4.

0 INTRODUCTION 1
4.1 Background information 2
4.2 Statement of the Problem 3
4.2.1 Justification of the Problem 3
4.3 Research Objectives 4
4.3.1General objective 4
4.3.2 Specific objectives 4
4.3.3 Research questions 4
5.0 Literature Review 4
Small-scale fisheries. 4
5.1.2 Poverty 5
Poverty alleviation. 5
5.1.4 fisheries in Tanzania 6
Fisheries in Bagamoyo 6
6.0 Methodology 7
6.1 Geographical location for the research area 7
6.2 Resarch Designs 8
6.3 Sampling Technique and sample size. 8
6.4 Data Collection 8
6.4.1 Primary data 8
6.4.2Secondary data. 8
7.0 Data processing and analysis 8
8.0 Budget 9
8.1 Sources of fund and budget of the research 9
Schedule of Activities. 9
8.0 REFERENCES 10

4.0 INTRODUCTION
4.1 Background information
 Globally more than one billion people are living in less than US$1 a day an
d 840 million people are classified as undernourished (millennium declaration, 2
000). As a result in a resent years there have been a re-focusing on poverty by
many Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academicians, development practition
ers, governments and donor agencies (FAO, 2005). Poverty alleviation is a major
concern to many developing countries including Tanzania. Poverty can be alleviat
ed mainly through achieving higher growth of fishing sector and ensure that the
poor have a share on that growth (Sinclair, 1998).
In Tanzania, the role of fishing in national development, both from povert
y alleviation point of view and from national economic perspective, poses some i
nteresting concerns. Fishing has been regarded as one of the most important acti
vities, which from the basis of livelihood of household living along the coast (
United Nations, 1992, and Coughanowr, 1995)
Demand for fish in Tanzania increase as the population increase of population
living into the coast areas and with the expansion of tourism activities (Franc
is, and Bryceson, 2001) As a result, the number of households participating in f
ishing is increasing due to high prices driven by high demand of both fish and f
ish products (Bagachwa and Maliyamkono, 1994). The fisheries products are impor
tant exports products, creating earnings of US$ 12.0 million for Tanzanian mainl
and and US$ 0.6 for Zanzibar (Jiddawi, 2001), although recently Tanzania has wit
nessed a poor performance of fishery productivity, in terms of production per un
it efforts. The reason being that the sector is characterized by open access whe
re there is crowding of efforts to coastal inshore waters. There is often very l
ittle precise information about the really contribution of small-scale fisheries
to livelihoods and economies in developing countries, and although many small
scale fishing communities are poor and vulnerable, it is now widely acknowledge
d that small scale fisheries can generate significant profits, prove resilient t
o shocks and crises, and make meaningful contributions to poverty alleviation( K
urien, 1982)
Along the coastal regions fisheries the contribution of fisheries to human
well being and poverty alleviation is poorly understood because of several reaso
ns such as poorly or non existent system of collecting catch statistics, the dir
ect and indirect contribution of small scale fisheries at the local and househol
d level to reduce vulnerability and safety-net to prevent falling into poverty a
re poorly understood and The value of the catch, cost of production, number of
people employed in production and whether the catch has been produced by large-s
cale or small-scale fisheries is very rarely collected systematically in fisheri
es statistical systems (Kurien, 1982)
4.2 Statement of the Problem
Fishing sector is an important source of livelihood for the majority of the
coastal households but it has faced numbers of problems. These include poor and
inefficient fishing gears and vessels, lack of capital, lack of alternative empl
oyment opportunities, poor fisheries management, poor technology and assets endo
wment, poor fishing households, limited access to better market coupled with poo
r handling facilities, poor infrastructure and high post-harvest losses (Semesi,
et al, 1998). Small-scale fisheries are critical for food security and poverty
alleviation in many countries. (FAO,2005).
4.2.1 Justification of the Problem
Various initiatives for Example poverty reduction strategy in Tanzania (PRS)
through the effort to conserve fisheries resources and improve the welfare of
small-scale fishing households, Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership (TCMP) t
hrough the local integrated coastal management action planning and Tanzanian Ma
rine and Coastal Environment Management project Which aim at promoting coastal r
esource management and improving quality of life and social wellbeing of coastal
households (World Bank, 2005). All the initiatives have been undertaken to en
sure that fishing activities bring about economic, social, nutritional benefits
and making small-scale fishing households more efficient, (Allison, 2001). Still
the communities are facing the array of those serious problems.
This study will enable policy makers to develop efficient policies targetin
g coastal resources conservation and households’ welfare. Empirical studies sugg
est that productivity in fishing depends on the fishing households’ preferences,
technology, assets endowments (physical, financial, human and social), and avai
lable infrastructure (Gaertner ,etal ,1999)
This research can also help government strategies for the development of s
mall-scale fisheries in coastal regions in term of social services (health, educ
ation, housing and water), ownership (of boats, gears etc) income level and dist
ribution, power structure in the fishing community, participation by fishermen o
rganization and status of women.
4.3 Research Objectives
4.3.1General objective
To determine the contribution of small-scale fisheries in poverty alleviatio
n to communities in Bagamoyo district.
4.3.2 Specific objectives
1. To describe fishing technology used in Bagamoyo
2. To asses income of fisheries in the area
3. To examine the market for fisheries in Bagamoyo
4.3.3 Research questions
1. What type of technology are they using for fishing activities on the
study area?
2. What is the contribution of the fishing sector in the study area towards
employment and incomes?
3. What linkages are there between fishing and other sectors of the economy
in the study area?
4. What other activities are being done rather than fishing on the study ar
ea?
5. What type of the market fisheries are experiencing on the study area?

