Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2.0
FIRE SAFETY AND PREVENTION SYSTEM (keselamatan kebakaran & sistem
pencegahan)
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Slower oxidative processes like rusting or
digestion are not included by this definition. (kebakaran ialah pengoksidaan pesat bahan
dalam proses kimia dalam eksotermik pembakaran, melepaskan haba, cahaya,pelbagai
produk tindakbalas. Proses oksidatif perlahan seperti pengarat atau penghadaman tidak
termasuk dengan definasi ini.)
The flame is the visible portion of the fire. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to
produce plasma. Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the color of
the flame and the fire's intensity will be different. ( the flame ialah bahan yg blh dilihat drpd
api. Jika cukup panas , gas blh jd terion untuk m,hasilkan plasma. Bergantung pd bhn2 yg
turun, dan apa2 kotoran di luar, warna api dan keamatan api ini berbeza.)
Fire in its most common foam can result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause physical
damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological systems across the
globe. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and maintaining various ecological
systems. Fire has been used by humans for cooking, generating heat, signaling, and propulsion
purposes. The negative effects of fire include water contamination, soil erosion, atmospheric pollution
and hazard to life and property. (kebakaran dlm busa yg biasa blh menyebabkan kebakaran, yg
mempunyai potensi untuk m,yebbkan korosakan fizikal melalui kebakaran. Kebakaran adalah satu
proses yg memberi kesan sistem ekologi di seluruh dunia. Api telah digunakan oleh manusia untuk
memasak, menjana tujuan haba, isyarat, dan pendorongan. Kesan negatif api termasuk pencemaran
air, hakisan tanah, pencemaran atmosfera dan bahaya kepada nyawa dan harta benda.
2.1
Source of Fire
The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients
for most fires. The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an
oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined
in the right mixture, and a fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements
in the fire triangle. For example, covering a fire with a fire blanket removes the "oxygen" part of the
triangle and can extinguish a fire. (Segitiga api atau pembakaran segitiga adalah model yang mudah
untuk memahami bahan-bahan yang perlu bagi kebanyakan kebakaran. segi tiga menggambarkan
tiga elemen api perlu menyalakan: haba, bahan api, dan agen pengoksidaan (biasanya oksigen). api
yang semula jadi berlaku apabila unsur-unsur yang hadir dan digabungkan di dalam campuran yang
betul, dan api yang boleh dielakkan atau dihapuskan dengan membuang mana-mana satu daripada
elemen dalam segitiga api. Sebagai contoh, yang meliputi api dengan selimut api mengeluarkan
"oksigen" sebahagian daripada segi tiga dan boleh memadamkan api.)
igure
F
2.1: riangle
Fire t
igure
F
2.2: Fire tetrahedron
21
Fires start when a flammable a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient quantity of an
oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another oxygen-rich compound, is exposed to a source of heat or
ambient temperature above the flash point for the fuel mix, and is able to sustain a rate of rapid
oxidation that produces a chain reaction. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. (Kebakaran
bermula apabila mudah terbakar bahan mudah terbakar, dalam kombinasi dengan kuantiti yang
mencukupi pengoksida seperti gas oksigen atau lain sebatian yang kaya dengan oksigen, terdedah
kepada sumber haba atau suhu ambien di atas takat kilat untuk campuran bahan api, dan dapat
mengekalkan kadar pengoksidaan pesat yang menghasilkan tindak balas rantai. Ini biasanya
dipanggil tetrahedron api.)
Fire cannot exist without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a
flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions. Some fueloxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not directly involved in any chemical reaction
during combustion, but which enables the reactants to combust more readily. (Api tidak boleh wujud
tanpa semua elemen-elemen ini di tempat dan dalam jumlah yang betul. Sebagai contoh, cecair
mudah terbakar akan mula membakar hanya jika bahan api dan oksigen dalam jumlah yang betul.
Sesetengah campuran bahan api oksigen mungkin memerlukan pemangkin, bahan yang tidak terlibat
secara langsung dalam mana-mana tindak balas kimia semasa pembakaran, tetapi yang
membolehkan bahan tindak balas untuk terbakar lebih mudah.)
Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their own heat by the further
release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate, provided there is a
continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel. Apabila dinyalakan, tindak balas rantai mesti berlaku di
mana kebakaran boleh mengekalkan haba mereka sendiri dengan pembebasan lebih tenaga haba
dalam proses pembakaran dan mungkin menyebarkan, dengan syarat terdapat bekalan berterusan
dalam pengoksida dan bahan api.
If the oxidizer is oxygen from the surrounding air, the presence of a force of gravity, or of some similar
force caused by acceleration, is necessary to produce convection, which removes combustion
products and brings a supply of oxygen to the fire. Without gravity, a fire rapidly surrounds itself with
its own combustion products and non-oxidizing gases from the air, which exclude oxygen and
extinguish it. Because of this, the risk of fire in a spacecraft is small when it is coasting in inertial flight.
Of course, this does not apply if oxygen is supplied to the fire by some process other than thermal
convection. (Jika pengoksida oksigen daripada udara sekeliling, kehadiran kuasa graviti, atau
beberapa kuasa sama disebabkan oleh pecutan, adalah perlu untuk menghasilkan perolakan, yang
membuang produk pembakaran dan membawa bekalan oksigen ke api. Tanpa graviti, api cepat
mengelilingi dirinya dengan produknya sendiri pembakaran dan gas bukan pengoksidaan dari udara,
yang tidak termasuk oksigen dan memadamkannya. Oleh kerana itu, risiko kebakaran di kapal
angkasa adalah kecil apabila ia coasting dalam penerbangan inersia. Sudah tentu, ini tidak terpakai
jika oksigen dibekalkan kepada api dengan beberapa proses selain daripada perolakan haba.)
Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire tetrahedron. Consider a
natural gas flame, such as from a stovetop burner. The fire can be extinguished by any of the
following: (Kebakaran boleh dipadamkan dengan mengeluarkan mana-mana satu daripada unsurunsur tetrahedron api. Pertimbangkan api gas semula jadi, seperti dari pembakar dapur memasak.
Api boleh dipadamkan oleh mana-mana daripada yang berikut)
21
i.
Turning off the gas supply, which removes the fuel source. ii. Covering the flame completely,
which smothers the flame as the combustion both uses the available oxidizer (the oxygen in the air)
and displaces it from the area around the flame with CO 2. (Mematikan bekalan gas, yang membuang
sumber bahan api. Ii. Meliputi api sepenuhnya, yang smothers api sebagai pembakaran kedua-dua
menggunakan pengoksida tersedia (oksigen di udara) dan disesarkan dari kawasan sekitar api
dengan CO2)
iii. Application of water, which removes heat from the fire faster than the fire can produce
it. (Permohonan air, yang mengeluarkan haba dari api lebih cepat daripada api boleh
menghasilkannya.)
Application of a retardant chemical such as Halon to the flame, which retards the chemical reaction
itself until the rate of combustion is too slow to maintain the chain reaction. (Pemakaian bahan kimia
perencat seperti Halon dengan api, yang melambatkan tindak balas kimia itu sendiri sehingga kadar
pembakaran terlalu lambat untuk mengekalkan tindak balas rantai.)
iv.
2.1.1
i. Pre-flashover Stage (
Fire remains limited in size initially, and can be easily extinguished using a portable fire extinguisher at
first. Detection may not occur until flames become visible or when heat is produced. (kebakaran
masih terhad dalam saiz pada mulanya, dan boleh dengan mudah dipadamkan menggunakan alat
pemadam api mudah alih pada mulanya. Pengesanan mungkin tidak berlaku sehingga api kelihatan
atau apabila haba dihasilkan.)
21
21
vii. Improper use, storage, and/or disposal of flammable liquids such as paint thinners
viii. Smoking materials ix. Gas leaks
2.2
Direct ignition
The ignition system for the fire combustion creates such as a lightning spark that
ignites the fuel. Example of direct ignition was open flames, lightning, lighted cigarette
butts and hot ashes.
ii.
