Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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DOMIGRU~ED AT 12 YEAR
ITERVALS.
NOT ALTOMATICALLY
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DErT
'CONF2)ENTeU
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DISCLAIMER NOTICE
NOTICE: When goveroment or oth. r drawings, specifications or other data are used for any purpose
other than in connection with a definitely related
,1vrnment procurement operation, the U. S.
Zbvernment thei-aby incurs no responsibility, nor any
obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Government may hsN. formulated, furnished, or in any way
supplied the said drawings, specifications, or other
data is not to bc regarded by implication or otherwise as in any manner licenstng the holder or any
other person or corporation, or conveying any rights
or, permission to manufacture, use or sell any
itented invention that may in any way be related
thereto.
NOTICE:
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION
AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE OF
THE UNITED'STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS,
TITLE 18,
THE
SECRET
BRL R 1269
REPORT
NO. 1269
C-D
(U)
By William Kokinakis
Joseph Sperrazza
i-)
JANUARY 1965
M~AY4
SECRET
DD.9yy,,
,L
------
SECRET
BALLISTIC
LABORATORIES
RESEARCH
REPORT NO. 1269
JANUARY 1965
(U)
William Kokinakis
Joseph Sperrazza
ABERDEEN
PROVING
GROUND,
SECRET
MARYLAND
LEFT BLANK
CONFIDENTIAL
LABORATORIES
RESEARCH
BALLISTIC
WKokinakis/JSperrazza/mec
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.
January 1965
(CONFIDENTIAL)
(U)
ABSTRACT
)n
-a(mv0 3/2b
where e is the base of the natural logarithm and a, b and n are parameters
whose values are determined from the tactical situation and time at which
the incapacitation is to ensue.
flechette should not exceed about 13 grains else the tumbling will occur
too late after entrance and that only a small portion of the flechette's
energy will be deposited within the target.
CONFIDENTIAL.
CONFIDENTIAL
Also presnt, are estimates of the conditional probability that
single, random hits with chunky (spheres or cubes),
incapacitate a soldier.
CONFIDENTIAL
(UNCLASSIFIED)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
.A.BSTRAC . ..
..........
INTIRODUCTION ..
..
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........
EXPERIME~NTAL PROCEDURE. ..
....
............
RESULTS AN~DDISCUSSION. ..
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R~FERBENCES. ..
APPEND1fIX
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28
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A NOTE ON CLASSIFICATION
The plan of the experiments, including the types of
targets used, is CONFIDENTIAL, The functional dependence of
Phk or the variables m and v0 and unspecified numerical values
of the parameters a, b, n is classified CONFIDEN~TIAL; on the
other hand, when numerical values are given for a, b, n the
relation is classified SECRET.
83
LEFT BLANK
CONFIDENTIAL
(CONFIDENTIAL)
INTRODUCTION
and still is, t' develop casualty criteria for infantry soldiers
continiing undex auspices of the Army Materiel Command, with the cooperaticn of the Medical ServiceL.
The study involves two distinct phases:
The -reader is
1956 for a general description of the work and for the formulation of the
earlier criteria that were developed for chunky steel fragments
Those
criteria .rere based on experiments with 0.85-grain spheres and 2.0- and
16.0-grain cubes.
Tn BRL Renprt No. 996, the dependence of P
=1
-e
-a(mv o 3/2-b)n
CONFIDENTIA-L
CONFIDENTIAL
depend on time after wounding and tactical role
Standard
Defense : 30 Seconds
Assault
Assault
Representative of
30 Seconds
30 Seconds
Defense - 5 Minutes
Assault ! 5 Minutes
Assault
5 Minutes
Defense : 30 Minutes
Defense
4
12 Hours
Supply
12 Hours
Supply
24 Hours
Supply
5 Days
Reserve
30 Minutes
Reserve
12 Hours
Reserve r 24 Hours
The effectiveness of weapons of the artillery type are evaluated, in
general, using the criterion for Case 3 and weapons of the personal type
(rifles, hand grenades, etc.) are evaluated using the criterion for Case 1.
Data obtained later with a 225-grain steel cube were in accord with
the general rules proposed in BRL Report No. 996.
