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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 DESIGN OF A LOW TEMPERATURE SEPARATOR..................................................1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT..................................................................................1
1.2 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 1
1.3 MAIN OBJECTIVES........................................................................................ 1
1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES................................................................................... 2
1.5 RELEVANCE OF WORK.................................................................................. 2
1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................... 2
1.7 EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND DESCRIPTION...................................................6
1.8 MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION......................................................................6
1.9 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN.................................................................7
1.9.1 Vertical terminal vapor velocity (UT):...............................................................7
1.9.2 Vapor velocity (UV)..................................................................................... 8
1.9.3 Vapor volumetric flow rate (QV)......................................................................8
1.9.3 The vessel internal diameter (DVD)...................................................................9
1.9.4 Light and heavy liquid volumetric flow rates, QLL and QHL.....................................9
1.9.5 Settling velocity of heavy liquid....................................................................10
1.9.6 Rising velocity of light liquid.......................................................................10
1.9.7 Settling time for heavy liquid.......................................................................10
1.9.8 Settling time for heavy liquid.......................................................................11
1.9.9 Baffle plate area........................................................................................ 11
1.9.10 Residence time of light liquid phase.............................................................13
1
TABLES
FIGURES
3
CHAPTER ONE
The main objective of this work is to design a low temperature separator to separate
natural gas, natural gas liquids (NGLs), and triethylene glycol (TEG).
1
separator
techniques. The separation can be done physically by exploiting the differences in density
between the phases. (Viska, 2011a). Two or three phase separations are used industrially.
Three phase separation is commonly applied when there are water, liquid hydrocarbon and
hydrocarbon gases in the process stream. These units can be vertical, horizontal or
spherical.
Vertical vessels are mainly used applied when there is a large amount of vapor to be
separated from a small amount of the light and heavy fluid. Horizontal vessels are most
efficient where large volumes of total fluid and large amounts of dissolved gas are present
with the liquid. (Viska, 2011b).
The primary separation section used to separate the main portion of free liquid in
Vertical
1. Easiest
clean
to
Horizontal
Spherical
1. Much gas-oil ratio can
1. Very
be handled
4
inexpensive
2. Saves space
3. Provides better
surge control
4. Liquid
level
control is not
critical
5. Lesser
tendency
2. Good
low
for
or
intermediate
ship and assemble
4. Less
piping
is
required
5. Reduces foaming
6. Several
separators
for
gas-oil ratio
3. Very
compact and
easy to ship
may be stacked to
reevaporation
reduce space
and install
4. Better clean
of liquid into
out
Demerits
gas.
1. Diameter
larger
is
1. Takes space
2. Liquid level control is
than
liquid
very critical
3. Surge space is limited
4. Much harder to clean
horizontal
separator
2. More
expensive
fabricate
3. Difficult
1. Very limited
settling
2. Liquid level
control
is
to
very critical
3. Surge space
to
is limited
ship
Source: Viska, 2011
1.7 EQUIPMENT SELECTION AND DESCRIPTION
From table 1.1 above, a vertical three phase separator will be used for this project. The
Joule-Thompson valve effluent enters the vertical separator at approximately the midpoint
of the vessel. Separation of the gas from the liquid commences at this point. The input
stream hits an inlet diverter which changes the momentum of the phases and hence causes
separation. The gas travels upwards through the vessel, dropping out the larger diameter
liquid particles in its journey towards the top of the vessel. Most separators are designed on
5
a basis of a ten micron diameter particle being excluded from the gas at exit point of the
separator. All liquid droplets which are larger than ten microns will be either dropped out in
the main body of the separator or will impinge upon the mist extractor and be removed at
that point. The liquid and water are also removed by gravity in the settling section.
(Sarkodie, 2013)
1.8 MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
Materials for the construction of vessels include stainless steel, low alloy steel; carbon
steel. (Perry and Green, 1997) Factors to consider in selecting the appropriate material are
the cost, corrosion resistance and tensile strength.
