Fibre Reinforced Polymer FRP Analysis and Design

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Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Analysis and Design
SECOND EDITION NOV 2009
ENGR SREEJIT RAGHU
MEng DIC ACGI MIStructE CEng MIEM
Ove Arup & Partners International Ltd 13 Fitzroy Street, London W1T 4BQ tel +44
(0) 20 7636 1531 fax +44 (0) 20 7755 2150 email sreejit_raghu@yahoo.co.uk intern
et www.arup.com
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Analysis and Design Second Edition
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................
................................................................................
..........3 1.1 FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) ANALYSIS AND DESIGN .............
.........................................................4
Introduction ...................................................................
................................................................................
...................................4 The Reinforcement Fibre ...................
................................................................................
..............................................................4 The Polymer (Res
in) Matrix .....................................................................
................................................................................
.......6 The Additives .........................................................
................................................................................
...........................................8 The Composite Laminate Forming Proc
esses...........................................................................
......................................................9 Modelling and Analyzing
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composite Laminates in MSC.NASTRAN ..............
.................10
The Ply.........................................................................
................................................................................
........................................................... 10 The Composite Lam
inate, Sandwich Structures and Structural Members with Attached Laminates ......
................................................................ 14 Failure Mode
and Failure Criteria of the Composite Laminate ................................
................................................................................
............... 16 MSC.NASTRAN Finite Element Modelling of Composite Laminate Su
mmary ..........................................................................
.......................... 18
1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6
1.1.6.1 1.1.6.2 1.1.6.3 1.1.6.4
BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................
................................................................................
.20
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My humble gratitude to the Almighty, to Whom this and all work
is dedicated. A special thank you also to my teachers at Imperial College of Sci
ence, Technology and Medicine, London and my fellow engineering colleagues at Ov
e Arup and Partners London and Ramboll Whitbybird London.
Engr Sreejit Raghu
3
1.1 1.1.1
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Analysis and Design 1 Introduction
A Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite laminate is a material composed of pl
ies. Each ply consists of fibres within a polymer matrix with the addition of ad
ditives. The fibres impart strength and stiffness to the composite and also act
as crack stoppers for good fatigue resistance. The matrix binds the fibres toget
her, transferring loads from fibre to fibre. The matrix also protects the fibres
from mechanical abrasion and chemical reactions with the environment. The mecha
nical properties are predominantly governed by the fibres; fibre type, fibre len
gth, fibre volume fraction and fibre orientation. The chemical properties, behav
iour in fire and durability are largely governed by the properties of the matrix
polymer. Together, the FRP composite presents a robust material solution with g
ood stiffness/weight and strength/weight ratios, good fatigue and corrosion resi
stance and favorable cost savings in transportation, assembly and construction d
ue to its relatively light weight despite its unfavorable material cost / weight
ratio. 1.1.2 The Reinforcement Fibre Glass E-Glass: 2500 R-Glass: 3200 Carbon H
T-Carbon: 3200 HM-Carbon: 2500 Aramid (Kevlar TM) 2900
Property Tensile Strength, σf, ult (MPa) Compre ive Strength, σf, ult (MPa)
Stiffne (GPa)
Poi on’ Ratio, νf Desity, ρf (kg/m3) Mate ial Cost 2 / kg Coefficiet of The
mal Expasio, αf (Str in/°C) Imp ct Resist nce (Brittle F ilure Toughness) F ti
gue Fire
E-Gl ss: Efℓ = 74 Eft = 74 Gf = 30 R-Gl ss: Efℓ = 86 Eft = Gf = Gl ss fibre is i
sotropic. E-Gl ss: 0.25 R-Gl ss: 0.2 Low; E-Gl ss: 2600 R-Gl ss: 2500 Low; 2.5 L
ow; E-Gl ss: 0.5E-5 R-Gl ss: 0.3E-5 Dependent upon el stic str in energy bsorbe
d;
HT-C rbon: Efℓ = 230 Eft = 15 Gf = 50 HM-C rbon: Efℓ = 390 Eft = 6 Gf = 20 C rbo
n fibre is nisotropic. HT-C rbon: 0.3 HM-C rbon: 0.35 Very Low; HT-C rbon: 1750
HM-C rbon: 1800 High; 10.0 – 200.0 Very low; HT-C rbon: 0.02E-5 HM-C rbon: 0.08
E-5 Dependent upon el stic str in energy bsorbed; See Section 1.1.3.
Efℓ = 130 Eft = 5.4 Gf = 12 Ar mid fibre is nisotropic.
0.4 Very Low; 1450 High; 20.0 Low; -0.2E-5 Dependent upon el stic str in energy
bsorbed;
Ret in strength up till melting point (over 1000

