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BRL R 1269

REPORT
NO. 1269

CRITERIA FOR INCAPACITATING SOLDIERS WITH


FRAGMENTS AND FLECHETTES

C-D

(U)

By William Kokinakis
Joseph Sperrazza
i-)

JANUARY 1965

M~AY4

U. S. ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND

BALLISTIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES


ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, MARYLAND
GROUP-3

DOWNGRADED AT 12 YEAR INTERVALS


NOT AUTOMATICALLY DECLASSIFIED

SECRET

DD.9yy,,

,L

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Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Mtryland,

DDC AVAILABILITY NOTICE


Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from DDC.

The findings in this report are not to be construed as


an official Department of the Army position, unless
so designated by other authorized documents.

SECRET
BALLISTIC

LABORATORIES

RESEARCH
REPORT NO. 1269

JANUARY 1965

WITH FRAGMENTS AND FLECHETTES


CRITERIA FOR INCAPACITATING SOLDIERS

(U)

William Kokinakis
Joseph Sperrazza

'T1Ih5 doCUment contains information affecting theof Nationl8


the
Defense of the United State within the meaning
and
any
793
Section
contents in794.
it
U. S.
tl C.,
Ttle18re~
T~aw,18,
n o
Defene oftheUTite
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Its transmission or the
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by iaw."
'hibited
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manner to an una th

RDT&E Project No. 1P025601A27

ABERDEEN

PROVING

GROUND,

SECRET

MARYLAND

LEFT BLANK

CONFIDENTIAL
LABORATORIES

RESEARCH

BALLISTIC

REPORT NO. 1269

WKokinakis/JSperrazza/mec
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.
January 1965

CRITERIA FOR INCAPACITATING SOLDIERS WITH FRAGMENTS AND FLECHETTES

(CONFIDENTIAL)

(U)

ABSTRACT

Presenited are estimates of the conditional probabilities, Pk that


single, random hits with a standard series of homologously shaped, steel
flechettes, which tumble within a soldier, will incapacitate the soldier.
The functional dependence of Phk on the weight, m of the flechette and
its initial striking velocity, v o is given by
P

)n
-a(mv0 3/2b

where e is the base of the natural logarithm and a, b and n are parameters
whose values are determined from the tactical situation and time at which
the incapacitation is to ensue.

The analysis was based on experimental

data produced by the Biophysics Division, Medical Directorate, Chemical


Research and Development Laboratories (CRDL), Edgewood Arsenal.
The Edgewood experiments demonstrate that within "ballistic"
simulants of the human anatomy; i.e., gelatin or goats, relatively quick
tumbling occurs with the standard series of flechettes for striking
velocities greater than 3000 fps.

It is suggested that the weight of the

flechette should not exceed about 13 grains else the tumbling will occur
too late after entrance and that only a small portion of the flechette's
energy will be deposited within the target.

CONFIDENTIAL.

CONFIDENTIAL
Also presnt, are estimates of the conditional probability that
single, random hits with chunky (spheres or cubes),
incapacitate a soldier.

steel fragments will

Although these latter criteria appear in other

Ballistic Resear-ch Laloratories (BRL) publications, they are included for


purposes of consolidation.

CONFIDENTIAL

(UNCLASSIFIED)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

.A.BSTRAC . ..

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INTIRODUCTION ..

..

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...........

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EXPERIME~NTAL PROCEDURE. ..

....

............

RESULTS AN~DDISCUSSION. ..

.....

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R~FERBENCES. ..
APPEND1fIX

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20

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28
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.31

Definition of Tactical Situations


APPENDIX B............................

...............

Index and Tables of Parameters (a, nl, b) for Curves of Ph


APPENDIX C. .. ....
... ......
............
.....
Index and Curves of P hkVersus Projectile Weight and Striking
Velocity
DISTRIBUTION LIST.

..

..........

...............

A NOTE ON CLASSIFICATION
The plan of the experiments, including the types of
targets used, is CONFIDENTIAL, The functional dependence of
Phk or the variables m and v0 and unspecified numerical values
of the parameters a, b, n is classified CONFIDEN~TIAL; on the
other hand, when numerical values are given for a, b, n the
relation is classified SECRET.

83

LEFT BLANK

CONFIDENTIAL
(CONFIDENTIAL)

INTRODUCTION

The U. S. Army progran on wound ballistics was started about 1950


as a cooperative effort among three, then Army Technical Services:
Ordnance Corps, Chemical Corps and Medical Services.
was,

Its main purpose

and still is, t' develop casualty criteria for infantry soldiers

struck by penetratir., miss,.les such as unstrbilized fragments, bullets


and ariow-like missiles termed flechettes.

Presently the program is

continiing undex auspices of the Army Materiel Command, with the cooperaticn of the Medical ServiceL.
The study involves two distinct phases:

(1) the conduct of appro-

priate experiments and the assessment of hypothetical wounds in terms of


incapacitation -- this phase is carried out by the Biophysics Division,
CRDL, Edgewood Arsenal, and (2) the formulation of criteria for ircapacitation in terms of missile parameters -- this phase is carried out by
BL..
1h3

The -reader is

referred to BRL Report No. 996 * , dated October

1956 for a general description of the work and for the formulation of the
earlier criteria that were developed for chunky steel fragments

Those

criteria .rere based on experiments with 0.85-grain spheres and 2.0- and

16.0-grain cubes.
Tn BRL Renprt No. 996, the dependence of P

on the weight (m) and


hk
striking velocity (v ) for steel fragments-was found to be as follows:
Pk

=1

-e

-a(mv o 3/2-b)n

where m is weight of fragment, v0 is the striking velocity, e the base


of th.e natural logarihm and a, b and n are parameters whose values

Spurrs ript numbers deno-e references found on page 28.


The steeZ fragrments are presumed to be generic to those generated by
the detonation of' high explosive shell.

CONFIDENTIA-L

CONFIDENTIAL
depend on time after wounding and tactical role

Reported were values

of a, b and n associat .d with each of four tactical roles and seven


post-wounding times.

However, of the total of 28 combinations, four had

been selected as being represent tive of all of them:


Case

Standard

Defense < 30 Seconds

Defense : 30 Seconds

Assault

Assault

Representative of

30 Seconds

30 Seconds

Defense - 5 Minutes

Assault ! 5 Minutes

Assault

5 Minutes

Defense : 30 Minutes

Defense
4

Supply < 12 Hours

12 Hours

Supply

12 Hours

Supply

24 Hours

Supply

5 Days

Reserve

30 Minutes

Reserve

12 Hours

Reserve r 24 Hours
The effectiveness of weapons of the artillery type are evaluated, in
general, using the criterion for Case 3 and weapons of the personal type
(rifles, hand grenades, etc.) are evaluated using the criterion for Case 1.
Data obtained later with a 225-grain steel cube were in accord with
the general rules proposed in BRL Report No. 996.
Subsequent reevaluations of all previous medical assessments of the
1

incapacitating potential of the steel fragments

resulted in revised

criteria which were published in BRL Technical Note No. 12973.

However,

the main purpose of that note was to suggest tentative criteria of the
incapacitating potential of an homologous series of steel flechettes
pending the completion of experiments with the homologous series

The four cignificant tactical roles considered in this study are


described in Appendix A.

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
The provisional estimates of the wounding potential of the flechettes were
restricted to those that remained stable in the simulants of human targets
(gelatin or goats); it was observed that when tne striking velocity was less
than about 3000 fps, tumbling within target did-not occur whereas if the
striking velocity exceeded 3000 fps, the flechette tumbled relatively
quickly and deposited more energy in the target than did the more stable
flechette, and therefore produced grosser wounds.
It is the purpose of the present study to report the casualty criteria
for tumbling flechettes and to include, under one cover, the latest
criteria for fragments and non-tumbling flechettes.

