Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by :
DR. T.K. JAIN
AFTERSCHO☺OL
centre for social entrepreneurship
sivakamu veterinary hospital road
bikaner 334001 rajasthan, india
FOR – PGPSE / CSE PARTICIPANTS
afterschool@in.com
mobile : 91+9414430763
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 1
My words.....
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 2
What is permutation &
combination?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 3
What is formula of permutation ?
Npr = n! / (n-r)!
p=permutation
n= total number of objects
r=how many objects you are taking at a time
! = multiply with reducing numbers till it reaches 1
example : 5p5 = 5! / (5-5)!
5!=5*4*3*2*1
0! = 1
thus answer = 120 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 4
How many different 4 digit letters
can you make out of A,B,C,D,E?
N = 5 (A,B,C,D,E)
R=4
formula = Npr = n! / (n-r)!
=5!/(5-4)!
= 120 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 5
How many different 4 digit numbers can you
make out of 1,2,3,4,0?
N = 5 (1,2,3,4,0)
R=4
but 0 cannot come in the first digit
for first digit we have 4 options (1,2,3,4), for next digits,
we can use 0. thus we have 4*4*3*2*1 = 96 options OR
formula = Npr = n! / (n-r)!
=5!/(5-4)! but this contains all those numbers which start
with 0. so let us keep 0 as fixed for 1st digit and solve it.
Now we have to pick up 3 digit out of 4
contd.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 6
contd.....
If it is not 0, permutation will be :
formula = Npr = n! / (n-r)!
=5!/(5-4)!
= 120
Zero fixed for 1st potion, we have these options :
Npr = n! / (n-r)!
n=4,r=3
4!/(4-3)! = 24
deduct this 24 from 120
120 -24 = 96 answer
you can use any formula (out of these 2), you get the same answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 7
How many different 4 digit numbers can you
make out of 1,2,3,4,0 which are divisible by 2?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 8
In how many ways can Raj invite
any 3 of his 7 friends?
This is a question of combination. Here order
(sequence) is not important, his friends can come in
any order. Thus this is a case of combination.
Formula : N! / ((n-r)!*r!)
you can calculate combination by dividing
permutation by r!
=7! / ((7-3)!*3!)
=(7*6*5)/(3*2*1) = 35 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 9
How many different words can
you frame from FUTURE ?
Here we have two U
total we have 6 digits.
Formula : N ! / L!
N= total number of digits
L = those digits which are repeated.
Answer = 6! / 2!
= 360 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 10
How many different words can
you frame from DALDA ?
Here we have two D & A
total we have 5 digits.
Formula : N ! / L!
N= total number of digits
L = those digits which are repeated.
Answer = 5! / (2!*2!)
= 30 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 11
In how many ways can 8 person
sit around a round table ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 12
How many 4 digit numbers can be
formed out of 1,2,3,5,7,8,9 if no
digit is repeated.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 13
How many numbers greater than
2000 can be formed from
1,2,3,4,5. No repeatition is
allowed.
5 digit numbers = 5! = 120
4 digit numbers,: we cant take 1 in the
beginning. We have 4 options for 1st digit 4 for
nd rd
2 digit 3 for 3 digit ...
4*4*3*2*1 = 96
total = 216 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 14
There are 6 books on english, 3 on maths, 2 on
GK. In how many ways can they be placed in
shelf, if books of 1 subject are together?
We have 3 subjects so 3!
books of same subjects can be interchanged.
So answer : 3!*6!*3!*2!
=6*720*6*2 = 51840 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 15
How many words can we make
out of DRAUGHT, the vowels are
never separated?
Number of vowels = 2
other digits = 5
we will treat vowels as 1 word
so we have 6!. Vowels can be interchanged so
2!
so answer = 6!*2! = 1440 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 16
In how many ways can 8 pearls be
used to form a necklace ?
(7-1) !
= 6! = 720 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 18
50 different jewels can be set to
form necklace in how many
ways ?
½ ( n -1) !
= ½ (50 -1)!
=1/2 (49)!
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 19
How many number of different
digits can be formed from
0,2,3,4,8,9 between 10 to 1000?