Oxidise in ir bove 650 °C. Combustible.
Limited to 200 °C. Combustible.
1
GAY, D niel, HOA, Suong, TSAI, Stephen. Composite M teri ls Design nd Applic ti
on. CRC Press, London, 2003.
2
NB: Cost reductions re however m de in erection nd tr nsport tion due to the l
ighter weight.
4
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) An lysis nd Design Second Edition
°C). Combustible. Susceptible only when in cont ct with luminium c using “g l
v nic phenomenon” which le ds to r pid corrosion.
Corrosion Resist nce
Not susceptible.
Not susceptible.
of Therm l Conductivity
Creep Coefficient t 20°C, λ (W/m°C) Heat
Capacity, c (J
/kg°C) E ectrica Conductivity Low; E-G ass: 1 R-G ass: 1 E-G ass: 800 R-G ass:
800 Non-conducting. Attacked by a ka is (pH greater than 11) but not by acids. V
ery high;
HT-Carbon: 200 HM-Carbon: 200 HT-Carbon: 800 HM-Carbon: 800 Conducting
. Very
ow; 0.03 1400 Non-conducting.
Aramids absorb much more water than either
g ass or carbon causing prob ems with the resin/fibre interface.Changes co our
and the strength
reduce. However, when embedded in resin, overa mechanica pr
operties itt e affected. Non-toxic and inert. Does not contaminate groundwater.

Chemica Resistance
Good.
UV Resistance
Good.
Good.

Sustainabi ity Transparency to Radio Frequency E ectromagnetic Considerations
Non-toxic and inert. Does not contaminate groundwater.
Non-toxic and inert. Does not contaminate groundwater.
5

Fibre Reinforced Po ymer (FRP) Ana ysis and Design Second Edition
1.1.3

The Po ymer (Resin) Matrix

There are two types
of po ymer; thermosets and thermop astics.
Once
cured (harde
ned) by a chemica
reaction, a thermosetting
po ymer wi not me t or soften whe
n subsequent
y heated. A thermop astic po ymer softens when heated and hardens u
pon coo ing.
Common thermoset po ymers are po yester, epoxy and pheno ic. Proper
ty Tensi e Strength, σm, ult (MPa) Compre ive Strength, σm, ult (MPa) Stiffne
(GPa) Poi on’ Ratio, νm Desity, ρm (kg/m3) Mate ial Cost / kg Coefficiet of
The mal Expasio, αm (Str in/°C) Imp ct Resist nce (Brittle F ilure Toughness)
Polyester 80 Epoxy 130 Phenolic 70
Em: 4.5 Gm: 1.4 Polyester is isotropic. 0.4 1200 2.5 High; 8E-5
Em: 4.5 Gm: 1.6 Epoxy is isotropic. 0.4 1200 5.0 – 10.0 High; 11E-5
Em: 3.0 Gm: 1.1 Phenolic is isotropic. 0.4 1300 10.0 Low; 1E-5
F tigue
Fire
F tigue resist nce of FRP composites is gener lly better th n th t of met ls s
the fibres ct s cr ck stoppers - up to 1000000 cycles no f tigue limit. Unlike
met ls, f tigue f ilure is gr du l s the m trix cr cks nd fibres debond. Gene
r lly, nonprop g ting stress r nge estim tes for composites c n be s high s 90
% of st tic strength (cf. th t for steel nd tit nium being 50% nd luminium 35
%). Although the fibres re not fl mm ble, the polymer m trix is inherently fl m
m ble. Although thermoset polymers do not melt when he ted, they do soften (Youn
g’s Modulus decre ses) bove the gl ss tr nsition temper ture Tg, typic lly 60 –
70 °C. This gre tly influences the m ximum service temper ture of FRP composi
te nd its structur l perform nce in fire. The temper ture t which FRP comp
osite softens is c lled the He t Distortion Temper ture (HDT) nd is rel ted to
Tg.
Corrosion Resist nce All polymers used in FRP composites displ y viscoel stic or
time ( nd temper ture) dependent properties. M teri ls with high gl ss tr nsi
tion temper ture (Tg) h ve higher creep resist nce. Creep is of prim ry signific
nce for structures under sust ined lo d. Creep in FRP composites is prim rily
m trix deform tion. A FRP composite with fibres ligned in the direction of t
he pplied stress, creep is unlikely to be signific nt problem, while lo ding
off xis to the fibre direction m y result in excessive deflection. The design m
ethodology should be b sed on limiting the intern l str ins in the m trix. Axi l
str in levels should be less th n 0.2% str in. Creep curves re v il ble for e
stim ting creep modulus (long term modulus). Low; 0.2 Low; 0.2 Low; 0.3
Creep
Coefficient of Therm l Conductivity t 20°C, λ
6


(W/m°C)
Heat Capacity,
c (J/kg°C)
E ectrica
Conductivity Resistant
to grease, o
i s, paints, so vents, petro eum. Po yester resins attack po ystyrene foam in sa
ndwich structures. Good. Maintains appearance > 20 years. Used as protective
ge
coat on composites with a more UV sensitive po ymer. Appearance changes ong be
fore significant
mechanica
property degradation. Resistant to grease, oi s, pai
nts, so vents, petro eum. Epoxy resins can absorb water by diffusion up to 6% of
mass. Paint thinners attach epoxy resins. 1400 1000 1000

Chemica Resistance

Resistant to grease, oi s, paints, so vents, petro eum.
UV Resistance

Sustainabi
ity Transparency to Radio Frequency
E ectromagnetic
Considerations An
app ication where it has been particu ar y usefu to use FRP composites is wher
e concrete members require non-ferrous reinforcement due to e ectromagnetic
cons
iderations
e.g.
MRI scanner
rooms; airport
radio and compass ca ibration
pads;
h
igh vo tage e ectrica transformer vau ts; concrete near high vo tage cab es and
substations.
7