(This publication

supersedes and/or compliments casualty criteria previously published in


the following BRL Reports:

Report No. 996

Technical Note Nos. 1297

12357, 14378, and 148610, and Memorandum No. 14209.) The criteria pertain
to single, random hits averaged over the whole body or averaged over the
major separate parts of the anatomy such as the head and neck, thorax,
abdomen, pelvis, and arms and legs.

The latter breakdown should be useful

to designers of body armor, helmets, and other protective devices.

(CONFIDENTIAL)

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

For each combination of missile and striking velocity the procedure


for esbablishing the size (depth and lateral extent) of a hypothetical
wound tract in a soldier first involves firing the missile into different
types of anatomical components of goats.

Measurements are made of the

retardation in velocity of the missile while penetrating different thicknesses of the components

Supplementary experiments include the deter-

minations of physical damage to especially critical components.


general, the tissue models are obtained from Angora goats.

In

However,

human skulls and limbs are occasionally used for the experiments.

Firings

are also made into whole, live goats and complete descriptions of each
All these data serve as inputs to

wound tract are obtained by autopsy.

To account for protection that could be offered by clothing, body armor,


etc., retardation firings are also carried out with such materials.

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
m.edical assessors who then estimate physiological effects in soldiers
subjected to the many hypothetical woands that could. arise from random
strikes.

It is the purpose of the remainder of this section to describe

briefly the assessing technique.


To aid in the identification of the various tissue and organs that
lie in the many different paths of a missile's trajectory (wound tract),
and to combine these structures with degree of traumatic damage a
"bookkeeping" procedure was set up, as typified by the example illustrated
in Table I.

The combinations of anatomical components struck and the

degree of damage are called "wound classes".

TABLE I
(UNCLASSIFIED)

Typical Wound Classes

Symbol
B2

De scr i p tion

BaTV 2

SKULL; severe fragmentation or depressed fracture


BONE; with concurrent cardiovascular wound

BLlV

BONE; with concurrent cardiovascular wound

HAND; any wound at this velocity

K2

URETER, URETHRA and URINARY BLADDER; puncture wound with leakage

NaV2

NERVE; with concurrent cardiovascular damage

P7

LUNG; puncture with small blood loss

The reader is referred to the referenced CRDL Reports 4, 5, and 6 for a


complete description of the procedure.

In Table I, the subscript 2 of B2 denotes severity of the bone wound.


The subscript L of BLIV1 denotes bone damage affecting the legs and V
identifies it as a combination wound involving vascular damage as well.
The subscript 1 of V1 indicates the degree of incapacitation and is based
on vascular size, location of vessel and wound size.

And so on until

there are described all the possible wound classes the:t a specific missile
can. produce.

The number of wound classes varies with the type, weight,

and striking velocity of missile.


10

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
The next step in the procedure is to relate wound classes with the
Because of the intimate

decrement in task performance of the soldier.

dependence of performance on the behavior of the limbs, incapacitation


arbltrarily was related to behavior of the limbs.

Table II lists a total

of 16 disability (or functional groups) which consider different combinations of limb deficits that can occur from practical considerations.

The

deficit either could be one in which loss of fine muscular coordination


of a limb occurs or one in which total loss of the limb occurs.
need not necessarily be hit to become disabled.

A limb

For example, a hit on

certain parts of the spinal cord could render all extremities inoperable.
Of crucial significance to the study are the judgments made by the
medical assessors on the relationships between behavior of the limbs and
the ability of the wounded "enemy" soldier to carry out his assigned
task.

Table III represents the best estimates of these relationships

and are based on a consensus of opinion of medical assessors and of combat


personnel.

Each discrete level of disability refers to, "on the average",

the decrease in effectiveness of the enemy soldier.

Some of the readers

of this report might wish to defer reading the next several pages and
turn to subsequent paragraphs which define the term Phk (page 16).
Only six discrete post-wounding times ranging from one-half a
minute to five days are considered in the assessments.

Generally, as

post-time wounding increases, the deleterious effects of a wound accumulate and the wound is assigned to a functional group associated with a
higher level of incapacitation.
Some examples of the change in functional group with time are given
in Table V.

Table V is illustrative only and applies to a 7.2-grain

steel flechette striking the bare skin of the "enemy" soldier at a


velonity of 2000 fps.

There are very few exceptions to the cumulative

effects of the wound.

For instance, let us examine wound class B a7V2

After 24 hours, this wound class falls into Functional Group XIII which
rates 100% incapacitation for all tactical roles; but at five days this
wound class falls into Functional Group VIII, which rates 75% incapacitation for three of the four ta.ctical roles.

The significance here is

that the wound, if left unattended would start to heal after 24 hours.
11

CONFIDENTIAL

TABLE II
(UNCLASSIFIED)

The Relation Between Functional Group


and
Behavior of Each Extremeity

Functional Group

Code:

Arms

Leg

N,N

N,N

II

N,N

N,F

III

N,N

F,F

IV

N,N

N,T

N,N

TT

VI

N,F

N,N

VII

F,F

N,N

VIII

N,T

N,N

IX

T,T

N,N

F,F

F,F

XI

F.F

F,T

XII

F,F

T,T

XIII

F,T

F,F

XIV

T,T

T,T

XV

N,N

F,T

XVI

NF

F,F

N
F
T

No effect on extremity
Loss of fine muscular coordination (weakness) of extremity
Total loss of extremity function
No attempt is made to differentiate between the right and left
limbs
12

CONFIDENTIAL
TABLE III
(CONFIDENTIAL)

Percent Disability Vs. Functional Grouo


for
Four Tactical Situations (U)

Functional
Groups

Arm

Each
Leg

NN

N,N

NN

N,F

N,N

Assault

Percent Disability
Reserve
Defense

Supply

II

50

25

75

25

F,F

III

75

25

100

50

N,N

N,T

IV

100

50*

100

100

N,N

T,T

100

50

100

100

NF

N,N

VI

50

25

75

25

F,F

NN

VII

75

50

100

50

NT

NN

VIII

75

75

100

75

T,T

N,N

IX

100

100

100

F,F

F,F

75

75

100

YF

F,T

XI

100

75

100

100

F,F

T,T

XII

100

75

100

100

F,T

F,F

XIII

100

100

100

100

TT

T,T

XiV

100

100

100

100

N,N

F,T

XV

100

50

100

100

N,F

F,F

XVI

75

50

100

Codes:

N
F
T

100

75

75

No effect
Loss of fine muscular coordination
Total loss of extremity function
No attempt is made to differentiate between the right and left
limbs.

13

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
Table IV is a rearrangement of Table III.
TABLE IV
(CONFIDENTIAL)

Percent
Disability
0

Functional Groups Vs. Percent Disability


for Four Tactical Situations (U)
Functional Group

Assault

Defense

Reserve

Supply

25

II,III ,VI

IIVI
III,
VII

50

IIVI

IV,V,VI1
XV, XVI

75

IIIVIIVIII,
X,XVI

VIII ,X,XI,
XII

Ii,VI

VIII,
X,XVI

100

IV,V,IXXI,
XIIXIIIXIV,
XV

IXXIII,
XIV

IIIIV,V,
VIIVIII,
IX,X, XI,
XIIXIII,
XIV,XV,XvI

IV,V,
IXXI,
XII,
XIII,
XIV,XV

TABLE V
(C)

Effect of Post-Wounding Time on Assignment of Functional Group

(U)

Functional Group
Wound
Class

Description

30
sec.

rin.

30
min.

12
hr.

24
hr.