Table 1.2 Relative Cost of metals (2006)
, lb/ft3
Hydrocarbon gas
Wv = 186221.5646
v = 2.8381
Hydrocarbon liquid
WLL= 103548.7257
L = 27.6776
Water + TEG
WHL = 125.9087279
H = 61.3661
UT =
L v
v
(Xiuli, 2009b)
Where,
L=density of liquid
v =density of gas
UT =
27.682.8381
2.8381
0.2776
(Xiuli, 2009)
UT = 0.821 ft/s
UT = 0.250 m/s
1.9.2 Vapor velocity (UV)
UV = 0.75 UT
(Xiuli, 2009c)
UV = 0.75 (0.821)
UV = 0.616 ft/s
UV = 0.188 m/s
1.9.3 Vapor volumetric flow rate (QV)
WV
QV = 3600 v
(Xiuli, 2009d)
QV = 18.226 ft3/s
QV = 0.516 m3/s
1.9.3 The vessel internal diameter (DVD)
DVD =
4 Qv
U v
(Xiuli, 2009e)
DVD =
4 18.226
0.616
DVD =6.14 ft
DVD = 1.871 m
DVD = 6.14 12 = 73.68 in.
For mist extractor support ring, 6in. is added to the vessel diameter (Xiuli, 2009)
D, diameter = 6 + DVD (round to next 6 in)
D = 7.0 ft
D = 2.134 m
1.9.4 Light and heavy liquid volumetric flow rates, QLL and QHL
QLL =
W
60 L
(Xiuli, 2009f)
QLl =
103548.7257
60 27.68
(Xiuli, 2009g)
Where,
U HL=
k s (H L )
L
(Xiuli, 2009h)
0.163(61.366127.68)
1.120
U HL=4.903./min
k s ( H L )
L
U =
0.163(61.366127.68)
1.210
(Xiuli, 2009i)
U =4.538./min
10
12 H L
U Hl
(Xiuli, 2009j)
t HL =
12 1
5.99
t HL =2 min
12 H H
U HL
(Xiuli, 2009k)
t HL =
12 1
4.903
t HL =2.447 min
(Xiuli, 2009l)
11
A D=
7.48 gal
ft 3
() 601hrmin )(
Q +Q Hl
G
(Xiuli, 2009m)
)(
60 min
1hr
)(
62.349 ft + 0.0342 ft
8400
AD = 3.333 ft2
Assuming WD = 4 in., (Wayne and William, 1994a)
Where, WD = downcomer cord width
WD/D = 4/84
y=
a+ cx+ e x 2+ g x 3 +i x 4
2
3
4
1.0+bx +d x + f x +h x
Where,
x = WD/D
y = AD/A
Where, A is the area of the separator
a = 4.755930103
b = 3.924091
c = 0.174875
d = 6.358805
12
e = 5.668973
f = 4.018448
g = 4.916411
h = 1.801705
i = 0.145348
By Substitution,
y = 0.0136
AD/A = 0.0136
A=
D2
4
A=
72
4
A = 38.485 ft2
AD = 0.523 ft2
Comparing the two AD, the greater will be chosen.