1.1.4
The Additives Remark To counteract UV effects on appearance and the degradation
of mechanica properties,
additives can be b ended with the po ymer during proce
ssing.Photo stabi izing additives protect the po ymer chains by reacting prefer
entia
y with UV ight - UV absorbers.
Pigments can a so protect the po ymer by
ref ecting the UV radiation. Meta ic pigments can be used as effective ref ecto
rs. Zinc
oxide (ZnO) is another effective ref ector. However, the most effective

ref ector is carbon b ack. It is often used to
enhance
the ifespan of po ymers
exposed
outdoors.
Co ors that can be particu ar y prone to fade inc ude reds, y
e ows and paste co ors.
Property
UV Resistance
8

1.1.5

The Composite
Laminate Forming Processes
Description
Contact Mo ding (Hand Lay U
p) Open mo ding since there ison y one mo d. Reinforcement is mats or fabrics.
Compaction is done using a ro er to squeeze out air pockets. Labour intensive
a
nd high qua
ity workmanship
required. C osed mo ding as the countermo d wi c o
se the mo
d to
app y pressure
after impregnated
reinforcement
(fabrics or unidim
ensiona s) p aced on mo d. Vacuum is app ied under a soft p astic sheet on the o
pen
mo d and piece is compacted under atmospheric pressure to e imitate air bubb
es.
Forming Process

Compression
Mo ding Vacuum
Assisted Resin Transfer Mo ding VARTM (a.k.a. Depress
ion Mo ding or Bag Mo ding) Resin Transfer Mo ding RTM

Mo ding impregnation
of fibres into resin p acing mixture on too compaction po
ymerization demo ding finishing

Sheet
Forming Profi e Forming (Pu trusion) Stamp Forming Three Dimensiona Assem
b y Cutting

Resin is injected into the preformed reinforcement
(unidimensiona s, fabrics,
ma
ts) p aced between the mo d and countermo d. Premixed (a.k.a. Bu k Mou ding Comp
ound B.M.C., i.e. Injection
of Premixed mixture of cut short fibres in a resin m
atrix)
is fed into Mo ding mo
d and countermo d in a high y automated fashion. M
o ding by foam injection a ows the processing
of po yurethane foamreinforced w
ith g ass fibres in mo d Foam Injection Mo ding and countermo d. A ows for the
fabrication of tubes using short fibres. Centrifuga Mo ding Fi ament winding is
used to form tubes with continuous fibres wound he ica y within the component.
The fibres are coated with po ymer resin and wound around a Fi ament Winding ma
ndre to create the desired shape. The winding ang e may be varied toorientate
the fibres to give the desired properties in different directions.
A ows the pr
oduction of p ane or corrugated
sheets. Pu trusion invo ves pu ing reinforcemen
t fibres (unidimensiona
s, fabrics
or mats) coated in a po ymer
resin through a
die. On y app icab e to thermop astic composites. Preformed p ates are heated,
s
tamped and then coo ed. Woven tows a ong severa directions in space assemb ed b
efore impregnation using iquid or gas. A programmed cutting machine can cut com
ponents into shapes required by the design.
9

1.1.6

Mode ing and Ana yzing MSC.NASTRAN The P y
Fibre
Reinforced

Po ymer
(FRP)
Composite
Laminates
in
1.1.6.1
The
reinforcement fibres are manufactured to be as thin in diameter (d) as possi
b e because their rupture strength decreases
as
their diameter increases. The mi
nimum effective fibre ength (critica fibre ength, c) is dependent on the fib
re diameter (d) and its u timate tensi e strength, σf, ult and on the fibre-matr
ix bond
trength (or the hear trength of the matrix) τc according (simplis ica
lly)
o lc
= σf, ult d / τc
For a number
of glass and carbon fibre-ma rix combin
a ions, hiscri ical leng h is on he order of 1 mm, which ranges be ween 20 an
d150 imes he fibre diame er. Fibres for which l >> lc (normally
l > 15lc)are
ermed con inuous; discon inuous or shor fibres have leng
hs shor er han his
. For disconinuous fibres of leng hs significan
ly less han lc, he ma rixdef
orms around he fibre such ha here is vir
ually no s ress
ransfer and li le
reinforcemen by he fibre. The forms of he reinforcemen fibres are i. Unidim
ensional (con inuous fibres)ii. Bidimensional
woven fabric (con inuous fibres)
iii.Bidimensional ma (shor or con inuous fibres) iv. Mul idimensional fabric
(con inuous fibres) 1.1.6.1.1 Mechanical Proper ies of he Unidimensional Ply

Twodimensional
aniso ropic ma erials (MAT2) can be fully defined from 7 indepen
den cons an s, Ex, Ey, νyx, νxy, Gxy, Gxz, Gyz.
Ex 1 − ν xy ν yx σ x ν xy E y σ y = τ 1 − ν xy ν yx xy 0
ν yx E x 1 − ν xy ν yx Ey 1 − ν xy ν yx 0 0 ε α x x 0 ε
Trf ) α y γ 0 G xy xy
τ xz G xz = τ yz 0
0 γ xz G yz γ yz

