Professional Documents
Culture Documents
January 2009
Addis Ababa
Contents
1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
2.1
Background .........................................................................................................................1
2.2
2.3
2.4
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Prospects ...........................................................................................................................6
4.2
4.3
4.4
5.2
Market infrastructure......................................................................................................17
5.3
Storehouse facilities.........................................................................................................18
5.4
5.5
Transportation.................................................................................................................19
5.6
Market Participants.........................................................................................................19
5.7
6.2
References .......................................................................................................................................24
Annexes...........................................................................................................................................25
List of Tables
Figure 4-1 Average Production Percentage Share by Crop for the Period 2003/04-2007/08 .........
Figure 4-2 Average Cultivated Area Percentage Share by crop for the Period 2003/04 -2007/08 ...
Figure 4-3 Trend of Teff Production..................................................................................................
Figure 4-4 Percentage share of Teff Production by Region...............................................................
Table 4-1 Average annual growth rate of production, cultivated area and yield of Teff ..............10
Table 4-2 Distribution of appropriate technologies applied area in hectares for Teff production
........................................................................................................................................................11
Table 4-3 Regional distribution of Teff production.......................................................................12
Table 4-4 Major Teff producing zones at national level ..............................................................14
Table 4-5 Percentage share of Teff utilization pattern by small holder farmers at national and
regional level..................................................................................................................................16
Table 5-1 Teff grades ......................................................................................................................21
List of Figures
Figure 4-1 Average Production Percentage Share by Crop for the Period 2003/04 -2007/08 ........8
Figure 4-2 Average Cultivated Area Percentage Share by crop for the Period 2003/04 -2007/08 ... 9
Figure 4-3 Trend of Teff Production...............................................................................................11
Figure 4-4 Percentage share of Teff Production by Region............................................................13
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Summary
Teff is one of the major cereal crops in Ethiopia which is mainly used for food
consumption. The composition of Teff shows that it has good mineral content and
generally higher amount of the essential amino acids. The crop can grow well in
moisture stress and waterlogged conditions better than other cereals. It can also be
grown from sea level up to 2800m, under various rainfalls, temperature and soil
regimes. Most of the Ethiopian farmers use traditional varieties of Teff which is known
to have a very low yield, around 910 kg per hectare. Modern varieties are also used in
many regions such as Gojjam and Shewa but in very small areas. The yield of the
modern varities is estimated to be 1700-2200 kg per hectare on farmers fields and 22002800 kg per hectare on research managed large farms.
The objective of this analytical study is to understand the commodity Teff with respect
to volume of production, marketable surplus, distribution channel, grade and
standards, marketing issues and price. Various analytical techniques such as trend
analysis, percentage change, percentage share, average, standard deviation, coefficient
of variation and correlation coefficient were used to assess the characteristics under
study. Based on the analysis of production, supply, demand, marketing and price
issues, the following facts have become evident.
Teff has a number of peculiar features which make it a preferred crop among
farmers. Being the most preferred staple food in the country, demand for the
product is ever increasing. For instance, the annual volume of production had
increased from 16,773,480 quintals in 2003/04 to 29,929,235 quintals in 2007/08,
with average annual growth rate of 15.75 percent. It has also an excellent
resistance to moisture stress and is suitable for multiple cropping, and it is not
easily attacked by weevils and other pests. Its straw is a valuable feed during the
dry season.
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Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR, Tigray and Benshangule-Gumz regions are the major
Teff producing regions in the country. According to the 2007/08 Agricultural
Sample Survey, Amhara and Oromia regions took the first and the second
position in Teff production. The productivity of the land measured by yield
(quintal per hectare) for Amhara is greater than that of Oromia. SNNPR and
Tigray regions took the third and fourth position in Teff production, respectively.
Looking at the zonal distribution of teff production, there are 19 major Teff
producing zones in the country which account for more than 83 percent of the
countrys total Teff production. These zones are found in Tigray, Amhara and
Oromia regions. Of all these zones, East Gojjam is the leading zone contributing
for more than 10 percent of the national annual Teff production. There are also
other potential Teff producing zones in Amhara (North Gonder, North Shewa
and West Gojjam zones) and in Oromia (West Shewa, East Shewa and South
West Shewa zones); which contribute, individually, from five to ten percent to
the national Teff production.
The volume of surplus Teff production in a given year depends on the intensity
of application of improved agricultural technologies, prevalence of weather
condition suitable to Teff production and availability of family or hired labor for
peak agricultural activities. According to CSA reports, farmers sold on average
26 percent of their produce annually. The rest is either consumed domestically,
reserved for purpose of seed, paid in kind as wage for hired labor or transferred
to other persons in the form of a gift.
In the Ethiopian grain marketing system, there are two types of markets,
conventionally termed as major and village markets. Major markets are those
markets connected to the zonal towns, the regional City and to Addis Ababa
with all weathered highway. Village markets, on the other hand, are located
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outside the highway and mostly supply marketable surplus to the nearby major
markets in a given wereda. Most of the grain traders in village and major
markets share common characteristics:
Have very small amount of stock holding and poor storage building
facilities.
Rely on their own personal contacts for getting market information, and
Are large in number and make the supply channel remarkably longer
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INTRODUCTION
2.1 Background
Teff is a grain crop solely produced in the country for human consumption. It grows in
most of the agro-ecology zones of the country. In 2007/08 meher season, Teff ranks first
in total crop land and second next to maize in quantity produced among other cereals.
This high and growing market demand of the crop and its large volume of production
with increasing trend encouraged the ECX to consider the crop to trade on its platform.