Subsequent reevaluations of all previous medical assessments of the
1
resulted in revised
However,
the main purpose of that note was to suggest tentative criteria of the
incapacitating potential of an homologous series of steel flechettes
pending the completion of experiments with the homologous series
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
The provisional estimates of the wounding potential of the flechettes were
restricted to those that remained stable in the simulants of human targets
(gelatin or goats); it was observed that when tne striking velocity was less
than about 3000 fps, tumbling within target did-not occur whereas if the
striking velocity exceeded 3000 fps, the flechette tumbled relatively
quickly and deposited more energy in the target than did the more stable
flechette, and therefore produced grosser wounds.
It is the purpose of the present study to report the casualty criteria
for tumbling flechettes and to include, under one cover, the latest
criteria for fragments and non-tumbling flechettes.
(This publication
12357, 14378, and 148610, and Memorandum No. 14209.) The criteria pertain
to single, random hits averaged over the whole body or averaged over the
major separate parts of the anatomy such as the head and neck, thorax,
abdomen, pelvis, and arms and legs.
(CONFIDENTIAL)
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
retardation in velocity of the missile while penetrating different thicknesses of the components
In
However,
human skulls and limbs are occasionally used for the experiments.
Firings
are also made into whole, live goats and complete descriptions of each
All these data serve as inputs to
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
m.edical assessors who then estimate physiological effects in soldiers
subjected to the many hypothetical woands that could. arise from random
strikes.
TABLE I
(UNCLASSIFIED)
Symbol
B2
De scr i p tion
BaTV 2
BLlV
K2
NaV2
P7
And so on until
there are described all the possible wound classes the:t a specific missile
can. produce.
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
The next step in the procedure is to relate wound classes with the
Because of the intimate
of 16 disability (or functional groups) which consider different combinations of limb deficits that can occur from practical considerations.
The
A limb
certain parts of the spinal cord could render all extremities inoperable.
Of crucial significance to the study are the judgments made by the
medical assessors on the relationships between behavior of the limbs and
the ability of the wounded "enemy" soldier to carry out his assigned
task.
of this report might wish to defer reading the next several pages and
turn to subsequent paragraphs which define the term Phk (page 16).
Only six discrete post-wounding times ranging from one-half a
minute to five days are considered in the assessments.
Generally, as
post-time wounding increases, the deleterious effects of a wound accumulate and the wound is assigned to a functional group associated with a
higher level of incapacitation.
Some examples of the change in functional group with time are given
in Table V.
After 24 hours, this wound class falls into Functional Group XIII which
rates 100% incapacitation for all tactical roles; but at five days this
wound class falls into Functional Group VIII, which rates 75% incapacitation for three of the four ta.ctical roles.
that the wound, if left unattended would start to heal after 24 hours.
11
CONFIDENTIAL
TABLE II
(UNCLASSIFIED)
Functional Group
Code:
Arms
Leg
N,N
N,N
II
N,N
N,F
III
N,N
F,F
IV
N,N
N,T
N,N
TT
VI
N,F
N,N
VII
F,F
N,N
VIII
N,T
N,N
IX
T,T
N,N
F,F
F,F
XI
F.F
F,T
XII
F,F
T,T
XIII
F,T
F,F
XIV
T,T
T,T
XV
N,N
F,T
XVI
NF
F,F
N
F
T
No effect on extremity
Loss of fine muscular coordination (weakness) of extremity
Total loss of extremity function
No attempt is made to differentiate between the right and left
limbs
12
CONFIDENTIAL
TABLE III
(CONFIDENTIAL)
Functional
Groups
Arm
Each
Leg
NN
N,N
NN
N,F
N,N
Assault
Percent Disability
Reserve
Defense
Supply
II
50
25
75
25
F,F
III
75
25
100
50
N,N
N,T
IV
100
50*
100
100
N,N
T,T
100
50
100
100
NF
N,N
VI
50
25
75
25
F,F
NN
VII
75
50
100
50
NT
NN
VIII
75
75
100
75
T,T
N,N
IX
100
100
100
F,F
F,F
75
75
100
YF
F,T
XI
100
75
100
100
F,F
T,T
XII
100
75
100
100
F,T
F,F
XIII
100
100
100
100
TT
T,T
XiV
100
100
100
100
N,N
F,T
XV
100
50
100
100
N,F
F,F
XVI
75
50
100
Codes:
N
F
T
100
75
75
No effect
Loss of fine muscular coordination
Total loss of extremity function
No attempt is made to differentiate between the right and left
limbs.
13
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Table IV is a rearrangement of Table III.
