Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Volume 74
Number 5
United States
Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, DC 20535-0001
11
Coordinated Terrorist Attacks For emergency responders, coordinated
The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin By Brian K. Houghton attacks bring not only greater danger to
(ISSN-0014-5688) is published the public they serve but also the
monthly by the Federal Bureau of and Jonathan M. Schachter potential that responders themselves
Investigation, 935 Pennsylvania
Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. may be targeted.
20535-0001. Periodicals postage paid
at Washington, D.C., and additional
27
Physical Fitness By addressing several important issues,
mailing offices. Postmaster: Send
address changes to Editor, FBI Law By Daniel E. Shell department leaders can properly plan an
Enforcement Bulletin, FBI Academy, effective physical fitness program for
Madison Building, Room 201, their officers.
Quantico, VA 22135.
Editor
John E. Ott
Associate Editors
Cynthia L. Lewis
Departments
David W. MacWha
Bunny S. Morris
Art Director
Denise Bennett Smith
7 Focus on Community 20 Police Practice
Assistant Art Director
Policing Productivity Analysis for
Stephanie L. Lowe Community Partnerships Basic Police Patrol Activities
This publication is produced by
members of the Law Enforcement
17 The Bulletin Honors 25 ViCAP Alert
Communication Unit, Training and Unidentified Homicide Victim
Development Division. 18 Bulletin Reports
Internet Address
School Safety 26 Book Review
leb@fbiacademy.edu Drugs Common Sense
Victims Police Supervision
Cover Photos
© Kurt Crawford Training
Send article submissions to Editor,
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin,
FBI Academy, Madison Building,
Room 201, Quantico, VA 22135.
W
© Kurt Crawford
May 2005 / 1
FBI has offered one for the past Academy with FBI agent train- • within a certain height-
70 years, which began small but ees, in-service students, and weight standard;
developed into a highly re- academy faculty and staff.1 In • mentally and physically
garded management training addition, the DEA houses its capable of performance;
tool. academy nearby and uses many
of the same amenities. As with • at least the rank of lieutenant
OVERVIEW other institutions of higher (or equivalent); and
OF PROGRAM learning, the NA lodges stu- • willing to remain in the field
Director J. Edgar Hoover dents in dormitory rooms and of law enforcement for at
started the FBI National Acad- provides them with a wide array least 3 additional years.
emy to increase the profession- of services, including a dining For heads of agencies, their
alism and training of local law hall, library, pool, television governing bodies or officials
enforcement officers nationwide rooms, computer labs, and must nominate them. A city
in response to growing prob- shopping areas. council member, mayor, or city
lems faced throughout the manager would select a chief of
country. Founded on July 29, Selection Process police, whereas a county com-
1935, with 23 students in How do law enforcement missioner or similarly appointed
attendance, the National Acad- officers get selected to attend official would choose a sheriff.
emy (NA) currently provides a the NA? First, they must be— Next, agencies obtain offi-
wide range of leadership and • nominated by the heads of cial applications from their local
specialized training, as well as their agencies; FBI offices. Nominees must
an opportunity for professionals complete the extensive forms
to discuss ideas, techniques, and • at least 25 years of age;
and have them signed by their
experiences. • duly sworn officers in chief executives. Then, they
Officers attending the NA federal, state, or local law return them to the FBI, which
share the facilities of the FBI enforcement agencies; checks the applications for com-
pleteness and places the candi-
dates’ names on a waiting list.
When openings occur, the
“
FBI informs applicants of their
selection to attend the academy,
Many effective pending results of a thorough
continuing education background investigation and
programs exist for physical examination to deter-
mine their ability to perform
members of the law strenuous physical activity.
enforcement Upon completion of these two
community.
”
phases, the NA schedules the
candidates for an upcoming
session. The entire process
Captain Lane serves with the Kansas State
can take as much as a year to
University Police Department in Manhattan. complete.
May 2005 / 3
alumni continue to provide agree with the immediate of attending the NA. However,
localized training and, once a answer of improving law networking—the ability to reach
year, host a national conference. enforcement standards, knowl- out and contact officers from
Members exert considerable edge, and cooperation through- different departments through-
professional influence as lead- out the world, the author de- out the world—ranked the high-
ers in organizations, such as the cided to ask his fellow est. Time away from homes,
International Association of graduates what they specifically families, and the rigors of work
Chiefs of Police, the National considered as the major per- and daily life also represented
Sheriff’s Association, the sonal and departmental benefits important parts of the experi-
National Organization of Black of participating in the program.3 ences of many graduates. They
Law Enforcement Officers, the For him, networking repre- formed friendships, found new
International Association of sented the greatest personal ideas for work, changed their
Women in Policing, and the benefit. After all, as public lifestyles and attitudes, ad-
National Association of State servants, officers may strive to vanced their careers, and im-
Directors of Law Enforcement. perform their duties better or proved their academic stand-
One of every five active-duty provide superior service, but ings. Many, subjected to diverse
graduates now heads a law they do not compete for a cultures different from their
enforcement agency, and most market of customers. Therefore, own, came away with a better
alumni participate in the train- they share their ideas freely and understanding of the challenges
ing-oriented organization. look to others for new ones. facing all members of the law
enforcement profession, regard-
ATTENDANCE BENEFITS Personal Benefits less of their jurisdictions.