5.0 Literature Review

5.0.1 Small-scale fisheries.
FAO, (2003) define Small-scale fisheries as labour-intensive, and are conduc
ted by artisanal craftsmen whose level of income, mechanical sophistication, qua
ntity of production, fishing range, political influence, market outlets, employm
ent and social mobility and financial dependence keep them subservient to the ec
onomic decisions and operating constraints placed upon them by those who buy the
ir production.
5.0.2 Poverty
Poverty is economic condition in which people lack sufficient income to obtain
certain minimal levels of health services, food, housing, clothing, and educatio
n generally recognized as necessary to ensure an adequate standard of living. Wh
at is considered adequate, however, depends on the average standard of living in
a particular society (Encarta, 2005).
5.1.3 Poverty alleviation.
Poverty alleviation may be used as an inclusive term encompassing poverty reduc
tion and poverty prevention. Poverty reduction is a process through which people
are becoming measurably better off over time due to their involvement/investmen
t in fisheries activities. Poverty reduction, therefore, refers to a situation w
here wealth is generated and capital accumulated through capital and labour inve
stment, thus helping to lift people out of poverty in all its dimensions. There
are three economic levels at which poverty reduction can occur:
1. Wealth generation at the household level and its distribution within hou
seholds – to men, women and children,
2. Development at the community level, and
3. Economic growth at the national level.
Poverty prevention refers to the role of fisheries Activities in helpin
g people to maintain a minimum standard of living (even when is below a given po
verty line) and which help helps them to survive.
5.0.4 fisheries in Tanzania
The fisheries sector is almost entirely dominated by small scale, poor fishi
ng households who produce 95% of total marine catch in Tanzania (Semesi, et al.,
1998). The contribution of marine fishery to the GDP varies between 2.1-5.0% fo
r Tanzania mainland and 2.2-10.4% in Zanzibar (Jiddawi, and Öhman, 2002). Fish c
aught in Tanzania is primarily consumed on the home market, where per capital co
nsumption has been estimated to be between 25-30 kg person (Jiddawi, 2001). The
fisheries products are important exports products, creating earnings of US$ 12.0
million for Tanzanian mainland and US$ 0.6 for Zanzibar (Jiddawi, 2001).
The demand for fish in Tanzania is increasing due to the increase in pop
ulation living along the coast and with the expansion of tourism activities (Fra
ncis, and Bryceson, 2001). As a result, the number of households participating i
n fishing is increasing due to high prices driven by high demand of both fish an
d fish products (Bagachwa, and Maliyamkono, 1994). However, recently Tanzania ha
s witnessed a poor performance of fishery productivity, in terms of production p
er unit efforts. This is attributed to the lack of technical skills and capital
on the fishing households side to go beyond the inshore waters. The intensity ha
s been increasing in the inshore waters and leads to over fishing (Jiddawi, 2001
).
Sustainable development in the small-scale fishery sector, associated w
ith increased income of households participating in fisheries is one of the majo
r targets of the national plans. In addition to this, the World Bank has recentl
y launched a new grant within the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for the Tanz
anian Marine and Coastal Environment Management project (WB, 2009). The project
aims at promoting coastal resource management and improving quality of life and
social wellbeing of coastal households.
5.0.5 Fisheries in Bagamoyo
Bagamoyo district consist of nine coastal villages which have around 65
0 small-scale fishers. Artisanal fishing is by far the most important economic a
ctivity for the people in these villages and 70-80% of the men and women are to
some extent involved in the fishing industry. Other occupations include boat bui
lding, salt making, charcoal making, mangrove pole cutting, seaweed farming, hou
se building, wage labour, livestock, and traditional medicine. Women traditional