Let us assume that repeatition is not allowed
Let us make 2 digit numbers :
for first digit we have 5 option, for 2nd digit also we have 5 options
(including 0) = 25
for 3 digit numbers : 5*5*4 = 100
total 125
if repeatition is allowed :
for 2 digit : 5 * 6 = 30 for 3 digit : 5*6*6 = 180
total = 210 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 20
What is the number of permutations of 10 different
things taking 4 at a time in which one thing never
comes ?
=9p4
= (9*8*7*6)
=3024
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 21
There are 5 speakers (A,B,C,D,E) , in how
many ways can we arrange their speach that A
always speaks before B
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 22
5 persons are sitting in a round table in such a
way that the tallest person always sits next to
the smallest person?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 23
How many words can be formed
from MOBILE so that consonent
always occupies odd place ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 24
In how many ways can we
arrange 6 + and 4 – signs so that
no two – signs are together?
++++++
there are 5 places between 2 +. one on extreme
left and one on extreme right.
We have 7 positions for – sign
7c4
we have 6 places for 6 + sign, so we have 6c6
total = 35 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 25
There are 10 buses between Bikaner and Jaipur. In
how many ways can Gajendra go to Jaipur and come
back without using the same bus in return journey?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 26
In how many ways can yamini distribute 8
sweets to 8 persons provided the largest sweet
is served to Jigyasha?
1 sweet is fixed
so we have 7!
= 5040 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 27
Yamini & Jigyasha go to a train and they find
6 vacant seats. In how many ways can they sit?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 28
How many words can you make
from DOGMATIC?
8!
40320 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 29
Gajendra has 12 friends out of whom 8 are
relatives. In how many ways can he invite 7
in such a way that 5 are relatives?
8c5 * 4c2
=56*6
=336 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 30
There are 8 points on a plane. No 3 points
are on a straight line. How many
traiangles can be made out of these ?
8c3
= 56 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 31
In how many ways can you form a
committee of 3 persons out of 12
persons ?
12c3
=220 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 32
How many different factors are
possible from 75600 ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 33
A box contains 7 red 5 white and 4 blue balls.
How many selections can be made that we pick
up 3 balls and all are red?
It is a question of combination.
Total possibilities = 7c3
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 34
A box contains 7 red 5 white and 4 blue balls.
What is the probability that in our selections
we pick up 3 balls and all are red?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 37
How many words can be formed by using all the
letters of the word DRAUGHT so that a. vowels
always come together & b. vowels are never together?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 38
In how many ways can a cricket
eleven be chosen out of a batch
of 15 players.
15c11
=15! / ((15-11)!*11!)
=15!/(4!*11!)
=(15*14*13*12)/(4*3*2*1)
1365 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 39
In how many a committee of 5 members can be
selected from 6 men 5 ladies consisting of 3 men and
2 ladies
6c3 *5c2
=[(6*5*4)/(3*2*1)] [(5*4)/(2*1)]
=20*10
=200 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 40
How many 4-letter word with or without
meaning can be formed out of the letters of the
word 'LOGARITHMS' if repetition of letters is
not allowed
10p4
=(10*9*8*7)
=5040 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 41
how many ways can the letter of
word 'LEADER' be arranged
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 42
How many arrangements can be made out of the
letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS' be arranged
so that the vowels always come
together
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 44
How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from the
digits 2,3,5,6,7 and 9 which are divisible by 5 and
none of the digits is repeated?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 45
In how many ways can 21 books on English and 19
books on Hindi be placed in a row on a self so that
two books on Hindi may not
be together?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 46
Out of 7 constants and 4 vowels
how many words of 3 consonants
and 2 vowels can be formed?
Selection of 5 digits
=7c3 *4c2
=35*6 = 210
5 digits can be arranged in 5! ways
=120
total options : 210*120 = 25200 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 47
What is effective rate of interest ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 49
What is future value ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 50
Formula for present value ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 51
What is the formula for future
value ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 54
What will be EMI for Rs. 5 lakh
rate of interest = 10%, payable in
Monthly instalments in 20 years.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 55
What is sinking fund ?
= ((1+rate)^n -1 )/(rate)
=((1+12/1200)^60 -1) / (12/1200)
=.8167 / .01
dividing factor =81.669
monthly savings = 1000000/81.669
=12244.44 per month answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 58
What is a sample ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 60
contd...
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 62
What is the difference between
population parameters and sample
statistics ?