Radiation
Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves. It is the type of heat one feels
when sitting in front of a fireplace or around a campfire. It travels in straight lines at
the speed of light. This is the reason that when facing the fire, only the front is
warmed. The backside is not warmed until the person turns around. The earth is
heated by the sun through radiation. Sunburns are a fact of life when people are
exposed to the sun very long. Most of the preheating of fuels ahead of a fire is by
radiation of heat from the fire. As the fire front gets closer, the amount of radiant heat
received is increased.
21
2.2.1
i.
21
change from water to steam. Introducing sufficient quantities and types of powder or
gas in the flame reduces the amount of heat available for the fire reaction in the same
manner. Scraping embers from a burning structure also removes the heat source.
Water can be used to lower the temperature of the fuel below the ignition point or to
remove or disperse the fuel.
ii.
Removing Fuel
Without fuel, a fire will stop. Fuel can be removed naturally, as where the fire has
consumed all the burnable fuel, or manually, by mechanically or chemically removing
the fuel from the fire. Fuel separation is an important factor in fire suppression, and is
the basis for most major tactics, such as controlled burns. The fire stops because a
lower concentration of fuel vapor in the flame leads to a decrease in energy release
and a lower temperature. Removing the fuel thereby decreases the heat.
i.
ii.
2.3.1
i.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
21
ii.
b.
c.
d.
b.
c.
d.
Sprinkler Systems
Fire sprinkler systems are installed in all types of buildings, commercial and
residential. They are usually located at ceiling level and are connected to a reliable
water source, most commonly city water. A typical sprinkler system operates when
heat at the site of a fire causes a glass component in the sprinkler head to fail,
thereby releasing the water from the sprinkler head. This means that only the
sprinkler head at the fire location operates - not all the sprinklers on a floor or in a
building. Sprinkler systems help to reduce the growth of a fire, thereby increasing life
safety and limiting structural damage. The types of sprinkler system were: a. Quick
Response
Standard Response
Control Mode Specific application (CMSA)
Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR)
iii. Fire
Detection
Fire is detected either by locating the smoke, flame or heat, and an alarm is
sounded to enable emergency evacuation as well as to dispatch the local fire
department. An introduction to fire detection and suppression can be found here.
Where a detection system is activated, it can be programmed to carry out other
actions. These include de-energizing magnetic hold open devices on fire doors and
opening servo-actuated vents in stairways. Types of fire detection were: a. Smoke
Detector System
Heat Detector System
Fire Alarm System
Smash Glass
2.3.2
21
2.4
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
2.5
Figure 2.9:
The fire extinguisher
component
and operation
21
i.
ii.
Stored pressure
Cartridge-operated
2.5.1
Stored Pressure
In stored pressure units, the expellant is stored in the same chamber as the firefighting
agent itself. Depending on the agent used, different propellants are used. With dry chemical
extinguishers, nitrogen is typically used; water and foam extinguishers typically use air. Stored
pressure fire extinguishers are the most common type. These extinguishers use compressed
carbon dioxide instead of nitrogen, although nitrogen cartridges are used on low temperature
(-60 rated) models.
2.5.2
Cartridge-operated
Cartridge-operated extinguishers contain the expellant gas in a separate cartridge that is
punctured prior to discharge, exposing the propellant to the extinguishing agent. This type is
not as common, used primarily in areas such as industrial facilities, where they receive
higher-than-average use. They have the advantage of simple and prompt recharge, allowing
an operator to discharge the extinguisher, recharge it, and return to the fire in a reasonable
amount of time. Cartridge operated extinguishers are available in dry chemical and dry
powder types in the U.S. and in water, wetting agent, foam, dry chemical (classes ABC and
B.C.), and dry powder (class D) types in the rest of the world.
2.5.3
i.
ii.
21
Used on fuel fires containing alcohol. Foams a membrane between the fuel and
the foam preventing the alcohol from breaking down the foam blanket.
c.
