Fault Analysis and Electrical

Protection of Distribution
Transformer
ABSTRACT
In todays lifestyle, technology has become very dependable in many ways
thereby simplifying day-to-day life. Home automation, utility meters,
appliances, security systems, card readers, and building controls are some of the
areas wherein plenty of research in the use of technology is widely taking place
as we speak. Along with hardware the use of software has become very
important thereby simplifying tasks, reducing size of equipment and hence
cutting down on cost of the equipment.
The demand on the electric power for the household, commercial and industrial
loads is on the increase. Also, the management of electric distribution system is
becoming more complex. Lack of information at the base station regarding
status of the distribution network has been identified as the major bottleneck to
its effective monitoring and control. The work described is a development of
Microcontroller-based Protection of Electric Distribution system for the purpose
of effective monitoring and control of distribution system. A powerful GSM
networking is designed to send data from Distribution side to the Sub-station.
In general, the proposed design is developed for the user to easily recognize the
distribution transformer is safe or unsafe and the distribution line that is suffered
by fault. The ultimate objective is to monitor the distribution line status
continuously and hence to guard the fault of distribution line due to the

constraints such as overvoltage, under voltage, SLG faults. If any of these does
occurs then a message will be sent to the designed controlling unit or substation.
Protection systems main function is to clear faults from the power system at
high speed to ensure safety, minimize equipment damage and maintain power
system stability. Protection of power systems requires an understanding of
system faults, their detection, and safe isolation of the faulted device. By taking
an inventory of all the essential electrical loads and doing a basic electrical load
evaluation, an idea regarding how much power our system needs to produce has
been obtained. We are also aware about the power fluctuation situations also,
that means what voltage minimum/maximum we are getting from the A.C
supply mains. In doing this project we would be using concepts of
microcontrollers and GSM network.

Block Diagram:
LCD
GSM

Transformer

Voltage
Circuit

ADC

RL78
Renesas
Microcontroller

Relay
ADC
Voltage
Circuit

+5V, GND
Short Circuit

Bulb

CT

40 W
100 W

220v/12v Transformer

GSM module

sim
Single-Line-to-Ground Fault ( SLG )
A short circuit between one line and ground, very often caused by physical
contact, for example due to lightning or other common means results to SingleLine-to-Ground Fault. The single line to ground fault can occur in any of the
three phases. However, it is sufficient to analyze only one of the cases.

Line-to-Line Fault(LL)
A short circuit between lines, caused by ionization of air
or when lines come into physical contact, for example due
to a broken insulator . For a Line - to- line fault, the
currents will be high, because the fault current is only
limited by the inherent (natural)
series impedance of the power system up to the point of
faulty.

Double Line to Ground(DLG)

Double-Line-to Ground Fault
Two lines come into contact with the ground
(and each other), also commonly due to stormy weather.

LOW VOLTAGE
Low voltage is a relative term, the definition varying by context. Different
definitions are used in transmission and distribution line, and in the electronics
Industry. Electrical safety codes define "low voltage" circuits that are exempt
from the protection required at higher voltages. These definitions vary by
country and specific code. Lower voltage is defined as incoming line voltage at
the point of use which is smaller than the Public Service Commissions an dated
legal limits; and/or smaller than the voltage ratings of the connected equipment.
Lower voltage is considered a safety hazard by all industry standards and can
cause premature failure of connected equipment. Devices could be damaged by
lower line voltage.

OVER VOLTAGE
Overvoltage is defined as incoming line voltage at the point of use which is
greater than the Public Service Commissions mandated legal limits; and/or
greater than the voltage ratings of the connected equipment. Overvoltage is
considered a safety hazard by all industry standards, and can cause premature
failure of connected equipment. Overvoltage has been a widely known industry
problem for many years, but it is not generally understood by many who have to
deal with it. Power companies have been unable to control it adequately.
Overvoltage occurs most often during severe cold winter weather for the
following reasons:

(1) Inadequate size of power distribution systems;

(2) slow reaction time for power companys distribution systems to regulate
voltage during extreme load variations; and
(3) abrupt reductions of loads

Description
Many embedded systems have substantially different designs according to their
functions and utilities. In this project design, structured modular design concept
is adopted and the system is mainly composed of a single microcontroller, Auto
transformer, voltage circuit, short circuit, current transformer, relay, and GSM.
The microcontroller located at the centre of the block diagram forms the control
unit of the entire project. Embedded within the microcontroller is a program that
helps the microcontroller to take action based on the inputs provided by the
output of the sensors.
In this demonstration, auto-transformer is used to detect low voltage. The output
of the auto transformer is given to a voltage circuit. The output of the voltage
circuit is connected to the I/O pins of the microcontroller which is connected to
the ADC present on-chip. If the voltage is below some voltage level, then
message will be displayed on the LCD.
On the other hand, if overload condition is detected, through the voltage circuit
connected to the Current Transformer ( CT ), SMS alert is sent through the
GSM.
The bulb can be turned off through the help of GSM via SMS. Here to show
overload condition bulb of high wattage rating i.e 100W is used, whereas
normal voltage is shown by connecting bulb of wattage 40W. SLG is
demonstrated using short circuit.

In the above block diagram LCD is utilized to demonstrate the working of the
entire unit.

Softwares:
Cube Suite+ Tool.
Renesas Flash Programmer.

Hardware:

Renesas microcontroller ( RL78 series )

Relay
GSM module
Auto transformer
Voltage circuit
Short circuit( SLG )
Current transformer
LCD

Advantages
Electrical appliance can be protected using remote access.
Low voltage and overvoltage as well as SLG can be easily detected.

Disadvantages
System failure may occur due to tampering
System failure may also take place in the absence of power to the entire
unit attached to the vehicle.

Out Come

Going further, most of the units can be embedded within the controller on a
single chip such as GSM, with change in technology thereby making the
existing system more effective. This demonstration can also be implemented for
three phase with modifications.

PLANNING
JANUARY - Complete research and details on hardware and software
requirements
FEBRUARY - Assembling the test model and implementing
MARCH Preparation and mid report submission
APRIL - Preparation and submission of final report.