therefore
n = 0. Thus the map from n to n is injective. And clearly, if n exists, there must be an n to map to it,
thus the mapping is surjective. Therefore N
= HomR (R,N).
Exercise 10.5.11. Let R and S be rings with 1 and let M and N be left R-modules. Assume also that N
is an (R, S)-bimodule.
(a) For s S and for HomR (M, N ) define (s) : M N by (s)(m) = (m)s. Prove that s is a
homomorphism of left R-modules, and that this action of S on HomR (M, N ) makes it into a ring S-module.
Deduce that HomR (M, R) is a right R-module, for any R-module M -called the dual module to M .
(b) Let N = R be considered as an (R, R)-bimodule as usual. Under the action defined in part (a) show that
the map r 7 r is an isomorphism of right R-modules: HomR (R, R)
= R, where r is the homomorphism
that maps 1R to r. Deduce that if M is a finitely generated free left R-module, then HomR (M, R) is a free
right R-module of the same rank.
(c) Show that if M is a finitely generated projective R-module then its dual module HomR (M, R) is also
projective.

Proof. (a) For m1 , m2 M ,

(s)(m1 + m2 ) = (m1 + m2 )s = ((m1 ) + (m2 ))s = (m1 )s + (m2 )s = (s)(m1 ) + (s)(m2 ).
And for r R, m M ,
(s)(rm) = (rm)s = r(m)s = r((s)(m)) = (rs)(m).
Hence s is a left R-module homomorphism. i.e. s HomR (M, N ).
Since for s1 , s2 S, m M ,
(s1 + s2 )(m) = (m)(s1 + s2 ) = (m)s1 + (m)s2 = (s1 )(m) + (s2 )(m)
and
((s1 )s2 )(m) = ((s1 )(m))s2 = ((m)s1 )s2 = (m)(s1 s2 ),
then we can conclude that under the action of S, HomR (M, N ) becomes a right R-module.
In particular, since R can be viewed as a R-bimodule, therefore, HomR (M, R) is a right R-module.
(b) For HomR (R, R), since (r) = r(1), i.e. can be determined by (1), hence r 7 r is surjective.
If r r = 0, then for r (1) = r = 0. Thus, the map is injective.
Now we verify it is a homomorphism. For r1 , r2 , s R,
r1 +r2 (s) = sr1 +r2 (1) = s(r1 + r2 ) = sr1 + sr2 = sr1 (1) + sr2 (1) = r1 (s) + r1 (s) = (r1 + r1 )(s).
And for r, s, t R,
rs (t) = trs (1) = t(rs) = (tr)s = (tr (1))s = (r (t))s = (r s)(t).
Therefore, HomR (R, R)
= R.
Ln
Now since M is finitely generated free module, then M
= i=1 Ri = Rn , for some positive integer n, where
Ri is a copy of R, i = 1, , n. Since direct sum commutes with Hom functor, then
n
n
n
M
M
M
HomR (M, R)
Ri , R) =
HomR (Ri , R)
Ri = Rn .
= HomR (
=
i=1

i=1

i=1

(c) Since M is a finitely generated projective R-module, then M is a summand of some finitely generated
free R-module. i.e. there exists some R-module N , such that M N
= Rn . By the conclusion of last step,
n
HomR (Rn , R)
R
.
Therefore,
=
HomR (Rn , R)
= HomR (M N, R) = HomR (M, R) HomR (N, R)
= Rn .
i.e. HomR (M, R), the dual module of M is a summand of some finitely generated R-module, hence is a
finitely generated projective R-module.

Exercise 10.5.12. Let A be an R-module, let I be any nonempty index set and for each i I let Bi be
an R-module. Prove the following isomorphisms of abelian groups; when R is commutative prove also that
these are R-module isomorphisms.
L
Q HomR (Bi , A)
(a) HomR ( iI Bi , A) =
iI
Q
Q

(b) HomR (A, iI Bi ) = iI HomR (A, Bi )

Proof. Since Abelian group can be viewed as Z-module and Z is commutative, we only need to show when
R is commutative, the following are R-module isomorphism.
L
(a) Let i : Bi iI Bi be the canonical map in the definition of direct sum. Define a map
M
Y
M
f : HomR (
Bi , A)
HomR (Bi , A); 7 { i }iI , HomR (
Bi , A)
iI

iI

iI

Now we will show f is an R-module isomorphism.

