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Oxygenation

Terms:
Ventilation- act of breathing.
Inspiration- inhalation
Expiration- exhalation
Intrapleural Pressure- pressure in the pleural
cavity surrounding the lungs
Intrapulmonary pressure- pressure within the
lungs
Tidal volume- air inspired and expired during
breathing
Lung compliance- the expansibility or stretch
ability of the lung tissue
Atelectasis- lung collapse
Lung recoil- the continual tendency of the lungs to
collapse away from the chest wall
Surfactant- reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid
Diffusion- movement from higher concentration to
lower concentration
Partial pressure- the pressure exerted by gases
according to its concentration
Hematocrit- the percentage of the blood that is
erythrocytes

FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATORY FUNCTION:


• Age
• Environment
• Lifestyle
• Health Status
• Medications
• Stress
Alteration in Respiratory Function:
- Hypoxia
-Hypoventilation
-Hypercarbia
-hypoxemia
-cyanosis
-Altered Breathing Pattern
-Tachypnea
-Bradypnea
-Apnea
-Hyperventilation
-Kussmaul’s breathing
-Cheyne-Stokes respiration
-Biot’s (Cluster) respirations
-Orthopnea
-Dyspnea
-Obstructed Airway
-Stridor
-Adventitious breath sound
-Crackles (Rales), Ronchi (Gurgles), Friction
rub, Wheeze

NURSING ASSESSMENT:
*Assessment
-History
-Current and past respiratory problems
-lifestyle
-presence of cough
-pain in respirations
-medication for breathing
-PE
-IPPI of lungs
-diagnostics
Sputum specimen
-throat culture
-visualization procedures
-venous and arterial blood specimens
-pulmonary function test
* Diagnosis
-Ineffective airway clearance
- Ineffective breathing pattern
- impaired gas exchange
-activity intolerance
-anxiety
-fatigue
-fear
-powerlessness
-disturbed sleep pattern
-social isolation
*Planning
-maintain patent airway
-improve comfort and ease breathing
-maintain/ improve pulmonary ventilation and
oxygenation
-improve ability to participate in physical
activities
*Implementation
-Promoting Oxygenation
*Position to allow maximum chest and lung
expansion
*encourage or provide frequent position
change
*encourage ambulation
*institute comfort measures
-Deep breathing and coughing
*expectorate/ swallow secretions
-Abdominal/ Diaphragmatic Breathing
-Pursed-lip Breathing
-Hydration
-Humidifiers
-Medications
-Bronchodilators
-Anti-inflammatory drugs
-Expectorants
-mucolytic
-Anti-tussives
-Incentive Spirometry
*sustained maximal inspiration devices
-improve pulmonary ventilation
-counteract the effects of anesthesia
-loosen respiratory secretions
-facilitate respirations gas exchange
-expand collapsed alveoli
-Percussion, Vibration and Postural drainage
-Oxygen Therapy
*oxygen delivery system
-cannula
-face mask
-face tent
-transtracheal oxygen delivery
*Artificial Airways
*Oropharyngeal/ nasopharyngeal airways
*endotracheal tubes
*tracheostomy tubes
*suctioning
-chest tubes and drainage systems
-given for patients with hemothorax/
pneumothorax
*one-way, two- way, three- way

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