SAKTHI POLYTECNIC COLLEGE

SAKTHI NAGAR,ERODE-638 315

PAPER PRESENTATION
ON

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

SUBMITTED BY:
BABURAJ. R -

III Yr METALLURGY

HARIHARASUTHAN. P

III Yr METALLURGY

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis techniques used in scienceand

industry to evaluate the properties of a material,component or system without causing damage.
Theterms Nondestructive examination (NDE), Nondestructive inspection (NDI), and
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) are also commonly used to describe thistechnology.Because NDT
does not permanently alterthe article being inspected, it is a highly valuabletechnique that can save both
money and time in productevaluation, troubleshooting, and research.
CommonNDT methods include

Visual inspection (VT),

Liquid penetrant testing,
Magnetic-particle testing,
Eddy-current testing,
Radiography inspection,
Ultrasonic testing,
Acoustic emission testing (AE or AT),
Thermography,
Leak testing (LT).

APPLICATIONSOF NDT
NDT is used in a variety of settings that covers a wide range of industrial activity, with new NDT
methods and applications, being continuously developed. Nondestructive testing methods are routinely
applied in industries where a failure of a component would cause significant hazard or economic loss,
such as in transportation, pressure vessels, building structures, piping, and hoisting equipment.

1) VISUAL INSPECTION
Visual inspection is a common method of quality control, data acquisition, and data analysis.
Visual Inspection, used in maintenance of facilities, mean inspection of equipment and structures using
either or all of raw human senses such as vision, hearing, touch and smell and/or any non-specialized
inspection equipment. Inspections requiring Ultrasonic, X-Ray equipment, Infra-red, etc. are not typically
regarded as Visual Inspection as these Inspection methodologies require specialized equipment, training
and certification.
A study of the visual inspection of small integrated circuits found that the modal duration of eye
fixations of trained inspectors was about 200 ms. The most accurate inspectors made the fewest eye
fixations and were the fastest.
Visual inspection had a false positive rate of 2% and a false negative rate of 23%

OPTICAL AIDS USED FOR VISUAL INSPECTION:

Microscope
Borescope
Endoscope
Flexiscope
Telescope
Holography

2) LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION

1. Section of material with a surface-breaking crack that is not visible to the naked eye.
2. Penetrant is applied to the surface.
3. Excess penetrant is removed.
4. Developer is applied, rendering the crack visible.
Dye penetrant inspection (DPI), also called liquid penetrant inspection (LPI) or penetrant
testing (PT), is awidely applied and low-cost inspection method used tolocate surface-breaking defects in
all non-porous materials(metals, plastics, or ceramics).
The penetrant maybe applied to all non-ferrous materials and ferrous materials,although for
ferrous components magnetic-particleinspection is often used instead for its subsurface
detectioncapability. LPI is used to detect casting, forging andwelding surface defects such as hairline
cracks, surfaceporosity, leaks in new products, and fatigue cracks on in-servicecomponents.
In this the fluorescence also used to detect the minute crack by using ultraviolet rays

FLUORESCENT PENETRANT INSPECTION

Fluorescent penetrant inspection (FPI) is a type of dye penetrant inspection in which a
fluorescent dye is appliedto the surface of a non-porous material in order todetect defects that may
compromise the integrity or qualityof the part in question. Noted for its low cost andsimple process.

3) MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION

Magnetic particle Inspection (MPI) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) process for detecting
surface and slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and
some oftheir alloys.
The process puts a magnetic field into the part. The piece can be magnetized by direct or indirect
magnetization. Direct magnetization occurs when the electric current is passed through the test object and
a magnetic field is formed in the material. Indirect magnetization occurs when no electric current is
passed through the test object, but a magnetic field is appliedfrom an outside source.
The magnetic lines of force are perpendicular to the direction of the electric current which
may be either alternating current (AC) or someform of direct current (DC).

MAGNETIZING TECHNIQUES

Magnetizing using a magnet

Magnetizing using an electromagnet
Contact current flow method
Using thread bar
Using coiling
Inducedcurrent flow

PROCEDURE USED FOR MPT

Surface preparation of component before testing

Initial demagnetizing
Degreasing and cleaning
Magnetization of the component
Applying the magnetic particles / powders
Viewing
Marking of defect
Final demagnetization
Removal of magnetic particle from component

4) EDDY-CURRENT TESTING

Eddy-current testing (also commonly seen as eddy current testing and ECT) is one of many
electromagnetictesting methods used in non-destructive testing (NDT)making use of electromagnetic
induction to detect andcharacterize surface and sub-surface flaws only in conductivematerials.

PRINCIPLE
The magnetic field oscillates at the same frequency as the current running through the coil. When
the coil approaches a conductive material, currents opposed to the ones in the coil are induced in the
material is known as eddy currents.
Variations in the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of the test object, and the
presence of defects causes a change in eddy current. This gave an indication about the defect (or) any
inclusion.
ECT has a very wide range of applications. Because ECT is electrical in nature, it is limited to
conductive material.There are also physical limits to generating eddy currents and depth of penetration
(skin depth).