Thus AD = 3.333 ft2
AL = A-AD
AL = 35.152 ft2
1.9.10 Residence time of light liquid phase
r ,=
t
r ,=
HL AL
Q
1 35.152
62.349
t
r ,=0.564 min
t
HH AH
QHl
t r , Hl =
1 38.485
0.0342
t r , Hl=
1125.3 min
Q t H
AL
HR=
62.349 2
35.152
14
HR = 3.55 ft 4.0 ft
1.9.13 Surge height
H s=
t s (Q +Q Hl )
A
H s=
1 ( 62.349+ 0.0342)
38.485
Hs = 1.62 ft
1.9.14 Vessel Height
HT = HH + HL + HR + HA + HBN + HD (Xiuli, 2009n)
HA = 0.5 ft (minimum)
HD = 0.5D
HD = 0.5 7
HD = 3.5 ft
HBN = 0.5dN + Hs + 0.5
dN
4 Qm 0.5
60 m
o .5
Where,
Qm = volumetric flow rate of inlet mixture
15
Qm = Q V +
(Q Hl+ Q )
60
Qm = 18.226+
(Xiuli, 2009o)
(62.349+0.0342)
60
Qm = 19.266 ft3/s
dN =
4 19.266
3.023 0.5
60
0.5
dN = 0.843 ft
HBN = 0.5 0.843+1.62+0.5
HBN = 2.54 ft 3 ft
1.5 ft is added to the height for mist extractor
HT = 1 + 1 + 0.5 + 3.5 + 4.0 + 3.0 + 1.5
HT = 14.5 ft
HT/D = 14.5/7 = 1.9
This is within the range of 1.5 6.0
Volume of separator = A x HT
= 4.42 x 3.575
= 15.8015 m3
Table 1.3 Summary of chemical engineering calculations
16
Parameter
Feed into separator, kg/h
Volumetric flow rate of feed, m3/s
Vertical terminal vapor velocity, m/s
Vapor volumetric flow rate, m3/s
Separator diameter, m
Settling velocity of heavy liquid, m/s
Rising velocity of natural gas liquids, m/s
Settling time for heavy liquid, min
Settling time for light liquid, min
Area of separator, m2
Separator height, m
Separator volume, m3
Value
131496.0533
364.035046
0.250
0.516
2.134
0.002
0.002
2 .000
2.450
3.575
4.420
15.8015
PAR
T
1
DESCRIPTION
PNEUMATIC VALVE
LEVEL CONTROLLER
LEVEL TRANSMITTER
PNEUMATIC SIGNAL
PRESSURE
TRANSMITTER
PRESSURE
CONTROLLER
RELIEF VALVE
7
8
17
SHUTOFF VALVE
Figure 1.3 process control and instrumentation diagram for a three phase
vertical separator
PID DESCRIPTION
In order for a separator to function, it requires a steady, maintained level of pressure in
order to push the fluids out of the separator into a tank. When the pressure is too high,
gases would be entrained in the NGLs and thus affecting the purity of the NGLs. If the
pressure is too low, the NGLs get pulled out into the natural gas which is not desirable.
Controls 1,2,3,4 and 5 helps to regulate the flow.
The pressure relief (8) decreases the pressure of the system by venting when there is
pressure buildup within the vessel.
Valve 1 is a gate valve that is used for fully open or fully close operations. It is manually
operated for emergency shutdown.
Valve 2 is a diaphragm valve which is used for throttling flow.
Valve 8 is a pressure relief valve used to vent gas out of the column so as to reduce the
pressure of the system.
18
Unit
kg/ m
Value
7850
027 - 0.30
140
80
635
490
10
45
GPa
GPa
MPa
MPa
%
%
19
Hardness
Allowable tensile stress
Thermal conductivity
Brinell
MPa
W/mk
187
88.94
49.8
Pi =
110
100 5201.325 kPa = 5721.4575 kPa
Pi D i
,
2f i - Pi
e=
(Sinnott, 2005b)
Where,
Di is the internal diameter = 2.134 m = 2134 mm
e is the minimum thickness required
f is the design stress of carbon steel at 244.16 K = 155 N/mm2 (Sinnott, 2005c)
Pi is the internal design pressure of the shell = 5721.4575 kPa = 5.201 kN/mm2
20
5.201 2134
(2 155) 5.721
e=
36.48 mm
C v m g D m H v 0.8D m t
Wv
(Sinnott, 2005e)
Where,
CV = factor to account for the weight of nozzles, man ways, internal supports etc, which
can be taken as 1.08 for vessels with few fittings.