Population = actual population – but it is not
possible to collect all the information about
population due to our own resource constraints
we dont have time or resources to collect data
about population. Therefore we go for sample.
When we use sample, we are using sample
statistics. We try to estimate population
parameters from sample statistics.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 63
What is population parameter?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 65
What is sampling error?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 66
What is quantitative data and
qualitative data ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 67
What are the various types of
scales of data ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 68
What are the various methods to
present data ?
Scatter chart / diagrams
bar chart
Histogram
Ogive
Dot plot
etc.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 69
What is statistical inference ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 70
What is a variable ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 72
What is cross tabulation?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 73
Can we take up same element
again in sampling ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 75
How do you calculate mode ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 76
Example of mode :
2,3,5,6,7,8,9,11,13,13,14,14,14,15,17,21,22,34,
43
out of these mode is 14 (because its frequency
is 3)
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 77
Example of mode ?
Class frequency
10 to 20 4
20 to 30 8
30 to 40 12
40 to 50 4
apply the formula : modal class = 30 to 40
= 30 + ((12-8) / ((12-8)+(12-4)) * class interval
= 30 + 4/12 * 10 = 30+3.3 = 33.3 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 78
What is median ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 80
Example of median ?
Class frequency C.F
10 to 20 4 4
20 to 30 8 12
30 to 40 12 24
40 to 50 4 28
L1 + ((M-C) / F)* class interval
M=28/2 = 14, so median class is 30 to 40
30 + (( 14-12)/12) * 10
=30+1.6 = 31.6 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 81
What is cumulative frequency ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 82
What is relative frequency ?
Formula
= frequency of a class / number of items
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 83
Find mean, mode and median on
following data ?
Median = 20+(17-5)/12 * 10 = 30
mode cannot be calculated because there are
two equal modal values, so we use the
following formula
Mode = 3median – 2 mean
mode = 30 answer k
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 85
Calculate rank correlation
using the following data ?
X Y
2 11
4 8
6 3
8 1
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 86
Solution
Calculate their ranks
X Y Rx Ry D^2
2 11 4 1 9
4 8 3 2 1
6 3 2 3 1
8 1 1 4 9
d=rx-ry so D^2 = (Rx-ry)^2
D^2 = 20
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 87
What is formula of quartile
deviation ?
(q3 – q1)/ 2
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 88
What is formula of coefficient of
quartile deviation ?
(q3-q1) / (q3+q1)
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 89
What is formula of coefficient of
mean deviation ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 90
calculate combined standard deviation.
Means A=8 B = 3, std. Deviation A = 2 B
=1
n1 of a = 20 n2 =30
Formula = sqrt ((n1s1 +n2s2 +n1d1+n2d2)/(n1+n2))
d1 = mean of a – combined mean
d2 = mean of b -combined mean
combined mean = (160+90)/50 = 5
d1=3 d2 =-2
sqrt ((20*2 +30*1 +20*3+30*(-2))/(20+30))
=1.18 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 91
FORMULA OF RANK
CORRELATION
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 93
What is experiment ?
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 94
What is experimental group?
There are generally two types of groups – one
on which you undertake experiment
(experimental group) and one on which you
dont do any experiment, just do observation.
(control group)
Example – if you have two plants, on one plant
you pour fertilisers and on the other you dont
put any fertilizer, then the former is
experimental group and 2nd is control group.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 95
What is standard deviation?
Deviation = difference
here we find the difference of each value with
mean and this will create standard deviation.
Formula = square root of (sum of squares of
difference of each element from mean)
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 96
Example : of standard deviation..
X dx^2
2 4
3 1
5 1
6 4
average = 16/4 = 4, dx = x-average = 2-4 = -2
average of dx^2 = variance = 10 / 4 = 2.5
standard deviation = square root of variance
= sqrt(2.5) =1.58 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 97
Steps in calculation of standard
deviation ?
1. calculate average. For this total all the values of X and
then divide it by n (in our example, we have divided 16/4,
where 16 is total of all values and 4 is number of
elements.
2. find dx (difference of x from mean)
3. square the dx to get dx^2
4 . find average of dx^2 this is called variance.
5. find square root of variance. This is called standard
deviation.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 98
What is covariance ?