The objective of this study is to understand the commodity Teff. Emphasis is given to
the analysis of volume of production, marketable surplus, distribution channel, grade
and standards, and marketing issues. Accordingly, the remaining parts of this section
elaborate the objectives, scope and methodology of the study. The rest of the report is
organized in five sections. In section three, origin and diversity, ecology and
geographical distribution, properties and use, agronomy and crop limitation and
prospects of Teff production will be discussed. Section four deals with Teff production
trend, regional distribution, major producing zones, surplus production and deficit
area. Marketed surplus of Teff will be also discussed in this section. In section five, Teff
marketing especially market peculiarities, infrastructure and participants and grading
and standardization will be discussed. The price nature of Teff will be discussed in
section six.
2.2
This study tries to understand and analyze the supply, demand and marketing issues
of Teff production. More specifically, the study tries to assess;
The volume and trends of Teff production and market supply of Teff in
the country.
2.3
The scope of this study is limited to the National level with focus on Teff production,
supply and marketing aspects based on secondary data. The different national
agencies in the country that produce statistical data mainly deliver the meher season
agricultural data. However, the belg season agricultural data and also data on
commercial and state farms are hard to obtain from these agencies. The out come of
this study is used as an input for decision makers on issues related to Teff production
and marketing. More over, it is also an input for researchers that make deeper analysis
on the subject matter under study.
2.4
The analysis has utilized only secondary sources, and data collected by national
agencies (Central Statistical Agency and EGTE) and different international websites.
These different sources are used for comparison, cross checking and more insights in
the analysis. The data consist of information on quantity terms for Teff production,
supply and prices.
The method of analysis is mainly simple descriptive statistics such as percentage,
mean, pie chart, trends, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and correlation
coefficient.
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BACKGROUND
3.2
Page 3
Bunign, which are early maturing (<85 days), are widely used in areas that have a short
growing period due to low moisture stress or low temperature. The same varieties are
also used in areas with adequate rainfall and where double cropping is practiced. In the
highly productive and major Teff producing regions of Gojam and Shewa, and in other
regions where environmental stress is not severe, the local varieties such as Alba, Ada
and Enatit are used. Modern varieties are used in many regions but in very small areas
within each region. In the regions of Gojam and Shewa, which are located in the central
highlands of Ethiopia and are also the largest and major Teff production areas in the
country, modern and traditional varieties are used.
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3.4
In Ethiopia, Teff is cultivated in much the same way as wheat and barley. Depending on
the location and maturity period of the varieties, it is grown during the main growing
season between July and November, and also during the small rainy season between
March and June. It is mainly cultivated as a mono crop, but occasionally under a
multiple cropping system.
Teff can be planted in late may similar to millets. Late plantings have the advantage to
control emerged weeds by tillage prior to planting, which can be significant since Teff is
a poor competitor with weeds during the early growth stages. Teff should be seeded 12
15 mm deep either broadcast or in narrow rows. The tiny seed size requires much
pulverized soils; otherwise, the seed can not emerge. This calls for cultural practices
requiring huge amount of family and/ or hired labor during land preparation, weeding
and harvesting.
Teff performs better both in good and bad years. It grows well in moisture stress and
waterlogged conditions better than other cereals. Moderate rates of nitrogen and
phosphorus fertilizer are suggested to prevent lodging. In netosoils area if early sown
crops failed; the field will be left solely for Teff. While in versisoils area if early sown
crops failed, the land will be allocated to either to Teff or other crops like chick pea,
grass pea and lentil.
The small size of Teff seed poses problems during sowing, and indirectly during
weeding and threshing. At sowing, the very small seed size makes it difficult to control
population density and its distribution. This remains true whether one broadcasts the
seed by hand, uses a broadcaster or a seed driller. The uneven plant stand after
germination has an impact on nutrient use, efficiency of the crop and crop yield. Owing
to the scattered plant stand, farmers find it difficult to use mechanical weeding
implements and are forced to either hand-weed or to use chemical herbicides.
ECEA-Economic Analysis
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Local varieties give low yield. At present the national average grain yield of Teff is 910
kg/ha. Improved varieties of Teff give a grain yield of 1700-2200 kg/ha on farmers'
fields and 2200-2800 kg/ha on research managed large farms. However, no
comprehensive study has been conducted to assess the yield potential of the crop.
3.5
Prospects
It is suitable for use in multiple cropping systems such as double, relay and
intercropping.
Its straw is a valuable feed during the dry season when there is an acute
shortage. It is highly preferred by cattle over the straw of other cereals and
demands high prices in the markets.
It has acceptance in the national diet, has high demand and high market value
and hence enables farmers to earn more than with other crops.
In moisture stress areas, farmers use it as a rescue crop. For example, around Kobo and
Zeway, which are areas with low and erratic rainfall, farmers first plant maize around
April. If this fails after a month or more because of moisture stress or pest problems they
plough it under and plant sorghum. If this also fails after a month or more then they sow
Teff as a last resort, which often survives on the remaining moisture in the soil and yields
some grain for human consumption and straw for feed.
ECEA-Economic Analysis
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It is not attacked by weevils and other storage pests and therefore is easily and
safely stored under local storage conditions. This results in reduced postharvest
management costs.
Compared with any other cereals growing in Ethiopia it has fewer disease and
pest problems.
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Production of Teff
Teff is one of the major cereal crops in Ethiopia. It is used throughout the country almost
by all citizens for food, especially for the preparation of local bread called Injera and
local alcoholic drink called Tela and Katikala. Its production mainly depends on soil
type, altitude and agro-ecologic climatic conditions. It is the first in volume of cultivated
area in the group of cereal crops and the second next to maize in volume of production.