5
days

B2

SKULL; severe fragmentation,


or depressed fracture

XIV

XIV

XIV

XIV

XIV

XIV

Ba7 2

BONE; with concurrent


cardiovascular wound

VI

XIV

XIII

XIII

VIII

BLl V1

BONE; with concurrent


cardiovascular damage

IV

XV

XI

XI

XI

XI

H1

HAND; any wound at this


velocity

VI

VI

VI

VI

VI

VI

K2

URETER, URETHRA, AND

XIV

XIV

URINARY BLADDER; puncture


wound with leakage
NaV 2

NERVE; with concurrent


cardiovascular damage

VI

XIV

VI

P7

LUNG; puncture with small


blood loss

III

XIV

One might wish to cross-reference Table V with Tables III


or IV to
determine the relation between wound class and percent disability
associated with tactical
role and post-wounding time.

14

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
The wound classes describe the degree of traumatic damage which occurs
in the anatomical structures.

To determine specific portions of a soldier's

anatomy which are vulnerable to the missile's penetration; the anatomical


cross-sectional charts in the text
chosen as standard.

by Eycleshymer and Shoemaker were

These charts, which consider an "average man" to be

69 inches in height and 155 pounds in weight, "slice" our theoretical


soldier into 108 horizontal cross sections

Section 1, starting with the

top of the head, through Section 18, are 1.2 cm. thick; the remaining
sections are 2.6 cm. thick.

The process of horizontal scanning, for six

equiangular rotations starting with the anterior as zero degrees, canq


result in as many as 100,000 trajectories for each missile at each velocity.
Until recently, personnel of the Biophysics Division accomplished the task
by hand; the time required to project one missile at three velocities was
roughly two months.
the BRLE,"

A computer program has been written by BRL

, and

Computer can now perform the same task in one hour.

The projections are made only for horizontal trajectories through


an erect soldier.

The soldier is assumed to be standing in the standard

anatomical position on the balls of his feet with his arms at his side
and palms facing forward.
shields any other.

It is further assumed that no part of his body

The trunk is projected with the extremities removed,

and the arms and legs are projected as though removed from the trunk.
However, the BRL presently is programming the anatomy so that trajectories
other than normal can be evaluated.

Hopefully, this project will be

completed within the next few months.

It is hoped that anthropological differences that exist among diverse


ethnic groups will not affect materially the adequacy of the criteria
are derived. For example, we are assuming tacitly
(Phk) that finally
of vulnerable areas to presented areas are independent of
that ratios
size of the individual. Actually, we recognize that smaller statured
individuals should be more susceptible to wounding because ihey enjoy
less protective tissue such as skin, muscle, etc. But when computing
the expected number of casualties that could be produced by a weapon,
one must account for the probability that the enemy soldier will be
struck. But, the smaller the soldier, the lower the hit probability.
Hence an increased Phk is compensated to some extent by a decreased
kind, at the present time,
A study of this
probability of being hit.
is unwarranted.

15

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
In the projection process, the entire body is surveyed and divided
into six major anatomical subdivisions; head and neck, thorax, abdomen,
The arms are further subdivided into upper

pelvis, 2 arms and 2 legs.

arms and elbows, lower arms, wrists and hands and the legs are subdivided
into upper legs and knees, lower legs, ankles and feet.

This subdivision

allows incapacitation data to be obtained for major subdivisions, as well


as for an average for the entire body.
The Biophysics Division of CRDL present their results in the form of
tables as illustrated by Tables VI and VII for a 7.2-grain steel flechette
striking the bare torso at a velocity of 2000 fps.
considered to be in an assault role.
wounding time of five m-u

and
.es is

The enemy soldier is

Table VI pertains to the postrestricted to the thorax.

of critical components vulnerable to the attack by

values of the areas

the given fragment at the residual velocity of the fragment after penetrating through any protective anatomical components.

The cross sections

19-27 refer to Eycleshymer and Shoemaker cross-sectional anatomy chart


numbers, 19-27.

Table VII is restricted to the thorax, abdomen, and lower

legs and lists percent incapacitations for six post-wounding times.

Data

such as in Table VII can be summarized to yield average incapacitations


for the entire body.
Table VIII presents such a summary for the whole body.

Listed are

the percent inca%,..t.ation, disability groups, percent of body area subjected to incapacitation, and the time after wounding.

Again the 7.2-

grain steel flechette with a striking velocity of 2000 fps is illustrated


for the assault role.

Averaged over six different directions. It is to be pointed out that


for each direction sufficient trajectories are Introduced into each
so that complete overlapping exists between adjacent trajectories.
slice
direction is for strikes perpendicular to the anterior; each
The first
successive direction is at multiple integers of 600.

16

CONFIDENTIAL

SECRET
TABLE VI
Mean Vulnerable Areas (cm2 ) of Some Critical Components
of the Thorax

(UNCL)

19-27

Anatomical Cross Sections;

Vulnerable
Area

Wound Class
(Critical Component)

26.8

Ba
Bv 77

1. 7

Na 1

4.8

NL 2

1.3
1314.0

P7
V2

21.1

V4

184.5

TABLE VII
(SECRET)

Percent Incapacitation for Selected Anatomical Regions


(U)
with a 7.2-Grain Steel Flechette at 2000 fps
Tactical Role:

Assault

Percent of Total Body Area that is


Subject to Incapacitation
% IncapacSubdivision %
30 Sec. 5 Min. 30 Min. 12 Hr. 24 H1r.5 Days
Total Body Area itation
Thorax 12.8

Abdomen 10.5

Lower Legs 10.2

0
25
50

9.9

75

3.1

2.6

2.9

3.0

3.4

2.3

2.3

2.3

1.8

1.8

1.8

0.1

6.9

3.5

4.1

3.5

3.1

100

0.5

0.5

4.4

4.0

4.5

4.5

0
25
50
75
100

10.1

7.2

3.8

2.0

2.0

5.7

0.3

2.9
0.3

47
2.0

3.3
5.2

5.8
2.7

0.3
4.4

0
25
50
75
100

4.5
0.2
5.5

4.1
<0.1

3.4
<0.1
1.0
5.8

4.1
<0.1
0.6
5.5

4.3
<0.1
0.3
5.5

0.6
5.6
17

SECRET

4.5
0.2
-

5.5

SECRET
TABLE VIII
Percent Incapacitation for the Whole Body with a

(SECRET)

7.2-Grain Steel Flechette at 2000 fps


Tactical Role:

% Incapacitation

Disability
Group

None

Moderate Severe

Total

50

II,VI

Assault

Percent of Total Body Area that is


Subject to Incapacitation
30 Sec. 5 Min. 30 Min. 12 Hr. 24 lirs. 5 Days
57.9

Mild - 25

(U)

41.4

34.6

33.9

35.6

40.6

24.8

21.2

21.2

9.9

10.0

10.3

75

IIIVII,
VIII,X,XVI

1.3

21.0

17.4

18.7

16.8

8.1

100

IV,V,IX,XI
XII ,XIII,
XIV, xv

16.0

16.3

26.8

37.5

37.6

41.0

The numbers in the table represent the percentage of the average


projected body area (averaged over 6 directions) which, if hit, would
result in a particular percentage level of incapacitation.

Thus, the

conditional probability, Phk' that a random hit results in an incapacitation is taken to be:
(PiAi)
Phk

EA.

P.1 is the average incapacitation associated with the hits on a subdivision


whose average subtended area is A.1
the body.

EA.
1 is the total presented area of

Thus, for the post-time wounding of 5 minutes we estimate from

Table VIII the following value for Phk:


Phk = (o x 0.414)
Phk

+ (.25

x 0) + (.50 x 0.212) + (.75 x 0.210) + (l

x 0.163)

o.43.
a misnomer here.

