CHM 421 - ToPIC 1 - Calculations

Dr.
Zuraida Khusaimi
CHM 421 Analytical Chemistry
(6 hours)
Zuraida Khusaimi/CHM421/2015
Mole
Molarity
Normality
Stoichiometry
Physical
Quantities
Unit name
Unit
abbreviation
Mass
gram
Amount of
substance
Mole
mole
Derived units
Def. of Quantity
Unit abbreviation
Volume
(Length)3
dm3 or L
Density
Mass/volume
g/L
Concentration
Mole/Volume
mol/L
Common Decimal Prefixes Used with SI Units
Amount of atoms, particles, ions etc.

1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 (atoms, particles, ions etc.)
Mol = mass in g / molar mass
= g / g/mol
= atoms, particles, ions etc. / mol
1 mole of particles contains 6.02 x 1023

particles
1 mole of C contains 6.02 x 1023 C atoms
1 mole of H2O contains 6.02 x 1023 H2O
molecules, 2 x 6.02 x 1023 H atoms, or 6.02 x
1023 O atoms.
1 mole of NaCl contains 6.02 x 1023 particles,
6.02 x 1023 Na+ ions and 6.02 x 1023 Cl- ions.
Number of moles A
=
mass of A (mg)
molar mass (mg/mmol)
103 milimole equals 1.0 mole
1 milimole is 1/1000 of a mole
1 : How many moles and milimoles of benzoic

acid (M = 122.1 g/mol) are contained in 2 g
pure acid?
2: Calculate the number of moles and milimoles
in the following chemical compounds, 218 g
of baking soda, NaHCO3.
3: Determine the mass in gram of Na+ (23
g/mol) in 25 g of Na2SO4 (142 g/mol).
(Ans: 8.098 g)
The atomic mass of any substance expressed in

grams is the molar mass of that substance.
E.g. the atomic mass of iron, Fe is 55.85 amu
Therefore the molar mass of iron, Fe is 55.85
g/mol.
Since oxygen occurs naturally as diatomic , O2,
the molar mass of oxygen gas is 2 times 16.00
i.e. 32.00 g/mol
Read: atomic wt., atomic mass, molecular wt,
formula wt.
10
Number og grams in 1 mole

Equal to the numerical value of the atomic
mass
1 mole of C
= 12.0 g
1 mole of Mg atoms = 24.3 g
1 mole of Cu atoms = 63.5 g
11
The molar mass of a substance is the sum of the

molar masses of each element.
E.g. what is the molar mass of magnesium
nitrate, Mg(NO3)2?
Solution:
The sum of the atomic masses is :
24.31 + 2(14.01 + 16.00 + 16.00)
= 24.31 + 2(62.01) = 148.33 amu
The molar mass for Mg(NO3)2 is 148.33 g/mol
12
Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used

antidepressant that inhibits the uptake of
serotonin by the brain. Calculate its molar
mass.
A) 40.0 g/mol
B) 262 g/mol
C) 309 g/mol
13
Now we will use the molar

mass of a compound to convert
between grams of a substance
and moles of a particles of a
substance.
6.02 x 1023 particles =
1 mol = molar mass
If we want to convert particles
to mass, we must first convert
particles to moles and then we
can convert moles to mass.
14
15
16
Concentration is the amount of solute in a given

volume of solution.
Concentration (C) = mass (g)
volume (L)
Solvent: A substance that generally a liquid

present in the larger proportion of the solution.
Water is considered a universal solvent for most
solution.
Solute: The substance present in smaller
proportion of a solution. It can be solid, liquid or
gas.
17
The number of moles of solute per litre of

solution, given the symbol, M.
M = no. of moles of solute (mol)
volume of solution (L)
= no of milimoles of solute (mmol)
volume of solution (mL)
18
1.
2.
What is the molarity of a solution made by

dissolving 2.5 g of NaCl in enough water to
make 125 ml of solution?
How many mole of a solute present in the
following solutions:
a) 16.3 L solution of 0.113 M . (Ans: 1.8419 mole)
b) 15.66 mL solution of 0.025 M. (Ans: 0.0039 mole)
19
4. A chemist dissolves 98.4 g of FeSO4 in

enough water to make 2.000 L of solution.
What is the molarity of the solution? (Ans:
0.324 M)
5. How would you prepare 100.0 mL of 0.25 M
KNO3 solution? (Ans: 2.53 g KNO3)
20
Number of moles of solute that dissolved in