Figure 4-1 Average Production Percentage Share by Crop for the Period 2003/04-2007/08
Others(
Finger millet,oats &
rice)
4%
Sorghum
18%
Teff
20%
Barley
11%
Maize
28%
Wheat
19%
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Figure 4-2 Average Cultivated Area Percentage Share by crop for the Period 2003/04-2007/08
Others
(Finger millet,oats
& rice)
5%
Teff
28%
Sorghum
18%
Maize
19%
Barley
13%
Wheat
17%
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Production
Year
in quintal
%
change
Area
in hectare
Yield in
change
qui./hec
change
2003/04
16,773,480.00
1,989,068.00
8.43
2004/05
20,255,214.00
20.76
2,135,553.00
7.36
9.48
12.46
2005/06
21,755,977.00
7.41
2,246,017.00
5.17
9.69
2.22
2006/07
24,377,495.00
12.05
2,404,674.00
7.06
10.14
4.64
2007/08
29,929,235.00
22.77
2,565,155.22
6.67
11.67
15.09
15.75
6.57
8.60
ECEA-Economic Analysis
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of Teff Production
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
Table 4-2 Distribution of appropriate technologies applied area in hectares for Teff production
Year
Total Teff
Cultivated
Area
in hectare
Improved
seeds
%
applied
share
area in
hectare
Irrigation
Pesticide
applied
%
applied
area in
share
area
hectare
in hectare
%
share
Fertilizer
applied
area in
hectare
%
share
50.12
2003/04
1,989,068.00 12,151.00
0.61
7,835.00
0.39
393,112.00
19.76 996,852.00
2004/05
2,135,553.00 15,448.00
0.72
7,756.00
0.36
523,109.00
2005/06
2,246,017.00 24,712.00
1.10
7,895.00
0.35
622,646.00
2006/07
2,404,674.00 13,172.00
0.55
9,044.00
0.38
731,899.00
2007/08
2,565,155.22 17,599.00
0.69 18,414.00
0.73
10,188.80
0.72 781,288.00
0.44
610,410.80
30.46 1,530,978.00
26.58
59.68
1,282,122.00 56.22
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4.1
Mostly Teff is produced by small holder farmers at the central, eastern and northern
highlands of the country on fragmented lands with rain fed conditions in both, Meher
and Belg, seasons. Amhara, Oromia, SNNPR, Tigray and Benshangule-Gumz regions
are the major Teff producing regions in the country. According to the 2007/08
agricultural sample survey, Amhara and Oromia regions took the first and the second
position in Teff production, respectively. The productivity of the land measured by
yield (quintal per hectare) for Amhara is greater than that of Oromia. SNNPR and
Tigray regions took the third and fourth position in Teff production, respectively. The
productivity in SNNPR is by far less than that of Tigray and even other Teff producing
regions in the country (see Table 4-3 ).
Table 4-3 Regional distribution of Teff production
Region
Area
cultivated
in hectares
Tigray
Afar
Amhara
Oromia
Somalia
BenshanguleGumz
SNNPR
Gambella
Harari
Dire Dawa
% share of
regional area
cultivated
178742.14
1047084.74
1082816.68
-
7.0
40.8
42.2
0.7
% share of
regional
productio
n
7.6
2283031.14
42.4
12685684.13
41.5
12412870.81
0.7
205102.25
7.8
2322467.96
Yield
in
qu's/h
et
12.77
12.12
11.46
-
10.87
9.89
-
2,565,155.22
29,929,234.99
Source: 2007/08 annual agricultural sample survey, CSA
11.67
National Level
ECEA-Economic Analysis
18870.52
234789.37
-
Production in
quintals
9.2
Page 12
Tigray
8%
Oromia
41%
Amhara
42%
According to the CSA data on annual agricultural sample survey, there are 46 zones
and 9 special weredas in the country in which production of Teff is widely practiced.
These include five zones in Tigray regions, ten zones and one special Wereda in
Amhara regions, seventeen zones in Oromia regions, three zones in Benshangule -Gumz
regions and eleven zones and eight special weredas in SNNPR regions (See ANNEX 1).
However, more than 83 percent of the countrys Teff production comes from 19 zones
found in Tigray, Amhara and Oromia regions.
East Gojjam is the leading zone in Teff production constituting more than 10 percent of
the national annual Teff production. There are also potential Teff producing zones in
Amhara ( North Gonder, North Shewa and West Gojjam zones) and Oromia ( West
Shewa, East Shewa and South West Shewa zones) regions which contribute five to ten
percent of the national annual Teff production (see Table 4-4). Most of Teff surplus
production in the market comes from these major producing areas and is distributed to
the deficit markets through the grain market channel.
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Production
cultivated in
in quintals
hectares
share
Yield In
%
qui/hec
share
Central Tigray
69262.03
2.70
694607.38
2.32
10.03
South Tigray
59695.43
2.33
672192.75
2.25
11.26
North Gonder
143897.66
5.61
1561611.93
5.22
10.85
South Gonder
126752.8
4.94
1167656.4
3.90
9.21
North Wollo
65744.04
2.56
861151.82
2.88
13.1
South Wollo
113828.84
4.44
1273186.14
4.25
11.19
North Shewa
138755.42
5.41
1680250.12
5.61
12.11
East Gojjam
221752.56
8.64
3018976.49
10.09
13.61
West Gojjam
142451.8
5.55
2181529.41
7.29
15.31
Awi
59111.09
2.30
586836.59
1.96
9.93
East Wellega
71121.17
2.77
865751.26
2.89
12.17
66128.6
2.58
970097.94
3.24
14.67
Jimma
130698.04
5.10
1374056.13
4.59
10.51
West shewa
141809.87
5.53
1599282.42
5.34
11.28
North Shewa
113056.99
4.41
1100963.83
3.68
9.74
East Shewa
154506.02
6.02
1978854.34
6.61
12.81
91128.81
3.55
951920.38
3.18
10.45
126100.24
4.92
1535776.12
5.13
12.18
70296.51
2.74
895868.97
2.99
12.74
the 3 regions
2106097.92
82.10
24970570.42
83.43
11.86
National
2,565,155.22
Amhara
Oromia
Illubabor
Arsi
South west
shewa
Horoguduro
Total of the 19 zones in
29,929,234.99
11.67
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4.3
Surplus areas are defined as areas with a significant marketable surplus for export to
other regions of the country (Eleni Z. Gebre-medhin 124 research report, 2001). With
respect to Teff production, entire shewa of Oromia and Amhara regions and entire
Gojjam are the major Teff surpluses producing areas of the country. Conversely, deficit
areas are defined as areas that have a net grain deficit and import grain from other areas
of the country. Entire Wollo, Tigray region, and the Harar/ Dire Dawa region in eastern
Ethiopia and most of the pastorals area of the country are considered as deficit areas of
the country.