What are the personal and The author received a di-
professional benefits of attend- verse range of responses to the Networking
ing the NA? While most would question of personal benefits Aligning themselves with
other professionals throughout
the world who share the same
profession proved an immense
benefit. As one graduate ex-
plained, “From an administra-
tive perspective, the value in
sending other command officers
to the academy is to broaden
their understanding of law
enforcement from a national
point of view to make them
realize that most of the prob-
lems they face have been faced
by others who probably came
up with some sort of good way
to address it.” For example, if
a department is considering
© Brian Boetig implementing a new procedure
May 2005 / 5
agency, a call to a fellow gradu- Even their families know and diverse solutions to common
ate in that or a nearby depart- respect this request. For many problems. Or, perhaps, they
ment made the difference. alumni, the NA constituted the want to enhance their résumés.
Knowing officers from different one time in their professional No matter the reasons, both
countries or agencies or those lives when they truly left the the departments and the officers
with specific abilities often work behind and concentrated will reap benefits that may
proved helpful as well. on learning. occur immediately or not come
to fruition until years later. By
Return Investment CONCLUSION continuing to enhance their
Many NA graduates com- The FBI National Academy knowledge, skills, and abilities,
mented on the benefits their offers advanced training in law enforcement officers and
agencies received from the senior law enforcement man- their agencies can improve
training they brought back. One agement. Departments send service to their communities
said, “I know that my staff will their officers for a variety of and remain a bulwark against
have the benefit of police reasons. Perhaps, they seek an the increasing threat to the
management education that is safety and security of this
unequaled and doesn’t cost the country.
“
city much money.” Another
remarked, “Staff officers return Endnotes
with a new enthusiasm for their One graduate 1
For additional information on the FBI
career, are dedicated to a life of indicated that after Academy, see Julie R. Linkins, “FBI
physical fitness, and have many Academy: 25 Years of Law Enforcement
new tools in their tool boxes.”
attending the NA, his Leadership,” FBI Law Enforcement
He added that graduates become personal goal of Bulletin, May 1997, 1-12.
role models for younger em- completing college 2
For additional information on the FBI
became key to him. Fitness Challenge, see Patti Ebling,
ployees and more aware of the “Physical Fitness in Law Enforcement:
“big picture” of law enforce- Follow the Yellow Brick Road,” FBI Law
”
ment worldwide. Enforcement Bulletin, October 2002, 1-5.
3
The author, a graduate of the 212th
Focus on Training Session of the FBI National Academy,
queried his fellow NA graduates via e-mail
“It is probably the only time outlet for networking with other and received numerous responses. He
that law enforcement agencies agencies. Maybe, they want to included some in this article to illustrate
can send managers away for reward officers for years of how the majority of respondents answered
training and let them have time excellent service. Or, possibly, his questions about the benefits of
to focus solely on training,” said their personnel need enhanced attending the NA.
one graduate. This statement training provided only by the
revealed a unique aspect of the academy that they could bring The author gratefully acknowledges
the help that his fellow graduates of
program, which stresses to back and share with others. the FBI National Academy gave him in
sponsoring agencies that attend- Officers go to the academy the preparation of this article. In
ing officers must remain free with their own expectations of particular, he thanks Lance Burris,
of responsibilities while at the what it will do for them. Maybe, Jeffery Butters, Don Raley, Dick
academy so they can immerse they hope to become better- Schurman, John Summers, Ronald
Thrasher, and Bill Wilmot.
themselves in their studies. equipped managers and learn
D
doned cars, and graffiti, can prevent the spread of
gang violence, drug abuse, and other criminal con-
uring the past decade, crime has decreased duct. Macomb applied the broken windows con-
in urban areas, but, subsequently, some cept in a rural environment by forming community
rural communities have experienced an increase partnerships that result in a continuous focus on
because offenders have been forced away from quality-of-life issues.
large cities.1 This trend threatens the quality of life
in many suburban and rural areas. Therefore, a The Approach
growing number of townships are taking a proac- In early 1994, Macomb formed a Crime and
tive posture against this movement by focusing on Quality of Life Advisory Committee, changing the
community-based crime prevention programs, name in 1996 to Community Quality of Life
which unite communities in the fight to thwart the Committee and expanding the purview to include
spread of crime. all of McDonough County. The committee seeks
“to support efforts that contribute to the excellence
The Challenge of our community and to monitor and give advice
McDonough County, Illinois, is in the western regarding maintaining and enhancing community
part of the state with a population of approximately quality of life, including the prevention and
40,000 and includes Macomb, a university town reduction of crimes that adversely impact our
of 20,000 residents plus 12,000 college students. neighborhoods.”3
May 2005 / 7
Community Wellness Indicators (a member of the committee) and graduate
assistants from the local university’s de-
• Population size, density, age, ethnicity, partment of law enforcement and justice
and education administration analyzed 26 years of crime
• Single parent families trends in Macomb and McDonough
• Births by mothers under 18 years of age County, comparing them with eight con-
tiguous counties and totals for the state
• Poverty, welfare, unemployment, and rental of Illinois. They selected “community
and unoccupied property rates wellness” indicators (e.g., poverty and
• Per capita income welfare rates, per capita income, single
• Retail and wholesale sales parent families, births by mothers under
18 years of age, truancy violations, and
• Property tax assessment
emergency room admissions) from their
• Tax revenues research.
• Ratio of police officers and firefighters The committee meets at least four
per 1,000 residents times a year, and members review these
• Index crimes indicators. Then, they publish a commu-
nity “report card” or “wellness report.”