ly play a role in fish processing and do little fishing individually. Their fish
ing includes collecting bi-valves and catching shrimp and fish with nets in shal
low water (Elin, 2004)
The most common commercial reef species in the area are Rabbitfish (Tasi),
Parrotfish (Pono), Emperor (Changu), and Barracuda (Mzia). Community Based Ecolo
gical Monitoring, Interviews with fishers in 1996 revealed that stocks of prawns
, fish, crabs, sea cucumbers, and mollusks had declined dramatically over the pa
st 30-40 years.
Challenges facing fishing sector are over-harvesting of resources, trampling
by fishers during shell and sea cucumber collection, destruction by anchors, and
 dynamite fishing contributed to declining stocks (Semesi, et al., 1999). One ke
y event was the introduction of trawling in the mid-1970s, which in turn influen
ced the introduction of dynamiting among artisanal fishers. The number of licens
ed fishermen in the district rose from 780 in 1988 to 1918 in 2004. Fishermen re
port that the daily catch per artisanal fisherman has declined from approximatel
y 75kg in1985 to 25kg in 2004. At the same time they noticed a decrease in fish
size(TCMP, 2005). The number of traditional vessels in the district has increase
d from 120 in 1996 to 368 in 2005. Vessels used in Bagamoyo are dhows, boats, an
d outrigger canoes. Very few boats are motorized and most use sails for propulsi
on. At the market, on average, fishers sell their catch for approximately 1,200
Tsh per kilogram. This is the same price that fishers receive for cultured milkf
ish in Mkuranga. (TCMP, 2005)
6.0 Methodology
6.1 Geographical location for the research area
Bagamoyo is a large district located just north of the Kibaha District and Dar e
s Salaam it is 75 km from Dar es Salaam city, located at 60 26’ 0” south and 380
54’ 0”East. The total population of the district is around 230,000 persons, wit
h an annual growth rate of almost 2%. Bagamoyo is a relatively large district (a
lmost 10,000 square kilometers) and it has 16 wards and 78 villages. There are 9
coastal villages and the Bagamoyo town, which recently became upgraded to a tow
nship, (Elin, 2004). Economic activities practiced in Bagamoyo are fishing, tour
ism and agriculture. The research will be conduced at Dunda ward
6.2 Resarch Designs
A cross-sectional research will be used in this study. The cross-sectional
research design allows data to be collected at a single point in one time and u
sed in descriptive study where relationships of variables can be made, (Bailey,
1994). The cross sectional research design will be considered favorable becaus
e of resources limitations and time for data collection.
6.3 Sampling Technique and sample size.
Two villages will be purposively selected, fisheries households will be cho
sen by using snowballing technique, after fishing household been identified the
selection of the respondent(s) from the household will be purposively done, in e
ach village, 20 households will be chosen. Thus, the sample size comprised 40 r
espondents (fishing households)
6.4 Data Collection
6.4.1 Primary data
Secondary data will be collected in order to supplement primary data. The primar
y data will be collected at Dunda ward using structured questionnaires. The pri
mary data will consist information on income levels, technologies, market types
, economic activities and employment.
6.4.2Secondary data.
Secondary data will be collected through internet, journals, Magazines, and book
s.
7.0 Data processing and analysis.
Data analysis will be done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS), version twelve in conformity with the objectives of the study. Univaira
te data analysis will be computed including frequencies, means and standard devi
ations. Bivariate analysis will also be used to compute relationships between va
riables using chi-square and correlation analyses. Index scale and later summate
d scale will be constructed to gauge the contribution of small-scale fisheries i
n poverty alleviation at the study area.
8.0 Budget
8.1 Sources of fund and budget of the research.
The source of fund for this study is the Higher Education student Loan Board (HE
SLB) the total amount of money to be used is 180 000 Tsh.

