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we have R10 = a3/2
er/a and Y00 = 1/ 4 so
100 = R10 Y00 =
1 r/a
e
= R10 Y00
a3
< r >=
standard integral
Z Z Z
R
2
(100
rr 2 sin drdd
1
= 4 3
a
xp eax dx = p!/ap+1
< r >=
r 3 e2r/a dr
4 3!
= 3a/2
a3 (2/a)4
the classically allowed region is only where E > V i.e. V = e2 /(40 r) and
E1 (as the source is in the ground state) is
E1 =
m e2 2
2
h2 40
h
2
h
2
>
2ma2
mar
1
1
<
2a
r
1
Z Z Z
1
r sin drdd = 3 4
a
2r/a 2
r 2 e2r/a dr = 0.24
2a
Z Z Z
Rnl
Ylm
f (r)Rnl Ylm r 2
sin dd =
Rnl
(f (r)Rnl )r 2 dr
e2 4
40 a3
e2
e2
>=
40 r
40
1
R10
r R10 r 2
e2r/a rdr
e2 4 1!
e2
h2
=
=
=
40 a3 (2/a)2
40 a
a2
8.3
r r/2a
1
e
24a3 a
and Y10 =
3
4
1/2
cos
find the probability that the electron is in the arctic circle - i.e. within the
range = 0 23.5 .
prob=
R 23.5 R 2 R
0
2
R21
Y102 r 2 sin drdd
23.5
2
0
Y102 sin dd
2
3 23.5
cos2 sin d
= 2
4 0
3
= 0.0762 = 0.11
2
Z
= 0R R 20
0
sin dd
sin dd
20.0829399
= 0.041
22
8.4
Energy levels
Put hydrogen in some stationary state nlm . it should stay there forever. But
perturb it slightly - maybe a collision with another atom/electron/photon
then the electron may undergo a transition to another stationary state either by absorbing energy or emitting it. such perturbationas are always
present, so such tranistions - quantum jumps - are constantly occuring. But
since these transitions occur between levels of fixed energy, then the emitted
photon depends on the difference in energy between the initial and final states
E = Ei Ef = 13.6
8.5
1
1
n2i
n2f
any ion with atomic number Z which is ionised so that there is only 1
electron left should be described by the same equations, but with V (r) =
Ze2 /(40 r).
3
2
as a = aH (H /)(1/Z) while En (Z, ) = H Z E1H /n2
so then we can treat ionised helium, which has more or less same mass
He H me
a 1st energy level of -13.6.4 = -54.4 eV. and should have all size scales which
are 2x smaller than Hydrogen.
similarly, we could have different reduced mass Z e.g. for positronium where
the proton is replaced by a positron so the reduced mass = MA MB /(MA +
MB ) = me /2 then a = aH / so the size scale is 2x larger, and E so the
energy is 2x smaller.
and the wavefunctions are just derived with the size scale a.
e.g.
100 = (a3 )1/2 er/a
where a = aH (H /)(1/Z) so for a Hydrogen-like ion with change Z and
reduced mass = H ) (r) = ((a3H /Z 3 )1/2 erZ/aH so
< r >=
=
Z Z Z
Z3
rr sin dd = 3 4
aH
2
r 3 e2Zr/aH dr
4Z 3
3!
4Z 3
3!
3aH
=
=
=< r >H /Z
3
3
4
4
aH (2Z/aH )
aH (2/aH )
2Z
8.6
The balmer line is actually 2 lines, yet our schroedinger solution did not
give us this! so maybe its that hydrogen is not just proton-electron, there
is some admixture of deuterium. so d = 2mp me /(2mp + me ) while H =
2mp me /(2mp + me ) so the energies will be slightly different En = H EnH =
(2mp me )/(2mp + me )EnH = 1.0003EnH but this is a BIGGER shift than is
observed,.
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