Y-Y1/Y2-Y1 =X-X1/X2-X1
Y-5/9-5 = X-7/2-7
-5Y+25=4X-28
=4X+5Y -53 =0
for parallel, constant = k
4(3) +5(4)+k=0
k = -32
so equation = 4x+5y-32=0 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 125
What is a variable ?
X Freq. C.F
10 TO 20 4 4
20 TO 30 6 10
30 TO 40 8 18
40 TO 50 7 25
50 TO 60 5 30
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 132
SOLUTION
X Freq. C.F
10 TO 20 4 4
20 TO 30 6 10
30 TO 40 8 18
40 TO 50 7 25
50 TO 60 5 30
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 134
Solution
FORMULA = L 1 (31p – c) / f * (class
interval)
31p= n/100 *31 = 30/100 *31 =9. 3
9.3 falls in 20 to 30
= 20 + (9.3 – 4) / 6 * (10)
=20 + ((5.3/6) *10)
=20 + 8.8
= 28.8 ANSWER
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 135
Can mean, mode and median be
equal?
Yes - in normal distribution, mean, mode and median
are all equal.
In normal distribution, we have 3 characteristics :
1. data are symmetrical
2. data are more in central values and less as we move
apart
3. mean=mode=median
most of statistical formula require normal distribution.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 136
How to calculate median in bigger
data :
Formula :( N+1 )/ 2
n=number of data
for example : 1,2,3,4,5,6,6,7
here we have 8 values , so (8+1)/2 = 4.5
so we should take mid value between 4 and 5,
which is 4.5 answer
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 137
What types of data series are there
?
There are many types of data series :
individual data
discrete series
continuous series
in continuous data series, there is no value
which is not possible.
(for example : 0 to 10, 10 to 20, 20 to 30) ....
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 138
What are the measures of
dispersion?
Dispersion = how the data is looking in
comparison to mean.
If data is wide apart from mean, there is high
dispersion.
If the data is just close to mean, there is very
less dispersion.
If data has more dispersion, there is less
uniformity in the data. We have many tools to
measure dispersion like range, variance etc.
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 139
Example of high and less
dispersion of data :
Low dispersion : 6,6,7,7,7,7,8,8,9,
high dispersion : 1,4, 8, 19,20,50,60,80,100
you can see, the first data set has far more consistency
and dispersion is less.
Tools to measure dispersion are : range, standard
deviation, variance, mean deviation etc.
Range = highest – least value.
In the first case range = 9-6 = 3, in 2nd case range =
100-1 = 99
5 DECEMBER 09 www.afterschool.tk 140
What is standard deviation?
We calculate P value.
If P value is less than alpha, we reject null
hypothesis
if P value is more than alpha then we cant
reject null hypothesis
10/(10+25)
=10/35 or 2/7 answer
5/15*4/14*3/13
or 5c2/15c2 =
=2/91
((1/(σsqrt(2π)))*e^(x-m)^2 / (2σ^2)
N = 4, r = 3 p = .5
formula of combination = N! / ((N-r)! * r!)
C = 4! / ((4-3)! * 3!) =24 / (1*6) = 4
4! = 4*3*2*1 = 24
Ncr = 4,
p^r = (.5)^3 = .125
(1-p)^(n-r). = (1-.5)^(4-3) = .5
solution = 4*.125*.5 =.25 answer
f(x) = ((e^-λ)(λ^x)) / x!
where,
λ is an average rate of value.
x is a poisson random variable.
e is the base of logarithm(e=2.718)
N*p*q
n = number of units
p = probability
q = (1-p)
Error = fluctuations
standard deviation of mean is also called
standard error of mean
its formula = standard deviation / sqrt(n)
n = number of items in sample
x y
a 11.5 11.5 23
b 8.5 8.5 17
totl: 20 20 40
1st = .25
2nd ..25
rd
3 .25
th
4 .25
H L
R 460 140 600
P 240 160 400
TOT. 700 300 1000
Formul a = (o – e)^2
H L
R 1600 1600
P 1600 1600
45 * .0043
=.19
it means that there is 19% chance that exactly 2
tools are defective.
e^ -lemda
= 2.71828 ^ (-1)
=.37
m^x
= 1^2
=1
X! = 2! = 2
(.37 * 1) / 2
=.19
here we can see that 19% probability is there
that there are 2 tools which are defective.
Answer
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