The budget break down is shown as follows.

Cost items Amounts in Tsh
Typing and printing cost 30 000
photocopying 20 000
Binding report 10 000
transport 50 000
Meal and accommodation 70 000
TOTAL 180 000

8.2 Schedule of Activities.

The schedule of activities to be conducted is shown in the table below.
S/n Activities Nov Dec Jan Feb
Mar Apr May
1 Research problem, Identification, Statement and Justification
2 Research objectives, Literature review Research methodology, Schedule o
f activities, and Research budget
3 Testing validity and reliability of the research tools, and Proposal su
bmission
4 Data collection, Cleaning and Editing
5 Data analysis
6 Writing the results ,Discussion, summary , conclusion and recommendation
s
7 Special project report submission.
9.0 REFERENCES
Adger, W.N., Brooks, N., Bentham, G., Agnew, M. and Eriksen, S. (2004.)New indic
ators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Tyndall Centre for ClimateChange R
esearch, Technical Report 7, Norwich, U.K.
Allison, H. and Ellis, F. (2001). The livelihoods approach and management of sma
ll-scale fisheries. Marine Policy 25: 377-388.
Bagachwa, M.D. and Maliyamkono, T.L. (1994). Fisheries and Development in Tanzan
ia. Macmillan Press Ltd, London, United Kingdom, 10-13pp.
Bagamoyo District Council and Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership (2001).Int
egrated Coastal Management Action Plan. University of Rhode island. 20pp.
Bailey, K. D, (1994). Methods of Social Research (Fourth Edition), New York The
Free Press. Pp 345
Coughanowr, C.A, Ngoile, M. and Lindén, O. (1995). Coastal zone management in ea
stern Africa including the island states. A review of issues and initiatives. Am
bio. 24:448pp.
FAO, (2004). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture, fisheries department,
Rome, FAO. 153 pp.
FAO. (2005). Increasing the contribution of small-scale fisheries to poverty all
eviation and food security . FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries.
No. 10. Rome, FAO. 79 pp.
FAO. (2004). Report of the second session of the Working Party on Small-scale Fi
sheries. Bangkok, Thailand, 18 –21 November 2003. FAO Fisheries Report. No. 735
Rome, FAO. 21 pp.
Francis, J. and Bryceson, I. (2001) Tanzania Coastal and Marine Resources: Some
Examples Illustrating Questions of Sustainable Use: In: Lessons learned-case stu
dies in Sustainable Use. Pp 76-102.
Jiddawi, N.S. (2001). Marine Fisheries in Tanzania. In: Ngusaru, A. (Eds.)(2001)
. Present State of Marine Science. Tanzania. Tanzania Coastal and Marine Plannin
g, working Documents, 64-99pp.
Kurien, J. and Willmann, R. (1982).Economics of artisanal and mechanized fisheri
es in Kerala. A study of costs and earnings of fishing units . Madras, FAO/UNDP
Small-Scale Fisheries Promotion 34:112 pp.
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia (2005 ) 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation.
Moffat D, Ngoile M, Lindén O and Francis J (1998) The reality of the stomach: co
astal management at the local level in eastern Africa. Ambio, 27: 590–8.
Salas, S. (2000). Fishing Strategies of Small-scale Fishers and implications for
Fisheries Management. PhD thesis, Resource Management and Environmental Studies
, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, 154pp.
Semesi, A. K. and Mgaya, Y. (1999). Coastal Resources of Bagamoyo District, Tanz
ania. Marine Science Development in Tanzania and Eastern Africa:Proceedings of t
he 20th Anniversary Conference on Advances in Marine Science in Tanzania. M. Ric
hmond and J. Francis. Zanzibar, Tanzania, WIOMSA: 517-533pp.
Tanzania Coast Management Partnership, (2005). Tanzania State of Coast. The Nati
onal Strategy and Prospects for Poverty Reduction, Report no. 20.
Tanzania Coast Management Partnership, (2001). Tanzania State of Coast: People a
nd environment, TCMP working document no. 5059.
UNDP.(1997). Human Development to Eradicate Poverty, Human. Development Report n
o 527. United Nations Development Programme, New York.
United Nations, (1992). Multilateral treaties relating to the protection and pre
servation of the marine environment and conservation of marine species, United N
ation conference on environment and development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June.
Elin, T. (2004), Bagamoyo governance baseline, [http://www.crc.uri.crc] site vis
ited on 1,dec,2009.
World Bank, (2005) [http://web.worldbank.org ]site visited on 20 ,nov, 2009.

