Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volume 70
Number 12
United States
Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, DC 20535-0001
Internet Address
leb@fbiacademy.edu
Cover Photo
© Digital Stock
I n the past 30 years, changes increasingly concerned with safety to assist police and prosecutors and
have occurred in how the issues. The interest continued into mandated that new police officers
police and the public view, the 1990s, partially due to an aging attending basic police academies
define, and discuss gangs.1 In the population. In response to the elec- receive at least a minimal amount of
late 1960s and early 1970s, police torates’ concern, federal grant pro- training in gang topics. Media inter-
in large cities generally acknowl- grams and monies proliferated. est mirrored audience appetite and
edged the existence of gang activity Several of these projects, such as boosted coverage of gang-related
within their jurisdictions. During Operation Weed and Seed and the subject matter. Increased reporting
the 1970s, the public was recover- Office of Community-Oriented Po- of such incidents had the effect of
ing from the Vietnam War and deal- licing Services (COPS) antigang making it appear that gang activity
ing with a wide variety of important initiative,2 had as a core ingredient was on the rise. But, is this truly the
social issues and changes. Gangs the need to control or dismantle case, especially in middle America?
and crime did not demand the same criminal street gangs. Increased at- Are states, such as Indiana, “the
attention as these other matters. tention and discussion also brought crossroads of America,”3 at risk of
By the middle of the 1980s, new legislation to deal with the becoming infected with the gang
however, the public became gangs. Many states enacted statutes menace or has it occurred already?
December 2001 / 1
“ Without a
standardized
reporting system,
America’s first identified gang,
however, was formed in 1820 in the
Five Points District of New York
City. Named the Forty Thieves, the
gang operated along the water-
it proves impossible front, engaging in acts of murder,
to accurately robbery, assault, and other violent
determine the level acts. Composed of recently arrived
of gang activity. Irish immigrants, the Forty Thieves
recruited a group of young imi-
“
felt disenfranchised by society. which alienated them from main-
Many members of Forty Thieves, stream society. The organizations
comprised of recently arrived immi- Not all street they formed had varying degrees of
grants, had problems adjusting to a gangs exist to sell sophistication. Many of the groups
new culture and experienced preju- drugs or commit faded away as the ethnic groups as-
dice due to their immigrant status similated into mainstream culture.
and ethnicity. In India, the gang’s criminal acts. A lawful alternative for those that
”
members had to live closely to- continued to exist was the transition
gether to avoid arrest. In time, the into social or fraternal organiza-
rest of society would not accept tions, promoting cultural identity
anyone tied to the gang. Thus, they the Outlaws, formed in other parts and positive civic actions. A small
had to remain within the group to of the nation. Because of their orga- percentage mutated into criminal
support themselves. Pirates often nization, the motorcycle gangs con- enterprises, which the media and
were seamen who had been shang- trolled certain types of criminal ac- entertainment industry often have
haied, escaped from authorities, or tivity within their areas of romanticized. The extreme example
were estranged in some manner dominance. Bikers, by their bylaws, of this genre being the Italian Ma-
from a normal lifestyle. The James’ actions, and appearance, seek to fia, portrayed in a positive or hu-
brothers and their support system of force their members to remain out- morous fashion in numerous
friends and relatives felt strong re- side the mainstream of society. In movies, television programs, adver-
sentment toward established au- doing so, the leadership bonds the tising commercials, and even news
thority because of their wartime ex- membership closer together as the reports. The trend continues with
periences. More examples exist, but group mentality becomes one of “us the influx of Russian immigrants
the feeling of estrangement exhib- versus them.” into the United States. A small per-
ited by these groups represents an Ethnic gangs represent another centage of these new arrivals are
important theme. These same feel- illustration of gangs forming before criminals and gang members,
ings often occur in modern gangs. any criminal activity takes place. dubbed the “Russian Mafia” by the
The gang often exists prior to enter- Hispanic gangs grew in strength popular media. In short, the formula
ing into any type of profit-making and influence following the Zoot for creating and maintaining gangs
criminal activity. The opportunity Suit Riots of 1943. In California, is not a new concept and is ongoing.
December 2001 / 3
The real problem facing law en- people find that the gang ful- members do one thing or another.
forcement is identifying the amount fills the need to be accepted as To understand the gang operating in
of criminal gang activity present an important part of a group. any given area, law enforcement
and limiting the damage these 4) Economic opportunity: agencies must determine what moti-
groups can do to society. Gang members motivated vates the gang’s members and how
by this consideration alone the gang leadership maintains au-
GANG MIGRATION thority over, and loyalty from, its
probably would become
How does the idea of establish- involved in criminal activity members.
ing a gang spread? Where do aspir- anyway. Finding it hard to At present, the most visible
ing members get information on draw away from the lifestyle, criminal street gangs operate in the
how to form and structure the gang? but due to a lack of loyalty nation’s inner cities. When depicted
Must gang members follow certain for the group, they often by either the news media or the en-
rules? How does a potential leader will provide authorities with tertainment industry, these groups
pick and recruit followers? Are information in exchange have almost exclusively young
there role models in this subculture? for some personal benefit. black or Hispanic males as mem-
To understand the gang subculture, bers, often portrayed as violent and
law enforcement officers, school prosperous because of their in-
“
administrators, social workers, and volvement in the drug trade. In real-
parents must become familiar with ity, not all street gangs are involved
the basic concepts that these ques- A new street gang heavily in drug trafficking; very few
tions address. often will form because street gang members are prosper-
young people have ous; and no shortage of white male
Who Joins a Gang? gang members exists in inner-city,
an interest in the
Not all street gangs exist to sell gang lifestyle and suburban, or rural areas. Moreover,
drugs or commit criminal acts. In- females often join the gang subcul-
stead, young people normally seek will look for sources ture for the same reasons males do.
gang involvement for some combi- of information. They may link themselves to a
nation of the following five reasons: male-dominated gang, or, in some
”
1) Structure: Youths want to cases, form their own associations.
organize their lives but lack The urban legend about prosperity
5) Excitement: This often has grown, however, and many
the maturity to do so on their
represents a motivation for young people see the street gang
own. The gang provides rules
suburban and affluent youths. as a method of achieving both
to live by and a code of
Gangs composed of these financial and social success. Unfor-
conduct.