The term "probability of incapacitation" is

Actually,

what is derived is an estimate of an average level of incapacitation that


could be imposed on a soldier as a result of a random hit with a particular
missile at a specific striking velocity.

If we were dealing with a dichot-

omy, that is, if a hit either incapacitated (Pi


18

SECRET

100%) or did not

SECRET
incapacitate (Pi = 0%), then Phk would represent the probability of incapacitation.

For the moment let us admit the concept of a dichotomy.

Then,

if an assessor evaluated a hit at an intermediate level of incapacitation,


say P.1 = 25%, it would mean that he was uncertain to the extent of 25%
that the hit would result in no incapacitation; or conversely, he was
uncertain to the extent of 75% that the hit would result in full incapacitation.
But in our case this is not what the assessor means when he assesses
a hit at an intermediate level of incapacitation.

For example, if he

associates with a specific wound the level P.1 = 25%, he means that the
soldier would not be able to perform 25% of his duties.
We must realize that the assessments are subjective and depend on
clinical and field experience of the medical officer(s).

Because of

potential errorz of subjectivity a conservative approach was adopted in


the procedure for making assessments.

Along each hypothetical wound track

only that anatomical component that would constitute the highest incapacitation is considered in the establishment of the wound class; either
individual or synergistic effects of all other components in the tract
are not included.
When weapons systems analysts or designers evaluate the lethality
of a fragmenting shell the usual thing to do is to estimate the number
of casualties that would be caused under a specific set of conditions.
Briefly, the expected number of casualties can be found from the following
expression:

E(C) = f f a(xy) Pk (xy) dxdy


where a(x,y) is the areal density of troops at a specific point (x,y) on
the ground, and Pk(xy) is the probability that a soldier located in the
elemental area dxdy will be incapacitated.

Pk (x,y) takes into account

the number of hits on the soldier and the probability that each hit will
cause an incapacitation.

Neglecting synergistic effect of multiple

19

SECRET

SECRET
wounds and assuming that P

is relatively small for each hit, then P

can be computed from the binomial expansion.

hk

'1

)h(

Phk

The reader is referred to BRL Technical Note No. 1511 for a more detailed
description of the formulation of E(C).

(CONFIDENTIAL)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tables IX and X summarize some of the physical characteristics of


the steel fragments and the homologous series of steel flechettes used
for the experiments.

TABLE IX
(UNCLASSIFIED)

Characteristics of Fragments
Dimension
cm.

Weight
grams

Missile

Presented Area
sq. cm.

**Sphere, 0.85 gr.

0.055

0.236 (Diameter)

0.044

***Cube, 2.1 gr.

0.136

0.282 x 0.282 x 0.216

0.101

***Cube, 16.0 gr.

1.06

0.505 x 0.513 x 0.518

0.393

1.22 x 1.22 x 1.27

2.30

***Cube, 225 gr.

For Cubes:

14.7

Presented Area

Surface Area
4

Commercially available ball bearings


ASTM 1020 Steel -- note that the "cubes" actually were rectangular
parallelepipeds.
20

SECRET

CONFIDENTIAL
TABLE X
(UNCLASSIFIED)

Characteristics of WP Flechettes
Fronzal
Length
cm.

Shaft
Diameter
cm.

No.

Fins
Span Thickness
cm.
cm.

1.72 gr. 0.112

1.71

0.114

0.287

0.018

0.0164

7.2 gr.

0.464

2.75

0.180

0.450

0.030

0.0416

15.2 gr.

0.982

3.40

0.236

0.594

0.043

0.0745

Missile

Weight
grams

Presented
Area
sq.
cm.

Estimates of the probability of incapacitation (Phk) were made at


three striking velocities for each of the four fragments and three
flechettes.

The 0.8 5-grain sphere, the 2.1-grain cube and 16.0-grain

cube were evaluated at nominal striking velocities of 1000, 3000, and


5000 fps; those for the 225-grain cube were 500, 1000, and 2500 fps.

The

three flechettes were evaluated at nominal striking velocities of 500,


2000, and 4000 fps.
A relationship which, on the average, yielded a good fit to the
experimental data for the whole body was:

PPhk

3/2_b)n
1- -e ea(mv

where different values of the parameters a, b, n were associated with


each different combination of tactical role and post-wounding time.
Further, we a priori assumed that the same relationship held for each of
the major body sections.
for the jth part, and

Thus, if Phk

is this conditional probability

r is the relative presented area of the jth part,

then

Phk

=(r.Phk

Made by-Whirlpool Corporation of Hardened lO60 steel.


Including fin area.
21

CONFIDETIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
A least square procedure (as discussed in Reference 1) was set up to
determine the best values of a, b, and n.

Actually, some judgment on the

ballistic limits of skin and clothing helped to establish the value of


the threshold parameter, b.

Note that when MV 3/2 = b then P


0
hk

0.

The tables in Appendix B list values of the parameters a, b and n


for four tactical roles (Defense 9 30 seconds, Assault, ! 30 seconds and
5 minutes and Supply

1/2 day) for the helmeted, nude soldier, and

for the soldier clothed in the American winter uniform (with helmet) and
boots; these relations are plotted in Appendix C.
The transformation of the criteria from the nude soldier to the
clothed soldier was accomplished quite simply by subtracting from the
striking velocity the average velocity 7ost by the missile while traversing
the clothing and/or boots.

Table Xl is a tabulation of these losses in

velocity.
The criteria (which include various levels of incapacitation, i.e.,
25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) are not stringent enough when applied to the design
and/or evaluation of "personal" type weapons such as pistols, hand
grenades, cannister ammunition, anti-personnel mines, rifles, etc.
Because of close engagement ranges associated with such weapons their
effectiveness should be based only on hits that would cause complete
incapacitations.

In this instance Phk is defined as the probability that

a random, penetrating hit will result in a complete loss in the ability


of the soldier-to fight.

Hence, Appendix B includes values of the

parameters for 100% incapacitation for Defense


30 seconds, and Assault

30 seconds, Assault

5 minutes.

At striking velocities of approximately 3000 fps, both the 1.7and 7.2-grain flechettes started tumbling, that is, rotated end-over-end
rapidly, shortly after penetrating tissue.

The average depth of tissue

penetration to tumbling was 4.1 and 5.0 cm respectively for the 1.7 and
7.2.

On the other hand, the 15.2-grain flechette at 4000 fps yawed

violently after approximately 8.0 cm of travel in tissue but usually did

22

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
TABLE XI
(CONFIDENTIAL)

Retardation Data

(U)

Loss in Velocity (fps)


Missile
Weight
Grains

Strihing
Velocity
fps

Ballistic Limit (fps)


Clothinga

Boots

Helmetb

Skin in
Situ

Boots

Helmet

902

593

2757

281

Clothinga

SPHERE
.85

1000
3000
5000

390
175
.325

175
150
270

1000
2072

3088
CUBES

2.1

1000
3000
5000

320
287
441

190
255
c4 8 5

1000
1954
2040

850

567

2892

310

16

1000
3000

135
150

100
150

1000
870

605

419

1457

206

5000

250

220

1550

500
1000
2500

70
34

43
25

349

237

758

155

<34

<25

474

433

C-2473
R=2694

202

361

305

C 871
R=966

172

351

257

C=912
R=912

181

225

500
380
0323
FLECHETTES

500
2000
4000

1.7

7.2

15.2

N.A.

c48
25

500
2000
4000

c65

500
2000

c69

4000

60
25

45
<20

N.A.
N.A.
N.A.

500
2000

N.A.
N.A.
N.A.

500
325
c2 4 5

N.A.
N.A.

500
273

N.A.

190

794

a.

Six-layer winter uniform.

b.

Helmet with nylon liner.

c.

Derived by interpolation or extrapolation

d.