TABLE IV
(CONFIDENTIAL)
Percent
Disability
0
Assault
Defense
Reserve
Supply
25
II,III ,VI
IIVI
III,
VII
50
IIVI
IV,V,VI1
XV, XVI
75
IIIVIIVIII,
X,XVI
VIII ,X,XI,
XII
Ii,VI
VIII,
X,XVI
100
IV,V,IXXI,
XIIXIIIXIV,
XV
IXXIII,
XIV
IIIIV,V,
VIIVIII,
IX,X, XI,
XIIXIII,
XIV,XV,XvI
IV,V,
IXXI,
XII,
XIII,
XIV,XV
TABLE V
(C)
(U)
Functional Group
Wound
Class
Description
30
sec.
rin.
30
min.
12
hr.
24
hr.
5
days
B2
XIV
XIV
XIV
XIV
XIV
XIV
Ba7 2
VI
XIV
XIII
XIII
VIII
BLl V1
IV
XV
XI
XI
XI
XI
H1
VI
VI
VI
VI
VI
VI
K2
XIV
XIV
VI
XIV
VI
P7
III
XIV
14
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
The wound classes describe the degree of traumatic damage which occurs
in the anatomical structures.
top of the head, through Section 18, are 1.2 cm. thick; the remaining
sections are 2.6 cm. thick.
, and
anatomical position on the balls of his feet with his arms at his side
and palms facing forward.
shields any other.
and the arms and legs are projected as though removed from the trunk.
However, the BRL presently is programming the anatomy so that trajectories
other than normal can be evaluated.
15
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
In the projection process, the entire body is surveyed and divided
into six major anatomical subdivisions; head and neck, thorax, abdomen,
The arms are further subdivided into upper
arms and elbows, lower arms, wrists and hands and the legs are subdivided
into upper legs and knees, lower legs, ankles and feet.
This subdivision
and
.es is
the given fragment at the residual velocity of the fragment after penetrating through any protective anatomical components.
Data
Listed are
the percent inca%,..t.ation, disability groups, percent of body area subjected to incapacitation, and the time after wounding.
16
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
TABLE VI
Mean Vulnerable Areas (cm2 ) of Some Critical Components
of the Thorax
(UNCL)
19-27
Vulnerable
Area
Wound Class
(Critical Component)
26.8
Ba
Bv 77
1. 7
Na 1
4.8
NL 2
1.3
1314.0
P7
V2
21.1
V4
184.5
TABLE VII
(SECRET)
Assault
Abdomen 10.5
0
25
50
9.9
75
3.1
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.1
6.9
3.5
4.1
3.5
3.1
100
0.5
0.5
4.4
4.0
4.5
4.5
0
25
50
75
100
10.1
7.2
3.8
2.0
2.0
5.7
0.3
2.9
0.3
47
2.0
3.3
5.2
5.8
2.7
0.3
4.4
0
25
50
75
100
4.5
0.2
5.5
4.1
<0.1
3.4
<0.1
1.0
5.8
4.1
<0.1
0.6
5.5
4.3
<0.1
0.3
5.5
0.6
5.6
17
SECRET
4.5
0.2
-
5.5
SECRET
TABLE VIII
Percent Incapacitation for the Whole Body with a
(SECRET)
% Incapacitation
Disability
Group
None
Moderate Severe
Total
50
II,VI
Assault
Mild - 25
(U)
41.4
34.6
33.9
35.6
40.6
24.8
21.2
21.2
9.9
10.0
10.3
75
IIIVII,
VIII,X,XVI
1.3
21.0
17.4
18.7
16.8
8.1
100
IV,V,IX,XI
XII ,XIII,
XIV, xv
16.0
16.3
26.8
37.5
37.6
41.0
Thus, the
conditional probability, Phk' that a random hit results in an incapacitation is taken to be:
(PiAi)
Phk
EA.
EA.
1 is the total presented area of
+ (.25
x 0.163)
o.43.
a misnomer here.
Actually,
SECRET
SECRET
incapacitate (Pi = 0%), then Phk would represent the probability of incapacitation.
Then,
For example, if he
associates with a specific wound the level P.1 = 25%, he means that the
soldier would not be able to perform 25% of his duties.
We must realize that the assessments are subjective and depend on
clinical and field experience of the medical officer(s).
Because of
only that anatomical component that would constitute the highest incapacitation is considered in the establishment of the wound class; either
individual or synergistic effects of all other components in the tract
are not included.
When weapons systems analysts or designers evaluate the lethality
of a fragmenting shell the usual thing to do is to estimate the number
of casualties that would be caused under a specific set of conditions.