Foam-Compatible
Which is a sodium bicarbonate (BC) based dry chemical, was developed for use
with protein foams for fighting class B fires. Most dry chemicals contain metal
stearates to waterproof them, but these will tend to destroy the foam blanket
created by protein (animal) based foams. Foam compatible type uses silicone as
a waterproofing agent, which does not harm foam. Effectiveness is identical to
regular dry chemical, and it is light green in color. This agent is generally no
longer used since most modern dry chemicals are considered compatible with
synthetic foams such as AFFF.
21
g. MET-L-KYL / PYROKYL
Specialty variation of sodium bicarbonate for fighting pyrophoric liquid fires (ignite
on contact with air). In addition to sodium bicarbonate, it also contains silica gel
particles. The sodium bicarbonate interrupts the chain reaction of the fuel and the
silica soaks up any unburned fuel, preventing contact with air. It is effective on
other class B fuels as well. Blue/Red in color.
iv. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguisher
A clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. Not intended for class A fires, as the
high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning materials. CO 2 is not suitable for use
on fires containing their own oxygen source, metals or cooking media. Although it can
be rather successful on a person on fire, its use should be avoided where possible as
it can cause frostbite and is dangerous to use as it may displace the oxygen needed
for breathing, causing suffocation.
The following table provides information regarding the type of fire and which fire
extinguisher should be used.
Types of Fires
Picture Symbol
Water
Foam Spray
ABC Dry Powder
Class F Wet Chemical
Wood, paper,
textiles, etc
Flammable
liquids
Foam Spray
ABC Dry Powder
Flammable
gases
Metal
Electrical
Class D Powder
Carbon Dioxide
2.6
Rules of The Fire Prevention By The Malaysian Fire Department and Building by Law
In Malaysia, the government organization that is responsible towards fire and life safety is
the Fire and Rescue Department Malaysia (FRDM). The fire safety standards implemented
are in accordance with the regulations in the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) 1984, NFPA
codes and standards, Fire Services Act 1988 and the Hazardous Material (HAZMAT) code
and guide.
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
21
2.6.5 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Subpart F-Fire Protection and
i.
ii.
iii. 1926.150(a)(3) All firefighting equipment, provided by the employer, shall be conspicuously
located.
iv. 1926.150(c) Portable firefighting equipment-(1) Fire extinguishers and small hose lines. (i) A
fire extinguisher, rated not less than 2A, shall be provided for each 3,000 square feet of the
protected building area, or major fraction thereof. Travel distance from any point of the
protected area to the nearest fire extinguisher shall not exceed 100 feet.
v.
1926.150(c)(1)(ii) One 55-gallon open drum of water with two fire pails may be substituted for
a fire extinguisher having a 2A rating.
vi. 1926.150(c)(1)(v) Extinguishers and water drums, subject to freezing, shall be protected from
freezing.
vii. 1926.150(c)(1)(vii) Carbon tetrachloride and other toxic vaporizing liquid fire extinguishers
are prohibited.
viii. 1926.150(c)(1)(viii) Portable fire extinguishers shall be inspected periodically and maintained
in accordance with Maintenance and Use of Portable Fire Extinguishers, NFPA No. 10A1970.
ix. 1926.150(d)(2) Standpipes. In all structures in which standpipes are required, or where
standpipes exist in structures being altered, they shall be brought up as soon as applicable
laws permit, and shall be maintained as construction progresses in such a manner that they
are always ready for fire protection use. The standpipes shall be provided with Siamese fire
department connections on the outside of the structure, at the street level, which shall be
conspicuously marked. There shall be at least one standard hose outlet at each floor.
x.
2.7
1926.150(e) Fire alarm devices. (1) An alarm system e.g., telephone system, siren, etc., shall
be established by the employer whereby employees on the site and the local fire department
can be alerted for an emergency.
21
i.
A list of all major fire hazards, proper handling and storage procedures for hazardous
materials, potential ignition sources and their control, and the type of fire protection equipment
necessary to control each major hazard.
ii. Procedures to control accumulations of flammable and combustible waste materials.
iii. Procedures for regular maintenance of safeguards installed on heat-producing equipment to
prevent the accidental ignition of combustible materials.
iv. The name or job title of employees responsible for maintaining equipment to prevent or
control sources of ignition or fires.
v. The name or job title of employees responsible for the control of fuel source hazards.