Twodimnsion
l or ho ropic m ri ls (MAT8) c n b fully dfind from 6 indpn
d n cons n s, 3 from Ex, Ey, νyx a d νxy due to the symmet y elatio νxyEy =

νyxEx ad also Gxy, Gxz, Gyz.
Ex 1 − ν xy ν yx σ x ν xy E y σ y = τ 1 − ν xy ν yx xy 0
ν yx E x 1 − ν xy ν yx Ey 1 − ν xy ν yx 0 0 ε α x x 0 ε
Trf ) α y γ 0 G xy xy
τ xz G xz = τ yz 0
0 γ xz G yzγ yz

Two dimnsion l (pl n s rss) iso ropic m ri l (MAT1) c n b fully dfind fr

om 2 indpndn cons n s from E, G nd ν as G = E / [2(1+ν)].
10
Fib e Reifo ced Polyme (FRP) Aalysis ad Desig Secod Editio
E σ x 1 − ν 2 νE σ y = 2 τ 1 − ν xy 0
νE 1− ν2 νE 1− ν2 0
0 α ε x 0 ε y − (T − Trf ) α 0 G γ
τ xz G 0 γ xz = τ yz 0 G γ yz

l diffrnc in h dform ion

m n l physic
A fund b w nn iso ropic nd
d,
n
or
ho ropic m ril sh ll b m n ion d. If n iso ropic
m ri l is
s r ss
h d form ionof h lmn will
b llipsoid l wi h h xs of h llipsoi

l sr ss x s.
d coincidin
wi h h princip How v r,if n or ho ropic m ri l
is s r ss d, h d form ionof h l m n will b llipsoid l wi h h x s o
f h llipsoid no coincidin wi h h princip l s r ss xs. Th mch nic l pr
opr is of ply r dfind on h MAT8 c rd.

No h x dno s h loni udin ldir cion of h ply, y h r nsvrs
in p

l n dirc ion of h ply
nd z h r nsv rs ou of pl n dir c ion of h ply
; f dno s fibr nd m h rsin m rix; fℓ the longitudin l direction of the f
ibre nd ft the tr nsverse direction of the fibre. Property of Ply The longitudi
n l modulus, Ex (or E1) (Assumes str ight nd unidirection l fibre orient tion
nd th t the m teri l is bimodulus, i.e. s me stiffness in tension nd compressio
n) Expression Ex = EmVm + EfℓVf = Em(1–Vf) + EfℓVf
V V 1 1 or = m + f Ey = Em Em E y E m E ft (1 − V ) + Vf f E f
νxy = νmVm + νfVf = νm(1–Vf) + νfVf
The i plae t asve se modulus, Ey (o E2)
The i plae Poisso’s atio, νxy (o NU12)
1 G xy = G m The i plae shea modulus, Gxy (o G12) Gm (1 − Vf )
+ G Vf f If test data a e ot available, the value of G12 may be The out of
plae shea modulus, Gxz (o G1Z) used fo G1Z ad G2Z. If ze o the o shea fl
exibility o shea defo matios, i.e. ifiite shea stiffess. If test data a e
ot available, the value of G12 may be The out of plae shea modulus, Gyz (o
G2Z) used fo G1Z ad G2Z. If ze o the o shea flexibility o shea defo matio
s, i.e. ifiite shea stiffess. 1 The i plae modulus alog ay di ectio, E
θ Eθ = 1 ν xy cos 4 θ si 4 θ (Note the apid dec ease i modulus i di ectio
s + + 2 cos 2 θ si 2 θ − 2G xy E y away f om the logitudial fib e) Ex E
y
11
whe e θ = aticlockwise agle f om x Mass desity, ρ (o RHO) ρ = ρmVm + ρfVf =
ρm(1–Vf) + ρfVf The logitudial coefficiet of the mal expasio, α = α f E f V
f + α m E m Vm x αx (or A1) E f Vf + E m Vm (ν f E m − ν m E f ) (α f − α m ) Th
r nsvrs cofficin of hrm l xp nsion, αy α y = α m Vm + α f Vf + Em Ef
+ (or A2) Vf Vm Vf ρ f Mf = Fib e mass f actio, Mf Vf ρ f + Vm ρ m Vf ρ f Mm =1
− Mf =1− Resi mat ix mass f actio, Mm Vf ρ f + Vm ρ m The fib e volume f actio
, Vf depeds la gely upo the maufactu ig p ocess used. Moldig P ocess Cota
ct Moldig Comp essio Moldig Filamet Widig Vacuum Moldig Fib e Volume F ac
tio, Vf 30% 40% 60% − 85% 50% − 80%
Cove sely, if the fib e mass f actio Mf is kow, the volume f actios ca be
de ived as follows. P ope ty of Ply Fib e volume f actio, Vf Resi mat ix volum
e f actio, Vm Exp essio
Vf = M f / ρf M f / ρf + M m / ρm M f / ρf M f / ρf + M m / ρm
Vm = 1 − Vf =
The thickess of the plies must be defied o the PCOMP ca d (fo each idividua
l PSHELL ca d) as Ti. The thickess is obtaied as follows. 1 m 1 1 − M f
Ti = of o Ti = m of + Vf ρ f ρ f ρ m M f whe e mof is the mass of
fib e pe m2 of a ea. 1.1.6.1.2 Mechaical P ope ties of the Bidimesioal Wove
Fab ic Ply
The fab ics a e made of fib es o ieted alog two pe pedicula di ectios, oe
called the wa p ad the othe called the fill di ectio. The fib es a e wove to
gethe , which meas that the fill ya s pass ove ad ude the wa p ya s, foll
owig a fixed patte . Each fab ic laye is coside ed to be a sigle aisot opi
c laye of thickess Ti with app oximate mechaical p ope ties as follows. Defi
e 1 k= 1 + 2 whe e 1 is the umbe of wa ps ya s pe met e ad 2 is the
umbe of fill ya s pe met e. The Exfab ic ≈ kEx + (1–k)Ey Eyfab ic ≈ (1–k)Ex
+ kEy
12
Gxyfab ic ≈ Gxy
ν xyfab ic ≈ ν xy k + (1 − k ) Ex Ey
whe e Ex, Ey, Gxy ad νxy a e values obtaied by coside ig the wove fab ic pl
y to be a uidi ectioal ply, i.e. with both the wa p ad fill ya s to be i th
e same di ectio such that the total volume f actio, Vf would be the same as th
at of oe uidi ectioal ply. Note that the stiffess of a wove fab ic will be
less tha two e uivalet (with the two uidi ectioal plies havig the same fib
e volume f actio as the oe wove fab ic ply) uidi ectioal plies o thogoal t
o oe aothe because of the cu vatu e of the wove fib es ove ad ude the o
thogoal fib es. The thickess of the aisot opic ply would be Ti as with the u
idi ectioal ply. 1.1.6.1.3 Mechaical P ope ties of the Bidimesioal Mat Ply
Mats a e made up of sho t cut fib es o cotiuous fib es such that they a e iso
t opic withi thei plae. Hece thei p ope ties ca be app oximated by just tw
o costats (ad hece usig MAT1) app oximately as 3 5 E mat ≈ E x + E y 8 8 E
mat G mat ≈ 2(1 + ν mat )
ν mat ≈ 0.3 whe e Ex ad Ey a e the elastic moduli alog the logitudial ad t
asve se di ectios of a uidi ectioal ply with the same volume f actio Vf.
The thickess of the mat ply would be Ti as with the uidi ectioal ply. 1.1.6.1
.4 Mechaical P ope ties of the Multidimesioal Fab ic Ply
Multidimesioal fab ic plies has the eifo cemet assembled acco dig to p e e
stablished di ectios. The ply is isot opic withi its plae.
13
1.1.6.2
The Composite Lamiate, Sadwich St uctu es ad St uctu al Membe s with Attached
Lamiates
The e a e th ee types of lamiated cost uctio. These iclude the all lamiated
cost uctio cosistig of elatively high stiffess ad st egth laye s, the s
a dwich st uctu e lamiatio cosistig of at least two high stiffess ad st e