types of individuals usually tunately, a few gangsters involved
2) Nurturing: Gang members have very fluid membership, with street gangs are successful,
frequently talk of how they with associates joining and both financially and socially. They
love one another. This remains leaving to be replaced by become role models to less fortu-
true even among the most others with a passing interest. nate young people who are short-
hardened street gangs. These Few young people that enter sighted and fail to realize the danger
young people are trying to fill into the gang subculture do so for and the damage criminal gang activ-
a void in their lives by substi- evil or criminal reasons. They are ity can do to them, their families,
tuting the gang for the tradi- looking for something that they feel and their neighborhoods.
tional family. is lacking in their lives. For this
3) Sense of belonging: Be- reason, gangs can form in any city, How Do Gangs Spread?
cause humans require social town, neighborhood, or region. No Criminal street gangs can
interaction, some young hard-and-fast rule says that all gang spread by what some have labeled
the “imperialist method.” A large arise from this type of gang move- benefit—the locals get a depend-
street gang will dispatch members ment. First, surviving gang mem- able supply of product, and, in this
to start a chapter in a new city or bers in other locations will, after example, the Four Corner Hustlers
neighborhood to further some form modifying their methods, move to realize a profit with minimal risk.
of criminal activity. For example, in fill the void left by those arrested. Most prevalent in drug-dealing en-
1999, the Indianapolis Safe Streets Second, local residents who were terprises, franchising also can in-
Task Force concluded a multiyear either gang members or associates volve such crimes as theft, forgery,
investigation of a drug-dealing gang will recreate the operation to take or fencing stolen goods.
called the New Breed. This gang advantage of the available profits. A new street gang often will
arrived as an established enterprise Presently, both of these situations form because young people have an
from Chicago and only allowed lo- may be occurring in Indianapolis. interest in the gang lifestyle and will
cal residents to fill lower levels of Another way an established look for sources of information. If
the organization. Members would street gang can spread its influence possible, the curious will find
rotate between Chicago, Indianapo- can be referred to as “franchising.” someone who was, or claims to
lis, and at least six other cities. The Often done to realize a profit from have been, a gang member in an-
group had a set of rules and a belief criminal activity, this method calls other location (e.g., a young person
system, which they brought with for an existing gang to contact local who recently moved into the area
them. At the conclusion of the in- residents and recruit them into the from a city, such as Chicago or Los
vestigation, 15 gang members enterprise. If, for example, a Chi- Angeles). This person now be-
were charged with federal drug cago-based gang, such as the Four comes the resident “gang expert,”
trafficking offenses, based on Corner Hustlers, develops contacts and the gang will shape its structure
crimes committed in Indianapolis. that they trust in Indianapolis, they and rules by this person’s informa-
Numerous New Breed members op- may work an arrangement to supply tion. In addition, gang members and
erating in other cities were unaf- drugs in exchange for a substantial their associates watch movies and
fected by this case.7 Two problems share of the profits. Both groups television programs depicting gang
December 2001 / 5
life from which they convert infor- The Four Nations The Indianapolis Connection
mation for their purposes. Conver- In the 1980s, West Coast black In Indianapolis, the West Coast
sations with former gang members gangs formed two loose confedera- message from the Crip and Blood
revealed that they also viewed tele- tions—the largest, the Crips, and Nations arrives through a variety
vision news reports, read news sto- their rivals, the Bloods. Contrary to of mediums. Evidence shows that
ries, and watched reality-based tele- what many believe, there is neither a few California area gang mem-
vision programs to see how gangs one Crip nor one Blood gang. bers have migrated to Indianapolis.
in other places operated. Finally, Rather, numerous sets of each have Authorities speculate that these
the Internet represents an important joined together to either protect gangsters came to the city to spread
source for emerging gangs. Simply themselves or facilitate their crimi- their illegal enterprises. However,
by searching the word gang, the in- nal activities. These represent two officials have not documented this
quirer can receive a wealth of Web of the Four Nations. The other two nor have they determined if the
sites, as well as several chat rooms originate from Chicago. In the late gangs sent these people to the
for gang members. Such numerous 1970s, a very large criminal street Midwest or if the gangsters are act-
and varied sources, many of which gang, known as the Gangster Dis- ing from personal interests. The
give conflicting information, ac- ciples, formed a coalition with sev- more common means of transmis-
count for the wide diversity in street eral other street gangs to maximize sion for West Coast ideas and
gang structure and methods of models come from the entertain-
operation. ment industry, including music art-
“
ists who encourage violence and
GANG STRUCTURE gang values; movies glorifying
Just as there are numerous gangs and their lifestyle; and books,
gangs for aspiring gangsters to imi- The gang problem television programs, the Internet,
tate, uncounted sources of informa- is not an exclusive and the news media all publicizing
tion exist on how to establish, struc- law enforcement the gang subculture.
ture, and rule a street gang. East Many Indianapolis residents
Coast and Hispanic gangs generate
problem nor can look to Chicago for important le-
some interest, but the dominant in- police deal with it gitimate influences, such as busi-
fluences in the Midwest are from in a vacuum. ness, cultural pursuits, and sports
the West Coast, especially Los An- teams. Many people have friends
”
geles, and from the Chicago area. and relatives living in the Chicago
Observers also will encounter other area and frequently travel between
types of criminal gangs throughout the cities. With these active meth-
the area, including prison groups, drug profits and protect their mem- ods of communication present, in-
outlaw motorcycle clubs, as well as bers from violence perpetrated by formation concerning the gang sub-
Asian criminal enterprises and eth- rivals. The consolidation called culture often occurs by word of
nic street gangs. Perhaps, the most itself the Folk Nation. Other gang mouth. The closeness enables Chi-
recognizable of these latter sets are sets in Chicago felt the need to form cago gangs to exert a measure of
the outlaw bikers because of their an alliance to ensure their share of control over some of those operat-
attire, community activities, and the drug market. Led by the Vice ing in Indianapolis. For these rea-
Web sites. However, their sophisti- Lords and the El Rukins, this band sons, the Folk and People Nations
cation and secretive nature con- dubbed themselves the People Na- dominate the Indianapolis gang
cerning their operations and struc- tion, thus creating the big four street landscape, confirmed by area street
ture prevent the average street gang gang nations, in no particular order gang graffiti almost exclusively
member from obtaining enough in- of influence, the Crips, Bloods, composed of Chicago-area gang
formation to imitate them. Folks, and People. names and symbols.