• Arrest index Any indication that the community is ad-
• Traffic accidents versely affected requires recommenda-
• Emergency room admissions tions for combating the negative factors
before they become substantial problems.
• Calls for emergency services As a result of the crime trend analysis,
• Reports of school confrontation and truancy committee members noted early signs of
substance abuse and gang involvement in
the crime trends. As a result, the commit-
tee formed a youth task force that meets
monthly. The task force determines the
The committee recruited concerned citizens extent of the problem, confirms what is being done
who have a responsibility for quality of life and about the issue, recognizes any unnecessary dupli-
criminal justice academicians from the local uni- cation of services, decides the need for additional
versity, as well as other community leaders. Sev- action and what it should be, and recommends
eral committee members, such as the fire chief, steps that advisory committee members should
sheriff, mayor, school superintendent, executive take.
director of the housing authority, and the local state The school superintendent and a local religious
senator, were selected because their positions have leader oversee the youth task force. Several of the
the responsibility and authority to provide a pros- advisory committee members, such as the police
pering neighborhood. chief and director of the housing authority, serve
The major responsibility of the advisory com- on the task force as well. Additionally, persons
mittee involves developing a method for measur- who deal daily with youth problems comprise part
ing the quality of life in the community, setting a of the task force, along with an individual from the
baseline, and monitoring its status. To complete university who is an expert in substance abuse
this task, a criminal justice research specialist problems.
“
information available to practi- tions have been honored for their
tioners who deal with young contributions to local quality of
people in trouble. Members en- This program, life.
couraged police officers to divert implemented
underage offenders to these throughout the Conclusion
community activities, rather than police department, As crime, particularly drug
counseling and releasing them. has proven use and gang violence, seeps
Additionally, when rental successful. into smaller communities, some
property inhabited by students townships are implementing
around the local university began
to deteriorate, the task force rec-
ommended an adopt-a-street
” procedures to deter its spreading.
The crime prevention and qual-
ity-of-life effort in McDonough
program, which made various university student County, Illinois, seeks to prevent this ever-increas-
organizations responsible for preserving quality of ing threat. An advisory committee oversees the
life in their own neighborhoods. This program, program and promotes cooperation and coordina-
implemented throughout the police department, tion among the various entities that have a respon-
has proven successful. sibility for ensuring a flourishing community.
The committee established and continually
Recognition Days monitors community wellness indicators. When
The advisory committee recommended spot- these indicators disclose the beginning signs of
lighting people who and activities that enhance activities that adversely will impact quality of life,
well-maintained communities. This evolved into a committee members create task forces to recom-
yearly event held each September and includes mend remedies. Then, these solutions are imple-
exhibits and demonstrations by most county public mented through the committee and aim to prevent
safety agencies. Local schools bring students to the community infections before they become serious.
event where thousands of community members When this project began in the early 1990s,
meet police, fire, emergency, and rescue officers. crime had begun its downward trend across the
Community members have the opportunity to country.4 However, in Macomb, Illinois, as in
May 2005 / 9
2
many smaller communities, crime was on the rise. For more information on this topic, see Frank Perry,
After the implementation of this program, crime “Repairing Broken Windows: Preventing Corruption Within Our
Ranks,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, February 2001, 23-26;
has decreased and quality of life has become a and J.Q. Wilson and G. Kelling, “The Police and Neighborhood
hallmark of the community. Safety: Broken Windows,” The Atlantic Monthly, March 1982,
Anyone involved in resolving social problems 29-38.
3
realizes that no perfect solutions exist. However, The mission statement is restated in the minutes of the first
insightful, preventative activities can inhibit and Crime and Quality of Life Advisory Committee (CQLAC)
meeting each year. These minutes are kept by the current CQLAC
even preclude many adverse conditions that result chair, Mr. Bill Jacob, Executive Director, McDonough County
in the deterioration of community quality of life Housing Authority, 322 West Piper Street, Macomb, Illionois
and the increase of crime. The approach taken by 61455.
4
McDonough County may serve as a useful model U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation,
to other localities working to prevent crime and Crime in the United States, 1992 (Washington, DC, 1993).
preserve a nurturing community.
Endnotes Dr. Cronkhite, a former police practitioner, is a law enforce-
1
Dr. Michael Hazlett, Western Illinois University, Department ment and justice administration professor, commentator,
of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, “Community and consultant at Western Illinois University in Macomb.
Quality of Life 1993-1994,” Community Wellness Factor Report.
The Bulletin’s
E-mail Address
© Digital Vision
W
© Mark C. Ide
ith elections only a personnel respond, but, as they even more people. The emer-
few days away, the mobilize, four more bombs gency response community now
terrorism threat level explode in another train arriving faces mass fatalities and seem-
is at high, and law enforcement at the same station, instantly ingly countless injuries at three
personnel are on the lookout for doubling the number of people separate sites. Though this
suspicious behavior that may dead and wounded. Soon, scenario sounds like the subject
indicate an imminent terrorist another bomb goes off inside a of novels and Hollywood
attack. As the morning com- train a few miles away, requir- thrillers, it actually took place
mute gets underway, three ing public safety personnel and on March 11, 2004, in Madrid,
bombs explode on a commuter resources there as well. The Spain.1 This type of incident,
train at a downtown station, nightmare reaches its peak 5 like many similar ones in recent
killing and injuring those in the minutes later as two more years, has important implica-
path of the blast wave and bombs blow apart a commuter tions for the ways in which
shrapnel. Law enforcement train at still another downtown local responders prepare for
officers and emergency medical location, killing and injuring terrorist attacks of all kinds.