Hv = height of the cylindrical section, 4.417 m
g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2
t = wall thickness of vessel = 38.48 mm = 0.03848 m
m = density of vessel material (carbon steel) = 7850 kg/m3
21
Pw
Pi d i
4t
(Sinnott, 2005h)
Hence,
5.201 x 2134
72.244 N/mm 2
4 x 38.48
22
144.487
N/mm2
WT
D i t t
(Sinnott, 2005i)
Where WT is the total weight which is supported by the vessel wall
165123.161
0.629 N / mm 2
2134 38.48 38.48
71.614 N /mm2
23
(Sinnott, 2005j)
The maximum allowable stress for the material of construction is 155 N/mm 2. Since this
stress is higher than the maximum stress intensity at any point in the material, the design is
not prone to failure under stress.
1.10.11 Vessel Support
The support system designed for a separator and all tall vessels depends on the size, shape,
and weight of the vessel; the design temperature and pressure; the vessel location and
arrangement; and the internal and external fittings and attachments.
A skirt support is used for vertical columns. Its thickness is designed to withstand the deadweight loads and bending moments imposed on it by the separator. (Sinnott, 2005k)
1.10.11.1 Skirt Support Thickness
Data
Specified skirt angle = 90 C (straight cylinder skirt)
( max )
bs=
4 Ms
( D s +t s ) t s
ws =
W
( D s +t s ) t s
Where,
bs = bending stress in the skirt
s ( compressive )= bs + ws
25
4 14043.874 1 03
bs=
( 2134+20 ) 2134 20
= 4.15 N/mm2
ws (test )=
168399.6 1 0
( 2134 +20 ) 20
ws (test )=
=1.244 N/mm2
165123.161 103
( 2134+20 ) 20
= 1.22 N/mm2
^
Maximum s (compressive)= 4.15 + 1.244 = 5.394 N/mm2
^
Maximum s ( tensile ) =4.151.22=2.93 N/mm2
s ( compressive ) <0.125 E
ts
sin s ( Sinnott , 2005 m)
Ds
( )
Where,
fs = maximum allowable design stress for the skirt material, normally taken at ambient
temperature, 20 0C
J = weld joint factor, if applicable = 0.85
s = base angle of a conical skirt, normally 800 to 900
26
0.629<0.125 210000
20
( 2134
) sin ( 90) =246.
02
27
Parameter
Material
Value
Standard AISI 1065 Carbon
Steel
5721.46
244.16
38.48
72.244
144.49
0.629 N/mm2
333522.761
72.873
N/mm2
Skirt support thickness, mm
20
Wind Loading, N/m
1439.667
Maximum stress intensity, 71.614
N/mm2
28
Table
1.5
Summary of
mechanical
engineering
calculations
REFERENCES
Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. (1997), Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7 th
ed., R.R Donnelley and Sons Company, Chicago, p:2423
Sinnott, R.K. (2005b) Chemical Engineering Design 4th ed., Laserwords private
limited, Chennai, p:832
Sinnott, R.K. (2005f) Chemical Engineering Design 4th ed., Laserwords private
limited, Chennai, p:853
Sinnott, R.K. (2005g) Chemical Engineering Design 4th ed., Laserwords private
limited, Chennai, p:856
Sinnott, R.K. (2005h) Chemical Engineering Design 4th ed., Laserwords private
limited, Chennai, p:848
Sinnott, R.K. (2005i) Chemical Engineering Design 4th ed., Laserwords private
limited, Chennai, p:849
30
Sinnott, R.K. (2005j) Chemical Engineering Design 4th ed., Laserwords private
limited, Chennai, p:860
Sinnott, R.K. (2005k) Chemical Engineering Design 4th ed., Laserwords private
limited, Chennai, p:861
Sinnott, R.K. (2005l) Chemical Engineering Design 4th ed., Laserwords private
limited, Chennai, p:866
Texas, p: 132
33