Briefly, the expected number of casualties can be found from the following
expression:
the number of hits on the soldier and the probability that each hit will
cause an incapacitation.
19
SECRET
SECRET
wounds and assuming that P
hk
'1
)h(
Phk
The reader is referred to BRL Technical Note No. 1511 for a more detailed
description of the formulation of E(C).
(CONFIDENTIAL)
TABLE IX
(UNCLASSIFIED)
Characteristics of Fragments
Dimension
cm.
Weight
grams
Missile
Presented Area
sq. cm.
0.055
0.236 (Diameter)
0.044
0.136
0.101
1.06
0.393
2.30
For Cubes:
14.7
Presented Area
Surface Area
4
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL
TABLE X
(UNCLASSIFIED)
Characteristics of WP Flechettes
Fronzal
Length
cm.
Shaft
Diameter
cm.
No.
Fins
Span Thickness
cm.
cm.
1.71
0.114
0.287
0.018
0.0164
7.2 gr.
0.464
2.75
0.180
0.450
0.030
0.0416
15.2 gr.
0.982
3.40
0.236
0.594
0.043
0.0745
Missile
Weight
grams
Presented
Area
sq.
cm.
The
PPhk
3/2_b)n
1- -e ea(mv
Thus, if Phk
then
Phk
=(r.Phk
CONFIDETIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
A least square procedure (as discussed in Reference 1) was set up to
determine the best values of a, b, and n.
0.
for the soldier clothed in the American winter uniform (with helmet) and
boots; these relations are plotted in Appendix C.
The transformation of the criteria from the nude soldier to the
clothed soldier was accomplished quite simply by subtracting from the
striking velocity the average velocity 7ost by the missile while traversing
the clothing and/or boots.
velocity.
The criteria (which include various levels of incapacitation, i.e.,
25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) are not stringent enough when applied to the design
and/or evaluation of "personal" type weapons such as pistols, hand
grenades, cannister ammunition, anti-personnel mines, rifles, etc.
Because of close engagement ranges associated with such weapons their
effectiveness should be based only on hits that would cause complete
incapacitations.
30 seconds, Assault
5 minutes.
At striking velocities of approximately 3000 fps, both the 1.7and 7.2-grain flechettes started tumbling, that is, rotated end-over-end
rapidly, shortly after penetrating tissue.
penetration to tumbling was 4.1 and 5.0 cm respectively for the 1.7 and
7.2.
22
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
TABLE XI
(CONFIDENTIAL)
Retardation Data
(U)
Strihing
Velocity
fps
Boots
Helmetb
Skin in
Situ
Boots
Helmet
902
593
2757
281
Clothinga
SPHERE
.85
1000
3000
5000
390
175
.325
175
150
270
1000
2072
3088
CUBES
2.1
1000
3000
5000
320
287
441
190
255
c4 8 5
1000
1954
2040
850
567
2892
310
16
1000
3000
135
150
100
150
1000
870
605
419
1457
206
5000
250
220
1550
500
1000
2500
70
34
43
25
349
237
758
155
<34
<25
474
433
C-2473
R=2694
202
361
305
C 871
R=966
172
351
257
C=912
R=912
181
225
500
380
0323
FLECHETTES
500
2000
4000
1.7
7.2
15.2
N.A.
c48
25
500
2000
4000
c65
500
2000
c69
4000
60
25
45
<20
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
500
2000
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
500
325
c2 4 5
N.A.
N.A.
500
273
N.A.
190
794
a.
b.
c.
d.
C = Crown, R = Rim.
23
IAL
CONFIDENT
CONFIDENTIAL
not tumble end-over-end as did the 1.7- and 7.2-grain flechettes.
Thus,
The LID ratios of the 1.7 and 7.2 (150 and 153) are slightly
Such distortions
have been observed for the 1.7 and 7.2 flechettes as well as other
experimental flechettes of 13 grains and less.
quite stable in the target even at velocities greater than 3000 fps.
Also the noses of soft steel flechettes (30-40 Rockwell) become blunted
(flatten out) at high striking velocities and the flechettes are relatively
stable.
Generally speaking, in order to qualify as a good tumbler, a
homologous flechette should weigh no more than 13 grains, be of mild
steel.and possess a sharp point.
24
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
exceeds 3000 fps.
in the strict sense, the values of a, b and n given in the tables are
applicable.