May 2005 / 11
DEFINITIONS the same time. This combina- scene might exist, but, taken
AND TRENDS tion of perceived and actual together, they constitute a single
Coordinated terrorist as- destructive power and resultant attack, with repercussions
saults include elements that credibility makes such attacks greater than those of the indi-
occur simultaneously or nearly and the organizations that vidual-component category.
so and are conducted by a single perpetrate them more “news- With this in mind, understand-
terrorist organization or jointly worthy,” allowing such groups ing how terrorists use coordi-
by sympathetic groups. Histori- to gain public attention, one of nated assaults can assist local
cally, however, the vast major- the main goals of all terrorist emergency responders in better
ity of hazardous device-based campaigns. planning, training, and organiz-
terrorist attacks have not fit this ing to respond to such incidents.
description, but have been
“
“simple” in design, featuring Parallel Devices
only one component, such as a Parallel devices allow
single, placed bomb or a suicide The potential for terrorists to inflict greater
bomber. Nevertheless, in recent coordinated attacks damage in any one incident site
years, the number of coordi- means that local without having to construct or
nated assaults has increased, responders must have transport a single, larger one
especially among the terrorist the capability to required to create similar
groups of greatest concern to respond to multiple results. In other words, rather
the United States. Moreover, than relying on one large bomb,
since 1983, half of the 14
incidents at multiple terrorists can use two or more
terrorist incidents with 100 or locations. smaller, yet equally lethal, ones.
”
more fatalities were coordinated The reasonable assumption that
ones.2 smaller devices are less vulner-
A mix of interrelated rea- able to detection raises the
sons makes coordinated attacks Overall, coordinated terror- likelihood of the attack’s exe-
appealing to terrorist groups. ist incidents fall into three main cution. Moreover, regardless of
Such incidents have the poten- categories: 1) parallel device the size of the bomb, even if
tial to cause greater damage attacks, where participants use one or more of the perpetrators
than simple operations in terms more than one device simulta- is intercepted, others still may
of the lives, property, and neously or almost simulta- manage to complete their
geographic areas affected, neously in the same location; missions. Thus, parallel devices
as well as the psychological 2) secondary attacks, where the provide terrorists with greater
impact. The increased destruc- initial assault is followed by one assurance that they will execute
tion lends credibility to the or more additional attacks in the at least part of their planned
terrorist organization as it same location, typically target- attack.
reflects an ability to plan and ing responders; and 3) multiple The use of parallel devices
execute sophisticated opera- dispersed attacks, where groups also allows terrorists to create
tions, implies a multiplicity of stage simultaneous or near- multiple focus points at the
personnel and supporters, and simultaneous ones at different incident site, thereby expanding
creates the impression that the locations. Depending on the the overall perimeter affected by
group can cover many areas at type, more than one incident the attack. With this expansion
May 2005 / 13
increase in fear due to the per- Al-Qaeda’s capability undoubt- IRA executed a number of
ception of responders being edly earned the group political dispersed assaults, including the
overwhelmed. capital both in terms of being firebombing of two department
The scope of the spread in taken seriously by the inter- stores, the hijacking and bomb-
dispersed attacks determines national community and for re- ing of a pair of taxis in London,
their impact on local responding cruitment purposes around the and the placing of bombs in
agencies. Thus, for example, the world. trash cans a block apart to target
crash of hijacked United Flight Al Qaeda and the groups it those fleeing the first blast.10
93 near Shanksville, Pennsyl- has inspired continue to rely on The March 20, 1995, Aum
vania, on September 11, 2001, dispersed attacks, as evidenced Shinrikyo sarin gas attack on
taxed the responders in that and in the May 2003 incidents in the Tokyo subway, which killed
neighboring communities, but Morocco and Saudi Arabia.8 12 and injured more than 1,000,
did not pull local responders These were at once dispersed also comprised multiple dis-
from New York City, where across and within countries. persed incidents.11 The attackers
they were needed to respond to released gas via crude dispersal
“
the attacks on the World Trade mechanisms simultaneously on
Center.7 If planes were forced five different subway cars on
down in two locations on three separate lines.
opposite sides of the same city, Dispersed attacks, Hoaxes also can cause fear
however, that city would have like the other two and panic in a population, and
to divide its resources or rely types of coordinated terrorists have used simulta-
more heavily on mutual aid. assaults, seek to neous multiple dispersed hoaxes
Attacks carried out across expand the extent to create trouble for emergency
jurisdictions or operational and spread of responders. In January 2004,
areas (or even across countries) damage and fear. terrorists contacted law enforce-
create more political-strategic ment personnel in Belfast,
than local-tactical dispersion Northern Ireland, indicating that
”
effects. The multiplicity of al- they had placed multiple car
Qaeda’s assaults on the U.S. bombs around the city.12 The
embassies in Kenya and Tan- The incidents in these two subsequent response to the calls
zania in August 1998 (across countries were dispersed in strained the responder commu-
countries) and of the ones of each—five simultaneous as- nity and locked down traffic
September 2001 (across states), saults in Casablanca and three throughout the city. Given the
for example, demonstrated to simultaneous ones in Riyadh. credible threat, local law en-
the world that al Qaeda could Other terrorist groups have forcement agencies had no
plan and execute highly lethal, carried out multiple dispersed choice but to respond.