C = Crown, R = Rim.

23
IAL
CONFIDENT

CONFIDENTIAL
not tumble end-over-end as did the 1.7- and 7.2-grain flechettes.

Thus,

a distinction is made in that the 15.2-grain flechette is not considered


to be a "tumbler" in the strict sense of the word.
The above suggests that weight is a limiting factor in attaining
desirable tumbling qualities, at least for the series of flechettes
tested.

However, this is only valid if restricted to homogeneous materiel,

as a few experiments with an 18-grain bimetallic flechette show that


tumbling can occur early in the target even at velocities lower than
2000 fps.
The L/D (length over diameter) ratio probably plays a role in inducing
tumbling.

The LID ratios of the 1.7 and 7.2 (150 and 153) are slightly

higher than that of the 15.2 (144).

But, a short 10-grain experimental

flechette with an L/D = 126 has proved to be a good early tumbler.


Another cause of early and rapid tumbling of flechettes in tissue
and gelatin, is the inducement of bending and distortion of the flechette
upon impact with the target at the higher velocities.

Such distortions

have been observed for the 1.7 and 7.2 flechettes as well as other
experimental flechettes of 13 grains and less.

On the other hand, bending

and distortion of the 15-grain flechette was not as extensive.


Tumbling characteristics are also affected by the shape of the nose
of the flechettes and its hardness.

Blunt nose flechettes usually are

quite stable in the target even at velocities greater than 3000 fps.
Also the noses of soft steel flechettes (30-40 Rockwell) become blunted
(flatten out) at high striking velocities and the flechettes are relatively
stable.
Generally speaking, in order to qualify as a good tumbler, a
homologous flechette should weigh no more than 13 grains, be of mild
steel.and possess a sharp point.

Actually, it has been found that an

acute, compound point is most desirable.


In view of the previous comments, wound ballisticians and weapon
systems analysts are cautioned not to consider a flechette in the tumbling
category solely on the basis that its striking velocity approaches or

24

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
exceeds 3000 fps.

However, once a flechette has been defined as a tumbler,

in the strict sense, the values of a, b and n given in the tables are
applicable.
The 15.2-grain flechette was not considered to be a tumbler and
therefore was, not included in the analysis.

The criteria are based

specifically on incapacitations derived for the 1.7- and 7.2-grain


flechettes at 4000 fps.

It is suggested that the criteria for tumbling

flechettes be limited to apply to weights between 1.7 and 13 grains and


for striking velocities exceeding 3000 fps.
Because of insufficient datum points the values of the parameter b
for the tumbling flechettes were chosen arbitrarily to be equal to those
for the non-tumbling flechette.

The dashed portion of the curves for the

tumbling flechettes merely connect the values b with those solid portions
of the curve which are supported by data.
When we account for all levels of incapacitation (0, .25, .50, .75,
and 1.00) the wounding potential of the tumbling flechette is in general
about 10% greater than that for the steel fragments.

However, for some

anatomical subdivisions, the tumbler is not as potentially incapacitating.


In the arms, for example, the Phk for tumblers is less than that for
fragments because the flechette must penetrate some minimum distance
before tumbling occurs.

Hence, in the case of the upper extrehities, the

flechette is well into or through an arm before any appreciable tumbling


occurs.

In contrast, the Phks for tuiblers are greater for lower

extremities than those of the fragment, because within the larger crosssectional area of the legs, there is a sufficient tract length in which
the flechette may tumble and thus be more effective.
Another phenomenon, which appears unique at first glance, is
concerned with the performance of the non-tumbling flechette in the pelvic
region.

In all tactical roles, the non-tumbling flechette has a higher

probability of incapacitating in the pelvic subdivision than the chunky


fragment, at least for the lower and mid-range values of the parameter

mv3/2.

This occurs because bone structures are more dense in this region

25

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
of the body and the flechette's superior ability to penetrate bone allows
it to get to other organs, such as blood vessels and arteries, with more
residual velocity (energy).

The smaller fragments are either stopped

complet~ly or lose most of' their energy in traversing the bone.

Addi-

tionally, a stable flechette becomes unstable after penetrating or


glancing off bone, and in the assessment procedure, is considered a tumbler
after striking bone.
Early, during the animal experimental firings with flechettes, it
was fo-ud that the superior penetrating ability of the missile would
allow it to reach every major organ within the human body at velocities
of 3000 and 4000 fps, and, unless bone were encountered, any of the three
flechettes could traverse the body even at 500 fps.

As a result, in

projecting flechettes through anatomical cross sections in order to determine t.:e fraction of the total mean presented body area vulnerable to
specific gradations of wounding, it was possible in many instances to
identify wound classes without recourse to the stepwise process of tissue
retardation.

In the case of fragments, however, the wound tracts were

incrementally evaluated to determine velocity decay as the missile


encountered and perforated each type of tissue and organ.
In projecting the imaginary wound tracts through the cross-sectional
anatomy charts, personnel of the Biophysics Division credited the larger.
missiles at the higher velocities with wound tracts greater than the
actual width of the missile.

Table XII shows the increase in mean pre-

sented area of the body which resulted when projection was performed to
account for missile size.

WILLIAM KOKINAKIS

JOSEPH SPERRAZZA

26

CONFIDENTIAL

(UNCLASSIFIED)

Wt. of Missile
grains

TABLE XII

Missile Bite
cm.

Mean Presented Body Area


cm.

FRAG, IETS

0.85

0.0

5144

2.1

o.4

531o

16.o

o.8

5481

22.0

1.6

5837

0.0

5144

0.3

5144

0.2

5312

at 4000 fps

0.5

5312

15.2 at 500 + 2000 fps

0.3

5396

at 4000 fps

0.5

5396

1.7 at 500 + 2000 fps


at 4000 fps
7.2 at 500 + 2000 fps

At the tumbling velocity of 4000 fps, the larger missile bite was
considered only after the flechette commenced tumbling.

start of tumble, the smaller missile bite was used.

27

Prior to

(UNCLASSIFIED)

REFERENCES

1.

Allen, F. and Sperrazza, J. New Casualty Criteria for Wounding by


Fragments
(U). BRL Report No. 996, 1956. (SECRET)

2.

Olivier, A. G., et al. Reevaluation of the Wound Ballistics of Four


Fragments
(U). CWLR 2363, 1960.
(SECRET)

3.

Sperrazza, J. and Dziemian, A. Provisional Estimates of the Wounding


Potential of Flechettes (U).
BRL Technical Note No. 1297, 1960.
(SECRET)

4. Olivier, A. G., et al. Wound Ballistics of-the 7.2-grain Steel


Flechette (U). CRDLR 3066, 1961. (SECRET)
5. Olivier, A. G., et al. Wound Ballistics of the 1.7-grain Steel
Flechette (U). CRDLR 3107, 1962. (SECRET)

6. Olivier, A. G., et al.


Flechette

(U).

Wound Ballistics of the 15.2-grain Steel


CRDLR 3132, 1962. (SECRET)

7. Sperrazza, J. Probabilities of Incapacitation of Helmeted Troops


by a Heavy Steel Fragment (U). BRL Technical Note No. 1235, 1958
(SECRET)
8. Golub, A. and Sperrazza, J. Interim Report on Artillery Supporting
Weapons and Casualty Producing Mechanisms (U). BRL Technical Note
No. 1437, 1961. (SECRET-SH)
9. Golub, A., Odom, C., Sperrazza, J. and Eichelberger, R. J. Artillery
Support Mechanisms aiid Casualty Producing Mechanisms (U). BRL
Memorandum Report No. 1420, 1962 (SECRET-SH)
10.

Sperrazza, A. -Casualty Criteria for Wounding Soldiers


BRL Technical Note No. 1486, 1962. (SECRET)

11.