December 2001 / 7
based on the targeted gang set. No identifying the problem (scanning), training programs geared to meet
program imported from another the planners must decide what com- the needs of different audiences are
agency will prove effective without bination of ideas will be most effec- available. Funding sources can
modification. Each gang set has a tive (analysis). Implementation of sometimes be found to provide
different level of member dedica- the plan follows (response). The training for educators and officers.
tion based on how strongly mem- last step (assessment) is not de- For example, Indiana schools have
bers have bought into the belief sys- signed to be the final ingredient in a small amount budgeted for train-
tem that provides the basis for the the plan. The planners must review ing to help stop school violence,
gang. No two criminal street gangs what approaches were used, what and some law enforcement grants
commit exactly the same crimes. worked, what did not work, and provide training for officers in-
Police need to make cases based on then decide if the problem was re- volved with gang investigations.
the offenses in their jurisdiction and solved. If the problem was not re-
not try to follow another agency’s solved, the planners go back to the CONCLUSION
success story too closely. Police ad- original step and start over. Agen- No city, town, or neighborhood
ministrators must keep in mind that cies can complete this process as is totally immune from the threat of
the experts on area gangs are the many times as necessary until the gangs. The first step in prevention is
uniform officers and detectives who gang ceases to be a problem. for those in authority to study the
deal with them on a day-to-day ba- underlying reasons for gang forma-
sis. To develop an effective plan, tion—structure, nurturing, need to
“
the intelligence possessed by de- belong, economic opportunity, and
partmental personnel represents a excitement. If communities meet
vital component. To learn how to Society must provide these needs, gangs will have a hard
apply the information already in time establishing a foothold. How-
their possession, managers need to
young people ever, once gang involvement is sus-
study the psychology behind gang with meaningful pected, authorities must take time to
membership. Officers then should alternatives that will study the situation to determine the
review a number of different suc- lead them away from extent and type of problem they
cessful programs to gain ideas on the gang lifestyle. need to deal with. A variety of so-
what might work for them. cial and law enforcement agencies
”
The first step in planning a re- need to become involved in the dis-
sponse is to determine if there is a cussion process from the beginning.
problem. A group of young people Police and community members
who decide to call themselves a In addition to law enforcement need to arrive at a consensus of how
gang and then engage in disruptive intervention, the entire social struc- serious the gang problem is and
behavior in the classroom, but stop ture must deal with the underlying then work together to combat any
short of criminal activity, are not issues. A working partnership must criminal activity.
yet a police problem. Due to recent form to handle the problems faced The police must act as the point
events around the country, how- by the youthful offenders who make group to bring an operating criminal
ever, some school officials may up the gang. Many informational street gang under control. Officers
panic and request police interven- sources exist that can provide guid- must target the gang in a variety of
tion. The law enforcement agency ance on where and how to deal with ways, including the criminal activi-
must identify what they are dealing the criminal street gang member. ties normally associated with the
with. The working group would do well gang. Less apparent, but just as im-
One popular method employed to investigate as many sources as portant, is the need to deal with
by many agencies is the SARA possible, including the Internet, other criminal and antisocial
technique: scanning, analysis, government reports, news stories, actions on the part of gang mem-
response, and assessment. After and other publications. A number of bers. Officers also should develop
Crime Data
December 2001 / 9
Focus on Technology
FBI Laboratory Publications The Handbook is divided into five sections.
By Colleen Wade, M.L.S. 1) “Introduction” details the availability of the
laboratory services, which include forensic
examinations of evidence and expert witness
testimonies.
2) “Evidence Submission” lists the procedures
required to request evidence examinations and to
package and ship evidence to the laboratory.
3) “Examinations” describes the types of evidence
examinations provided and specific evidence
collection and preservation techniques.
4) “Crime Scene Safety” provides familiarity of
the hazards, safety precautions, and safe work
practices. This section also provides training on
applying these principles.
© PhotoDisc
5) “Crime Scene Search” outlines the steps
necessary to process a crime scene.
receive notification when quarterly issues of FSC are • “Meetings and Job Opportunities Sections”:
posted, contact the staff by e-mail at labfsc@fbi.gov. Information about professional meetings and
The July 2001 issue of FSC contains four re- job opportunities in forensic science may be
search articles, guidelines for two scientific working submitted to the staff by e-mail at labfsc@fbi.gov
groups, an update of FBI forensic training, lists of for posting in FSC.
meetings and employment opportunities, and a links Manuscripts and other information relating to the
feature. Instructions for submitting manuscripts may journal may be sent to:
be viewed at http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/current/
Dr. Dwight E. Adams, Editor
instaus/htm.
Forensic Science Communications
Submissions to FSC may be in the following
Federal Bureau of Investigation
forms:
J. Edgar Hoover Building, Room 3865
• “Letter to the Editor”: A brief communication 935 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
presenting new technical information, discussing Washington, DC 20535-0001
a previously published paper, or requesting Fax: 202-324-4323
information. E-mail: labfsc@fbi.gov
• “Review Article”: A basic introduction and
overview of new scientific methods and areas of FBI Laboratory 2000
forensic research or interest. The FBI Laboratory’s report for the year 2000
• “Research Paper or Feature Article”: An in-depth highlights several laboratory initiatives and outlines a
discussion of current methods and specific vision to guide future efforts to provide the broadest
aspects of various procedures or instrumentation. range of scientific and technical services to the law
enforcement community. As with any summary,
• “Technical Article”: A step-by-step description of however, this report presents merely a glimpse of the
specific analytical procedures, detailing the mate- laboratory’s full range of capabilities and the accom-
rials and methods used and evaluating the results. plishments of its dedicated staff. The FBI Laboratory
• “Technical Note or Case Report”: A new applica- 2000 may be viewed on-line at http://www.fbi.gov/hq/
tion of an existing technique or instructive lab/labannual00.pdf.
findings in an unusual case.
Ms. Wade works as a managing editor for the Forensic
• “Book Review”: A summary and analysis of a Science Training Unit of the Laboratory Division at FBI
book or publication. Headquarters in Washingon, D.C.
December 2001 / 11
Notable Speech
Responding to Terrorism successes. An example, perhaps, would be 2 years
By FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III ago when we foiled a plot to blow up a gas tank in
Sacramento, perhaps saving as many as 12,000 lives.
