Bahan bahan kimia :

1. Asam dan cairan korosif

2. Chromic dan asam Sulfat
3. Perchloric Acid
4. Hydrofluoric Acid
5. Sodium perocsida
6. Bromine
7. Ammonium hydroxcide
8. Hydrogen Sulphid
9. Cyanide, arsenic dan Mercury salt
10. Mercury
11. Organic Solvents
12. Ethers
13. Organic halogen compounds
Bahaya terhadap kesehatan
1. Inhalation
-

Tingkat keparahan tergantung dari level konsentrasi zat yang dihirup.

Dapat menyebabkan perdarahan gusi dah hidung

Irritasi hidung, mata, tenggorokan, paru paru, bronchopneumonia dan oedem

penumonia

Pusing, mual, muntah, sesak napas, tidak sadar dan gelisah

Akumulasi dari hydrofluoric acid dalam paru paru dapat saja terjadi dan menyebabkan
kematian

Terlalu banyak terpapar dengan Toluene, methyl benzene (C6H5CH3) dan menyebabkan
kematian

2. Kontak mata
-

Dapat menyebabkan terbakar dan hilangnya pengelihatan. Pertolongan pertama sangat

penting

Hydrogen fluoride vapours dapat larut pada lapisan mata yang lembab dan dapat
menyebabkan iritasi. Percikan ke mata dapat menyebabkan kerusakan parah pada
bagian kornea.

3. Terpapar Asam Sulfat meskipun dalam jumlah yang sedikit dapat menyebabkan kerusakan
dan

.
Contact even with small amounts of concentrated sulphuric acid can cause damage and
possible loss of sight. Contact with more dilute forms of sulphuric acid can also cause
damage but with possible recovery of sight.
Liquid acetone and high concentrations of its vapour can cause moderate eye irritation.
Vapour can irritate the eyes. Liquid can cause severe irritation and corrosive damage to eye
surface.

3.1.3

3.1.4

3.2

SKIN CONTACT
Hydrogen fluoride can cause deep and excruciatingly painful skin burns. Burns from strong
HF (50-70%) are felt straight away. Weaker solutions (25%) may take a few minutes to be
noticed, solutions of 1-20% may not be felt for several hours. Serious skin splashes have
caused death.
Concentrated acid can cause severe burns if not rinsed off immediately.
Skin contact with Pyridine causing reddening, thickening and cracking. Pyridine absorbed in
the skin might cause severe skin eruptions in areas exposed to sunlight.
Chronic skin contact to KEROSENE, PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON DISTILLATE leads to dermatitis.
Prolonged exposure has caused cases of aplastic anaemia and death.
INGESTION
Hydrofluoric Acid may cause severe burning and/or perforation of the digestive system may
lead to death.
Hydrochloric acid causes severe burns of the mouth, oesophagus and stomach with
consequent pain, nausea and vomiting, thirst, diarrhoea, circulatory collapse and possibly
death.
ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL ACETIC ACID, ETHANOIC ACID (CH3COOH) MAY CAUSE Irritation of gastro
intestinal tract, which can result in kidney damage.
Toluene, MethylBenzen can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and loss of consciousness.
Isopropyl Alcohol may cause drowsiness, gastro intestinal pain, nausea, vomiting and
diarrhoea. Lethal dose for humans is estimated to be approximately 131 g.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

CONDITIONS

Skin
Protection

INDICATIONS
1. Wear protective clothing, including boots or safety shoes with Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC) or neoprene.
2. Use chemical goggles and/or a full-face shield.
3. Wear coveralls with long sleeves, gauntlets and gloves of PVC or
neoprene.
4. Use protection suitable for conditions.

Eye Protection

1. Use chemical safety goggles and/or full face shield where splashing is
possible.
2. Maintain eye wash fountain and quick drench facilities in work area.

Personal
Respirators
(NIOSH
Approved)

For emergencies or instances where the exposure levels are not known, use
a full-face piece positive-pressure, air-supplied Respirator.
If the exposure limit is exceeded, a full-face piece respirator with an acid
gas cartridge.
Use protection suitable for conditions

3.3

PROCEDURES PROTOCOL
Ensure the danger is clear for the healthcare workers and victim.
Use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment safely.
Identify the chemical substance if possible.
Assess the patients condition.

3.3.1

INHALATION

3.3.2

3.3.3

3.4

Check for DRABC (Danger, Response, Airway, Circulation)

Place the victim in areas where there is adequate ventilation.
Administer oxygen with high concentration
Assess patients response to the oxygen therapy by assessing his colour, capillary refill, use
of accessory muscles and respiratory rate and volume.
EYE CONTACT
Flush thoroughly with flowing water for at least 20 minutes, holding eyelids apart.
SKIN CONTACT
Remove clothing, shoes and leather goods from affected area.
Immediately flush area with running water for at least 20 minutes under running water or other
sterile liquid.
Treat the affected skin as burn if indicated.
If the skin contact with Hydrofluoric Acid, cover affected area with Calcium Gluconate gel or a
paste of magnesium oxide in the absence of Calcium Gluconate.
INGESTION
Do not induce vomiting
If victim vomits naturally, have victim lean forward to reduce risk of choking.
Rinse mouth with water.
If the victim can swallow, give one glass (6-8 ozs) of water or milk to dilute material in the
stomach.
Unless unconscious or convulsing, induce vomiting by having the victim drink large volumes
of water for the victim with Isopropyl Alcohol.
FIRST AID MEASURES FOR HYDROFLUORIC ACID POISONING

3.4.1 Inhalation

Use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment safely.

Use a full-face piece positive-pressure, Air-supplied Respirator.
Place the victim in areas where there is adequate ventilation.
Check for DRABC (Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
If breathing has stopped, begin artificial respiration or CPR immediately.
Avoid mouth to mouth contact.
Administer oxygen with high concentration.
Call doctor to obtain medical assistance.

3.4.2

Eyes Contact
Use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment safely.
Chemical safety goggles and a full face shield attached to a wide brimmed
hard hat whenever anhydrous HF may splash.
Flush immediately with flowing water for 20 minutes, by the clock, holding the eyelids
open.
If irritation persists, obtain medical advice immediately.

3.4.3

Skin Contact
Use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment safely.
Chemical safety goggles and a full face shield attached to a wide brimmed
hard hat whenever anhydrous HF may splash. Rubber Gloves, overalls,
boots, are required and sleeve protectors are recommended.
Avoid contact with this chemical.
Remove clothing, shoes and leather goods from affected area.
Immediately flush area with running water for at least 20 minutes under running water or
other sterile solution.

3.4.4

Cover affected area with Calcium Gluconate gel or a paste of Magnesium Oxide in the
absence of Calcium Gluconate. Massaging HF Antidote Gel into the wound until there is a
cessation of pain is the most effective first aid treatment available. HF Antidote Gel
contains Calcium Gluconate which combines with HF to form insoluble Calcium Fluoride,
thus preventing the extraction of Calcium from the body tissue and bones.
Obtain medical attention AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.

Ingestion
Use the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment safely.
Chemical safety goggles and a full face shield attached to a wide brimmed
hard hat whenever anhydrous HF may splash. Rubber Gloves, overalls,
boots, are required and sleeve protectors are recommended.
Never give anything to victim if losing consciousness or is convulsing.
Do not induce vomiting.
If victim vomits naturally, have victim lean forward to reduce risk of choking.
Rinse mouth with water.
Have victim drink several calcium tablets with 240-300 ml of water to dilute material in
stomach.
Obtain medical attention.