An employer must inform employees upon initial assignment to a job of the fire hazards to
which they are exposed. An employer must also review with each employee those parts of the
fire prevention plan necessary for self-protection.
The procedure related policy to maintain high standards of fire safety were:
i. A fire risk assessment has been undertaken which will be reviewed annually.
ii. More frequent reviews will occur if there are changes that will impact on its effectiveness.
iii. These may include alterations to the premises or new work processes. iv. The fire evacuation
procedures will be practiced at least annually.
v. Training will be provided, as necessary, to any staff given extra fire safety responsibilities,
such as fire marshals.
vi. All new members of staff and temporary employees will be provided with induction training on
how to raise the alarm and the available escape routes.
vii. All escape routes will be clearly signposted and kept free of obstructions at all times.
viii. All fire-related equipment will be regularly serviced and maintained, if any employee notices
defective or missing equipment, they must report it to a manager.
ix. Alarm systems will be tested regularly, staff will be told when a test is scheduled.
x. Any other safety systems will be checked regularly to ensure correct operation, where
necessary, e.g. emergency lighting. xi. This policy foams part of employees conditions of
employment and failure to comply may be treated as a disciplinary matter.
2.8
2.8.1
Examples of location
21
1. On wall or suspended at
head of stairs or ramp.
2. On half landing wall of
stairs.
3. Suspended at change of
level.
1. On wall or suspended at
foot of stairs or ramp.
2. On half landing wall of
stairs.
3. Suspended at change of
level.
4. Suspended in open areas.
1. On wall or suspended at
head of stairs.
2. On half landing wall of
stairs.
3. Suspended at change of
level.
1. On wall or suspended at
foot of stairs or ramp.
2. On half landing wall of
stairs.
3. Suspended at change of
level.
4. Suspended in open areas.
1. Suspended in corridor
leading to door.
2. Suspended in front of
door.
3. Positioned above door.
4. Suspended in open areas.
5. Suspended at foot of stairs
or ramp.
1. On corridor walls.
2. Suspended adjacent and
left of the exit.
3. Suspended at change of
direction.
1. On corridor walls.
2. Suspended adjacent and
right of the exit.
3. Suspended at change of
direction.
1. Suspended at head of
stairs or ramp.
2. Suspended at change of
level.
A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, usually mounted to the outside of a
building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building. It provides a
method of escape in the event of a fire or other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a
building inaccessible.
When determining whether the premises have adequate escape routes, we need to
consider a number of factors, including:
i. The type and number of people using the premises ii.
Escape time
iii. The age and construction of the premises iv. The
number and complexity of escape routes and exits v.
Whether lifts can or need to be used vi. The use of phased
or delayed alarm evacuation vii. Assisted means of
escape/personal evacuation plans
21
2.8.2
21
2.8.3
2.8.4
2.8.5
21
2.8.6
Prohibition Sign
The prevention of a fire, and the safety of personnel, is fundamental in supporting good fire
safety management. The display of prohibition signs can assist in the prevention of any
activity which is likely to cause risk or injury. It is recommended that these signs are displayed
in conspicuous positions throughout the building.
2.8.7
2.8.8
21
21
2.9
Soil Erosion
Many physical, chemical, mineralogical, and biological soil properties can be affected
by fires. The effects are chiefly a result of burn severity, which consists of peak
temperatures and duration of the fire. Climate, vegetation, and topography of the
burnt area control the resilience of the soil system; some fire-induced changes can
even be permanent.
21
2.10
21
2.11
References
Books
Egan M David (1986). The Building Fire Safety Concept. University Technology Malaysia,
Skudai.
Fullerton R. L. (1979). Building Construction in Warm Climates. Volume 1, 2, 3. Oxford
University Press, United Kingdom.
Hall F. (2000). Building Services & Equipment. Pearson Limited, England.