The 15.2-grain flechette was not considered to be a tumbler and
therefore was, not included in the analysis.
tumbling flechettes merely connect the values b with those solid portions
of the curve which are supported by data.
When we account for all levels of incapacitation (0, .25, .50, .75,
and 1.00) the wounding potential of the tumbling flechette is in general
about 10% greater than that for the steel fragments.
extremities than those of the fragment, because within the larger crosssectional area of the legs, there is a sufficient tract length in which
the flechette may tumble and thus be more effective.
Another phenomenon, which appears unique at first glance, is
concerned with the performance of the non-tumbling flechette in the pelvic
region.
mv3/2.
This occurs because bone structures are more dense in this region
25
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
of the body and the flechette's superior ability to penetrate bone allows
it to get to other organs, such as blood vessels and arteries, with more
residual velocity (energy).
Addi-
As a result, in
projecting flechettes through anatomical cross sections in order to determine t.:e fraction of the total mean presented body area vulnerable to
specific gradations of wounding, it was possible in many instances to
identify wound classes without recourse to the stepwise process of tissue
retardation.
sented area of the body which resulted when projection was performed to
account for missile size.
WILLIAM KOKINAKIS
JOSEPH SPERRAZZA
26
CONFIDENTIAL
(UNCLASSIFIED)
Wt. of Missile
grains
TABLE XII
Missile Bite
cm.
FRAG, IETS
0.85
0.0
5144
2.1
o.4
531o
16.o
o.8
5481
22.0
1.6
5837
0.0
5144
0.3
5144
0.2
5312
at 4000 fps
0.5
5312
0.3
5396
at 4000 fps
0.5
5396
At the tumbling velocity of 4000 fps, the larger missile bite was
considered only after the flechette commenced tumbling.
27
Prior to
(UNCLASSIFIED)
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
(U).
11.
12.
28
(U).
APPENDICES
(UNCLAS)
A.
(SECRET)
B.
(SECRET)
C.
29
LEFT BLANK
30
APPENDIX A
(UNCLASSIFIED) DEFINITION OF TACTICAL SITUATIONS
31
LEFT BLANK
32
(UNCLASSIFIED)
Assault:
TACTICAL SITUATIONS
The
Certainly no
more than 48 hours and probably much less will be allowed for such an
operation either to succeed or fail before regrouping prior to another
attempt.
In this situation,
Out of various
In addition
to being able to run, the soldier must be able to load, aim, and fire a
rifle or carbine in the accustomed manner.
This situation is considered to be static, with men well dug in, and
having maximum shelters for protection.
33
In addition,
the soldier is required to load and fire his rifle, but fx n a fixed
position requiring less upper extremity dexterity than in the assault
situation.
line receiving light loads from his right and passing them on to the man
to his left.
position, utilize his arms, but not engage in any sort of locomotion.
This was considered to be somewhat a realistic front line supply situation
engaged in at one time or another by a typical supply "ammo" bearer.
Although only one typical situation was chosen as an illustrative example
of the supply situation, one can, from a much broader sense, evaluate
incapacitation in this stress situation.
tions far in the rear of actual combat, one could consider just about all.
extremity disability as totally incapacitating, as an injured man would
likely report to some dispensary for treatment soon after injury.
Reserve:
This
reasoning is based on the assumption that men who sustain wounds while
in a reserve pool are much less likely to be committed by their company
commanders to the above circumstances.
SECRET
APPENDIX B
(SECRET)
35
SECRET
(U)
LEFT BLANK
36
CONFIDENTIAL
(CONFIDEITIAL)
Table
INDEX OF TABLES
Projectile
Tactical Role
Part of Body
Fragment
Defense
Assault
Assault
Supply
Fragment
Stable Flechette
Defense
30 seconds
Assault
30 seconds
Assault : 5 min.
Supply s 12 hours
Stable Flechette
Tumbling Flechette
Defense
30 seconds
Assault
30 seconds
Assault : 5 min.
Supply : 12 hours
VI
Tumbling Flechette
Defense
Assault
Assault
Supply
VII
Fragment, Stable
and Tumbling
Flechette
Nude, entire
VIII
Fragment, Stable
and Tumbling
Flechette
Clothed, entire
IX
Fragment, Stable
and Tumbling
Fle chette
Clothed, entire
and each anatomical
subdivision.
II
III
IV-,
:
!
<
!
:
:
!
<
30 seconds
30 seconds
5 min.
12 hours
30 seconds
30 seconds
5 min.