December 2001 / 13
One issue that has come up is our ability to These are some initial first steps and more will
distribute to your law enforcement agencies what we follow. Some issues may need to be addressed
call the watch list. The issue was raised as to why it through legislation. As we move through this process,
could not be put into NCIC and distributed to you I only ask that you please bring any problems or issues
digitally. We now have done that. We have added that to our attention. I want to know what you’re experi-
watch list to the National Crime Information Center encing, how the FBI is treating you, and you can be
list, or NCIC. But, by the same token, we often do not assured that we will, and I will, respond.
have much more than names or aliases. As we get In the coming months, we will continue our work
confirmed photos or other information, we will add to strengthen and modernize the FBI. We had some
them to the system. changing to do before September 11, and that need
There is another point I do has only intensified since the
have to emphasize, and that is, tragedy of that date. We at the
when it comes to the electronic FBI, as well as state and local law
arena, the FBI often is far behind enforcement, clearly have got to
you and your colleagues. Overhaul-
ing our electronic infrastructure is a
major priority for us, one that we
are addressing now.
“ Together, I am
confident that we
can keep our cities
become more proactive and more
prevention oriented. We need to be
able to look down the road 5 or 10
years and gauge what is coming
Beyond these few clarifica- safe and strong and and start adapting now. We have
tions, I must say that many of the continue to make got to look closely at our skill sets
concerns that I have heard were our country a to see if they are tracking where
valid, and we are stepping forward shining example of we need to be to cope with the
to address them. I have asked the freedom for the 21st century and crime in the 21st
special agents in charge in cities world. century. We have got to rebuild our
where we do not already have a electronic infrastructure and
joint terrorism task force to get one
up and running quickly. While these
task forces are not a panacea, they do break down
stereotypes and communications barriers, more
” digitize our information systems.
And, of course, we have got to
continue building a stronger, more seamless, and more
supportive relationship with you and with law enforce-
effectively coordinate leads, and help get the right ment and with emergency responders nationwide.
resources in the right places. These are my priorities for the coming months,
In short, they are an excellent tool for melding us and I welcome any advice and insight you might have.
together in ways that make information sharing a non- I welcome and appreciate your continuing support. As
issue. I have also asked the SACs to coordinate leads difficult and as trying as these times are, I have a
with local law enforcement wherever and whenever great deal of confidence and optimism about the
possible. I have invited law enforcement leaders to future. We will get through this challenge as we’ve
identify individuals, two or more, who can work with gotten through every other. We will get through it by
us in our Strategic Command Center at FBI headquar- leaning on each other, by falling back on our bedrock
ters on the national investigation. And, I have asked values, and by tapping into the deep reservoir of
that representatives be added to our prevention task determination, strength, and courage that exists
force. I also am exploring with the leaders of law throughout America. Together, I am confident that we
enforcement the possibility of establishing a working can keep our cities safe and strong and continue to
group composed of officials from the FBI and local make our country a shining example of freedom for
law enforcement that could identify other specific the world. I thank you and bless you and the cities for
issues and find workable solutions. which you are responsible.
Controversial Issues in Policing by James issues include police pursuits, where a major
D. Sewell, Allyn & Bacon, Needham Heights, department reduced its pursuits by 82 percent
Massachusetts, 1999. after adopting a “violent felony only” pursuit
In a comprehensive and straightforward policy, and a critical review of law enforcement’s
approach, Controversial Issues in Policing paramilitary structure.
presents debates on 15 critical issues facing every Readers will find the book thought provoking,
U.S. law enforcement agency. These debates with evolution and devolution on the information in
come from professional practitioners and acade- the debates that prove appropriate to today’s law
micians, who are among the world’s most presti- enforcement society. Members of the law en-
gious, knowledgeable, and experienced contri- forcement community and other sectors of the
butors, serving in direct and associated law criminal justice system should keep an open mind
enforcement positions with different backgrounds as to what the contributing experts present
and perspectives on the issues that personnel through the debates and their rejoinders of the
encounter. issues. These readers should seize the opportunity
On presenting the issues and professional to review and use, as appropriate, the key infor-
assessments, each debate consists of an introduc- mation presented in the debates and rejoinders to
tory note by the editor followed by an initial assist in initially developing, or strengthening
debate discussion, with a “yes and no” response existing, departmental policies, procedures, and
on the issue, and two subsequent rejoinders to the practices to help in overall improvement.
previous practitioner and academician writing the Controversial Issues in Policing presents
debate response. The rejoinders are supported by “hot-button” issues that will appeal to a diverse
penetrating questions—some answered, some left audience, including most levels of the criminal
for agencies to answer—and a conclusion section justice community. Interested readers could range
on each critical debate. All of the issues contain from street officers and their ranking personnel,
key information, and many apply directly to law attorneys, legislators, and members of various
enforcement. national associations to graduate and undergradu-
The author divides the book into four main ate university programs and training curriculum
parts. The first part addresses issues of law developers at local, state, and federal law enforce-
enforcement agencies and their legal framework, ment academies. Overall, the book contains a
involving the Fourth Amendment and the Exclu- multitude of professional information on critical
sion Rule, civil and criminal forfeiture of property, issues in policing.
and a police officer bill of rights. Part two places
emphasis on police executive contracts and
whether law enforcement officers need a college Reviewed by
degree. The third part entails the issues of ethical Larry R. Moore
problems in policing, the paramilitary structure, Certified Emergency Manager
and police agencies and pursuits. The last part International Association
deals with community-oriented policing, citizen of Emergency Managers
review boards, and the media. Two prominent Knoxville, Tennessee
December 2001 / 15
Legal Digest
© Mark C. Ide
“
support, and the nature and duration
of the support.5
The MOU, as well as the opera- Law enforcement
tional deployments themselves, agencies most likely
should be guided by the legal pa- will encounter military
rameters surrounding such activi-
ties. The first step in defining such
support in counterdrug
parameters is to review the scope operations, training,
and nature of the PCA. disaster assistance,
or search and
UNDERSTANDING THE rescue missions.