Questionnaires for the research

1. Respondents name………………………………………
2. Date………………………………………………………
3. District BAGAMOYO.
4. Division DUNDA.
5. Ward DUNDA.
6. Village…………………………………………………
7. Age of respondent……………………………………..
8. Sex (tick one)
Male [ ]
Female [ ]
9. marital status (tick one)
1) single [ ]
2) married [ ]
3) widow [ ]
4) divorced [ ]
10. what is your highest level of education
1. No formal education
2. Primary school
3. Secondary school
4. Post secondary
5. Adult education
6. Other (specify)………………………………………………..
11. household size
1) Under five years old [ ]
2) Between 6-18 years [ ]
3) Between 19-65 years [ ]
4) Between 66 and above [ ]
12. what is the major source of income of your family?
1) Farming [ ]
2) Fishing [ ]
3) Small business [ ]
4) Others [ ]
13. for the last month how much of the following protein you consumed in you
r family
1) Meat………..(kg)
2) Eggs………..(number)
3) Fish………….(kg)
14. how many children do attend to school regularly? ………………….
15. how many have stopped going to school due to various reasons such as lac
k of uniforms, exercise books,etc?..............................................
.
16. Mention the type and number of the following assets your own
assets Type (tick one) number
House (s) Mud/
Fishing boat(s) Motorized, not motorized
Dhow(s)
Canoe(s)
Farm(s)
Cow (s)
others

17. mention the type of fishing vessels your using for fishing activities
vessels number
Boats ( motorized/ not motorized)
dhows
canoes
others
18. Mention type of fishing gears your using on fishing activities
Type of fishing gear number
Long lines
Beach seine
Hand lines
Fish traps
Gill nets
others
19. Which of the following activities increase more income to our family? (
tick one)
1) Fishing [ ]
2) Farming [ ]
3) small businesses [ ]
20. what is the annual income of your household (Tsh)
1) 0 - 50,000/= [ ]
2) 51,000/= - 100,000/= [ ]
3) 101,000/= - 500,000/= [ ]
4) Others [ ]
21. What is your status in the fishing activities (tick one)
1) Employer [ ]
2) Employee [ ]
22. how many labourers you have employed to work in your activities?........
..........
23. How pricing of your fishing products done?
…………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………
24. How many kg(s) of fish do u sell per day? ………………………..
25. Who are your customers?.................................................
........................
……………………………………………………………………………………….
26. What are the constraints for fishing and marketing of your products?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
27. what do you think are important thing to be in place in order for the fi
shing activities to sustainable and hence bring positive change to the fisheries
in your area?
1) ………………………………………………………………………
2) ………………………………………………………………………
3) ………………………………………………………………………

Thank you