12 hours
37
CONFIDENTIAL
..SECRET
TABLE I
(SECRET)
(U)
r*
Defense g 30 sec.
8.7026 x lO.6023
26,500
.o651
Thorax
Abdomen
iii
Pelvis
2.1001 x 10"3
7.3623 x 10 6.8001 x 10-6
.27000
.46494
.74407
26,780
26,780
23:500
.1304
.1065
.1156
Arms
1.4293 x lO- 3
.42552
26,780
.2045
Legs
Entire Body
6.3251 x 10- 4
1.6788 x 10- p
.46675
.41356
26,700
26,500
.3778
Assault : 30 sec.
7.5501
1.2809
5.0675
1.5855
10- 3
l0 l010-5
.37518
.31650
.50878
.72599
26,500
26,700
26,780
25,500
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
5.1702 x l0 "
3.4535 x 10 4
1.4992 x l0- 3
.36032
.57226
.45492
26,780
26,400
26,500
.8955
.28542
.44292
.58732
.40015
.56420
.44545
26,500
26,700
26,780
23,500
26,500
25,800
25,800
.27078
.26330
.20885
.38392
26,780
26,780
25,800
25,500
.53665
25,500
25,500
x
x
x
x
Assault : 5 min.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
8.1464
2.2652
2.1028
1.5984
5.6001
4.3226
2.0785
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
l010- 2
10lo 10-3
lO "4
l0- 3
Supply : 12 hrs.
x O-2
x 10"
x 10
x 10
4.5911
3.7620
1.0607
4.9274
Arms
Legs
5.9909 x 10
3.6130 x 10-
.56185
Entire Body
3.4423 x 10 "
.41845
25,500
* r is ratio of the presented area of a Part to the entire body.
38
SECRET
SECRET
TABLE II
(SECRET)
Steel Fragments
r*
Defense : 30 sec.
10- 4
.57884
10"
10-4
106
10-4
5.3116 x 10- 4
2.6648
1.7955
5.1602
4.0293
8.4126
Legs
Entire Body
x
x
x
x
x
l0- 4
8.8771 x
.27859
.48523
.77314
.45662
20,000
45,000
43,500
36,500
30,500
.0651
.1304
.1065
.1156
.2045
.47749
31,400
.3778
.45106
31,400
Assault f 30 sec.
x 10- 4
x 1O-2
x lo- 4
x 10-5
x inx10-4
x 10-4
.59981
.32779
.53050
.75050
.39054
.57749
.49570
20,000
40,500
42,000
41,000
30,000
30,000
31,000
.62684
.29474
.45191
.60862
.43224
.57631
.48781
20,000
44,000
45,000
39,000
31,100
30,000
31,000
6.0806 x 10-4
.55367
3.2873 x I02
.27-50
.21660
.39513
.56628
.57085
20,000
4, "0
43,500
40,500
29,000
29,000
2.1063
1.0479
3.4436
1.0015
3.1468
3.0833
7.6442
Assault - 5 min.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
2.1641
1.9060
1.7401
1.0855
2.1247
3.5277
1.0454
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10-4
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-3
l0
lO-3
Supply ! 12 hrs.
Head and Neck
T..r.
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
*9.2431
4.0060
3.6448
3.1099
x
x
x
x
2.1973 x
1O2
lO 3
lO-4
10--
4O]55:0
2O9,000
39
SECRET
SECRET
TABLE III
(SECRET)
(U)
Defense
4.4497 x 10"
1.8074 x 10-6
Abdomen
9.9419 x
1O-8
1.01934
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
4.7265
3.5068
6.2746
5.5791
l0lo
10-5
10-5
.60399
.45248
.57247
.59839
Assault
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
4.4106
5.3687
2.1914
2.5449
1.2913
9.5249
1.0590
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1.3627
2.1605
6.3702
2.0479
7.2379
1.9488
6.4241
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
.71750
.5827
17,000
0
.0651
0
ll.,000
0
10,000
10,000
30 sec.
1O-5
106
10-6
1O "4
10-3
10-5
10 - 4
Assault
r*
30 sec.
x
x
x
x
.71887
.80156
.81548
.53045
.39877
.60084
.58983
17,000
10,000
0
15,000
16,000
10,000
11,000
.67313
.43596
.51350
.4729
.47249
.57565
.50256
18,000
15,000
0
15000
16,000
15,000
14,000
5 min.