near-simultaneous operations, attacks. The Hizbullah bomb-
hundreds of miles apart, against ings of the U.S. Marine barracks SIMILARITIES
the world’s most powerful and French military headquar- Probably due to ease of
country. In both of these cases, ters on October 23, 1983, killed planning and manufacture, the
the group had multiple tactical 241 and 58, respectively.9 individual-component portions
targets but only one strategic Almost a decade later, in the within coordinated incidents
target—the United States. spring of 1993, the Provisional have tended to be of the same
May 2005 / 15
together for coordinated attack crucial steps at the scene to help assaults bring both added
scenarios. deter or prevent secondary lethality and “newsworthiness.”
With this in mind, local attacks. These include establish- Al Qaeda is not the only terror-
agencies should add coordinat- ing a secure perimeter far ist group attacking in this
ed attack response “playbooks” enough from the locus of the manner. Terrorists around the
to their emergency operations first assault to allow responders world are learning from each
plans. Alternatively, they could to do their jobs safely; sweeping other’s successes and adopting
include coordinated attack for secondary devices; and and refining this tactic. For
scenarios in other existing monitoring, photographing, and emergency responders, coordi-
playbooks for similar situations. interviewing bystanders, among nated attacks bring not only
Agencies should rigorously whom might be eyewitnesses greater danger to the public they
practice the new procedures and terrorist spotters. Of impor- serve but also the potential that
so responders at all levels tance, force protection, while responders themselves may be
become thoroughly familiar essentially a law enforcement targeted. To mitigate the effects
with them. of such incidents, law enforce-
Coordinated attack response ment agencies and other local
“
planning and training should responders must incorporate
address command-level issues coordinated attack scenarios
as well. Emergency response Agencies should into their planning, training,
agencies should consider such rigorously practice the and deployment.
questions as whether to desig- new procedures so
nate single or multiple incident responders at all levels Endnotes
1
commanders at the dispersed become thoroughly Lawrence Wright, “The Terror Web,”
locations and how best to allo- The New Yorker, August 2, 2004; retrieved
cate and coordinate limited
familiar with them. on August 5, 2004, from http://
www.newyorker.com.
”
resources among multiple attack 2
Pre-2001 data from Chris Quillen,
sites. “Mass Casualty Bombings Chronology,”
Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25
Protect the Force function, cannot be properly (2002): 293-302.
3
It is difficult to know in Serge Schmemann, “Bombings in
executed without the coopera- Jerusalem: The Overview,” New York
advance whether secondary tion of and coordination with Times, September 7, 1997, sec. A1; and
attacks will occur. An attack fire and rescue, emergency MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base;
followed by a secondary one medical, and other responding retrieved on August 4, 2004, from http://
appears the same as a single agencies. www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=2340.
assault until responders recog-
4
U.S. Department of State, Patterns of
nize that they have become the CONCLUSION Global Terrorism 2002 (Washington, DC,
April 2003), 18; retrieved on February 1,
target. Therefore, responders Along with the recent 2004, from http://www.state.gov/
must assume that terrorists will increase in coordinated attacks documents/organization/20177.pdf.
5
attempt one. This puts a pre- has come a corresponding rise George Buck, Preparing for Terror-
mium on force protection, a in fatalities and injuries. Terror- ism: An Emergency Services Guide
(Albany, NY: Delmar, 2002), 18; and
role that falls primarily to law ists feel the need to create ever Owen Bowcott, “Soldier Dies as IRA
enforcement officials who can greater impact on their targeted Bombers Ambush Patrol,” The Guardian,
take a number of simple but societies, and coordinated February 10, 1993, 2.
T he California Highway
Patrol Academy in Sacra-
mento presents its World Trade
Center 9/11 Memorial Foun-
tain, which honors the men and
women who died in those at-
tacks. Dedicated on August 11,
2004, the fountain features two
rectangular black marble pil-
lars, representing the twin tow-
ers, resting on a square con-
crete pedestal. A donated piece
of a steel I beam from the
World Trade Center rests be-
tween the two marble build-
ings. Behind the towers sits a
large upright rectangular structure inscribed with the initials “WTC”; water flows over it,
coming to rest in a pool at the foot of the pedestal.
May 2005 / 17
Bulletin Reports
School Safety
Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2004, sets forth data on
crime at school from the perspectives of students, teachers, princi-
pals, and the general population. A joint effort by the Bureau of
Justice Statistics (BJS) and the National Center for Education
Statistics, this annual report examines crime occurring on campus,
as well as on the way to and from school. It provides the most
current detailed statistical information on the nature of crime in
schools. Information was gathered from an array of sources, includ-
ing editions of the National Crime Victimization Survey, School
Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey,
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, School Survey on Crime and Safety,
and the School and Staffing Survey. Highlights include the follow-
ing: students ages 12 through 18 were victims of about 309,000
serious violent crimes away from school compared with about
88,000 on campus; between 1993 and 2003, the percentage of
students in grades 9 through 12 who reported being in a fight
anywhere declined from 42 to 33 percent;
and in 2003, 5 percent of students ages 12
through 18 reported being victims of nonfa-
tal crimes, 4 percent said they experienced
Drugs
theft, and 1 percent advised being victims of The Office of Community Oriented Po-
violent incidents. This report is available licing Services (COPS) presents Drug Deal-
online at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ ing in Open-Air Markets, which describes the
abstract/iscs04.htm. issue and reviews the factors that increase the
risks of drug dealing in open-air markets. The
guide also identifies a series of questions that
assist in analyzing a local problem and re-
views responses and what is known about
them from evaluative research and police
practice. This publication is available elec-
tronically at http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/
mime/open.pdf?Item=1423.