Eycleshymer, A. C. and Shoemaker, D. M. A Cross Section Anatomy.


New York and London: D. Appleton and Company, 1911.

12.

Kneibert, R., Kokinakis, W., Brinckerhoff, G. and Johnson, William P.


Wound Tract Analysis by High Speed Digital Computer (U). BRL
Memorandum Report No. 1623, January 1965. (SECRET)

28

(U).

APPENDICES

(UNCLAS)

A.

DEFINITION OF TACTICAL SITUATIONS

(SECRET)

B.

INDEX AND TABLES OF PARAMETERS (a, n, b)


FOR CURVES OF Phk (U)

(SECRET)

C.

INDEX AND CURVES OF P


AND STRIKING VELOCITY

29

VERSUS PROJECTILE WEIGHT


(U

LEFT BLANK

30

APPENDIX A
(UNCLASSIFIED) DEFINITION OF TACTICAL SITUATIONS

31

LEFT BLANK

32

(UNCLASSIFIED)

Assault:

TACTICAL SITUATIONS

For purposes of data application, the tactical situation

of assault is considered to be strictly on a company operations level


requiring each participating soldier to engage in the maximum type of
physical activity.. It is postulated that a typical standard type of
assault action would be taking place.

Two platoons, with one held in

reserve, will attack an enemy position at point x approximately 200


300 yards from the initial positions of the attacking platoons.

The

standard procedure of one platoon attacking frontally with the other


platoon on the enemy's flank is considered to prevail in such an operation.
Each platoon gives cover fire while its partner advances.

Certainly no

more than 48 hours and probably much less will be allowed for such an
operation either to succeed or fail before regrouping prior to another
attempt.

In such a situation one can readily realize the host of physical

activities which would occur.

However, an attempt has been made to choose

what is. considered to be the most important physical requirements


necessary for the average advancing assault soldier.

In this situation,

locomotion forward to meet the enemy is more than implied.

Out of various

standard forms of locomotion such as crawling, walking, dragging or


running, running was considered to be the form most necessary for such an
engagement.

This choice was substantiated as being closest to reality

in informal discussions with Field Forces representatives.

In addition

to being able to run, the soldier must be able to load, aim, and fire a
rifle or carbine in the accustomed manner.

To be able to see, hear,

think, and communicate with others are also requirements in an active


stress situation.
Defense:

Again the company level of operations has been chosen.

This situation is considered to be static, with men well dug in, and
having maximum shelters for protection.

33

It is postulated that locomotion in such a situation is much


less a compelling requirement than in assault.

The total distance over

which the defensive soldier is likely to move is approximately 10 to 20


feet, but mobility such as crawling or walking with difficulty was
considered to be entirely adequate as a form of movement.

In addition,

the soldier is required to load and fire his rifle, but fx n a fixed
position requiring less upper extremity dexterity than in the assault
situation.

The requirements of being able to see, hear, think, and

communicate with others still exists.


Supply:

The supply situation offers considerably more difficulty

in the evaluation of human incapacitation, for one finds it difficult


to delineate specific work requirements in such a field of diverse
activities.
tion.

An attempt was made to choose only one specific work situa-

This choice is one of a soldier who is standing in an ammunition

line receiving light loads from his right and passing them on to the man
to his left.

The implication here is that he must assume a standing

position, utilize his arms, but not engage in any sort of locomotion.
This was considered to be somewhat a realistic front line supply situation
engaged in at one time or another by a typical supply "ammo" bearer.
Although only one typical situation was chosen as an illustrative example
of the supply situation, one can, from a much broader sense, evaluate
incapacitation in this stress situation.

If one considers supply situa-

tions far in the rear of actual combat, one could consider just about all.
extremity disability as totally incapacitating, as an injured man would
likely report to some dispensary for treatment soon after injury.
Reserve:

Our reserve situation implies a company of men ready to be

either committed to an assault or defensive situation as already described.


However, prior to commitment, this type of reserve pool is considered
physically inactive.

It is considered that any wound of even a relatively

innocuous type will produce a greater degree of incapacitation than the


same wound sustained during an assault or defensive situation.

This

reasoning is based on the assumption that men who sustain wounds while
in a reserve pool are much less likely to be committed by their company
commanders to the above circumstances.

SECRET

APPENDIX B
(SECRET)

INDEX AND TABLES OF PARAMETERS


(a, n, b) FOR OURVES OF P
hk

35

SECRET

(U)

LEFT BLANK

36

CONFIDENTIAL
(CONFIDEITIAL)

Table

INDEX OF TABLES

Projectile

Tactical Role

Part of Body

Fragment

Defense
Assault
Assault
Supply

Nude, entire and


each anatomical
subdivision.

Fragment

Defense < 30 seconds


Assault < 30 seconds
Assault
5 min.
Supply ! 12 hours

Clothed, entire and


each anatomical subdivision.

Stable Flechette

Defense
30 seconds
Assault
30 seconds
Assault : 5 min.
Supply s 12 hours

Nude, entire and


each anatomical
subdivision.

Stable Flechette

Defense < 30 seconds


Assault
30 seconds
Assault ! 5 min.
Supply
12 hours

Clothed, entire and


each anatomical subdivision.

Tumbling Flechette

Defense
30 seconds
Assault
30 seconds
Assault : 5 min.
Supply : 12 hours

Nude, entire and


each anatomical
subdivision.

VI

Tumbling Flechette

Defense
Assault
Assault
Supply

Clothed, entire and


each anatomical subdivision.

VII

Fragment, Stable
and Tumbling
Flechette

100% Incapacitation for


Defense - 30 seconds,
Assault
30 seconds, &
Assault : 5 min.

Nude, entire

VIII

Fragment, Stable
and Tumbling
Flechette

100% Incapacitation for


Defense r 30 seconds,
Assault
30 seconds, &
Assault
5 min.

Clothed, entire

IX

Fragment, Stable
and Tumbling
Fle chette

100% Incapacitation for


Defense < 30 seconds

Clothed, entire
and each anatomical
subdivision.

II

III

IV-,

:
!
<
!

:
:
!
<

30 seconds
30 seconds
5 min.
12 hours

30 seconds
30 seconds
5 min.
12 hours

37

CONFIDENTIAL

..SECRET
TABLE I
(SECRET)

Parameters (a,n,b) for Curve of Phk


Steel Fragments

(U)

(Soldier is assumed to be nude)


2art of Body

r*

Head and Neck

Defense g 30 sec.
8.7026 x lO.6023

26,500

.o651

Thorax
Abdomen
iii
Pelvis

2.1001 x 10"3
7.3623 x 10 6.8001 x 10-6

.27000
.46494
.74407

26,780
26,780
23:500

.1304
.1065
.1156

Arms

1.4293 x lO- 3

.42552

26,780

.2045

Legs
Entire Body

6.3251 x 10- 4
1.6788 x 10- p

.46675
.41356

26,700
26,500

.3778

Assault : 30 sec.

Head and Neck


Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis

7.5501
1.2809
5.0675
1.5855

10- 3
l0 l010-5

.37518
.31650
.50878
.72599

26,500
26,700
26,780
25,500

Arms
Legs
Entire Body

5.1702 x l0 "
3.4535 x 10 4
1.4992 x l0- 3

.36032
.57226
.45492

26,780
26,400
26,500

.8955
.28542
.44292
.58732
.40015
.56420
.44545

26,500
26,700
26,780
23,500
26,500
25,800
25,800

.27078
.26330
.20885
.38392

26,780
26,780
25,800
25,500

.53665

25,500
25,500

x
x
x
x

Assault : 5 min.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

8.1464
2.2652
2.1028
1.5984
5.6001
4.3226
2.0785

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

l010- 2
10lo 10-3
lO "4
l0- 3

Supply : 12 hrs.
x O-2
x 10"
x 10
x 10

Head and Neck


Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis

4.5911
3.7620
1.0607
4.9274

Arms
Legs

5.9909 x 10
3.6130 x 10-

.56185

Entire Body
3.4423 x 10 "
.41845
25,500
* r is ratio of the presented area of a Part to the entire body.

