SMART E- METER

S.D.M College of Engineering

Presented by Vinayak R Tirlapur
& Technology,
S.D.M College
of Engineering
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE:

& Technology,

To detect and monitor the power theft

To protect over seal break
To detect and monitor the overload of current
To detect and monitor the overload of voltage

INTRODUCTION:
Modern industrialization , globalization , industries and commercial sector growth is at
maximum ,the power requirement for these fields also increases day by day and the problems at
energy management also has increased a lot. The method shown here is implementing an
effective energy management with safety parameters which safeguard the energy meter,
consumer loads and prevent the overall theft attempts using microcontroller and GSM
technology all the applications are implemented.

LITERTURE SUREVEY:
Many developing countries faces widespread of electricity from government owned power
utilities(In Karnataka like HESCOM, BESCOM,JESCOMetc). Electric theft is the social evil in
india and around the world. In india electricity theft leads to annual loss estimated to be 4.5
billion US dollar (that is 1.5 percent of GDP) . Distribution of electricity involves significant
Technical as well as Non-Technical Losses (NTL).Illegal consumption of electricity or electricity
theft constitutes a major share of NTL. Withthe advent of advanced metering technologies that is
SMART METER real-time energy consumption data will be available at the provider

end(MAIN OFFICE) which can be used to detect illegal consumers. According to source 20%
losses means the people in india would have to pay extra 20% in terms of electricity tariffs.
India has been facing growing shortages over past years.
During the year 2010-11
Average energy shortage :73 billion kWh(10% of total production).
During the year 2012-13
Average energy shortage :83 billion kWh(10% of total production).
During the year 2013-14
Average energy shortage :81 billion kWh(10% of total production).

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
For industrial ,commercial and domestic energy measurement the energy meter used either
analog or electronic type but certain parameters like safety management and power theft cannot
be prevented. Power theft monitoring and detection is very difficult task and intimating to the
authority is also difficult. Power theft and safety measures is a major problem faced in energy
sector this problem can be solved by SMART E-METER.

METHODOLOGY:

Testing and implementation of sensor circuit

Designing op- amp circuits for microcontroller interface
Designing power supply circuits to test different circuits
Implementation of microcontroller circuit and its programming
Assembling testing of the final result

BLOCK DIAGRAM :

INPUT
OUTPUT
CURRENT
CURRENT
SENSING
SENSING

DIFFERENTIAL
SEAL
BREAK
AMPLIFIER
SENSE
SWITCH

GSMSERIAL
MODEM
INTERFACE

ENERGY METER
Microcontroller
89V51RD2

RELAY AT I/P
LOAD
OVER VOLTAGE
DETECTION
Unit at main

OVERLOAD
DETECTION
BUZZER

MOBILE UNIT

INPUT AND OUTPUT CURRENT SENSING :

The existing current measuring through energy meter does not detect the i/p and o/p current
differences so that if the consumer bypasses the line the energy meter does not detect the power

theft. The method shown here detects the input current before energy meter and also detects the
current after energy meter. The Hall Effect sensor which made with many discrete components
and arranged as a module. The module Provides up to 3000 VRMS galvanic isolation. The lowprofile, small form factor packages are ideal for reducing PCB area over sense resistor op-amp or
bulky current transformer configurations. The low resistance internal conductor allows for
sensing up to 20 A continuous current. Providing typical output error of 1%. The module
generates a voltage corresponding to the current variations.

DIFFERNITAL AMPLIFIER:
The differential amplifier or comparator is designed with op-amp and the two outputs from
current sensing devices are connected to the comparator input. The comparator is arranged and
calibrated in such a way that both the i/p and o/p currents should be equal nothing but the power
used before the meter should equal to the power used after meter also. In case of difference in at
inputs generates the difference logical o/p.

MICROCONTROLLER:
The microcontroller used here is 89C52 40 pin DIP with inbuilt 64k flash memory with 4 I/O
ports and 3 timers, and a serial port communicate with MAX 232 interface with serial protocol
with TX and RX pins which are at port 3.

The features of microcontroller as follows

80C52 Central Processing Unit
On-chip FLASH Program Memory with In-System Programming
(ISP) capability

 Boot ROM contains low level FLASH programming routines and a

Default serial loader
Speed up to 33 MHz
Full static operation
RAM expandable externally to 64 k bytes
4 level priority interrupt
7 interrupt sources, depending on device
Four 8-bit I/O ports
Full-duplex enhanced UART
Framing error detection
Automatic address recognition
Power control modes
Clock can be stopped and resumed
Idle mode
Power down mode
Programmable clock out
Second DPTR register
Asynchronous port reset
The role microcontroller here is to pick the abnormal conditions like energy meter tapping
attempts or meter seal break detection and sending an alert message to authority regarding the
theft attempt and displaying the complete information of consumer. And also in case if the
authority wants to disconnect meter through the monitoring station it is possible disconnect
meter as well as to connect meter. For this operation a GSM modem is interfaced to the
microcontroller.

SEAL BREAK SENSE SWITCH:

The energy meter is calibrated and sealed properly to prevent any manipulation in the meter i.e,
in the case to any energy theft the seal has to be broken and some manipulation has to be done
inside the meter. This attempt can be detected using seal break sensor switch. The switch is

placed down side of the seal as the person trying to break and open the cover the switch closes
and sends a control logic signal to microcontroller. The microcontroller further sends this
information to the electricity board along with the complete details of consumer with the help of
GSM modem and the authority can take further actions.