Bulletin Reports is an edited collection of criminal justice studies, reports, and project findings. Send your
material for consideration to: FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Room 201, Madison Building, FBI Academy,
Quantico, VA 22135. (NOTE: The material in this section is intended to be strictly an information source and
should not be considered an endorsement by the FBI for any product or service.)
May 2005 / 19
Police Practice
Productivity Analysis
for Basic Police
Patrol Activities
By Roy H. Herndon III
© Brian Boetig
May 2005 / 21
Monthly Productivity Analysis Report by Shift
Misdemeanor Arrests
Felony Arrests
DWI
Moving Citations
Nonmoving Citations
Warning Tickets
Enforcement Services
Accident Reports
Incident Reports
Other Calls
Total Hours
Officer
Column 7624 18 42 1 59 89 145 354 48 310 308 666 1920 32 458 1430 8.62
Totals
Average 635.33 1.5 3.5 0.1 4.9 7.4 12 29.5 4 26 26 55.5 160 2.7 38.2 119 0.72
Enforcement activities (354) + Calls for service (666) = Total patrol activities (1,020) = Ratio (.72)
----------------------------------
Hours worked (1,430)
May 2005 / 23
Conway Police Department
Ratio Standards Wanted:
Substandard – Below .50 Notable Speeches
Average – .50 to .65
Above average – .66 to .80
Excellent
Outstanding
–
–
.81 to 1.0
Above 1.0 T he FBI Law Enforcement
Bulletin seeks transcripts
of presentations made by crim-
inal justice professionals for
its Notable Speech depart-
ment. Anyone who has
reports accumulate, long-term analysis of this in- delivered a speech recently
formation will reflect trends and provide insight to and would like to share the
help managers identify community problems or information with a wider
areas in need of improvement. audience may submit a trans-
cript of the presentation to the
CONCLUSION Bulletin for consideration.
The value of officers is not always easily mea- As with article submis-
sured. Certainly, desired qualities, such as integrity sions, the Bulletin staff will
and bravery, do not show up in a productivity re- edit the speech for length and
port. But, some measurable performance standards clarity, but, realizing that the
must exist. These enable supervisors “to bring san- information was presented
orally, maintain as much of
ity, fairness, and consistency to supervisory tasks, the original flavor as possible.
enhance performance levels, and make promo- Presenters should submit their
tions, awards, and disciplinary actions fair.”3 transcripts typed and double-
The Conway Police Department uses a method spaced on 8 ½- by 11-inch
that allows for objective measures of officer pro- white paper with all pages
ductivity. The agency has found that the system not numbered. When possible, an
only provides a solid foundation on which to base electronic version of the tran-
its employee ratings but also motivates its person- script saved on computer disk
nel to continue to improve in response to a fair and should accompany the docu-
meaningful performance evaluation system. ment. Send the material to:
May 2005 / 25
Book Review
Common Sense Police Supervision: guidelines and pitfalls. The next chapter identi-
Practical Tips for the First-Line Leader, fies what is important to the supervisor con-
third edition, by Gerald W. Garner, Charles cerning the fair distribution of discipline. In
C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois, chapters 8 through 10, the author documents
2003. the topics of common-sense planning and
Common Sense Police Supervision is an establishing goals and objectives for employ-
outstanding book by an author with in-depth ees and follows these with a chapter on the
knowledge of supervision in the field of law elements, hazards, and benefits of effective
enforcement. It is a book designed, researched, communication.
and written by an experienced professional The next several chapters address com-
who presents a functional and applicable mon-sense aspects of law enforcement leaders,
approach to the demands of law enforcement including their role as counselor and complaint
supervision. processor; how they can deal with special in-
Unlike in other careers, supervising law ternal problems, such as strife; and their role in
enforcement personnel, who have an awesome community policing, as well as in officer sur-
life-and-death responsibility in their dealings vival. The final two chapters, new to the third
with the public, is not an easy task. In the addition, also entail common-sense aspects
exercise of effective law enforcement, supervi- that leaders must know and exercise when rep-
sors bring not only their life experiences resenting their agencies on television or radio
and duty performance in different assignments and when preparing news releases. The author
but also their common sense, which requires has documented the traps to avoid, while, in
the application of sound judgment and prudent the last chapter, he sets forth what it takes to
performance activity backed up with reasoning achieve exceptional customer service.
and logical decision making. This book Common Sense Police Supervision applies
contains a great deal of common-sense infor- to the experienced, as well as the newly pro-
mation for supervisors of law enforcement moted, supervisor and to those members aspir-
personnel. ing to become one in the future. This book
In the first two chapters, the author presents covers content applicable to all law enforce-
what basic law enforcement supervision en- ment agencies at the town, city, county, state,
tails and what a member transiting from the and federal level. It is an interesting read, and
line operation into line or other supervision the information proves supportive to the
arenas should know and expect to become an assessment center process.