38

SECRET

SECRET
TABLE II
(SECRET)

Parameters (a,n,b) for Curve of Phk


(U)

Steel Fragments

(Soldier with helmet and winter clothing)


Part of Body

r*

Defense : 30 sec.

10- 4

.57884

10"
10-4
106
10-4

5.3116 x 10- 4

Head and Neck


Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms

2.6648
1.7955
5.1602
4.0293
8.4126

Legs
Entire Body

x
x
x
x
x

l0- 4

8.8771 x

.27859
.48523
.77314
.45662

20,000
45,000
43,500
36,500
30,500

.0651
.1304
.1065
.1156
.2045

.47749

31,400

.3778

.45106

31,400

Assault f 30 sec.

Head and Neck


Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

x 10- 4
x 1O-2
x lo- 4
x 10-5
x inx10-4
x 10-4

.59981
.32779
.53050
.75050
.39054
.57749
.49570

20,000
40,500
42,000
41,000
30,000
30,000
31,000

.62684
.29474
.45191
.60862
.43224
.57631
.48781

20,000
44,000
45,000
39,000
31,100
30,000
31,000

6.0806 x 10-4

.55367

3.2873 x I02

.27-50
.21660
.39513
.56628
.57085

20,000
4, "0
43,500
40,500
29,000
29,000

2.1063
1.0479
3.4436
1.0015
3.1468
3.0833
7.6442

Assault - 5 min.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

2.1641
1.9060
1.7401
1.0855
2.1247
3.5277
1.0454

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

10-4
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-3
l0
lO-3

Supply ! 12 hrs.
Head and Neck
T..r.
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs

Entire Body

*9.2431
4.0060
3.6448
3.1099

x
x
x
x

2.1973 x

1O2
lO 3
lO-4
10--

4O]55:0

2O9,000

r is ratio of the presented area of a Part to the entire body.

39

SECRET

SECRET
TABLE III
(SECRET)

Parameters (a,n,b) for Curve of Phk


Nc-i-Tumbling Flechett-

(U)

(Soldier is assumed to be iude)


Part of Body

Defense
4.4497 x 10"
1.8074 x 10-6

Abdomen

9.9419 x

1O-8

1.01934

Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

4.7265
3.5068
6.2746
5.5791

l0lo
10-5
10-5

.60399
.45248
.57247
.59839

Assault
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

4.4106
5.3687
2.1914
2.5449
1.2913
9.5249
1.0590

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Head and Neck


Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

1.3627
2.1605
6.3702
2.0479
7.2379
1.9488
6.4241

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

.71750
.5827

17,000
0

.0651

0
ll.,000
0
10,000
10,000

30 sec.

1O-5
106
10-6
1O "4
10-3
10-5
10 - 4

Assault

r*

30 sec.

Head and Neck


Thorax

x
x
x
x

.71887
.80156
.81548
.53045
.39877
.60084

.58983

17,000
10,000
0
15,000
16,000
10,000
11,000

.67313
.43596
.51350
.4729
.47249
.57565
.50256

18,000
15,000
0
15000
16,000
15,000
14,000

5 min.

10 -4
10-3
10-4
10-e
1010
10- 4

Supply g 12 hrs.
1.5786 x 10-4
.66436
18,000
Thorax
3.5758 x 10-3
.40604
18,500
Abdomen
4.7248 x 10-4
.57593
11,000
Pelvis
2.360 x 10- 3
.44704
18,o00
Arms
5.5160 x 14
.48814
17,000
Legs
5.4716 x 10-4
.50490
18,000
Entire Body
1.2127 x 10-3
.46380
17,000
* r is ratio of the presented area of a Part to the entire body.

,ead and Neck

4o

-SECRET

.1304

.1064
.1156
.2045
.3778

SECRET
TABLE IV
(SECRET)

Parameters (an,b) for Curve of Pak


Non-Tumbling Flechette

(U)

(Soldier with helmet and winter clothing)


n

r*

1.02621
.83907
1.00639
.61937
.44302
.58621
.162548

0
10,000
10,000
13,000
10,000
13,000
13,000

.0651
.1304
.1065
.1156
.2045
.3778

Part of Body

Defense < 30 sec.


Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

4.6872 x
2.296L x
1.1286 x
3.6920 x
3.9447 x
5.0873 x
_x
.602
6

10 - 7
lo10 - 7
10-5
10 - 4
10-5
-

Assault
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

4.8562
4..5872
1.6640
2.1342
1.1204
7.0968
7.6217

lO "7
10-6
10- 6
10- 4
10-3
lO-5
10-5

Assault
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

Arms
Legs
Entire Body

1.02534
.81054
.83381
.54075
.40774
.62031
.61076

0
13,000
lO, 000
18,000
18,000
12,000
13,000

5 min.

1O- 5
10 1O-'
1O- 3
10-4
10 -4
10- 4

.51658

14,000
18,000
10,000
18,000
20,000
18,000
17,000

10 - 6
10- 3
10-4
10-3

.89243
.40998
.57984
.45788

10,000
23,000
16,000
21,000

4.6218 x 10-4

.49925

20,000

-4

.51530
.48828

21,000
21,000

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

1.1356
1.7359
7.6605
1.6556
7.4722
1.8186
5.1222

Supply
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis

30 sec.

5.2662
3.3084
4.3368
1.9224

x
x
x
x

.83353
.45038
.49968.
.44541
.46931

.57960
12 hrs.

4.6397 x 10
8.4626 x 10 - 4

body.
r is ratio of the presented area of a Part to the entire
41

SECRET

SECRET
TAB
(SECRET)

Parameters (an,b) for Curve of Phk


Tumbling Flechette

(U)

(Soldier is assumed to be nude)


Part of Body

r*

Defense : 30 sec.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

7.8288
1.8084
1.0632
5.4027
8,8893
5.0439
1.3140

.20942
.44032
.63570
.64072

10-2
10 - 3
lO-5
l0 - 4
l0 10- 3

.45453
.47203
.43432

17,000
0
0
11,000
0
10,000
10,000

Assault ! 30 sec.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

3.1926
4.3175
1.5864
1.1750
2.2264
9.5436
1.0582

.45325
.38696
.60210
.77044
.40824
.66420
.48464

17,000
10,O00
0
15,000
16,000
10,000
11,000

.34408
.44705
.70848
.78672
.43622
.60554
.53460

18,000
15,000
0
15,000
16,000
15,000
14,000

10- 2
10-2

.34362
.30853
.31087
.02

10 - 4
lO- 4
10-4
10- 3

.57494

18,000
18,500
11,000
18,000
17,000
18,000
17,000

10-3
10 -3
l0 -4
10-5
l0- 3
lO "5
l0 - 3

Assault ! 5 min.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

1.1673
4.2752
9.6232
2.4528
1.9517
2.7056
7.4080

1O "2
10 "'
10-5
10- 5
1010
1O- 4

Supply
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
*

1.9271
2.1764
3.2628
6.1528
3.3384
2.5992
2.1780

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

12 hrs.

.57181
.60132
.46169

r is ratio of the presented area of a Part to the entire body.