gth oute laye s coected by a co e, ad a thi d type cosistig of a st uctu a
l membe that is eifo ced o the tesile o comp essio o both sides of a fle
xu al beam. 1.1.6.2.1 Mechaical P ope ties of the Composite Lamiate
A composite lamiate is comp ised of a umbe of plies. These ca be defied usi
g the PCOMP et y that efe s to the mate ial ca ds of the idividual plies MID
i, thei thickess Ti ad the o ietatio of the ply logitudial axis f om the
MCID by THETAi.
Plies a e always defied bottom up (Z0 = −0.5 x total elemet thickess ∑Ti). Th
e e is a geuie eed fo a midplae symmet y (esu ed by specifyig LAM = “SYM”
) because du ig the coolig p ocess of maufactu e, the plies have the tedecy
to cot act diffe etly depedig o thei o ietatios. With symmet y of the m
idplae, ouifo m cot actio is avoided. Typical lamiate lay ups of uidi ec
tioal plies a e [90/02/−45/45]S ad 0 / 45 / − 45 / 90 S . Note that these a e
defied bottom up. The S subsc ipt idicates a set of symmet ic plies. The 2 sub
sc ipt idicates two plies. The hyphe above the umbe idicates that it is the
midplae ply. The 0 / 45 / − 45 / 90 S lay up is eally the techological miim
um with the miimum thickess of the lamiate beig a oud 1mm. The plies should
be o ietated such that the e a e fib es o ietated i both the maximum ad mi
imum p icipal st ess di ectios. The e should also be o mo e tha 4 cosecutiv
e plies alog the same di ectio. The plies should be p og essively te miated t
o obtai a g adual chage of thickess (maximum 2 plies fo each 6mm ite val).
Lamiate lay up which a e symmet ic ca also be made up of fab ics, which ca be
thought of as a pai of o thogoal plies ad also of mats, which a e isot opic
i plae. 1.1.6.2.2 Mechaical P ope ties of Sadwich St uctu es