POSSE COMITATUS ACT
December 2001 / 17
of the PCA, civilian leaders, work- If it is determined that the PCA military personnel is “active” or
ing in conjunction with their mili- applies to the category of military “passive.”14 An example of active
tary counterparts, should consider unit providing support to a law en- participation is a military member
certain factors. forcement agency, the next issue is assuming an undercover role or ef-
The PCA applies to— to understand the limitations on the fecting an arrest. Passive participa-
type and circumstance of the mis- tion is exemplified by the military’s
• active duty personnel in the
sion. In other words, what military conduct of area surveillance or the
Army, Air Force,7 Navy and
operations are covered or pro- providing of transportation or train-
Marines; 8
scribed by the PCA? ing. The more active the military
• armed forces reservists on members’ participation becomes,
active duty, active duty for the more likely such participation
“
training, or inactive duty for violates the PCA. The second test is
training; whether use of the armed forces
• National Guard personnel in ...National Guard pervades the activities of civilian
federal service (Title 10 personnel serve law enforcement officials. 15 In
status); and in a support other words, are the military mem-
bers expected to perform traditional
• civilian employees of the role to the law police investigative or enforcement
Department of Defense (DoD) enforcement agency. roles? If so, then the PCA may pre-
when under direct command clude such activity. The final analy-
”
and control of a military sis is whether military personnel
officer.9 subject citizens to the exercise of
The PCA does not apply to— What PCA and DoD military power that is regulatory,
• members of a military service Implementation Regulations proscriptive, or compulsory (a
when off duty and acting in a Proscribe power compulsory in nature is one
private capacity. (Members are that exerts some coercive force).16
PCA and DoD implemention For instance, if the use of the mili-
not acting in a private capacity regulations proscribe direct law en-
when assistance to law en- tary would subject civilians to mili-
forcement assistance, including— tary judicial and administrative
forcement officials is rendered
• interdiction of a vehicle, sanctions, such use probably vio-
under the direction or control
vessel, aircraft, or other similar lates the PCA.
of DoD authorities; 10)
activity;
• members of the National When the PCA Does Not Apply
• a search or seizure;
Guard when not in federal The PCA does not apply when
service; • an arrest, apprehension, stop actions further a military or foreign
• members of a reserve compo- and frisk, or similar activity; affairs function of the United
nent when not on active duty, and States. This sometimes is known as
active duty for training, or • use of military personnel for the “Military Purpose Doctrine.”
inactive duty for training; and surveillance or pursuit of The primary purpose must be to
individuals, or as undercover further the military interest. The
• members of the Coast Guard
agents, informants, investiga- civilians may receive an incidental
during peacetime.11 (Hence,
tors, or interrogators. 13 benefit. Such military purposes
the requirement for the U.S.
There are three separate tests include the following:
Navy in the performance of its
counterdrug missions to have that courts apply to determine • Investigations and other
Coast Guard law enforcement whether the use of military person- actions related to enforcement
detachments board suspect nel has violated the PCA. The first of the Uniform Code of
vessels and effect arrests. 12) test is whether the action of the Military Justice (UCMJ). 17
December 2001 / 19
• Transportation support pro- • Leadership development time to “consult the rules” before
vides transportation (aerial, supports camps, retreats, making an immediate, sometimes
maritime, or ground) of law seminars, and programs not life or death, decision.
enforcement personnel/ primarily associated with The question of whether or not
equipment, persons in law educational institutions that National Guard personnel should be
enforcement custody, seized focus on developing drug armed also is a question to be re-
property or contraband as part abuse prevention leadership solved prior to the beginning of an
of on-going, time-sensitive skills in youth and adults. operation. The adjutant general
counterdrug operations, when (TAG) of each state has the author-
security or other special cir- ity, after conducting a mission risk
“
cumstances reasonably neces- assessment, to allow support per-
sitate National Guard support. sonnel to be armed. In addition to
the military’s rules and criteria gov-
• Surface reconnaissance Law enforcement erning this decision,27 law enforce-
includes reconnoitering or personnel ment agencies must ensure that
performing area observation always should their leaders are fully briefed on the
by land or water to detect and capabilities, training, and limita-
report illegal drug activities
be present
whenever the tions of the military personnel in
that include cultivated mari- this regard. The MOU should
juana, suspected isolated drug possibility of clarify these issues both to enhance
trafficking airstrips, drug drop an enforcement interoperability and to ensure all
zones, illegal drug laborato- action may arise. personnel understand the restric-
ries, and suspicious aircraft, tions placed on the military mem-
”
watercraft or motor vehicles. bers. Plainly stated, military mem-
• Aerial reconnaissance con- bers are not to be used as extra
ducts reconnaissance/observa- muscle for raids or as primary back-
tion of airspace, maritime or It must be emphasized that Na- up for any mission. A military
surface areas (land and tional Guard personnel serve in a member’s inherent right of self-de-
internal waterways of the support role to the law enforcement fense in exigent circumstances
United States and its territo- agency. Any operational plan or should not be interpreted as provid-
ries) for illegal drug activities, MOU never should directly in- ing that same member with law en-
which include, but are not volve National Guard personnel in forcement capacity.
limited to, cultivation of traditional law enforcement duties, Active component military
marijuana or delivery of such as arrests, raids, or search and forces generally support federal
illegal drugs. seizures. law enforcement agencies, although
Because states have different the provisions of the National De-
• Educational institution de- legal standards governing the use of fense Authorization Act that pro-
mand reduction support force, it is important to incorporate vide the primary authority for DoD
supports community based the correct rules into any MOU. support to counterdrug operations
activities that focus on educa- Understanding what rules apply is also lends support to local and state
tional institutions, or otherwise critical. More important, these rules agencies. Military assets for the
have an educational institution should be incorporated into training support of counterdrug activities of
as the primary sponsor, and are regimens for the officers, agents, any federal, state, or local agency
primarily designed to educate, and military personnel actually de- are available by request, and such
train, or otherwise prevent ploying. Once involved in an opera- missions are also coordinated
drug abuse. tion, the operators will not have through DEP&S.
December 2001 / 21
great care must be exercised in the Hurricane Floyd and the Okla- only to incidents near a military in-
planning of joint military-civilian homa City bombing. The Federal stallation and when time does not
law enforcement operations to en- Emergency Management Agency permit approval from higher author-
sure that this does not occur. (FEMA) becomes the lead federal ities. In light of the ever-increasing
agency under such circumstances. advancements in communication
Disaster Assistance FEMA has established a fed- technology, such exigencies have
The president may determine eral response plan for the effective become rare occurrences.
that a natural catastrophe such as delivery of federal assistance as the The use of force during disaster
a hurricane, earthquake, flood, result of any disaster or emergency relief operations can become a sen-
drought, or fire, may warrant disas- declared under the Stafford Act. sitive issue. Disaster relief opera-
ter assistance. Under the Stafford Local and state law enforcement tions, by their very nature, generally
Act, the president may direct fed- agencies’ requests for assistance do not implicate serious force pro-
eral agencies, including the DoD, to are coordinated through a state co- tection issues. Nevertheless, it must
provide personnel, equipment, sup- ordinating officer to FEMA. FEMA, be emphasized that the active duty
plies, facilities, and technical advice or its designee, will determine how military forces rely upon federal, lo-
in support of disaster relief.34 The to fulfill the request. It is important cal, and state law enforcement or
military may be called upon under to recognize and to follow the estab- the National Guard for force protec-
three differing scenarios: 1) a lished chain of command to ensure tion. Local and state law enforce-
presidential declaration of a ment has primary responsibility
major disaster; 2) a presidential for maintaining law and order.