L
For 1 , 2 HomR ( iI Bi , A),
f (1 + 2 ) = {(1 + 2 ) i }iI = {1 i }iI + {2 i }iI = f (1 ) + f (2 ).
L
And for r R, HomR ( iI Bi , A),
f (r) = {(r) i }iI = r{ i }iI = rf ().
Therefore, f is a R-module homomorphism.
Q
For {i }iIL iI HomR (Bi , A), we have i HomR (Bi , A). By the definition of direct sum, there exists
a map 0 : iI Bi A, such that i = 0 i . Therefore, {i }iI = f (0 ), i.e. f is surjective.
L
Suppose
ker f , i.e. i = 0, iP I. For b
iI Bi , then b can be expressed as a finite sum
P
i (bi ), where bi Bi . Hence (b) = i (bi ) = 0, i.e. = 0. Therefore, f is injective.
L
Q
Hence HomR ( iI Bi , A)
= iI HomR (Bi , A).
Q
(b) Let i : iI Bi Bi be the canonical map in the definition of direct product. Define a map
Y
Y
Y
g : HomR (A,
Bi )
HomR (A, Bi ); 7 {i }iI , HomR (A,
Bi )
iI

iI

iI

Now we will show g is an R-module isomorphism.

Q
For 1 , 2 HomR (A, iI Bi ),
g(1 + 2 ) = {i (1 + 2 )}iI = {i 1 }iI + {i 2 }iI = g(1 ) + g(2 ).
And for r R, HomR (A,

iI

Bi ),

g(r) = {i (r)}iI = r{i }iI = rg().

Therefore, g is a R-module homomorphism.
If 6= 0, then there exists at least one i, such that i 6= 0, hence {i }iI 6= 0. i.e. g is injective.
Q
{i }iI iI Q
HomR (A, Bi ), we have i HomR (A, Bi ). By the definition of direct product, there exists
a map 0 : A iI Bi , such that i = i 0 . Therefore, {i }iI = g(0 ), i.e. g is surjective.

Exercise 10.5.15. Let M be a left R-module where R is a ring with 1.

(a) Show that HomZ (R, M ) is a left R-module under the action (r)(r0 ) = (r0 r).

(b) Suppose that 0 A

B is an exact sequence of R-modules. Prove that if every homomorphism f
from A to M lifts to a homomorphism F from B to M with f = F , then every homomorphism f 0 from
A to HomZ (R, M ) lifts to a homomorphism F 0 from B to HomZ (R, M ) with f 0 = F 0 .
(c) Prove that if Q is an injective R-module then HomZ (R, Q) is also an injective R-module.
3

Proof. (a) Now we verify the axioms of R-modules for HomZ (R, M ).
For r1 , r2 , r0 R, HomZ (R, M ),
((r1 +r2 ))(r0 ) = (r0 (r1 +r2 )) = (r0 r1 +r0 r2 ) = (r0 r1 )+(r0 r2 ) = (r1 )(r0 )+(r2 )(r0 ) = ((r1 +r1 )(r0 )),
and
((r1 r2 ))(r0 ) = (r0 (r1 r2 )) = ((r0 r1 )r2 ) = (r2 )(r0 r1 ) = (r1 (r2 ))(r0 ).
For r, r0 R and 1 , 2 HomZ (R, M ),
(r(1 + 2 ))(r0 ) = (1 + 2 )(r0 r) = 1 (r0 r) + 2 (r0 r) = (r1 )(r0 ) + (r2 )(r0 ) = (r1 + r2 )(r0 ).
For r0 R and 1 , 2 HomZ (R, M ),
(1 )(r0 ) = (r0 1)(r0 ).
Therefore, HomZ (R, M ) is a left R-module.
(b) By the conclusion of (a), HomZ (R, M ) is a left R-module. For f 0 HomR (A, HomZ (R, M )), define
f : A M to be
f (a) = (f 0 (a))(1R ), r R.
Easily to see, f HomR (A, M ), since f 0 HomR (A, HomZ (R, M )). By presumption, f has a lifting,
namely F HomR (B, M ) with f = F .
Now define F 0 : B HomZ (R, M ) to be
(F 0 (b))(r) = F (rb),

r R.