[ [
] ]
Sadwich st uctu es a e made up of two facigs sadwichig a light flexible co e
, hece agai defiable with a PCOMP et y. The facig ca be a composite lamia
te of may aisot opic MAT8 plies o simply a laye of isot opic MAT1 mate ial s
uch as alumiium. The co e ca be deemed as just aothe laye withi PCOMP with
a elatively much g eate thickess. A sigificat beefit of sadwich st uctu
es is the fact that they a e ext emely light whilst havig a high flexu al igid
ity due to the sepa atio of the su face skis. The mass pe uit a ea of the do
me of the Sait Pete ’s Basilica i Rome (45m diamete ) is 2600 kg/m2 whe eas th
e same dome made of steel/polyu ethae foam sadwich (Haove ) is oly 33 kg/m2.
Ve y app oximate st ess fo mulae i a 3 laye (co e T2 sadwiched by 2 facigs
of thickess T1 ad T3) sadwich st uctu e a e as follows. These a e useful ve i
ficatios of compute outputs.
14
Bedig st ess i facigs σ =
M (per unit metre) a uming all bending i re i ted by the facing T2 + 1 (T1 +
T3 ) (1m width ) 2 V (per unit metre) Shear tre in foam τ = ssumin ll h

vr ic l sh r is rsis d by h cor T2 (1m wid h )
(
)
s h sim ion of h si
Th pproxim
v rific ionofdispl c m n s r quir
ffn ss of h s ndwich sruc ur . Also, bo h bndin nd shr dform ions

m y

b si nific n ,h nc bo hb ndin nd sh r s iffn ss s mus b pproxim d s
follows. No h T2 is h hicknss of h cor nd Tf cins is h hickns
. T1 or T3. 2 2 widh . Tf cins . T2 + Tf cins widh . sk
h f cin s, i.
s of
in hickn ss . ( v r p nl dp h ) EI = E f cins = E f cins 2 2 GA s = G co

r T2 + 2Tf cn s . wid h
(
)
(
)

S ndwich s ruc urs r suscp ibl o lob l bucklin ccordin o Eulr (inclu
din sh r dform ions) s π 2 EI Fcr = K EI L2 + π 2 K GA s where K = 1 for si
m
ly su
orted, K = 4 for fixed ended, K = 2.04 for fixed-

inned and K = 0.25 fo
r cantilever. Sandwich structures are
articularly susce
tible to local buckling
of the facings. The critical com
ression stress is 1/ 3 3 2 σ cr = E facing E
core 2 2 1/ 3 12(3 − ν co e ) (1 + ν co e )
[
]
(
)
The axial c itical fo ce i a beam fo local bucklig of the facigs is app oxim
ately
E Tfacigs Fc = 1.64Tfacigs .width.E facigs co e E facigs T2
1/ 2
1.1.6.2.3
Mechaical P ope ties of St uctu al Membe s with Attached Lamiates
This is utilized most ofte i cost uctio ad if ast uctu e applicatios. PCO
MP ca be used to defie the attached composite lamiates o the flages of the
st uctu al membe s, but of cou se ot the st uctu al membe s themselves because
the o ietatio of the web will be o thogoal to the o ietatio of the flage.
Hece defie explicit PSHELL et ies fo the st uctu al membe s.
15
1.1.6.3
Failu e Mode ad Failu e C ite ia of the Composite Lamiate
The failu e mode of a ply is b ittle athe tha ductile with o sigificat yie
ldig util failu e at the ultimate tesile st egth. The ply emais elastic u
til the ultimate limit st egth. I light of this it has bee assumed that oly
elastic methods may be used, with o edist ibutio. If the loadig is tesile a
log the di ectio of the fib es, it is assumed that the fib es b eak befo e the
mat ix. The comp essive st egth alog the di ectio of the fib es will be smal
le tha the tesile st egth alog the same di ectio due to the mic o bucklig
pheomeo of the fib es i the mat ix. To defie a failu e c ite ia a failu e
theo y must be specified o the FT field of the PCOMP et y f om eithe “HILL” f
o Hill Tsai, “HOFF” fo Hoffma, “TSAI” fo Tsai Wu o “STRN” fo maximum st ai
theo y. The allowable ite lamia shea st ess SB eeds also to be p ovided
i the PCOMP ca d i case of ite lamia failu e. The o the MAT8 ca ds, the
allowable st ess o st ai i tesio ad comp essio i logitudial di ectio
Xt, Xc, i the t asve se di ectio Yt, Yc ad the allowable st ess o st ai fo
i place shea , S is e ui ed. Hill Tsai is eally fo o thot opic mate ials w
ith e ual st egths i tesio ad comp essio. The Hoffma ad Tsai Wu theo y
a e fo o thot opic mate ials with gee al state of plae st ess with ue ual st
egths i tesio ad comp essio. Note that the Hoffma theo y takes ito acc
out the diffe ece i tesile ad comp essive allowable st esses by usig liea
te ms i its e uatio. The Tsai Wu howeve is complicated by the eed to satis
fy a stability c ite io with a expe imetally (biaxial loadig) de ived pa ame
te F12 defied o the MAT8 ca d. Na ayaaswami ad Adelma have thus suggested
that F12 be set to ze o ad the use of Hoffma s Theo y o the Tsai Wu theo y wi
th F12 = 0 a e p efe ed alte atives. STRN o the MAT8 with a value of “1.0” is
additioally e ui ed fo the maximum st ai theo y to idicate that Xt, Xc, Yt
, Yc ad S a e st ai allowables, istead of st ess allowables fo the othe c i
te ia.
16
The maximum st ai c ite ia failu e idex is defied as follows
STRN ca also be left blak (as doe fo the othe c ite ia) eve fo the maximu
m st ai theo y to allow st ess allowables i which case the maximum st ai c it
e ia becomes the maximum st ess c ite ia. Fo this case the failu e idices a e
calculated usig
The failu e idex of the bodig mate ial will be calculated as the maximum ite
lamia shea st ess divided by the allowable bodig st ess. Classical lamiat
io theo y, which utilizes the plae st ess assumptio, does ot accout fo it
e lamia st esses. As a esult, this theo y caot be used to p edict the magi
tude of these st esses. High values of these ite lamia st esses ca lead to f
ailu es that a e ui ue to composite mate ials. A app oximate techi ue is used
to calculate the ite lamia shea st esses. The basic assumptio i this app
oximate techi ue is that the x ad y compoets of st ess a e decoupled f om o
e aothe . The ite lamia shea st ais a e calculated by
The Hill Tsai failu e c ite io is defied as follows fo each ad eve y ply.
σ α= x σ x , ult σ + y σ y , ult
2