MS EN 81-1:2012. Malaysian Standard. Safety Rules for the Construction and Installation of
Lift- Part1: electric Lifts (first revision). Department of Standards Malaysia.
Nor Rizman (2010). Risk Assessment for Demolition Works In Malaysia. Faculy of Civil
Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Undergraduate
thesis.
Prashant A/L Tharmarajan (2007(. The Essential Aspects of Fire Safety Management In
HihgRise Buildings. University Teknologi Malaysia. Degree of master science thesis.
Riger W. Haines, Douglas C. Hittle (2006). Control System for Heating, Ventilating and Air
Conditioning. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Stein, Benjamin, Reynolds, John S., Grondzik, Walter T., and Alison G. Kwok, (2006).
Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings. 10th ed. Hoboken, New Jersey:
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2006.
Tan, C. W. and Hiew, B.K., (2004), Effective Management of Fire Safety in a High-Rise
Building, Buletin Ingenieur vol. 204, 12-19.
Journals
N.H. Salleh and A.G. Ahmad. (2009). Fire Safety Management In Heritage Buildings: The
Current Scenario In Malaysia. CIPA Symposium Kyoto Japan. UIAM and USM.
Code of Practices
Approved Code Of Practice For Demolition: Health And Safety In Employment Act 1992.
Issued And Approved By The Minister Of Labour September 1994.
Code of Practice for Lift Works and Escalator Works. (2002 ed).
Code Of Practice For Demolition Of Buildings 2004. Published by the Building Department.
Printed by Taiwan Government Logistics Department.
Code Of Practice For Demolition Of Buildings (2009). Malaysia Standard Supersede Ms 282
Part 1: 1975. Technical Committee For Construction Practices Under The Supervision
Of Construction Industry Development Board, Malaysia.
Demolition Work Code Of Practice (July 2012). Australian Government.
Work Health and Safety (Demolition Work Code of Practice) Approval 2012. Australian Capital
Territory. By Dr Chris Bourke, Minister for Industrial Relations.
Ver. 1( MSH- Jun13):
21
Others Publishing
Coby Frampton. Benchmarking World-class maintenance. CMC Charles Brooks Associates,
Inc.
Electrical Installation and Systems (2006). Training Package UEE06. Industry Skills Council,
Australia.
Fire Safety Manual (2002). Florida Atlantic University USA.
Garis panduan Pendawaian Elektrik di bangunan Kediaman (2008). Suruhanjaya Tenaga
Malaysia. Jabatan Keselamatan Elektrik.
Laws of Malaysia. Act 341: Fire Services Act 1988. Publish by The Commissioner Of Law
Revision, Malaysia Under The Authority Of The Revision Of Laws Act 1968 In
Collaboration With Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Bhd 2006.
Operations & Maintenance Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Operational Efficiency.
(August 2010). Release 3.0.
Principles of Home Inspection: Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps. (2010). Educational Course
Note.
Routine Maintenance Modules. Part II.
Uniform Building By Law 1984. (1996). MDC Legal Advisers: MDC Publishers Printers
Guidelines For Applicants For A Demolition Licence Issued Under The Occupational Safety
And Health Regulations 1996. Occupational Safety And Health Act 198. The
Government of Commerce, Western Autralia.
Websites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity
http://science.howstuffworks.com/electricity.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety
http://www.usfa.fema.gov/citizens/home_fire_prev/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance,_repair,_and_operations
http://academia.edu/406774/Demolition_Work_in_Malaysia_The_Safety_Provisions
http://www.mbam.org.my/mbam/doc/news/010-05Oct09-COP%20Demolition
%20Workscorrected%20on%20%2030th%20sept%202009-1.doc
21
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition
http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/700/Demolitio
n%20Work.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/heatisland-sprawl.html
http://www.projectnoah.org/education
http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/other_methodological_issues/interactions_with_o
zone_layer/application/pdf/subgene.pdf
http://www.cibse.org/Docs/barney2.doc
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Building_Services/Vertical_Transportation
21
3