Lesson Plan : Function and Structure of the Human Body

Teacher
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Dr Dinesh Madhavan
College/University
PE and Health

ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURES OF THE HUMAN BODY

i) Anatomical terms ii) Body cavities

The aim of this course is to provide the students with the

knowledge about the structure and function of the human body
Goals:
that will need in the performance of their daily functions as
member of healthcare team.
1. Able to explain in general the structure and function of the
Objectives: human body. 2. Aware that the normal functions of human body is
the result of normal function every system in the body.
Materials:

Introduction:
Development:

1. PowerPoint slide shows 2. Flash presentations 3. Lecture notes

4. Assignments 5. POP Quiz
i) Define the anatomical terms ii) State the boundaries of four
body cavities iii) List the contents of the body cavities
ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURES OF THE HUMAN BODY
TERMINOLOGY AND GENERAL PLANES OF THE BODY ANATOMY
Anatomy is the study of the structure or morphology, which
includes size, shape, composition, and perhaps even coloration of
the body, from the microscopic to the macroscopic. Anatomy can
be studied following either a regional or a systemic approach. In a
systemic approach, each system of the body is studied and
followed throughout the entire body and this type of study is called
Systemic anatomy . For example, a study of the cardiovascular
system looks at the heart and all of the blood vessels in the body.
When this is completed, the nervous system (brain, spinal cord and
all the nerves) might be examined in detail. This approach
continues for the whole body until every system, including the
skeletal, muscular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, lymphatic, and
reticuloendothelial systems, has been studied. With a regional
approach, each region of the body is studied separately and all
aspects of that region are studied at the same time and this type
of study is called regional anatomy. For example, if the Thorax is
to be studied, all of its structures are examined. This includes the

vasculature, the nerves, the bones, the muscles and all other
structures and organs located in the region of the body defined as
the Thorax. After studying this region, the other regions of the
body (i.e. the Abdomen, Pelvis, Lower Limb, Upper Limb, Back,
and Head and Neck) are studied in a similar fashion. The various
systems of which the human body is composed are grouped under
the following headings: Osteologythe bony system or skeleton.
Syndesmologythe articulations or joints. Myologythe muscles.
Angiologythe vascular system, comprising the heart,
bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands. Neurologythe
nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this
system. Splanchnologythe visceral system. Histology: The study
of the minute structure of the various component parts of the
body. Embryology: The study of the human organism in its
immature condition, ie., the various stages of its intrauterine
development from the fertilized ovum up to the period when it
assumes an independent existence. Applied anatomy: The direct
application of the facts of human anatomy to the various
pathological conditions. Surface anatomy: The appreciation of
structures on or immediately underlying the surface of the body.
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION The anatomical position is the standard
reference position of the body used to describe the location of
structures. The body is in the anatomical position when standing
upright with feet together, hands by the side and face looking
forward. The mouth is closed and the facial expression is neutral.
The rim of bone under the eyes is in the same horizontal plane as
the top of the 'opening to the ear' and the eyes are 'open' and
focused on something in the distance. The palms of the hands face
forward with the fingers straight and together and with the pad of
the thumb turned 90 to the pads of the fingers. The toes point
forward. ANATOMICAL PLANES : Three major groups of planes pass
through the body in the anatomical position . Coronal planes are
oriented vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior
parts. Sagittal planes also are oriented vertically, but are at right
angles to the coronal planes and divide the body into right and left
parts. The plane that passes through the center of the body
dividing it into equal right and left halves is termed the median
sagittal plane. Transverse, horizontal, or axial planes divide the
body into superior and inferior parts. ANATOMICAL LOCATION OR
POSITION: Three major pairs of terms are used to describe the
location of structures relative to the body as a whole or to other
structures . Anterior (or ventral) and posterior (or dorsal) describe
the position of structures relative to the 'front' and 'back' of the
body. For example, the nose is an anterior (ventral) structure
whereas the vertebral column is a posterior (dorsal) structure.

Also, the nose is anterior to the ears and the vertebral column is
posterior to the sternum. Medial and lateral describe the position
of structures relative to the median sagittal plane and the sides of
the body. For example, the thumb is lateral to the little finger. The
nose is in the median sagittal plane and is medial to the eyes,
which are in turn medial to the ears. Superior and inferior describe
structures in reference to the vertical axis of the body. For
example, the head is superior to the shoulders and the knee joint
is inferior to the hip joint. Other terms used to describe positions
include proximal and distal, cranial and caudal. Proximal and distal
are used with reference to being closer or farther from a
structure's origin, particularly in the limbs. For example, the hand
is distal to the elbow joint. The glenohumeral joint is proximal to
the elbow joint. Cranial or Cephalad (towards the head) and caudal
(towards the tail) are sometimes used instead of superior and
inferior respectively. Two other terms used to describe the position
of structures in the body are superficial and deep. These terms are
used to describe the relative positions of two structures with
respect to the surface of the body. For example, the sternum is
superficial to the heart and the stomach is deep to the abdominal
wall. The terms internal and external are used to describe the
relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or
cavity; for example, the internal carotid artery is found inside the
cranial cavity and the external carotid artery is found outside the
cranial cavity. The term ipsilateral refers to the same side of the
body; for example, the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral.
Contralateral refers to opposite sides of the body; for example, the
left biceps brachii muscle and the right rectus femoris muscle are
contralateral. The supine position of the body is lying on the back.
The prone position is lying face downward. TERMS RELATED TO
MOVEMENT: Flexion is a movement that takes place in a sagittal
plane. For example, flexion of the elbow joint approximates the
anterior surface of the forearm to the anterior surface of the arm.
It is usually an anterior movement, but it is occasionally posterior,
as in the case of the knee joint. Extension means straightening the
joint and usually takes place in a posterior direction. Lateral
flexion is a movement of the trunk in the coronal plane. Adduction
is a movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane .
Abduction is a movement of a limb away from the midline of the
body in the coronal plane. In the fingers and toes, abduction is
applied to the spreading of these structures and adduction is
applied to the drawing together of these structures. Rotation is the
term applied to the movement of a part of the body around its long
axis. Medial rotation is the movement that results in the anterior
surface of the part facing medially. Lateral rotation is the

movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing

laterally. Pronation of the forearm is a medial rotation of the
forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces
posteriorly. Supination of the forearm is a lateral rotation of the
forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand
comes to face anteriorly Circumduction is the combination in
sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and
adduction. Protraction is to move forward; retraction is to move
backward (used to describe the forward and backward movement
of the jaw at the temporomandibular joints). Inversion is the
movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction.
Eversion is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole
faces in a lateral direction. BODY CAVITIES The body has two major
cavities: The dorsal cavity. The ventral cavity . Each of these is
further subdivided into lesser cavities. The organs of any cavity are
referred to as the viscera. THE DORSAL CAVITY : The dorsal cavity
contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate the bodys
functions. It is divided into the cranial cavity, which contains the
brain, and the spinal cavity, which contains the spinal cord. THE
VENTRAL CAVITY : The ventral cavity contains organs that are
involved in maintaining homeostasis or a constant internal
environment within small ranges of deviation. The ventral cavity is
again divided into; The thoracic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity
The thoracic cavity: It is surrounded by the rib cage. The thoracic
cavity contains the heart in a pericardial sac referred to as the
pericardial cavity, and the two lungs each covered by the pleural
membrane referred to as the pleural cavities. A space called the
mediastinum is found between the two pleural cavities. It contains
the heart, thymus gland, lymph and blood vessels, trachea,
esophagus, and nerves. The diaphragm muscle separates the
thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. The
abdominopelvic cavity The abdominopelvic cavity is the second
subdivision of the ventral cavity. It contains the kidneys, stomach,
liver and gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas,
and the ovaries and uterus in women. Two other terms are used
when discussing the cavities of the body. The term parietal refers
to the walls of a cavity. Example: the parietal peritoneum lines the
abdominal wall. The term visceral refers to the covering on an
organ. Example: the visceral peritoneum covers abdominal organs.
Physiology is the study of how the body functions. The physiology
of red blood cells, for example, includes what these cells do, how
they do it, and how this is related to the functioning of the rest of
the body. Physiology is directly related to anatomy. For example,
red blood cells contain the mineral iron in molecules of the protein
called hemoglobin; this is an aspect of their anatomy. The presence

of iron enables red blood cells to carry oxygen, which is their

function. All cells in the body must receive oxygen in order to
function properly, so the physiology of red blood cells is essential
to the physiology of the body as a whole. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Chemical inorganic and organic chemicals make up all matter,
both living and non-living. 2. Cellsthe smallest living units of the
body. 3. Tissuesgroups of cells with similar structure and
function. 4. Organsgroups of tissues that contribute to specific
functions. 5. Organ systems groups of organs that work together
to perform specific functions 6. Personall the organ systems
functioning properly. HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis is the maintenance
of the internal environment of the body. Some examples of
homeostasis are blood sugar levels, body temperature, heart rate,
and the fluid environment of cells. When homeostasis is
maintained, the body is healthy. This is the reason your doctor
takes your temperature and blood pressure as part of a routine
examination.
1. Take attendance 2. Asses their knowledge about the topic which
is planing to teach before starting a class. 3. Make sure all students
are listening the lecture 4. Asses they are understanding about the
Practice: lecture by asking questions 5. Do a POP Quiz about previous class
before starting next day class 6. Make a chart about student's
knowledge for each students and update regularly.Which is done by
collecting marks from each activity.
1. Refer text books from the library 2. Use internet to add
Accommodations: knowledge about the topic. 3. Study lecture notes and make a
concluded chart about the notes.
Checking For
Understanding:

1. Collect marks from each POP Quiz and assignments 2. After

finishing a topic, take a feedback from students. 3. If any students
are weak in any areas, help them to improve.

1. Give all lecture notes ( Hard copy)and flash objects if any. 2.

Closure: Evaluate all feedback and assessment. 3. Make necessary action to
improve teaching process for next topic.
Evaluation:

1. Collect marks from each POP Quiz and assignments 2. After

finishing a topic, take a feedback from students. 3. If any students
are weak in any areas, help them to improve.