τ σ σ − x y + xy 2 σ x , ult τ xy , ul
2

< 1.0 for no ply rup ur
2
E whr σ x, ult = σ f, ult Vf + (1 − Vf ) m ≈ σ f, ult Vf Ef
The e corre pond to the entrie on the MAT8 card , the allowable tre in ten i
on and compre ion in longitudinal direction Xt (σx, ult), Xc (σx, ult), in the
tran ver e direction Yt(σy, ult), Yc(σy, ult) and the allowable tre for in-
place hear, S(τxy, ul ). If α > 1, hn rupur occurs in h ply considrd,
nr lly du o h rupur of h rsin. Th rupur rsis nc dos no h v
i is usful o pl c in h d
h s m v luin nsion nd comprssion, h nc

spondi
ors
nomin

of h Hill Ts i xpr ssion
h rup ur r sis nc v lu s corr

n o h mod of lo din (i.. wh h r nsion or compr ssion) h pp r in

h num r or. This is don u om ic lly in NASTRAN s follows.
17

Fibr Rinforcd Polymr (FRP) An lysis nd Dsin Scond Edi ion
1.1.6.4

MSC.NASTRAN Fini Elmn Modllin of Composi L min Summ ry

ssic l l min
Cl ion hory ismployd, hnc incorpor in h followin ssum

p ions: i. Th l min consis s of p rf c ly bond d l min or ply. ii.
Th bon
ds r infini sim lly hin nd nonsh r d form bl ; i. ., displ c m n s r con
(or ply) bound ris so h no l min c n slip rl iv
inuous
cross l min
o no hr. iii. E ch of h ply is in s of pl n srss. Th PCOMP propr

y c rd is us d for mod llin composi m ri l consis
in of l y rs. This inf
orm ion is usd in rn lly wi hin NASTRAN o compu quiv ln PSHELL c rds. T

h inform
ion on h PCOMP c rd includ s h hickn ss,

n ion nd m ri
ori

l id n ific ion of ch l y r. This inform ion is us d in rn lly wi hin NASTR
ci l l yr by l yr oupu is providd
AN o compu quiv l n PSHELL c rds. Sp
is usd. W h v s id h for shlls,
wh n h PCOMP opion h l mn d fini

ion nd l m n s r ss r cov ry r p rform d in h l m n coordin sys m
by df ul (bu dfind by MCID
n ry on lmn connc ion c rd; 0 for b sic pr

oj c d, > 0 for us r proj c d, < bl nk > for lmn coordin

sys m, > 0.0

nd < 360.0 for n l d fromsid n1 n2 of l m n ). (No h for b ms, h l
mn dfini ion nd lmn srss rcovry r prformd in h lmn coordi

n sys m. For solid lmn s, h lmn dfini ion nd lmn s rss rcov
ry r prformd in h b sic coordin sysm by df ul (bu dfind on CORD

M fild of PSOLID;
0 for b sic, > 0 for us r dfind, 1 for lmn coordin
sys m)). In h c s of h PCOMP n ry, h lmn coordin sys m rquirs
furhr subdivision
s hr r mny pli s.H nc h THETAi fild of h PCOM