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Table 4-5 Percentage share of Teff utilization pattern by small holder farmers at
national and regional level
Wages
Geographic
Household
Area
Consumption
Seed
Sale
In
Animal
kind
Feed
Others
Ethiopia
56.52
13.26
25.77
1.69
0.11
2.65
Tigray
66.21
12.62
15.98
0.45
0.11
4.63
Afar
63.78
8.35
26.14
0.34
1.39
Amhara
61.19
12.07
20.63
3.05
0.08
2.98
Oromia
54.17
13.7
28.29
1.33
0.17
2.35
Somali
24.12
10.89
64.99 -
Gumuz
59.52
13.68
22.81
1.94
0.38
1.67
S.N.N.P.R.
39.67
12.18
45.33
0.51
0.18
2.14
Benishangul-
Gambela
Harari
80
10.72
58.14
17.46
Addis Abeba
Dire Dawa
9.28 -
22.48
0.3 -
1.62
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MARKETING OF TEFF
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Page 17
Village markets, on the other hand, are located outside the highway and most of the
time they supply marketable surplus to the nearby major markets in a given wereda.
Farmers establish village markets to get a market outlet for their produce and to obtain
consumable items when they are unable to visit major markets. At times when family
members get engaged in agricultural activities, farmers are forced to provide their Teff
produce to rural assemblers in village markets. Moreover, village markets are
characterized by one or two types of agricultural products. These products are
eventually supplied to major markets through rural assemblers.
5.4
Market information
The Central Statistical Agency collects prices from 119 markets for the preparation of the
Consumer Price Indices, but they are released too late to be used as a decision making tool
by farmers and traders. At the same time, the Ethiopia Grain Trade Enterprise collects
monthly wholesale and retail prices of major grains (cereals and pulses) in about 25 markets
throughout the country for its own purpose and publishes it periodically on its website.
Similarly, Ethiopia Radio and Radio Fana used to generate and disseminate market
information; though they are now terminated.
Farmers try to have information on the price level before delivering their product to the
market either through visiting the major markets physically or by requesting price
ECEA-Economic Analysis
Page 18
information from other farmers. On the other hand, a trader can get price information from
his intimate friend participating in the grain market. Currently, because of the rapid
diffusion of mobile phone facilities, the market information among traders is being easily
accessed. Farmers, brokers and traders generally rely on their own personal contact
networks in order to gather relevant and timely market information.
5.5 Transportation
Transportation facility is the important marketing function which enables producers in
surplus producing areas gain better market price while consumers in deficit areas get
reduced marketing price than would have been prevailing otherwise. Due to poor
infrastructure, most farmers use donkeys, human load, horse, and vehicle to transport
their produce to the nearby village or major markets as far as 30km within a wereda.
Page 19
The quality of teff is traditionally graded into five by the Assembly wholesalers of the
major markets. These are: Magna (very white), Nech (white), Sergegna (mix between
white and red), abolse and key (brown). The four grades indicate the color of the Teff
variety while abolse is the name given to the improved Teff variety. Magna teff is the first
grade while key teff is the last in terms of their value in the market.
Most traders employ three categories of grade; namely, Nech, Sergegna and key. Thus,
every collector in the market has three canvases and a weighting balance to buy Teff
from the farmers or rural traders. The teff coming from farmers and rural assemblers is
sorted in one of the three canvases according to its color. In each marketing day, the
purchased Teff is mixed up in the given canvas to have similar color before it is bagged
in 100kg lots. The major purpose of this task is to collect large volume of similar grades
from the small quantity of Teff supplied by small-scale producers.
However, the Quality and Standard Authority of Ethiopia has set standards for
produces of Teff. According to Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia (QSAE),
Teff is classified into four; namely,
very white (magna)/ which has a 98-100% very white Teff grains/,
Mixed (sergegna) which has a mixture of white and brown Teff grain in a
greater or in lesser proportion of the above classes (see Table 5-1).
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Characteristics
Very
98-100% of white
Foreign matter
1.5
2.5
3.5
5.0
white
Teff grains
Stone
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
White
95-98% of white
Foreign matter
1.5
2.5
3.5
5.0
Teff grains
Stone
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Foreign matter
1.5
2.5
3.5
5.0
Stone
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
mixture of white
Foreign matter
1.5
2.5
3.5
5.0
Stone
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Brown
94-100% of brown
Teff grains
Mixed
grain
Source: Ethiopian Standard. 2001. Teff Specification. Ref.No. ES 671:2001
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6
6.1
The variability of Teff prices through time at market level was measured using standard
deviation and coefficients of variation and the results for different markets are given in
ANNEX 2. At the wholesale level the average standard deviation for the white Teff price
level was 113 birr/quintal while the average coefficient of variation was 23%. Similarly,
at the wholesale level the average standard deviations for the mixed and red Teff were
111 birr/quintal and106 birr/quintal, respectively, and the average coefficient of
variations were 25% and 27%, respectively.