effective supervisor. Chapters 3 through 5
address the need to know ethics in supervision Reviewed by
and the qualities of effective leadership charac- Major Larry R. Moore (Ret.)
teristics, as well as the educational role that a U. S. Army Military Police Corps
supervisor must exercise. Certified Emergency Manager
The law enforcement leader as an evaluator International Association of
is critical as outlined in chapter 6 where the Emergency Managers
author provides sound approaches in terms of Knoxville, Tennessee
U
nique work demands increase the risk of obesity? To hypertension, certain cancers,
and corresponding stress counter the obesity epidemic and diabetes. Estimates place
levels increasingly and general lack of physical ranges of overweight and
require that those in the law fitness, law enforcement profes- obesity between 60 and 65
enforcement profession estab- sionals should spend as much percent in the general popula-
lish lifelong wellness habits. time as necessary adequately tion with approximately one-
However, one 40-year longitu- establishing lifelong wellness third of the general population
dinal study from 1950 through routines. classified as obese.2
1990 found that, appallingly, Many statistics and related
the life expectancy of a retired Examining the Research information exist about the
male police officer in the Using the body mass index health status of the general
United States was 66 years.1 (BMI)—a measurement tool to population, and several concern
Why do some officers determine excess body weight the law enforcement profession.
succumb to life-threatening in relation to height—obesity In October 2003, the author
habits, such as the lack of classifies as a range of 30 or administered a questionnaire to
physical activity and exercise, higher and overweight between 75 law enforcement executives
smoking and excessive drinking 25 to 29.9. The BMI has be- and other professionals. Part
habits, and depression, that come a potential indicator of of the questionnaire included a
May 2005 / 27
BMI exercise and nutritional impact is beyond calculation. does not link physical fitness
assessment. Based on the BMI, Many of the maladies to which with the skills needed for the
80 percent of the respondents countless law enforcement job. Exercises used in academy
classified as overweight with personnel succumb refer to training should be performed
approximately one-third identi- “modifiable risk factors,” which correctly and be relative to the
fied in the obese category.3 means that health conditions health requirements or job
Additionally, research has and related costs can be af- duties of veteran officers.
identified 53 stressors associ- fected. For example, disease Unfortunately, some depart-
ated with police work.4 Officers costs include heart diseases ments have abandoned fitness
suffer more often from heart at $183 billion; cancer, $157 standards after being sued by
disease, hypertension, and billion; diabetes, $100 billion; employees for failing to make
diabetes than the general public. and arthritis, $65 billion.5 these crucial connections.
They have an above average Further, disconnects in educa-
risk for heart attacks, obesity, Identifying the Issues tion and training can manifest
arthritis, ulcers, and cancer Most entry-level law en- unfavorably later in law en-
while also prone to bouts of forcement training academies forcement officers’ careers.
depression and suicide. Further, employ a significant amount Performing physical activity
nearly 30 percent of police of hours of physical training requires a sufficient knowledge
officers overindulge in alcohol as a key component in their base and a commensurate level
compared with 10 percent of the curricula, yet some may lack of education and skill to avoid
general population. mandated guidance or standards hazardous and even deadly life-
The costs for illnesses and relative to contemporary well- styles to an employee’s health.
diseases are staggering. After ness or exercise science. Fur- Furthermore, department
adding expenses for injuries, the ther, such training sometimes leaders must believe and partici-
pate in lifelong wellness for
their employees to embrace the
concept. Some law enforcement
“
organizations assign an indi-
vidual to implement the stan-
dards without conducting the
...training proper research regarding the
sometimes does needs of their particular agency;
doing so may set up the depart-
not link physical ment to fail. The standards im-
fitness with the plementation approach is effec-
skills needed for tive but, generally, not the first
the job. step. Organizations must have
”
adequate internal marketing and
a genuine interest in employee
health to respond to resistance
Mr. Shell, a retired lieutenant with the Maryland State Police,
currently serves as the special projects coordinator for the Division from employee groups that
of Public Safety Leadership at Johns Hopkins University. might seek to thwart attempts
to impose such mandates.
“
includes screening and testing commensurate with the job
fitness levels and designing demands. Such a combination
individual exercise prescriptions Organizations ensures that law enforcement
linked to other physical de- should implement leaders have personnel who
mands of the law enforcement plans to redirect embrace a quality of life, which
profession. Departments can use this money to increases dedication to the
professional resources to edu- lifelong wellness profession during their tenure
cate their law enforcement of employment and beyond.
personnel to incorporate
initiatives. Before hiring a physical
wellness habits at entry-level trainer, managers should know
”
training that will last an entire the person’s background,
career and, further, lifetime. For education, and certifications.
example, one research and savings, including corporate Assigning unqualified trainers
education organization used law wellness programs; insurance who place aggressive physical
enforcement job task analysis companies that offer lower demands on personnel can
data to develop corresponding premiums to organizations prove harmful and even deadly.