1000 g of solvent, m (mol/kg).
Preferred expression of concentration involving colligative properties
(boiling point, elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure)
no of mol of solute
1 kg of solvent
21
Number of gram equivalents of reacting unit

per litre of solution, given symbol, N
N
no of equivalents
volume (L)
No of reacting unit = No. of equivalents
22
For 1 mol of H2SO4, it has 2 reacting units of

protons
= FW / no. of reacting units

= (98.08 g/mol) / (2 eq/mol)
= 49.04 g/eq
For 1 mol, 1 L of H2SO4, No. of equivalent = 98.08 /
49.04 = 2
Normality = 2 / 1L = 2N
Molarity = mol/vol (L) = 1/1 = 1M
Equivalent weight
23
% conc (% w/w, w/v, v/v)

Ppm, ppb for solid and liquid
Density
Specific gravity of solution
24
% concentration
Weight/weight % (w/w)
Volume/volume % (v/v)
Weight/volume % (w/v)
% Concentration
Percentage = number of parts in 100

parts,
E.g. Gram of A in 100 grams of sample
% of A =
Number of parts of A
Number of parts of sample
X 100
% (w/w) =
(
)
mass of solute (g)
(mass of sample (g))10
mass of solute (g)
( mass of sample (g)) 10
mass of solute (g)
( mass of sample (g) ) 10
mass of solute (g)
( mass of sample (g) ) 10
mass of solute (g)
102
mass of sample (g)
parts per hundred
parts per thousand
ppt (w/w) =
ppm (w/w) =
ppb (w/w) =
ppt (w/w) =
12
This scale is useful for solids or solutions.
parts per million
parts per billion

parts per trillion
% (v/v)
ppt (v/v) =
(
)
mass of solute (mL)
( mass of sample (mL) ) 10
ppm (v/v) =
% (v/v) =
ppb (v/v) =
ppt (v/v) =
mass of solute (mL)

mass of sample (mL)
mass of solute (mL)

mass of sample (mL)
10 2
parts per
hundred
parts per
thousand
10 6
parts per
million
(
)
mass of solute (mL)
mass of solute (mL)
mass of sample (mL)
10 9
12
parts per
billion
parts per
trillion
% (w/v) =
ppt (w/v) =
ppm (w/v) =
ppb (w/v) =
ppt (w/v) =
parts per
hundred
10 3
parts per
thousand
of solute (g)
10
( mass
)
mass of sample (mL)
mass of solute (g)

mass of sample (mL)
mass of solute (g)
mass of sample (mL)
10 6
(
)
mass of solute (g)
mass of solute (g)
mass of sample (mL)
10 9
12
parts per
million
parts per
billion
parts per
trillion
(100g solution)
Concentrated HCl 15g HCl
Alcoholic beverage. 3.00 mL CH3CH2OH
Coloured indicator for titration
0.040 g phenolphthalein
25.0 mL solution
10 2
( 50 mL beverage )
)
10 2
= 15.0 % (w/w)
10 2
= 60.0 % (v/v)
= 0.160 % (w/v)
w/w is used to express the concentration of commercial

aqueous reagents.
For example:
Nitric acid, HNO3 is sold a 70% solution. It means the

reagent contains 70g pure HNO3 per 100g solution.
HCl is sold 37% solution, i.e. For every 100g there is 37g pure
HCl.
Briefly explain how to prepare the following solutions: 1.0 L

of 10.50 %(w/v) aqueous CH3CH2CH2OH.
(1.0 L = 1000 mL)
% (w/v) = mass(g)
x 100
volume (mL)
Mass of CH3CH2CH2OH
= % x V = 10.5 x 1000
100
100
= 105 g of CH3CH2CH2OH
Weigh 105 g of CH3CH2CH2OH and dilute it to the mark with

distilled water in 1.0 L volumetric flask.
34
Density - expresses the mass of a substance per unit volume. In SI

units, density is expressed in units of kg/L or g/mL or g/cm3
Density = mass of solute / unit volume (g/mL)
Specific gravity - is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of