For r, r0 R and b1 , b2 B,
(F 0 (b1 + rb2 ))(r0 ) = F (r0 (b1 + rb2 )) = r0 (F (b1 ) + rF (b2 )) = (F (b1 ) + rF (b2 ))(r0 ),
where the last equality comes from the R-module structure of HomZ (R, M ). Hence F 0 HomR (B, HomZ (R, M )).
Finally, we verify the lifting property.
For a A and r R,
((F 0 )(a))(r) = (F 0 ((a)))(r) = F (r(a)) = F ((ra)) = f (ra) = rf (a) = r(f 0 (a))(1R ) = (f 0 (a))(r),
i.e. F 0 = f 0 .
(c) By Proposition 34 (b) and the conclusion above, we can easily see, HomZ (R, M ) is an injective R-module.

Exercise 10.5.16. Prove that every left R-module M is contained in an injective left R-module.
(a) Show that M is contained in an injective Z-module Q.
(b) Show that HomR (R, M ) HomZ (R, M ) HomZ (R, Q).
(c) Use the R-module isomorphism M
= HomR (R, M ) and the previous exercise to conclude that M is
contained in an injective module.
Proof. (a) Since M is a left R-module, in particular, M is an Abelian group, i.e. a left Z-module, then by
Corollary 37, M is a submodule of some injective Z-module Q.
(b) R is a ring, by definition, R is also an Abelian group, i.e. a Z-module. For HomR (R, M ), in particular, is an Abelian group homomorphism from R to M , i.e. HomZ (R, M ). Hence HomR (R, M )
HomZ (R, M ). And by (a), since M Q, then HomZ (R, M ) HomZ (R, Q).
4

 HomR (R, M ), then M HomZ (R, Q). By the conclusion of Exercise 15, HomZ (R, Q) is an
(c) Since M =
injective R-module, since Q is an injective R-module. Therefore, M is contained in an injective R-module,
namely HomZ (R, Q).

Exercise 10.5.17.
Suppose that Q is an R-module with the property that every short exact sequence 0 Q M1 N 0

splits and suppose that the sequence 0 L

M is exact. Prove that every R-module homomorphism f
from L to Q can be lifted to an R-module homomorphism F from M to Q with f = F .
Proof. By the conclusion of Exercise 16, Q is contained in some injective module, say M1 .
Then the exact sequence
0 Q M1 N 0
splits, i.e. M1
= Q N . Use proposition 34 (2) as the definition of injective R-module, apply the conclusion
of exercise 4, since M1 is injective R-module, then its summands are also injective R-module. In particular,
Q is injective module.
Therefore, by the definition we have chosen here, Q satisfies the lifting property. i.e. Every R-module
homomorphism f from L to Q can be lifted to an R-module homomorphism F from M to Q with f = F .

Exercise 10.5.25
(a) This is just the definition of flatness: the map I R is injective. Since A is flat, tensoring with A
preserves injectivity, and A R I A R R is injective.
(b) Suppose that A R I A R R is injective for every finitely generated ideal of R. Let J be an
arbitrary
ideal of R. Suppose thatP
A R J A R R is not injective. Then there exists a nonzero element
Pn
n
ideal generated by j1 , jn . Then by
i=1 ai ji A R J such that P
i=1 ai ji = 0 in R. Let I be
Pthe
n
n
the
assumption
on
A,
the
fact
that
a
j
=
0
implies
that
a
i
i
i ji = 0 in I. But this implies that
i=1
i=1
Pn
a

j
=
0
in
J
as
well,
since
the
inclusion
I

J
induces
a
natural
map A R I A R J in which
i
i
i=1
Pn
Pn
i=1 ai ji 7
i=1 ai ji .
For the second part of the problem, let K be a submodule of a finitely generated free module F
= Rn . We
n

will show that A R K A R F is injective by induction on n, where F = R . The base case n = 1 is

what we just proved, using the assumption on A (since K R is just an ideal of R).
For n > 1, decompose F = Rn = Rn1 R. Write M = Rn1 , so F/M
= R and we have a split short exact
sequence
0 M F F/M 0.
(1)
The flanking (nonzero) terms are free R-modules of rank less than n. This gives rise to the commutative
diagram of exact sequences:
0


/ K M


/K


/ K/(K M )

/0


/M


/F


/ F/M

/ 0.