OVERLOAD VOLTAGE DETECTION:

For the safety of the energy meter and the loads which are connected from the energy meter can
be possible to safeguard with the help of over voltage detection circuit. The circuit is designed
with zener diode based transistor switching which provides the proper bias voltage to the
transistor. The bias voltage is with respect to the i/p AC voltage only as the i/p voltage increase
abnormally the zener bias voltage also varies and triggers the transistor which further activate the
electromagnetic relay which disconnect the i/p which prevents damage both to energy meter and
loads.

RELAY INTERFACE:
The switching unit consists of relay, Relay is an electromechanical switch & it works on the
principle of energizing an electromagnet. It consists of primary coil, 2 contacts one is normally
open contact NO & the other is normally closed contact NC& pole normally identified a
common. The input for the relay coil can be connected to the required DC coil energizing voltage
from its COM, N/O and N/C terminal any device of any voltage can be connect for switching
actions.

GSM MODEM and SERIAL INTERFACE RS 232 :

900MHZ GSM modem which communicates with microcontroller 8051 with UART protocol.
The GSM Smart Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged unit that can be embedded or
plugged into any application. The Smart Modem can be controlled and customized to various

levels by using the standard AT (attention) commands. The modem is fully type-approved, it can
speed up the operational time with full range of Voice, Data, Fax and Short Messages (Point to
Point and Cell Broadcast). The modem interface to microcontroller through MAX 232 IC which
is a level converter from TTL to the standards of GSM modem. The roles of GSM here is build
up a communication between user electricity board and microcontroller like receiving requests
and pass it to microcontroller and pick the data from controller and send it back. And also
perform certain functions like disabling meter etc.

OVERLOAD CURRENT DETECTION:

The over load circuit is designed with current sense circuit which detects the overload condition
of loads and sounds the buzzer to alert the user.Theoptocoupler in addition isolates the ac mains
part from the rest of the circuit physically. When the load exceeds 500 watts, the transistor inside
the optocoupler senses this voltage and its collector current increases proportionally. When the
current reaches the required designed value, voltage drop across resistor preset combination
also increases. Overload limiting point can be set by preset. When the potential is greater than
zener diode. It causes forward biasing of transistor. This results in collector of transistor to be
pulled down to ground and trigger IC555, which is connected in bitable mode. The output of 555
causes overload indicating led1 to glow and forward Biases transistor 2 to energies relay1 which
connects the buzzer.

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

A DC power supply system, which maintains constant voltage irrespective of fluctuations
in the main supply or variation in the load, is known as Regulated Power supply.The7805 IC

referred to fixed positive voltage regulator, which provides fixed voltage 5 volts. The 7805
regulator is known as fixed voltage regulator.
Fixed Voltage regulator design has been greatly simplified by the introduction of 3terminal regulator ICs such as the 78xx series of positive regulators and the 79xxx series of
negative regulators, which incorporate features such as built-in fold back current limiting and
thermal protection, etc. These ICs are available with a variety of current and output voltages
ratings, as indicated by the xxx suffix; current ratings are indicated by the first part of the suffix
and the voltage ratings by the last two parts of the suffix. Thus, a 7805 device gives a 5V positive
output at a 1mA rating, and a 79L15 device gives a 15V negative output at a 100mA .
3-terminal regulators are very easy to use. The regulators ICs typically give about
60dB of ripple rejection, so 1V of input ripple appears as a mere 1mV of ripple on the regulated
out.
A rectified filter and unregulated DC voltage is given to pin of IC regulator. A bypass capacitor
is connected between input and ground to bypass the ripples and oscillations. The output
capacitor is connected between output and ground to improve transient response. The
unregulated input is applied to the IC must be always more than the regulated output.
The regulated 5v power supply is connected to microcontroller, timer, op amps or other circuits
of the project.

EXPECTED RESULT:
Protect over the seal break or malfunction situation and to solve a problem of overload, cutoff or
turn on the meter connection and read the status of meter and to detect and monitor the power
theft .

COMPONENTS USED:
Microcontroller
Power Supply
GSM modem
MAX-232
RELAY
ENERGY METER

SOFTWARES USED:
For doing this project we use some of the software like
KEIL - Embedded C for programming the application software to the microcontroller.
Express PCB software is used for designing the PCB for this project.

APPLICATIONS/ADVANTAGES:
Detection of energy tapping with i/p and o/p meter current technique and messaging
Seal break detection and messaging

Disconnection of meter in case of theft activities found from KEB office

Over voltage detection
Over load detection
Reconnection of meter from main office
Late or no billing disconnection from main office
No manpower required
More accuracy
Effective power theft control

REFERNCES:
[1] Amar Pawade and Nadeem Shaikh , A distributed approach for power theft prevention,
Department of Electronics,MHSSCOE.
[2] M. Etezadi-Amoli and K. Choma,Electrical performance characteristics of a distribution
transformer," in IEEE-Power Engineering Soc. Winter Meeting, vol. 2, 2001, pp. 736740
[3] ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY VOL-II by B.L. THAREJA .