an equal volume of water. Unit is dimensionless.
Specific gravity = D of solute / D of water
D H2O = 1.00000 g/mL at 4C
DH2O = 0.99821 g/mL at 20 C
Not all compounds are in solid form.
Acids are purchased as liquids (stocks solution)
It is usually vital to prepare diluted solutions from these stock solutions
The procedure is: Use pipette to measure moles (via volumes), make up
the volumes using volumetric flask.
For the calculation, we will be using this relation:
McVc = MdVd
c = concentrated solution (stock solution)
d = diluted solution (ending solution / desired solution)
1. What volume of 0.5 M HCl can be prepared

from 1 L of 12 M HCl?
M1 = 12 mol/vol
V1 = 1 L
M2 = 0.5 L
M1V1 = M2V2
V2 = M1V1 / M2
V2 = (12 mol/L x 1 L) / (0.5 L) = 24 L
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
How many mL of a 14 M stock solution must be used to make 250 mL

of a 1.75 M solution?
You have 200 mL of 6.0 M HF. What concentration results of this is
diluted to a total volume of 1 L?
100 mL of 6.0 M CuSO4 must be diluted to what final volume so that
the resulting solution is 1.5 M?
What concentration results from mixing 400 mL of 2.0 M NaCl with 600
mL of 3.0 M HCl?
What is the concentration of NaCl when 3 L of 0.5 M NaCl are mixed
with 2 L of water?
with 2 L of 0.2 M NaCl?
with 2 L of water?
Water is added to 4 L of 6M antifreeze until it is 1.5 M. What is the total
volume of the new solution?
There are 3 L of 0.2 M HF. 1.7 L of this is poured out. What is the
concentration of the remaining HF?
1.
2.
Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3

(63 g/mol) in a solution that has a specific
gravity of 1.42 and is 70% HNO3 (w/w).
(Ans: 16M)
Describe the preparation of 100 mL of 6.0 M
HCl from a concentrated solution that has a
specific gravity of 1.18 and is 37% (w/w) HCl
(36.5 g/mol).
(Ans: )
3. Calculate the molarity of the following acid:

1. 70% HClO4, density = 1.67 g/mol
2. 96% H2SO4, density = 1.84 g/mol

CHM 421 - ToPIC 1 - Calculations

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Dr.

Common Decimal Prefixes Used with SI Units

Amount of atoms, particles, ions etc.

1 mole of particles contains 6.02 x 1023

1 : How many moles and milimoles of benzoic

The atomic mass of any substance expressed in

Number og grams in 1 mole

The molar mass of a substance is the sum of the

Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used

Now we will use the molar

Concentration is the amount of solute in a given

Solvent: A substance that generally a liquid

The number of moles of solute per litre of

What is the molarity of a solution made by

4. A chemist dissolves 98.4 g of FeSO4 in

Number of moles of solute that dissolved in

Number of gram equivalents of reacting unit

No of reacting unit = No. of equivalents

For 1 mol of H2SO4, it has 2 reacting units of

= FW / no. of reacting units

% conc (% w/w, w/v, v/v)

Percentage = number of parts in 100

E.g. Gram of A in 100 grams of sample

parts per hundred

parts per thousand

This scale is useful for solids or solutions.

parts per million

parts per billion

mass of solute (mL)

mass of solute (mL)

mass of solute (g)

Concentrated HCl 15g HCl

Alcoholic beverage. 3.00 mL CH3CH2OH

Coloured indicator for titration

w/w is used to express the concentration of commercial

Nitric acid, HNO3 is sold a 70% solution. It means the

Briefly explain how to prepare the following solutions: 1.0 L

Weigh 105 g of CH3CH2CH2OH and dilute it to the mark with

Density - expresses the mass of a substance per unit volume. In SI

Density = mass of solute / unit volume (g/mL)

Specific gravity - is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of

Specific gravity = D of solute / D of water

D H2O = 1.00000 g/mL at 4C

DH2O = 0.99821 g/mL at 20 C

Not all compounds are in solid form.

Acids are purchased as liquids (stocks solution)

It is usually vital to prepare diluted solutions from these stock solutions

For the calculation, we will be using this relation:

c = concentrated solution (stock solution)

d = diluted solution (ending solution / desired solution)

1. What volume of 0.5 M HCl can be prepared

V2 = (12 mol/L x 1 L) / (0.5 L) = 24 L

How many mL of a 14 M stock solution must be used to make 250 mL

Calculate the molar concentration of HNO3

3. Calculate the molarity of the following acid:

2. 96% H2SO4, density = 1.84 g/mol

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