Tensoring everything with A, we obtain a priori a diagram in which the five 0s representing injectivity must
be removed, since tensoring is only right exact and not left exact. However, the first and third 0s at the
5

very top can in fact be retained by the inductive hypothesis since M and F/M are free modules of rank
smaller than n. Furthermore the 0 on the bottom left can be retained since the original short exact sequence
(1) was split. We therefore have the following commutative diagram of exact sequences:
0


A R (K M )

g1

h1

/ A R M

/ A R K


/ A R (K/(K M ))

g2

h2

f1

/0

h3


/ A R F

g1


/ A R (F/M )

/ 0.

Our goal is to prove the injectivity of the middle vertical arrow, and this can be done with a simple diagram
chase as follows. Let x A R K such that h2 (x) = 0. Then g1 (h2 (x)) = 0, so h3 (g2 (x)) = 0, so g2 (x) = 0
by the injectivity of h3 . Therefore, byt he exactness of the top sequence, there exists y A R (K M )
such that g1 (y) = x. Now f1 (h1 (y)) = h2 (g2 (y)) = h2 (x) = 0. But f1 and h1 are injective, so this implies
that y = 0, and hence x = g1 (y) = 0 as desired.
As above, we can now deduce
same result where F is not assumed to be finitely generated (but is still
Pthe
n
free). Namely, suppose x = i=1 ai ki A R K maps to zero in A R F . Then only finitely many of
the generators of F appear with nonzero coefficients in the coordinates of the ki . Furthermore, recall that
A R F can be realized as the quotient of the freePmodule on A R by the relations given in (10.6, page
n
364) of the book. When expressing the equation i=1 ai ki = 0 in A R F , only finitely many of these
relations will be used, and only finitely many generators will appear with nonzero coordinates among all the
0
elements of these relations. Therefore,
generated free module generated by all
Pn letting F F be the finitely
of these generators, we see that i=1 ai ki = 0 in A R F 0 . By
the
finitely generated case that we just
Pn
proved, A R (K F 0 ) injects into A R F 0 , and hence we have i=1 ai ki = 0 in A R (K F 0 ).
Pn
However, the element i=1 ai ki A R (K F 0 ) maps to x in A R K under the natural map
A R (K F 0 ) A R K,
so x = 0 as desired.
Exercise 10.5.27. Let M , A and B be R-modules.
(a) Suppose f : A M and g : B M are R-module homomorphisms. Prove that X = {(a, b)|a A, b
B with f (a) = g(b)} is an R-submodule of the direct sum A B (called the pullback or fiber product of f
and g) and that there is a commutative diagram
X

/B


/M


A

where 1 and 2 are the natural projections onto the first and second components.
(b) Suppose f 0 : M A and g 0 : M B are R-module homomorphisms. Prove that the quotient Y of
A B by {(f 0 (m), g 0 (m))|m M } is an R-module(called the pushout or fiber sum of f 0 and g 0 ) and that
there is a commutative diagram