10 -4
10-3
10-4
10-e
1010
10- 4
Supply g 12 hrs.
1.5786 x 10-4
.66436
18,000
Thorax
3.5758 x 10-3
.40604
18,500
Abdomen
4.7248 x 10-4
.57593
11,000
Pelvis
2.360 x 10- 3
.44704
18,o00
Arms
5.5160 x 14
.48814
17,000
Legs
5.4716 x 10-4
.50490
18,000
Entire Body
1.2127 x 10-3
.46380
17,000
* r is ratio of the presented area of a Part to the entire body.
4o
-SECRET
.1304
.1064
.1156
.2045
.3778
SECRET
TABLE IV
(SECRET)
(U)
r*
1.02621
.83907
1.00639
.61937
.44302
.58621
.162548
0
10,000
10,000
13,000
10,000
13,000
13,000
.0651
.1304
.1065
.1156
.2045
.3778
Part of Body
4.6872 x
2.296L x
1.1286 x
3.6920 x
3.9447 x
5.0873 x
_x
.602
6
10 - 7
lo10 - 7
10-5
10 - 4
10-5
-
Assault
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
4.8562
4..5872
1.6640
2.1342
1.1204
7.0968
7.6217
lO "7
10-6
10- 6
10- 4
10-3
lO-5
10-5
Assault
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
1.02534
.81054
.83381
.54075
.40774
.62031
.61076
0
13,000
lO, 000
18,000
18,000
12,000
13,000
5 min.
1O- 5
10 1O-'
1O- 3
10-4
10 -4
10- 4
.51658
14,000
18,000
10,000
18,000
20,000
18,000
17,000
10 - 6
10- 3
10-4
10-3
.89243
.40998
.57984
.45788
10,000
23,000
16,000
21,000
4.6218 x 10-4
.49925
20,000
-4
.51530
.48828
21,000
21,000
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1.1356
1.7359
7.6605
1.6556
7.4722
1.8186
5.1222
Supply
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
30 sec.
5.2662
3.3084
4.3368
1.9224
x
x
x
x
.83353
.45038
.49968.
.44541
.46931
.57960
12 hrs.
4.6397 x 10
8.4626 x 10 - 4
body.
r is ratio of the presented area of a Part to the entire
41
SECRET
SECRET
TAB
(SECRET)
(U)
r*
Defense : 30 sec.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
7.8288
1.8084
1.0632
5.4027
8,8893
5.0439
1.3140
.20942
.44032
.63570
.64072
10-2
10 - 3
lO-5
l0 - 4
l0 10- 3
.45453
.47203
.43432
17,000
0
0
11,000
0
10,000
10,000
Assault ! 30 sec.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
3.1926
4.3175
1.5864
1.1750
2.2264
9.5436
1.0582
.45325
.38696
.60210
.77044
.40824
.66420
.48464
17,000
10,O00
0
15,000
16,000
10,000
11,000
.34408
.44705
.70848
.78672
.43622
.60554
.53460
18,000
15,000
0
15,000
16,000
15,000
14,000
10- 2
10-2
.34362
.30853
.31087
.02
10 - 4
lO- 4
10-4
10- 3
.57494
18,000
18,500
11,000
18,000
17,000
18,000
17,000
10-3
10 -3
l0 -4
10-5
l0- 3
lO "5
l0 - 3
Assault ! 5 min.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1.1673
4.2752
9.6232
2.4528
1.9517
2.7056
7.4080
1O "2
10 "'
10-5
10- 5
1010
1O- 4
Supply
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
*
1.9271
2.1764
3.2628
6.1528
3.3384
2.5992
2.1780
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
12 hrs.
.57181
.60132
.46169
42
SECRET
.0651
.1304
.1065
.1156
.2045
.3778
SECRET
(SECRET)
TABLE VI
Parameters (a,n,b) for Curve of Phk
Tumbling Flechette
(U)
r*
.68954
.45192
0
10,000
.65
ULU
U@J
.0651
.1304
13,000
,0,000
15,000
13,000
.1156
.2045
.3778
Part of Body
Defense
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
3.4989
7.7820
3.8556
7.4970
x
x
x
x
30 sec.