order to perform emergency
work essential for the preser- Search and Rescue
vation of life and property; and Operations
3) a presidential declaration of The military traditionally
an emergency. The first two has supported civilian search
scenarios may occur upon re- and rescue (SAR) activities. In
quest of the governor of an af- addition to the U.S. Coast
fected state when a disaster is Guard, U.S. Air Force and
of such severity and magnitude U.S. Army aviation assets
that it is beyond the capabilities most often provide support.
of the state and local govern- © Mark C. Ide Such support includes the
ments. Upon the request of the aerial drop of medicine, emer-
governor of Florida, this authority the manageable and timely process- gency supplies, and livestock feed;
was invoked in 1992 as the result of ing of requests for assistance. aeromedical evacuation of the sick,
the damage caused by Hurricane Obviously, there are some situ- injured, and stranded; and the trans-
Andrew. Federal assistance can ations that may require the immedi- port and guidance of rescue parties.
unilaterally be invoked by a presi- ate response of a military com- Local military commanders
dential declaration of an emer- mander. A military unit may pro- may provide SAR assistance when
gency. No state request is required. vide immediate response when immediate action is required to save
Under such circumstances, the imminently serious conditions human lives, to prevent human
president may determine that the resulting from any civil emergency suffering, or to mitigate major de-
emergency involves a subject area or attack exist that require action struction of property. This authority,
in which the United States exer- to save lives, prevent human suffer- however, is limited to the immediate
cises exclusive or predominant re- ing, or mitigate great property dam- exigency. Direct requests for SAR
sponsibility and authority. This au- age.35 This authority, however, is assistance from civilian authorities
thority was invoked in response to short-lived. Generally, it is applied should be directed to the Air Force
“
Cir. 1973); Chandler v. United States, 171 F.2d
Endnotes 921 (1 st Cir. 1948), cert. denied, 336 U.S. 918
1
18 U.S.C. § 1385. (1949); D’Aquino v. United States, 192 F.2d
2
In 1999, Congress appropriated $725 The military 338 (9 th Cir. 1951), cert. denied, 343 U.S. 935
million for Department of Defense support of (1952). (Note: both Chandler and D’Aquino
counterdrug operations. This figure rose to traditionally has involved law enforcement in an area of military
$869 million in 2001. See National Defense supported civilian occupation.) But see United States v. Kahn, 35
Appropriations Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 106- F.3d 426, 431 n. 6 (9th Cir. 1994) (In a case
259, 114 Stat. 656, 672 (2000). search and rescue involving the applicability of the PCA to Navy
3
Title 10, Chapter 15 of the United States (SAR) activities. activities in support of maritime interdiction of
Code, entitled “Insurrection,” allows the use of a drug-smuggling ship, the government
”
federal forces to restore order during time of maintained the PCA had no extraterritorial
civil disturbance. See Domestic Operational effect. While the court stated that issue had not
Law (DOPLAW) Handbook for Judge been definitively resolved, it did state that 10
Advocates, pp.52-56, Center for Law and 10
Id; see also SECNAVINST 5820.7B, U.S.C. §§ 371-381 did “impose limits on the
Military Operations, U.S. Army The Judge para. 9b(4)); Air Force Instruction 10-801. use of American armed forces abroad.”)
Advocate General’s School, Charlottesville, 11
14 U.S.C. § 2. Jackson v. Alaska, 572
22
Department of Defense Directive 5525.5.
VA, April 15, 2001. P.2d 87 (Alaska 1977).
23
DOPLAW Handbook, supra note 4 , p.
4
Counterterrorism (See Presidential 12
This requirement also is mandated by 10 31.
Decision Directive 39, U.S. Policy on U.S.C. § 379.
24
Gilbert v. United States , 165 F.3d 470,
Counterterrorism (June 21, 1995)(classified 13
Department of Defense Directive 5525.5, 473-74 (6 th Cir. 1999); United States v. Benish,
SECRET), support to U.S. Secret Service (See Encl. 4, para. A.3. 5 F.3d 20, 25-26 (3rd Cir. 1993).
U.S. Department of Defense Directive 14
United States v. Red Feather, 392 F.
25
28 U.S.C. §§ 2671-2680.
3025.13), or special events like the Oympics, Supp. 916, 921 (W.D.S.D. 1975); United States
26
National Guard Bureau Regulation 500-2,
Presidential Inaugural events, or wildfire v. Yunis, 681 F. Supp. 891, 892 (D.D.C. 1988); National Guard Counterdrug Support, para.
suppression. United States v. Rasheed , 802 F. Supp. 312 (D. 2-1e (March 31, 2000) defines “exigent
5
Too often, poorly written and incomplete Hawaii 1992). circumstances” as situations where immediate
MOUs from previous missions have made their 15
Hayes v. Hawes, 921 F.2d 100 (7th Cir. action is necessary to protect police officers,
way around the e-mail circuit. Please use 1990); United States v. Bacon, 851 F.2d 1312 National Guard personnel, or other persons
caution when using another’s MOU. (11th Cir. 1988); United States v. Hartley, 796 from death or serious injury; to prevent the loss
6
National Guard units, when not perform- F.2d 112 (5 th Cir. 1986); United States v. or destruction of evidence; or to prevent the
ing a Title 10 (Federal) mission, are under the Hartley, 678 F.2d 961, 978 (11th Cir. 1982), escape of a suspect already in custody.
control of the individual states and the cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1170 (1983); United
27
Id, para. 3-6, sets forth the training
governors. This is commonly referred to as States v. Hitchcock, 103 F. Supp. 1226 and other regulatory requirements applicable
Title 32 status. (D.Hawaii 1996).s to armed National Guard members on
7
Most courts interpreting the Posse 16
United States v. Kahn , 35 F.3d 426 (9th counterdrug missions.
Comitatus Act have refused to extend its Cir. 1994); United States v. Casper, 541 F.2d
28
This authority, while not specifically
terms to the Navy and Marine Corps. See 1274 (8 th Cir. 1976), cert. denied, 30 U.S. 970 codified, can be found in Section 1004 of the
December 2001 / 23
National Defense Authorization Act in all 32
10 U.S.C. § 373. 34
42 U.S.C. §§ 5121-5202 (2000).
years from 1991 to 2002. See also 10 33
Executive Order (EO) 12333, United 35
United States Department of Defense
U.S.C.A. § 374. States Intelligence Activities (December 4, Directive 3025.1, Military Support to Civil
29
Memorandum, Deputy Secretary of 1981); Department of Defense Directive Authorities, para. 4.5 (January 15, 1993).