OTHER EDDY CURRENT TESTING TECHNIQUES

Pulsed eddy current
Saturation eddy current testing
Eddy current array

Eddy Current Probes

5) RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING

Radiographic Testing (RT), or industrial radiography, is a non-destructive testing (NDT)

method of inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using the ability of short wavelength electromagnetic
radiation (high energy photons) to penetrate various materials.
Either an X-ray machine or a radioactive source, like Ir-192, Co-60, or in rarer cases Cs-137are
used in X-ray computed tomography machine as a source of photons. Neutron radiographic testing (NR)
is a variant of radiographic testing which uses neutrons instead of photons to penetrate materials. This can
see very different things from X-rays, because neutrons can pass with ease through lead and steel but are
stopped by plastics, water and oils.
Since the amount of radiation emerging from the opposite side of the material can be detected and
measured, variations in this intensity of radiation are used to determine thickness or composition of
material. Penetrating radiations are those restricted to that part of the electromagnetic spectrum of
wavelength less than about 10 nanometres.

RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING
Geometric factors
Radiographic film
Intensifying screens
Film density
Radiographic sensitivity
1. Contrast sensitivity
2. Detail sensitivity
Penetrameter
1. Step type
2. Wire type
3. Plaque type
Radiographic exposure

6) ULTRASONIC TESTING

Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a family of non-destructive testing techniques based on the

propagation of ultrasonic waves in the object or material tested. In most commonUT applications, very
short ultrasonic pulse-waves withcenter frequencies ranging from 0.1-15 MHz, and occasionallyup to 50
MHz, are transmitted into materials todetect internal flaws or to characterize materials.
A commonexample is ultrasonic thickness measurement, whichtests the thickness of the test
object, for example, to monitor pipework corrosion.

Principle of ultrasonic testing

LEFT: A probe sends a sound wave into a test material. There are two indications, one from the initial
pulse of the probe, and the second due to the back wall echo.
RIGHT: A defect creates a third indication and simultaneously reduces the amplitude of the back wall
indication. The depth of the defect is determined by the ratio D/ Ep.

TYPES OF WAVES
Longitudinal waves
Transverse waves
Surface (or) Rayleigh waves

7) ACOUSTIC EMISSION

Acoustic emission (AE) is the phenomenon of radiation of acoustic (elastic) waves in solids that
occurs when a material undergoes irreversible changes in internal structure, for example as a result of
crack formation or plastic deformation due to aging, temperature gradients or external mechanical
forces.In particular, AEis occurring during the processes of mechanical loading of materials and
structures accompanied by structuralchanges that generate local sources of elastic waves.
AE is commonly defined as transient elastic waves within a material, caused by the rapid release
of localized stress energy. Hence, an event source is the phenomenon which releases elastic energy into
the material, which then propagates as an elastic wave.
Acoustic emissions can be detected in frequency ranges under 1 kHz, and have been reported at
frequencies up to 100 MHz, but most of the released energy is within the 1 kHz to 1 MHz range. Rapid
stress-releasing events generate a spectrum of stress waves starting at 0 Hz, and typically falling off at
several MHz.

TYPES OF DEFECTS DETECT BY AET

Crack initiation & growth

friction
delamination
matrix cracking
fatigue crack growth
stress corrosion cracking
hydrogen embrittlement

8) THERMOGRAPHIC INSPECTION
Thermographic inspection refers to the non-destructive testing of parts, materials or systems
through the imaging of the thermal patterns at the objects surface.Strictly speaking, the term
thermography alone, refers to all thermographic inspection techniques regardless of the physical
phenomena used to monitor the thermal changes. For instance, the application of a temperature sensitive
coating to a surface in order to measure its temperature is a thermographic inspection contact technique
based on heat conduction where there is no infrared sensor involved.
Infrared thermography on the other hand, is a non-destructive, nonintrusive, noncontact
mapping of thermal patterns or thermograms, on the surface of objects through the use of some kind of
infrared detector.
In addition, there are two approaches in thermographic inspection:
(1) PASSIVE, in which the features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the
background, for example: the surveillance of people on a scene; and
(2) ACTIVE, in which an energy source is required to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of
interest and the background, for example: an aircraft part with internal flaws.

9) LEAK DETECTION
Leak detection is used to determine if and in some cases where a leak has occurred in systems
which contain liquids and gasses. Methods of detection include hydrostatic testing after pipeline erection
and leak detection during service.
Pipeline networks are the most economic and safest mode of transportation for oil, gases and other
fluid products. As a means of long-distance transport, pipelines have to fulfill high demands of safety,
reliability and efficiency. If properly maintained, pipelines can last indefinitely without leaks.
The primary purpose of leak detection systems (LDS) is to assist pipeline controllers in detecting
and localizing leaks. LDS provide an alarm and display other related data to the pipeline controllers in
order to aid in decisionmaking. Pipeline leak detection systems are also beneficial because they can
enhance productivity and system reliability thanks to reduced downtime and reduced inspection time.
LDS are therefore an important aspect of pipeline technology.

VACUUM CHAMBERS

HELIUM LEAK DETECTOR