fitness assessments, testing demonstrating a commitment Departments should contact
protocols, and related standards to lifelong wellness plans; and accredited professional organi-
applicable to police and exercise and nutritional science zations in the physical fitness
firefighter personnel.6 education for employees. industry, steering clear of vogue
Arguments for not imple- programs. Also, by teaming
menting fitness standards often Selecting a Physical Trainer with the department’s human
center around the cost involved What does the law enforce- resource manager, physician,
and, perhaps, a union’s disap- ment profession need to succeed cafeteria staff, union leaders,
proval. Certainly, department in lifelong wellness initiatives? training academy director,
May 2005 / 29
Recommendations for Agencies in the Quest who can push cars; jump over
for Lifelong Wellness buildings, walls, or other ob-
stacles; and run all day. Law
• Take time to properly plan an effective physical enforcement agencies should
fitness program implement programs that
• Hire qualified, professional trainers prepare officers within their
own genetical potential to
• Develop fitness programs that match individual perform their jobs in good
job duties health for the length of their
• Conduct internal marketing to educate employees careers. The physical trainer
and gain support plays a critical role in producing
• Ensure consistent advocacy from agency leaders this type of officer. By using
existing exercise and nutritional
• Discover the ongoing rewards science, technology, and the
expertise of those most knowl-
edgeable in the industry, agen-
cies can complete this mission.
certification personnel and a specific level of performance. No matter the perspectives,
professionals from accredited Such an evaluation results in operations, budgets, resource
fitness organizations, agencies more individuals doing well, as allocations, or human resources,
can begin holistically selecting opposed to a “one size fits all” the up-front preparation in en-
a physical trainer. Once such a approach in which only some suring wellness in law enforce-
partnership is formed, organiza- survive. Those who do not pre- ment academies and beyond can
tions should ensure that trainers vail often are viewed as unable prove far less costly than not
develop programs that match to “cut it” when, in fact, they doing so. Lifelong wellness and
physical fitness demands with received poor training. fitness proves an investment
the body movements, joint Further, positive rein- now and in the future of Amer-
actions, and biomechanics of forcement generates favorable ican public safety personnel.
an employee’s particular job results. The use of exercise Thus, selecting the best physical
duties. For example, without as punishment for infractions trainers for them is paramount.
properly training the shoulder (in the academy environment) Law enforcement leaders should
and rotator cuff muscles (often does not reap rewards. In fact, thoroughly review varied
neglected in shoulder training), it serves as a negative rein- aspects of the health and fitness
the demands of defensive tactics forcement, which will turn arena before placing an indi-
training can end a career. people away from embracing vidual in this essential position.
Departments should ensure the important aspects of Further, they should examine
that their physical trainers teach exercise. whether the person needs to be
contemporary exercise science in a sworn position.
and use a functional fitness Conclusion Leaders should prepare for
assessment, identifying the The goal of lifelong a department of healthy and fit
strengths and weaknesses in wellness is not to produce a personnel by recruiting, hiring,
people seeking to be trained to “super” law enforcement officer training, and educating the
Wanted:
Book Reviews
May 2005 / 31
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
Call for Authors
Why Should You Publish an Article? or referring to information that generally is not
• Allows you to share your experiences well known. Authors should study several is-
sues of the magazine to ensure that their writing
• Provides you with a wider audience style meets the Bulletin’s requirements. Most
• Increases your credibility important, authors should contact the Bulletin
• Enhances your professional image staff for the expanded author guidelines, which
contain additional specifications, detailed
• Improves your chances for promotion examples, and effective writing techniques, or
What Should You Write About? access www.fbi.gov/publications/leb/leb.htm.
The Bulletin judges articles on relevance to
Write about topics that interest you. Write the audience, factual accuracy, analysis of the
about problems that you, your department, or information, structure and logical flow, style
community have solved. Possible Bulletin topics and ease of reading, and length. The staff edits
include the following: all manuscripts for length, clarity, format, and
• Administrative/personnel issues style.
• Crime problems and solutions The Bulletin generally does not publish
• Domestic violence articles on similar topics within a 12-month
period or accept articles previously published or
• Drugs currently under consideration by other maga-
• Equipment zines. Because it is a government publication,
• Ethics the Bulletin cannot accept articles that advertise
a product or service.
• Environmental crimes
• Firearms How Do You Submit an Article?
• Future of policing • Send a query letter and short outline or
• Information resources • Submit a completed manuscript to—
Editor, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
• Investigative techniques
FBI Academy, Quantico, VA 22135
• Juveniles Telephone: 703-632-1952
• Leadership/management concerns E-mail: leb@fbiacademy.edu
• Negotiation/interviewing skills The Bulletin staff will review queries and
• Police-community relations articles and advise the authors of acceptance or
rejection. The magazine cannot guarantee a
• Technology publication date for accepted articles.
• Training Authors should submit three copies of their
articles typed and double-spaced on 8½- by
How Do You Write an Article? 11-inch white paper with all pages numbered.
Authors should write in third person and use Authors should include an electronic version of
active voice. They should supply references the article saved on computer disk. A photo-
when quoting a source exactly, citing or graph of the author(s) should accompany the
paraphrasing another person’s work or ideas, article. Authors also may e-mail articles.
Sergeant Robert Breck of the Utah Highway Patrol was one of the first
responders to a 59-vehicle accident that occurred amidst heavy fog, low
visibility, and icy road conditions. Sergeant Breck discovered a young
woman trapped in her vehicle under a truck trailer, both of which were
becoming enveloped by flames because of erupted fuel tanks. Unable
to free her, Sergeant Breck feverishly fought the fire with extinguishers
and calmed the victim. He remained with her, even as the smoke intensified
and wreckage began to collapse, until additional help arrived to remove
the young woman from the vehicle. Because of the heroic actions of
Sergeant Breck Sergeant Breck, the victim escaped with only minor injuries.
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