Defense, DoD Training Support to U.S. Civilian 5240.1R, Procedures Governing the Activites of
Law Enforcement Agencies, (June 29, 1996). Dod Intelligence Components That Affect
30
The U.S. Army Military Police School United States Persons (December, 1982). This article provides a general overview
of the important law surrounding law
is authorized to continue training civilian law NOTE: These proscriptions do not apply when
enforcement’s interaction with the military.
enforcement personnel in the Counterdrug the military is performing authorized direct law It is not intended to be a legal authority or
Special Reaction Team Course, the Counter- enforcement activities in support of civil reference for law enforcement managers,
drug Tactical Police Operations Course, and the disturbances. See U.S. Department of Defense but rather a review that encourages
Counterdrug Marksman/Observer Course. On Directive 5200.27, Acquisition of Information responsible synergy between civilian law
an exceptional basis, the Commander-in-Chief, Concerning Persons and Organizations Not enforcement agencies and the military.
U.S. Special Operations Command may Affiliated With the Department of Defense Finally, law enforcement managers should
approve such training by special operations (January 7,1980) and U.S. Department of always consult with their legal advisors
prior to implementing an MOU or any
forces. Id. Defense Civil Disturbance Plan (Garden Plot)
operation with the military.
31
10 U.S.C. § 4309. (February 15, 1991).
Subscribe Now
December 2001 / 25
“Indian Tribal Sovereignty: Jerry Stewart, September,
Criminal Jurisdiction and p. 14.
Procedure,” June, p. 24. “Rural and Suburban Police
“Kyllo v. United States: Technol- Leadership: Targeting External
ogy Versus Individual Pri- Funding,” Thomas E. Baker,
vacy,” Thomas D. Colbridge, Loreen Wolfer, and Ralph
October, p. 25. Zezza, November, p. 1.
“Law Enforcement Physical “A Systems Approach to Organi-
Fitness Standards and Title zational Transformation,”
VII,” May, p. 26. Brian A. Ursino, October,
“Military Support of Domestic p. 12.
Law Enforcement Operations: “The Work Itself as a Motiva-
Working Within Posse Comi- tor,” John L. White, February,
tatus,” David G. Bolgiano, p. 7.
December, p. 16.
MEDIA RELATIONS
“Miranda Revisited: Dickerson
v. United States,” Thomas D. “Media Trends and the Public
Petrowski, August, p. 25. Information Officer,” Dennis
“Investigating Potential Child Staszak, March, p. 10.
“The Sixth Amendment Right to
Abduction Cases: A Develop- Counsel: Application and
mental Perspective,” Wayne OPERATIONS
Limitations,” Kimberly A.
D. Lord, Monique C. Crawford, July, p. 27. “The Albuquerque Police
Boudreaux, and Kenneth V. Department’s Crisis Interven-
Lanning, April, p. 1. “The Role of Race in Law tion Team: A Report Card,”
Enforcement: Racial Profiling Deborah L. Bower and W.
JUVENILE VIOLENCE or Legitimate Use?” Richard Gene Pettit, February, p. 1.
G. Schott, November, p. 24.
“Addressing School Violence:
Prevention, Planning, and “Using Drug Detection Dogs:
Practice,” Francis Q. Hoang, An Update,” Jayme S. Walker,
August, p. 18. April, p. 25.
“Scholastic Crime Stoppers: A
MANAGEMENT
Cost-Benefit Perspective,”
Giant Abutalebi Aryani, Carl “The Four Elements of Self-
L. Alsabrook, and Terry D. policing: Addressing Institu-
Garrett, September, p. 1. tional Integrity Through the
Internal Disciplinary Process,”
“The School Shooter: One Com-
John H. Conditt, Jr., Novem-
munity’s Experience,” William
ber, p. 18.
P. Heck, September, p. 9.
“Major Case Management: Key
LEGAL ISSUES Components,” Brian P.
“The Americans with Disabili- Carroll, June, p. 1.
ties Act: A Practical Guide for “Organizational Development in
Police Departments,” Thomas a Law Enforcement Environ-
D. Colbridge, January, p. 23. ment,” Barbara French and
December 2001 / 27
2001 Author Index
A A Cost-Benefit Perspective,”
Adams, Susan H., Special Agent, September, p. 1.
FBI Academy, Quantico, Ashcroft, John, U.S. Attorney
Virginia, “Subtle Skills for General, Washington, D.C.,
Building Rapport: Using “A Call to Duty in the New
Neuro-Linguistic Program- American Century,” October,
ming in the Interview Room,” p. 9.
August, p. 1.
Allender, David M., Lieutenant, B
Indianapolis, Indiana, Police Baker, Thomas E., Associate
Department, “Gangs in Middle Professor, University of
America: Are They a Threat?,” Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylva-
December, p. 1; and “Safe nia, “Rural and Suburban
Streets Task Force: Coopera- Police Leadership: Targeting
tion Gets Results,” March, External Funding,” November,
p. 1. p. 1.
Alsabrook, Carl L., Sergeant, Berkow, Michael, Chief, South
Rockwall, Texas, Police De- Pasadena, California, Police
partment, “Scholastic Crime Department, “Asian-on-Asian
Stoppers: A Cost-Benefit Brooks, Michael E., Special
Kidnapping: Understanding
Perspective,” September, p. 1. Agent, FBI Academy,
Cultural Influences,” March,
Quantico, Virginia, “Law
Aryani, Giant Abutalebi, p. 22.
Enforcement Physical Fitness
Vibhooti Shukla Fellow, Bolgiano, David G., Senior Standards and Title VII,”
University of Texas, Dallas, Attorney, DEA, Quantico, May, p. 26.
“Scholastic Crime Stoppers: Virginia, “Military Support of
Domestic Law Enforcement Bulzomi, Michael J., Special
Operations: Working Within Agent, FBI Academy, Quan-
Posse Commitatus,” Decem- tico, Virginia, “Indian Tribal
ber, p. 16. Sovereignty,” June, p. 24.