?90
.66768
.46262
.48819
.46969
10-5
10-4
lO-4
10 4
Assault - 30 sec.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arr
Legs
Entire Body
10- 4
10-3
l0_
lo 5
10-3
l0lo "
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1.0258
3.8183
1.3279
7.1670
1.7001
7.7319
7.9580
.86215
.39458
.61354
.80215
.42537
.67643
.50032
0
13,000
10,000
18,000
18,000
12,000
13:000
Assault ! 5 min.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
2.8605
9.1266
4.9520
1.6672
1.5598
l0 - 5
l0- 3
10-5
lO-5
O-3
.80934
.75548
.81150
.45013
14,000
18,000
10,000
18,000
20,000
Legs
Entire Body
2.0868 x 104
4.6090 x lo
.62196
.56622
18,000
17,000
.73511
.32171
.32207
.57612
.58841
.61712
.48872
10,000
23,000
16,000
21,000
20,000
21,000
21,000
x
x
x
x
x
Supply
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
*
8.2092
1.7615
2.6219
5.7651
2.5720
2.0107
1.4410
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
.55946
12 hrs.
10-5
10-2
10_4
10
1010
10
43
SECRET
. Uop
SECRET
TABLE VII
(SECRET)
(U)
(100% Incapacitation)
(Soldier is assumed to be nude)
Situation
Steel Fragments
D30
A30
A5
3.0070 x lo- 5
2.2516 x 10-5
2.2027 x 10 -
.59127
66'000
.67992
.55500
57,000
26,000
Non-Tumbling Flechettes
D30
A30
A5
5.9648 x lO- 8
3.3934 x 10-5
1.7280 x 1O-5
.95227
.60867
.68914
18,000
10,000
10,000
Tumbling Flechettes
D30
1.1515 x l0- 5
.64957
18,000
A30
4.9882 x
10 -
.63553
lO,000
A5
1.3910 x 10-5
.76009
10,000
44
SECRET
SECRET
TABLE VIII
('ECRET)
P'k
(U)
(100o Incapacitation)
(Soldier with helmet and winter clothing)
Situation
a
Steel Fragments
D30
A30
x 0"5
1.4411
9.9557 x 10
.65345
.73159
66,000
A5
2.1078 x 10 "
.55514
40,000
62,000
Non-Tumbling Flechettes
D30
A30
A5
.95227
.62527
.70271
5.9648 x l08
2.6133 x 10 "
1.3859 x l0"5
18,000
14,000
14,000
Tumbling Fechettes
D30
A30
A5
1.1515 x i0-5
7.665 x l0-5
.64957
.65548
18,000
14,000
1.0349 x l0
.77940
14,000
"
45
SECRET
SECRET
TABLE IX
(SECRET)
(U)
.62903
.62738
50,000
310,000
24,5,000
.76824
.63345
1,000,000
66,000
.1304
1065
.1156
.20
.3778
Steel Fragment
2.5119 x 10-4
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
2.9296
3.1355
2.0858
7.8606
7.5119
1.4411
x
x
x
x
x
x
55180
.9259
10- 7
1O-5
lO24
10
10-5
0651
Non-Tumbling Flechette
0-8
5.1500 x 108
1.15801
1.1659 x 0
96667
0
48,500
5.9648 x lo8
18,000
.95227
0651
.1504
Tumbling Flechette
Head and Neck
Thorax
*Abdomen
*Pe lvi s
*Arms
*Legs
Entire-Body
4.0546 x lO - 3
3.4494 x lO" 5
.40206
.64419
0
48,500
1.1515 x 1O "
.64957
18,000
46
SECRET
.0651
.1304
SECRET
APPENDIX C
(SECRET)
47
SECRET
(U)
LEFT BLANK
48
CONFIDENTIAL
kCONFIDENTIAL)
INDEX OF FIGURES
Phk versus mV/2
for
1
2
3
4
5
Entire
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Defense
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Entire
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Assault
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
49
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Defense
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
:5
31
50
CONFIDENTIAL
10.
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,ASSIFICATION
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3. REDORT TITLE
(U)
Janu&ry 1965
8a. CONTRACT OR GRANT No.
1P025601A27
b. PROJECT NO.
86
12
1269
this report)
d.
10. A V AIL ABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES
NOTES
v 0 and parameters a, b and n, whose values are determined from the tactical situati
DD
JAN
1473
(U)
Unclassified
Security Classification
Unclassified
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14.
ROLE
LINK C
LINK 8
KYWRSLINK
WT
ROLE
WT
Fragments
Flechettes
Incapacitatioe~s
Criteria
P
hk
Wounding
wound Tracts
Tactical Roles
Disability
Unclassified
Security Classificationi
ROLE
Wr