Comparatively high price variability was observed at Addis Ababa, Dessie, Nazareth
and Nekempt for the three different types of Teff. There are also remarkably high
coefficients of variation at Dire Dawa, Mekele and Ziway for mixed Teff and Bale Robe,
Debre Birhan, Dire Dawa, Mekele, Shashemene and Ziway for red Teff. The range of
price percentage variation among markets varies for the three different types of Teff.
The white Teff price at whole sale level varies from 16.8 to 30.6 percent across the
markets whereas the mixed and red Teff price varies from 17.7 to 31.6 percent and from
20.2 to 33.1 percent, respectively. This indicates that the range of percentage variation
for the three types of Teff is somewhat similar. However, if we look at the standard
deviation or coefficients of variation across markets, we can observe high magnitude of
variability. Probably, this is a manifestation of the under developed market
infrastructure and the lack of communication infrastructure between the markets.
Page 22
across markets for white Teff, mixed Teff and red Teff were statistically significant at a
probability of 1%. The spatial correlation coefficient for white Teff was greater than 0.80
in all of the 153 cases and greater than 0.90 in 146 of 153 cases. Similarly, for mixed and
red Teff the spatial correlation coefficient were greater than 0.80 in all of the cases and
greater than 0.90 in 124 of 136 cases for mixed Teff and in 99 of 105 cases for red Teff.
Therefore, the wholesale Teff price correlation coefficient matrix indicates that there
were very strong linkages among the prices across the markets for the three different
types of Teff.
For white Teff and mixed Teff, it was observed that Ambo, Debre Markos and Jimma have
strong price correlation (between 0.80 and 0.90) with Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. A
Similar result is also observed for the other major towns (see Annex 3-Annex 5 for
details).
ECEA-Economic Analysis
Page 23
References
CSA Annual report of Agricultural sample survey
Mesfin Haile, Agajie Tesfaye, Lemlem Aregu and Eyob Mulat 2004, Market access versus
productivity: The case of teff, Holetta Agricultura l Research Center
Gebre Medhin Eleni Z. (2001), Market Institution, Transaction costs and Social capital in
the Ethiopian Grain Market. Research report No. 124, IFPRI, Washington, DC
Gebremeskel, D.T.S Jayne and J.D. Shafter 1998, Market Structure, Conduct and
Performance: Constraints on Performance of Ethiopian Grain Markets, working paper No.
8, Grain Market Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Asfaw Negassa 1998, Vertical and Spatial Integration of Grain Markets in Ethiopia:
Implications for Grain Market and Food Security policies, working paper 9, Grain Market
Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/newsletter/sep97/10tef.html
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/teff.html
ECEA-Economic Analysis
Page 24
Annexes
ANNEX 1. Zonal distribution of Teff production in the major producing regions
Region
Tigray
zone
cultivated
share
Production
share
Yield
Tigray
40033.08
1.56
511782.56
1.71
12.78
Central Tigray
69262.03
2.70
694607.38
2.32
10.03
6061.21
0.24
South Tigray
59695.43
2.33
672192.75
2.25
11.26
West Tigray
3690.37
0.14
45315.91
0.15
12.28
North Gonder
143897.66
5.61
1561611.93
5.22
10.85
South Gonder
126752.8
4.94
1167656.4
3.90
9.21
North Wollo
65744.04
2.56
861151.82
2.88
13.1
South Wollo
113828.84
4.44
1273186.14
4.25
11.19
North Shewa
138755.42
5.41
1680250.12
5.61
12.11
East Gojjam
221752.56
8.64
3018976.49
10.09
13.61
West Gojjam
142451.8
5.55
2181529.41
7.29
15.31
Waghemra
22220.17
0.87
207589.23
0.69
9.34
Awi
59111.09
2.30
586836.59
1.96
9.93
Orormia Zone
11843.87
0.46
135718.32
0.45
11.46
726.49
0.03
11177.69
0.04
15.39
West Wellega
30220.59
1.18