42

SECRET

.0651
.1304
.1065

.1156
.2045
.3778

SECRET
(SECRET)

TABLE VI
Parameters (a,n,b) for Curve of Phk
Tumbling Flechette

(U)

(Soldier with helmet and winter clothing)


n

r*

.68954
.45192

0
10,000
.65
ULU
U@J

.0651
.1304

13,000
,0,000
15,000
13,000

.1156
.2045
.3778

Part of Body

Defense
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen

i.946 x lo 1.M)08 x lO 8.8912 x 10)

Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

3.4989
7.7820
3.8556
7.4970

x
x
x
x

30 sec.

?90

.66768
.46262
.48819
.46969

10-5
10-4
lO-4
10 4

Assault - 30 sec.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arr
Legs
Entire Body

10- 4
10-3
l0_
lo 5
10-3
l0lo "

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

1.0258
3.8183
1.3279
7.1670
1.7001
7.7319
7.9580

.86215
.39458
.61354
.80215
.42537
.67643
.50032

0
13,000
10,000
18,000
18,000
12,000
13:000

Assault ! 5 min.
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms

2.8605
9.1266
4.9520
1.6672
1.5598

l0 - 5
l0- 3
10-5
lO-5
O-3

.80934
.75548
.81150
.45013

14,000
18,000
10,000
18,000
20,000

Legs
Entire Body

2.0868 x 104
4.6090 x lo

.62196
.56622

18,000
17,000

.73511
.32171
.32207
.57612
.58841
.61712
.48872

10,000
23,000
16,000
21,000
20,000
21,000
21,000

x
x
x
x
x

Supply
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body
*

8.2092
1.7615
2.6219
5.7651
2.5720
2.0107
1.4410

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

.55946

12 hrs.

10-5
10-2
10_4
10
1010
10

r is ratio of the presented area of a Part to the entire body.

43

SECRET

. Uop

SECRET

TABLE VII
(SECRET)

Parameters (anb)for Curve of Phk

(U)

(100% Incapacitation)
(Soldier is assumed to be nude)

Situation

Steel Fragments

D30
A30
A5

3.0070 x lo- 5
2.2516 x 10-5
2.2027 x 10 -

.59127

66'000

.67992
.55500

57,000
26,000

Non-Tumbling Flechettes

D30
A30
A5

5.9648 x lO- 8
3.3934 x 10-5
1.7280 x 1O-5

.95227
.60867
.68914

18,000
10,000
10,000

Tumbling Flechettes

D30

1.1515 x l0- 5

.64957

18,000

A30

4.9882 x

10 -

.63553

lO,000

A5

1.3910 x 10-5

.76009

10,000

44

SECRET

SECRET
TABLE VIII
('ECRET)

Parameters (a,n,b) for Curve

P'k

(U)

(100o Incapacitation)
(Soldier with helmet and winter clothing)

Situation

a
Steel Fragments

D30
A30

x 0"5
1.4411
9.9557 x 10

.65345
.73159

66,000

A5

2.1078 x 10 "

.55514

40,000

62,000

Non-Tumbling Flechettes

D30
A30

A5

.95227
.62527
.70271

5.9648 x l08
2.6133 x 10 "
1.3859 x l0"5

18,000
14,000
14,000

Tumbling Fechettes

D30
A30
A5

1.1515 x i0-5
7.665 x l0-5

.64957
.65548

18,000
14,000

1.0349 x l0

.77940

14,000

"

45

SECRET

SECRET
TABLE IX
(SECRET)

Parameters (a,n~b) for Curve of Phk


(Defense 30 seconds, 100% incapacitation)

(U)

(Soldier with helmet and winter clothing)


Part of Body

.62903
.62738

50,000
310,000
24,5,000

.76824
.63345

1,000,000
66,000

.1304
1065
.1156
.20
.3778

Steel Fragment

Head and Neck

2.5119 x 10-4

Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Entire Body

2.9296
3.1355
2.0858
7.8606
7.5119
1.4411

Head and 'Neck


Thorax
*Abdomen
*Pelvis
*Arms
*Legs
Entire Body

x
x
x
x
x
x

55180
.9259

10- 7
1O-5
lO24
10
10-5

0651

Non-Tumbling Flechette
0-8
5.1500 x 108
1.15801
1.1659 x 0
96667

0
48,500

5.9648 x lo8

18,000

.95227

0651
.1504

Tumbling Flechette
Head and Neck
Thorax
*Abdomen
*Pe lvi s
*Arms
*Legs
Entire-Body

4.0546 x lO - 3
3.4494 x lO" 5

.40206
.64419

0
48,500

1.1515 x 1O "

.64957

18,000

insufficient data points to compute these values.

46

SECRET

.0651
.1304

SECRET

APPENDIX C
(SECRET)

INDEX AND CURVES OF Phk VERSUS PROJECTILE WEIGHT


AND STRIKING VELOCITY

47

SECRET

(U)

LEFT BLANK

48

CONFIDENTIAL
kCONFIDENTIAL)

INDEX OF FIGURES
Phk versus mV/2
for

Steel Fragments, Stable and Tumbling Flechettes


Fig. 1o.

Part of Body Considered


(Soldier is assumed to be clothed in
Winter Uniform with Helmet and Boots.)
Assault

50 seconds (including complete and partial


3
incapacitation)

1
2
3
4
5

Entire
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis

Arms

Legs
Defense

8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Entire
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs
Assault

15
16
17
18
19
20
21

30 seconds (including complete and partial


incapacitation)

5 minutes (including complete and partial


incapacitation)
Entire
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Arms
Legs

49

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

Defense
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

30 seconds (100% incapacitation only)


Entire Body
Head and Neck
Thorax
Abdomen, Fragment only
Pelvis, Fragment only
Arms, Fragment only
Legs, Fragment only
100% Incapacitation Only

29
:5

31

Assault < 30 seconds


. Defense < 3 sCconds

Assault < 5 minutes

50

CONFIDENTIAL

10.

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Urc] assified
Securty Cla, ification
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA- R&D
(Security clas&f-.,dtion of title, body of abstract and indexing annotation must be entcred when the ovorall teport is classified)

1. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author)

2a. REPORT SECURITY

Ballistic Research Laboratories


Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland

,ASSIFICATION

SECRET
2b GROUP

3. REDORT TITLE

CRITERIA FOR INCAPACITATING SOLDIERS WITH FRAGMENTS AND FLECHETTES

(U)

4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive date&)

5. AUTHOR(S) (Last name, first name, initial)

Kokinakis, William and Sperrazza, Joseph


6. REPORT DATE

7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES

Janu&ry 1965
8a. CONTRACT OR GRANT No.

1P025601A27

b. PROJECT NO.

7b. NO. OF REFS

86

12

9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)

BRL Report No.

1269

this report)
d.
10. A V AIL ABILITY/LIMITATION NOTICES

Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from DDC.


11.SUPPLEMENTARY

NOTES

2. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY

Army Materiel Command


Washington, D. C.
13. ABSTRACT

Presented are estimates of the conditional probabilities, P


that random hits
nk
with a standard series of homologously shaped, steel flechettes, will incapacitate
the soldier.

The functional dependence of P


on the weight, m, and initial
hk
striking velocity, v, of the flechette is given by an expression involving m,

v 0 and parameters a, b and n, whose values are determined from the tactical situati

.-.id time at which incapacitation is to ensue.

P.P for chunky steel fragments.

Also presented are estimates,

Although these latter criteria appear in other

BRL puoblications, they are included for purposes of consolidation.

DD

JAN

1473

(U)

Unclassified
Security Classification

Unclassified

Security Classification

14.

ROLE

LINK C

LINK 8

KYWRSLINK

WT

ROLE

WT

Fragments
Flechettes
Incapacitatioe~s
Criteria
P
hk
Wounding
wound Tracts
Tactical Roles
Disability

Unclassified
Security Classificationi

ROLE

Wr

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