g0

f0


A

10

/B

/Y

20

where 10 and 20 are the natural maps to the quotient induced by the maps into the first and second
components.
Proof. (a) Clearly, X A B. Now we only need to show that X is a R-module.
For (a1 , b1 ), (a2 , b2 ) X, (a1 , b1 ) + (a2 , b2 ) = (a1 + a2 , b1 , b2 ) and by definition
f (a1 + a2 ) = f (a1 ) + f (a2 ) = g(b1 ) + g(b2 ) = g(b1 + b2 ).
i.e. (a1 , b1 ) + (a2 , b2 ) X. On the other hand, for r R, (a, b) X, r(a, b) = (ra, rb) and
f (ra) = rf (a) = rg(b) = g(rb).
i.e. r(a, b) X.
Therefore, X is a R-submodule of A B.
Finally, for (a, b) X,
(g 2 )(a, b) = g(b) = f (a) = (f 2 )(a, b).
i.e. g 2 = f 1 .
(b) In order to prove Y is an R-module, we only need to show
N = {(f 0 (m), g 0 (m))|m M } A B
is a R-submodule of A B.
Clearly, (0, 0) = (f 0 (0), g 0 (0)) N , thus N is nonempty. On the other hand, for (f 0 (m1 ), g 0 (m1 )),
(f 0 (m2 ), g 0 (m2 )) N and r R,
(f 0 (m1 ), g 0 (m1 )) + r(f 0 (m2 ), g 0 (m2 ))
=(f 0 (m1 ), g 0 (m1 )) + (rf 0 (m2 ), rg 0 (m2 ))
=(f 0 (m1 ), g 0 (m1 )) + (f 0 (rm2 ), g 0 (rm2 ))
=(f 0 (m1 ) + f 0 (rm2 ), g 0 (m1 ) g 0 (rm2 ))
=(f 0 (m1 ) + f 0 (rm2 ), (g 0 (m1 ) + g 0 (rm2 )))
=(f 0 (m1 + rm2 ), g 0 (m1 + rm2 ))
Thus (f 0 (m1 ), g 0 (m1 )) + r(f 0 (m2 ), g 0 (m2 )) N .
Therefore, by the submodule criterion, N is a R-submodule of A B. Hence Y is a R-module.
Finally, for m M , we have
(10 f 0 )(m) = (10 (f 0 (m)) = (f 0 (m), 0)
and
(20 g 0 )(m) = (20 (g 0 (m)) = (0, g 0 (m)).
And
(10 f 0 )(m) (20 g 0 )(m) = (f 0 (m), 0) (0, g 0 (m)) = (f 0 (m), g 0 (m)) = 0.
i.e. 10 f 0 = 20 g 0 .

Exercise 10.5.28.
0

(a) (Schanuels Lemma) If 0 K P

M 0 and 0 K 0 P 0 M 0 are exact sequences of
0
R-modules where P and P are projective, prove P K 0
= P 0 K as R-modules.

(b) If 0 M Q
L 0 and 0 M Q0 L0 0 are exact sequences of R-modules where Q and
0
Q are injective, prove Q L0
= Q0 L as R-modules.
7

Proof. (a) Let X = {(a, b)|a P and b P 0 , (a) = 0 (b)} be the fiber product of and 0 .
Since and 0 are surjective, then for a P , we can find b P 0 such that (a) = 0 (b), hence (a, b) X.
Therefore, the projection : X P is surjective and

0 ker X
P 0
is an exact sequence.
Since P is projective, then the exact sequence above splits, i.e. X
= P ker . While
ker = {(0, b)|b P 0 , (0) = 0 (b)}
= {b P 0 |0 (b) = 0} = ker 0 .
By the presumption,
0

0 K 0 P 0 M 0
is an exact sequence, hence ker 0
= P K 0 . Similarly, we can prove that X
= P 0 K.
= K 0 . Therefore, X
Hence we have
P K0
= P 0 K.
(b) Let : M Q and 0 : M Q0 be the maps mentioned in the exact sequences in the presumptions.
And let Y be the fiber sum of and 0 i.e. the quotient of Q Q0 by {((m), 0 (m))|m M }.
Let i : Q Y be the map a 7 (a, 0), a Q. Suppose a ker i, i.e. (a, 0) = (0, 0). That is (a, 0) =
((m), 0 (m)). Hence 0 (m) = 0. Since 0 is injective, it implies m = 0. Thus a = (m) = 0. i.e.i is
injective. Therefore, we have an exact sequence,
i

0Q
Y coker i 0.
Since Q is injective, then the exact sequence above splits, i.e. Y
= Q coker i. While
coker i = Y /Q = {(0, b) Y |b Q0 } = {(0, b)|b Q0 }/ ,
where (0, b1 ) (0, b2 ) if and only if (0, b1 b2 ) = (0, 0 (m)). Since 0 is injective, then
coker i = ({(0, b)|b Q0 }/ )
= Q0 /M
= L0 .
Therefore, Y
= Q coker i
= Q L0 . Similarly, we can prove that Y
= Q0 L. Hence we have
Q L0
= Q0 L.