301896.54
1.01
9.99
East Wellega
71121.17
2.77
865751.26
2.89
12.17
66128.6
2.58
970097.94
3.24
14.67
Jimma
130698.04
5.10
1374056.13
4.59
10.51
West shewa
141809.87
5.53
1599282.42
5.34
11.28
North Shewa
113056.99
4.41
1100963.83
3.68
9.74
Argoba Special
Oromia
North West
East Tigray
Amhara
Area
Illubabor
ECEA-Economic Analysis
Page 25
Region
zone
East Shewa
Area
cultivated
share
Production
%
share
Yield
154506.02
6.02
1978854.34
6.61
12.81
91128.81
3.55
951920.38
3.18
10.45
West Hararghe
8465.36
0.33
106484.43
0.36
12.58
East Hararghe
3749.05
0.15
35507.49
0.12
9.47
Bale
40424.1
1.58
393329.24
1.31
9.73
Borena
2176.49
0.08
35645.63
0.12
16.38
126100.24
4.92
1535776.12
5.13
12.18
Guji
10667.31
0.42
58912.04
0.20
5.52
Kelem
10926.13
0.43
103668.12
0.35
9.49
Horoguduro
70296.51
2.74
895868.97
2.99
12.74
West Arsi
11341.39
0.44
104855.93
0.35
9.25
Matakel
13868.57
0.54
164678.95
0.55
11.87
Assosa
3682.95
0.14
26030.61
0.09
7.07
373.13
0.01
2785.42
0.01
7.47
Gurage
22097.6
0.86
235880.61
0.79
10.67
Hadiya
43847.85
1.71
424651.19
1.42
9.68
Tembaro
10878.83
0.42
94144.52
0.31
8.65
Wolayita
22557.96
0.88
175408.98
0.59
7.78
6521.52
0.25
88773.95
0.30
13.61
Sheka
780.37
0.03
6099.07
0.02
7.82
Kaffa
28883.98
1.13
280139.53
0.94
9.7
Gamo Goffa
29593.13
1.15
343453.97
1.15
11.61
Bench Maji
7460.78
0.29
90046.72
0.30
12.07
Arsi
South west
shewa
Benshangu
le-Gumz
Mao Komo
SNNPR
Kembata-
South Omo
ECEA-Economic Analysis
Page 26
Region
zone
Area
cultivated
share
Production
%
share
Yield
Yem Special
6783.02
0.26
54464.57
0.18
8.03
Amaro Special
4025.98
0.16
40654.1
0.14
10.1
879.84
0.03
5369.42
0.02
6.1
2031.74
0.08
15856.48
0.05
7.8
Special
1377.51
0.05
14163.17
0.05
10.28
Dawro
11143.72
0.43
89510.83
0.30
8.03
Basketo Special
2592.86
0.10
28832.68
0.10
11.12
Konta Special
5331.85
0.21
46458.35
0.16
8.71
15673.59
0.61
163582.24
0.55
10.44
8665.82
0.34
93164.59
0.31
10.75
29,929,234.99
98.59
11.67
Burji Special
Konso Special
Derashe
Silitie
Alaba Special
National
2,565,155.22
ECEA-Economic Analysis
Page 27
ANNEX 2. Average Price, Standard deviation and Coefficient of variation for markets
in Ethiopia at wholesale price level (Monthly data from July 2006 to June2008)
Market Place
Addis Ababa
Ambo
Assela
Bahir Dar
Bale Robe
Debre Birhan
Diredawa
Dessie
Debre Markos
Debre zeit
Gonder
Average Price
Standard Deviation
Coefficient of
(Birr/Quintal)
(Birr/Quintal)
Variation
White Mixed Red White Mixed Red White Mixed Red
499
463 372 133.19
127.9 110.7
26.7
27.6 29.78
465
446
84.54
108.8
18.2
24.4
484
442 400 117.58
113.8 102.3
24.3
25.7 25.57
447
413 389
89.15
87.92 87.44
19.9
21.3 22.46
417
137.9
33.11
500
476 390 126.37
121 121.2
25.3
25.4 31.11
503
467 427
84.27
147.5 135.8
16.8
31.6 31.77
490
453 398 132.91
129 108.4
27.1
28.5 27.23
457
412 331
97.95
73 66.76
21.4
17.7 20.15
519
468
434 380
131.16
100.26
100.4 90.48
25.3
21.4
478
449
93.88
90.86 19.6
484
439 393 103.63
102.7 89.02
21.4
533
447 395 125.89
116.7 110.8
23.6
478
428 374
131.4
112.7 101.7
27.5
438
408 367 133.83
119.5 103.6
30.6
491
462 366 108.27
103.9 113.5
22.1
451
412
- 126.02
115.5
27.9
517
467 391 121.93
123.9 115.7
23.6
483
442 386
113
111
106
23
26.2
21.7 22.9
Source: These statistics computed based on EGTE monthly data.
Hossana
Jimma
Mekele
Nazareth
Nekempt
Shashamene
Woliso
Ziway
Average
S.D
ECEA-Economic Analysis
23.1 23.78
20.3
23.4
26.1
26.4
29.3
22.5
28
26.5
25
22.63
28.06
27.19
28.24
30.97
29.58
27
Page 28
ambo
assela
bahir
dar
debre
birhan
dire
dawa
dessie
debre
markos
debre
zeit
gonder
hossana
jimma
mekele
nazareth
nekempt
shashemene
woliso
ziway
.897(**)
.979(**)
.939(**)
.966(**)
.971(**)
.972(**)
.875(**)
.968(**)
.955(**)
.946(**)
.876(**)
.954(**)
.983(**)
.962(**)
.949(**)
.959(**)
.971(**)
ambo
.897(**)
.906(**)
.955(**)
.948(**)
.845(**)
.902(**)
.968(**)
.916(**)
.932(**)
.933(**)