Boudreaux, Monique C., Post- Burke, Timothy T., Special
doctoral Fellow, University Agent, FBI Academy,
of California, Los Angeles, Quantico, Virginia, “Docu-
“Investigating Potential Child menting and Reporting a
Abduction Cases: A Develop- Confession with a Signed
mental Perspective,” April, Statement: A Guide for Law
p. 1. Enforcement,” February,
p. 17.
Bower, Deborah L., Data
Analyst, Albuquerque, New Burke, Tod W., Associate Pro-
Mexico, Police Department, fessor, Radford University,
“The Albuquerque Police Radford, Virginia, “Project
Department’s Crisis Interven- Exile: Combating Gun Vio-
tion Team: A Report Card,” lence in America,” October,
February, p. 1. p. 2.
December 2001 / 29
Police Academy, “Addressing Quantico, Virginia, “Investigat-
School Violence: Prevention, ing Potential Child Abduction
Planning, and Practice,” Cases: A Developmental
August, p. 18. Perspective,” April, p. 1.
Huguley, Mark, Major, South Lord, Wayne D., Critical Incident
Carolina Law Enforcement Response Group, FBI Academy,
Division, Columbia, “Wanted Quantico, Virginia, “Investigat-
and Arrested Person Records,” ing Potential Child Abduction
September, p. 20. Cases: A Developmental
Perspective,” April, p. 1.
Hulsey, Floyd S., Director,
Human Resources Division, M
Polk County, Florida, Sheriff’s
Office, “Fast Track Applica- McCormack, William, Special
tion Process Speeds Hiring,” Agent, FBI Academy, Quantico,
June, p. 5. Virginia, “Law Enforcement
and the Holocaust,” November,
J p. 8.
Johnson, Richard R., Kane McFeely, Richard A., Special
Gorman, Jennifer A., Law Clerk, County, Illinois, State’s Agent, FBI, Washington, D.C.,
U.S. Department of Justice, Attorney Office and “Enterprise Theory of Investiga-
Washington, D.C., “The Waubonsee Community tion,” May, p. 19.
International Sharing Program: College, Sugar Grove, Illinois, Moffett, Tommy, Chief, Biloxi,
Fostering International Coop- “The Psychological Influence Mississippi, Police Depart-
eration,” February, p. 27. of the Police Uniform,” ment, “When Casino Gambling
March, p. 27. Comes to Your Hometown:
H The Biloxi Experience,”
K January, p. 12.
Hanwell, Dennis, Chief, Medina,
Ohio, Police Department, Kash, Douglas A., Senior
“International Community Attorney, DEA, Arlington,
Policing Partnership,” January, Virginia, “The International
p. 19. Sharing Program: Fostering
International Cooperation,”
Hartman, Victor E., Special February, p. 27.
Agent, FBI, Houston, Texas,
“Implementing an Asset Kennedy, Ralph C., Deputy
Forfeiture Program,” January, Director, Veterans Affairs Law
p. 1 Enforcement Training Center,
North Little Rock, Arkansas,
Heck, William P., Associate “Veterans Affairs Police and
Professor, Northeastern State Security Service: Safeguarding
University, Tahlequah, Okla- America’s Military Heritage,”
homa, “The School Shooter: June, p. 18.
One Community’s Experi-
ence,” September, p. 9. L
Hoang, Francis Q., Advisor, Lanning, Kenneth V., retired
Rockland County, New York, Special Agent, FBI Academy,
December 2001 / 31
Schroeder, William R., President, Stewart-Brown, Recheal, Clini-
private law enforcement cal Social Worker, San Diego,
consultant firm, Woodbridge, California, “Community
Virginia, “Money Laundering: Mobilization: The Foundation
A Global Threat and the for Community Policing,”
International Community’s June, p. 9.
Response,” May, p. 1.
Siegle, Derek, Program Man- U
ager, U.S. Department of Ursino, Brian A., Captain,
Justice, “The Public Safety Washington State Patrol,
Wireless Network (PSWN) Olympia, “A Systems Ap-
Program: A Brief Introduc- proach to Organizational
tion,” May, p. 10. Transformation,” October,
Staszak, Dennis, Special Agent, p. 12.
FBI Academy, Quantico,
Virginia, “Media Trends and V
the Public Information Of- Vest, Gary, Chief, Powell, Ohio,
ficer,” March, p. 10. Police Department, “Closing
Stewart, Jerry, Assistant Direc- the Recruitment Gap: A
tor, Florida Department of Symposium’s Findings,” Winright, Tobias, Professor,
Insurance, Treasury, and Fire November, p. 13. Simpson College, Indianola,
Marshal, “Organizational Iowa, “Bowling Alone but Not
Development in a Law En- W Patrolling Alone,” April,
forcement Environment,” p. 11.
Wade, Colleen, Managing
September, p. 14. Editor, FBI, Washington, D.C., Wolfer, Loren, Assistant Profes-
“FBI Laboratory Publica- sor, University of Scranton,
tions,” December, p. 10. Scranton, Pennsylvania,
Wade, Donna J., Freelance “Rural and Suburban Police
Writer, Los Angeles, Califor- Leadership: Targeting External
nia, “Line-of-Duty Police Funding,” November, p. 1.
Death Notifications: Planning
for the Unthinkable,” April, Z
p. 13. Zezza, Ralph, Chief, West
Walker, Jayme S., Chief, Legal Pittston, Pennsylvania, Police
Instruction Section, DEA, Department, “Rural and
Quantico, Virginia, “Using Suburban Police Leadership:
Drug Detection Dogs: An Targeting External Funding,”
Update,” April, p. 25. November, p. 1.
White John L., retired Assistant
Chief, Pulaski, Tennessee,
Police Department, “The Work
Itself as a Motivator,” Febru-
ary, p. 7.
Law enforcement officers are challenged daily in the performance of their duties; they face each
challenge freely and unselfishly while answering the call to duty. In certain instances, their actions
warrant special attention from their respective departments. The Bulletin also wants to recognize
their exemplary service to the law enforcement profession.
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
Patch Call
The Nebraska City, Nebraska, Police Depart- The patch of the Jacksonville, North Carolina,
ment’s patch depicts Arbor Lodge, the home of J. Police Department features the original city hall and
Sterling Morton, who founded Arbor Day, which police department law enforcement complex. The
is the celebration of tree planting. Arbor Day is globe and anchor of the U.S. Marine Corps is promi-
observed on the last Friday in April. While most nently displayed on the patch and reflects the close
holidays honor the past, Arbor Day proposes for relationship with Camp Lejeune, the world’s largest
the future. amphibious base and home of the 2nd Marine
Division.