P nry sp cifi s h n l from h coordin sys m d fin d by MCID on h l
mn conncion c rd for h loniudin l xis of ch ply i. To dfin l min
s wih PCOMP nd numrous orhoropic MAT8 c rds, h followin procdur is un

dr kn. I. Dfin common m ri l coordin sys m MCID
for h CQUAD4 lm
n s. This would rfr o i hr h b sic coordin sys m (by spcifyin “0”)
CORDij ID). In h usu l c
or usr dfindcoordin sys m (by spcifyin
s of uniformiso ropic shlls, MCID c n b lf df ul d o h individu l l
mn coordin sys m (by spcifyin < bl nk >), r ndom s hy m y b, bc us
du o h n ur of h lmns bin uniform nd isoropic, h omric d
finiion will b h x c, nd h corrc consisn srss rcovry will b

ob ind so lon s h s rsss r ro d on o h
lobl x ssys mby h

procssor (of
pos cours hou h h Z norm l mus s ill b nsur d o b coh r
n lmns for corrc srss rcovry of op nd boom surf
n mons dj c
cs). Bu in h cs of h or horopic shll, h om ric dfini ion r quir

s coordin sys m.I isb s o d fin sin l us r d fin d coordin sys
lmn coordin
m for ll h lmn s on hir MCID fild, no in h h
sys m will hn b
h proj c ion

of h dfind sys m on o h lmn pl n

. Th hickn ss T1 o T4 should no b sp cifi d b c us in ccord nc wi h norm
l pr c ic of dfinin iso ropic m ri ls, hicknss is spcifid in h prop
r y c rd.
II.

Dfin
PCOMP
c rd h rfrs o hm ri l c rds of h
individu l pli sMI

Di, h ir hickn ss Ti nd h ori n ionof h ply lon i udin
l xis

from
h
MCID, THETAi. Pli s r lw ysd fin d bo om up (Z0 = −0.5x o l l m n hi
cknss ∑Ti). SOUTi fildrqus s by “YES” or“NO” s rss ou pu for h individ
u l plis provid
d h hELSTRESS
c s con rol comm nd is sp
cifid. Th LAM

fi ld spcifi s h l min op ion from < bl nk >for xplici ly sp cifyin ll
pli s, h rcommndd “SYM” for spcifyin h lf h symmric l plis from bo

om sid (wi h cn rlin ply of hlf hicknss ifodd numbr of
plis wi hin l
min ), “MEM” for spcifyin ll h plis bu wi hmmbr n s iffn ss only (MI
D1 on drivd PSHELL) nd “BEND” for spcifyin ll h plis bu wi h bndin s

iffnss only (MID2 on drivd PSHELL). A f ilur hory FT c n b spcifid fro
forHill Ts i, “HOFF” for Hoffm
m “HILL” n, “TSAI” for Ts i Wu or “STRN”
for m x
imum s r in hory. Th llow bl in r l min r sh r s rss SB nds o b prov
idd.
18


III.
Dfin n or ho ropic MAT8 c rd ( l houh MAT1 c rd could b usd for m

ply) for ch individu l ply. For ch
ply, n d o d fin E1, E2, Poisson’s
r io NU12, in pl n sh r modulus G12, r nsvrs sh r modulus for sh r in 1

Z pl nG1Z, r nsvrs sh r modulus for sh r in
2 Z pl n G2Z (if G1Z nd G2Z

z ro, h n no sh r fl xibili y or sh r d form ions, i. . infini sh r s if
h hrm l xp nsion cofficins A1 nd A2 if n
fnss) nd dnsi y RHO. Dfin
css ry. If h f ilur cririon is rqusd in PCOMP (in fild FT), hn h

llow bl srss or sr in in nsion nd comprssion
in loniudin l dir c ion

X , Xc, in h r nsv rs dir c ion Y , Yc nd h llow bl s r ss or s r in f
or in pl c sh r, S is rquird. F12 is ddi ion
lly r quir
d for Ts i Wu f ilu

r cri rion. STRN wi h v lu of“1.0” is ddi ion llyr quir d for h m ximu
m s r in h ory o indic h X , Xc, Y , Yc nd S r s r in llow bl s ins
d of srss llow bls. STRN c n lso b lf bl nk ( s don for h ohr cri

) v n for h m ximum
ri s r in h ory o llow srss llow bl s in which c
s h m ximum s r in cri ri b com s h m ximum s r ss cri ri .

S f y f c ors v ry considr bly dpndin upon l min dsin, cons i un m
ri ls, m nuf curin mhod, srvic condiions, c. Howvr, s rul of hu

mb, consrv iv v lu of 3 c nbusd for h m ri l f c or.

Th followin

r h MSC.NASTRAN (ELSTRESS) nd s r in (ELSTRAIN
r cov r d ou pu s:i. s r ss sul ns (ELFORCE) iii. srsss
) for h quiv ln l min shll ii. forc r
nd s r ins in h individu l pli s nd h sh r srss in h bondin m ri

l iv. f ilur indx bl (if X , Xc, Y , Yc nd S spcifid on MAT8 nd FT n
d SB spcifid on PCOMP) Th f ilur ind
x for nlmn is h l rs v lu o

f h f ilur indic s for ll pli s of h l m n .
19


BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 2. GAY, D nil, HOA, Suon, TSAI, S phn. Composi M ri ls D
sin nd Applic ion. CRC Prss, London, 2003. TIMOSHENKO & GERE. Mch nics of

M ri ls 4 h SI Edi ion. S nly Thorns, Uni d Kindom, 1991.
20

Fibre Reinforced Polymer FRP Analysis and Design

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Fibre Reinforced Polymer FRP Analysis and Design

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Ret in strength up till melting point (over 1000

orted, K = 4 for fixed ended, K = 2.04 for fixed-

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