.902(**)
.927(**)
.918(**)
.933(**)
.944(**)
.934(**)
.931(**)
addis ababa
assela
.979(**)
.906(**)
.965(**)
.984(**)
.988(**)
.980(**)
.917(**)
.983(**)
.989(**)
.959(**)
.935(**)
.982(**)
.989(**)
.971(**)
.980(**)
.978(**)
.985(**)
bahir dar
.939(**)
.955(**)
.965(**)
.977(**)
.963(**)
.953(**)
.964(**)
.974(**)
.977(**)
.944(**)
.950(**)
.962(**)
.971(**)
.940(**)
.981(**)
.967(**)
.969(**)
debre birhan
.966(**)
.948(**)
.984(**)
.977(**)
.986(**)
.985(**)
.952(**)
.985(**)
.988(**)
.965(**)
.949(**)
.990(**)
.985(**)
.984(**)
.984(**)
.982(**)
.987(**)
dire dawa
.971(**)
.845(**)
.988(**)
.963(**)
.986(**)
.982(**)
.874(**)
.992(**)
.977(**)
.980(**)
.895(**)
.981(**)
.989(**)
.972(**)
.959(**)
.969(**)
.991(**)
dessie
.972(**)
.902(**)
.980(**)
.953(**)
.985(**)
.982(**)
.899(**)
.981(**)
.964(**)
.939(**)
.919(**)
.980(**)
.985(**)
.975(**)
.959(**)
.965(**)
.975(**)
debre markos
.875(**)
.968(**)
.917(**)
.964(**)
.952(**)
.874(**)
.899(**)
.930(**)
.953(**)
.922(**)
.942(**)
.934(**)
.914(**)
.925(**)
.963(**)
.939(**)
.925(**)
debre zeit
.968(**)
.916(**)
.983(**)
.974(**)
.985(**)
.992(**)
.981(**)
.930(**)
.972(**)
.942(**)
.947(**)
.978(**)
.990(**)
.967(**)
.967(**)
.983(**)
.979(**)
gonder
.955(**)
.932(**)
.989(**)
.977(**)
.988(**)
.977(**)
.964(**)
.953(**)
.972(**)
.968(**)
.950(**)
.979(**)
.975(**)
.965(**)
.991(**)
.974(**)
.982(**)
hossana
.946(**)
.933(**)
.959(**)
.944(**)
.965(**)
.980(**)
.939(**)
.922(**)
.942(**)
.968(**)
.924(**)
.952(**)
.952(**)
.969(**)
.966(**)
.952(**)
.974(**)
jimma
.876(**)
.902(**)
.935(**)
.950(**)
.949(**)
.895(**)
.919(**)
.942(**)
.947(**)
.950(**)
.924(**)
.961(**)
.936(**)
.932(**)
.942(**)
.964(**)
.949(**)
mekele
.954(**)
.927(**)
.982(**)
.962(**)
.990(**)
.981(**)
.980(**)
.934(**)
.978(**)
.979(**)
.952(**)
.961(**)
.983(**)
.982(**)
.969(**)
.987(**)
.985(**)
nazareth
.983(**)
.918(**)
.989(**)
.971(**)
.985(**)
.989(**)
.985(**)
.914(**)
.990(**)
.975(**)
.952(**)
.936(**)
.983(**)
.970(**)
.968(**)
.982(**)
.992(**)
nekempt
.962(**)
.933(**)
.971(**)
.940(**)
.984(**)
.972(**)
.975(**)
.925(**)
.967(**)
.965(**)
.969(**)
.932(**)
.982(**)
.970(**)
.961(**)
.978(**)
.975(**)
shashemene
.949(**)
.944(**)
.980(**)
.981(**)
.984(**)
.959(**)
.959(**)
.963(**)
.967(**)
.991(**)
.966(**)
.942(**)
.969(**)
.968(**)
.961(**)
.963(**)
.976(**)
woliso
.959(**)
.934(**)
.978(**)
.967(**)
.982(**)
.969(**)
.965(**)
.939(**)
.983(**)
.974(**)
.952(**)
.964(**)
.987(**)
.982(**)
.978(**)
.963(**)
.979(**)
ziway
.971(**)
.931(**)
.985(**)
.969(**)
.987(**)
.991(**)
.975(**)
.925(**)
.979(**)
.982(**)
.974(**)
.949(**)
.985(**)
.992(**)
.975(**)
.976(**)
.979(**)
ECEA-Economic Analysis
Page 29
ANNEX 4 - Mixed
addis
ababa
ambo
assela
bahir
dar
debre
birhan
dire
dawa
dessie
debre
markos
gonder
jimma
mekel e
nazareth
nek empt
shashem ene
woliso
ziway
.986(**)
.979(**)
.954(**)
.967(**)
.967(**)
.975(**)
.906(**)
.964(**)
.955(**)
.889(**)
.936(**)
.866(**)
.977(**)
.943(**)
.976(**)
.970(**)
.986(**)
.974(**)
.933(**)
.957(**)
.952(**)
.972(**)
.899(**)
.964(**)
.954(**)
.888(**)
.915(**)
.817(**)
.973(**)
.936(**)
.962(**)
.957(**)
.979(**)
.974(**)
.972(**)
.986(**)
.984(**)
.979(**)
.925(**)
.976(**)
.954(**)
.946(**)
.952(**)
.898(**)
.981(**)
.970(**)
.992(**)
.983(**)
bahir dar
.954(**)
.933(**)
.972(**)
.984(**)
.974(**)
.950(**)
.964(**)
.974(**)
.958(**)
.927(**)
.963(**)
.949(**)
.970(**)
.972(**)
.976(**)
.969(**)
debre birhan
.967(**)
.957(**)
.986(**)
.984(**)
.995(**)
.977(**)
.952(**)
.988(**)
.967(**)
.935(**)
.972(**)
.924(**)
.985(**)
.985(**)
.982(**)
.981(**)
.967(**)
.952(**)
.984(**)
.974(**)
.995(**)
.976(**)
.952(**)
.985(**)
.980(**)
.932(**)
.985(**)
.920(**)
.977(**)
.987(**)
.976(**)
.989(**)
dessie
debre
markos
.975(**)
.972(**)
.979(**)
.950(**)
.977(**)
.976(**)
.902(**)
.964(**)
.955(**)
.904(**)
.943(**)
.859(**)
.971(**)
.948(**)
.971(**)
.968(**)
.906(**)
.899(**)
.925(**)
.964(**)
.952(**)
.952(**)
.902(**)
.960(**)
.934(**)
.913(**)
.940(**)
.929(**)
.953(**)
.959(**)
.934(**)
.911(**)
gonder
.964(**)
.964(**)
.976(**)
.974(**)
.988(**)
.985(**)
.964(**)
.960(**)
.979(**)
.930(**)
.956(**)
.896(**)
.984(**)
.981(**)
.972(**)
.970(**)
hossana
.955(**)
.954(**)
.954(**)
.958(**)
.967(**)
.980(**)
.955(**)
.934(**)
.979(**)
.909(**)
.937(**)
.863(**)
.978(**)
.952(**)
.959(**)
.969(**)
jimma
.889(**)
.888(**)
.946(**)
.927(**)
.935(**)
.932(**)
.904(**)
.913(**)
.930(**)
.909(**)
.898(**)
.873(**)
.929(**)
.923(**)
.958(**)
.928(**)
mekel e
.936(**)
.915(**)
.952(**)
.963(**)
.972(**)
.985(**)
.943(**)
.940(**)
.956(**)
.937(**)
.898(**)
.914(**)
.948(**)
.981(**)
.943(**)
.950(**)
nazareth
.866(**)
.817(**)
.898(**)
.949(**)
.924(**)
.920(**)
.859(**)
.929(**)
.896(**)
.863(**)
.873(**)
.914(**)
.909(**)
.920(**)
.913(**)
.897(**)
nek empt
.977(**)
.973(**)
.981(**)
.970(**)
.985(**)
.977(**)
.971(**)
.953(**)
.984(**)
.978(**)
.929(**)
.948(**)
.909(**)
.967(**)
.981(**)
.974(**)
shashem ene
.943(**)
.936(**)
.970(**)
.972(**)
.985(**)
.987(**)
.948(**)
.959(**)
.981(**)
.952(**)
.923(**)
.981(**)
.920(**)
.967(**)
.955(**)
.963(**)
woliso
.976(**)
.962(**)
.992(**)
.976(**)
.982(**)
.976(**)
.971(**)
.934(**)
.972(**)
.959(**)
.958(**)
.943(**)
.913(**)
.981(**)
.955(**)
.979(**)
ziway
.970(**)
.957(**)
.983(**)
.969(**)
.981(**)
.989(**)
.968(**)
.911(**)
.970(**)
.969(**)
.928(**)
.950(**)
.897(**)
.974(**)
.963(**)
.979(**)
addis ababa
ambo
assela
dire dawa
hossana
ECEA-Economic Analysis
Page 30
assela
bahir
dar
bale
robe
debre
birhan
dire
dawa
dessie
debre
markos
gonder
jimma
mekel e
nazareth
nek empt
shashem ene
.960(**)
.938(**)
.926(**)
.962(**)
.964(**)
.951(**)
.942(**)
.954(**)
.874(**)
.947(**)
.880(**)
.955(**)
.945(**)
.977(**)
assela
.960(**)
.985(**)
.935(**)
.988(**)
.990(**)
.981(**)
.969(**)
.986(**)
.958(**)
.966(**)
.936(**)
.989(**)
.982(**)
.992(**)
bahir dar
.938(**)
.985(**)
.930(**)
.974(**)
.984(**)
.985(**)
.942(**)
.982(**)
.947(**)
.967(**)
.963(**)
.984(**)
.979(**)
.974(**)
bale robe
debre
birhan
.926(**)
.935(**)
.930(**)
.954(**)
.960(**)
.954(**)
.937(**)
.952(**)
.869(**)
.963(**)
.889(**)
.924(**)
.955(**)
.950(**)
.962(**)
.988(**)
.974(**)
.954(**)
.991(**)
.988(**)
.962(**)
.987(**)
.938(**)
.974(**)
.938(**)
.986(**)
.977(**)
.992(**)
dire dawa
.964(**)
.990(**)
.984(**)
.960(**)
.991(**)
.989(**)
.956(**)
.990(**)
.945(**)
.989(**)
.939(**)
.985(**)
.987(**)
.994(**)
dessie
debre
markos
.951(**)
.981(**)
.985(**)
.954(**)
.988(**)
.989(**)
.944(**)
.979(**)
.925(**)
.982(**)
.964(**)
.991(**)
.983(**)
.980(**)
.942(**)
.969(**)
.942(**)
.937(**)
.962(**)
.956(**)
.944(**)
.971(**)
.923(**)
.944(**)
.860(**)
.949(**)
.963(**)
.965(**)
gonder
.954(**)
.986(**)
.982(**)
.952(**)
.987(**)
.990(**)
.979(**)
.971(**)
.942(**)
.971(**)
.926(**)
.977(**)
.981(**)
.987(**)
jimma
.874(**)
.958(**)
.947(**)
.869(**)
.938(**)
.945(**)
.925(**)
.923(**)
.942(**)
.922(**)
.885(**)
.944(**)
.945(**)
.935(**)
mekele
.947(**)
.966(**)
.967(**)
.963(**)
.974(**)
.989(**)
.982(**)
.944(**)
.971(**)
.922(**)
.935(**)
.973(**)
.978(**)
.967(**)
nazareth
.880(**)
.936(**)
.963(**)
.889(**)
.938(**)
.939(**)
.964(**)
.860(**)
.926(**)
.885(**)
.935(**)
.957(**)
.922(**)
.919(**)
nekempt
.955(**)
.989(**)
.984(**)
.924(**)
.986(**)
.985(**)
.991(**)
.949(**)
.977(**)
.944(**)
.973(**)
.957(**)
.976(**)
.982(**)
shashemene
.945(**)
.982(**)
.979(**)
.955(**)
.977(**)
.987(**)
.983(**)
.963(**)
.981(**)
.945(**)
.978(**)
.922(**)
.976(**)
.978(**)
ziway
.977(**)
.992(**)
.974(**)
.950(**)
.992(**)
.994(**)
.980(**)
.965(**)
.987(**)
.935(**)
.967(**)
.919(**)
.982(**)
.978(**)
addis ababa
31
ziway