STUDY GUIDE AUTOMOBILE IN SOCIETY-TEST 1

1. PNGV GOALS AND TOOLS

Opportunity for a largely new approach to automotive design. The PNGV is a cooperative
government/industry effort to develop automobiles with three times the current average
fuel economy, without sacrificing desirable attributes. This is actually Goal 3 of the
jointly funded partnership. Goal 1 focuses on advanced manufacturing technologies,
while Goal 2 focuses on near-term improvements in automotive efficiency, safety, and
emissions. Goal 3 will draw upon the work done in pursuit of Goals 1 and 2, which may
in turn apply the R&D work for Goal 3 to near-term conventional vehicles, whenever
commercially feasible, to improve the competitiveness of U.S. automotive technology
and manufacturing.
2. 2012-3 CAF AGREEMENT
MODEL YEAR 2012-2016 OBAMA ADMINISTRATION PROPOSAL
On May 19, 2009, President Barack Obama proposed a new national fuel economy
program which adopts uniform federal standards to regulate both fuel economy and
greenhouse gas emissions while preserving the legal authorities of DOT, EPA and
California. The program covers model year 2012 to model year 2016 and ultimately
requires an average fuel economy standard of 35.5 miles per US gallon (6.63 L/100 km;
42.6 mpg-imp) in 2016 (of 39 miles per gallon for cars and 30 mpg for trucks), a jump
from the current average for all vehicles of 25 miles per gallon. Stated goals for the
program included: saving consumers money over the long term in increased fuel
efficiency, preserving consumer choicethe new rules do not dictate the size of cars,
trucks and SUVs that manufacturers can produce; rather it requires that all sizes of
vehicles become more energy efficient, reduced air pollution in the form of greenhouse
gas emissions and other conventional pollutants, one national policy for all automakers,
instead of three standards (a DOT standard, an EPA standard and a California standard
that would apply to 13 other states), and industry desires: clarity, predictability and
certainty concerning the rules while giving them flexibility on how to meet the expected
outcomes and the lead time they need to innovate. The new policy will result in yearly
5% increases in efficiency from 2012 through 2016, 1.8 billion barrels (290,000,000 m3)
of oil saved cumulatively over the lifetime of the program and significant reductions in
greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to taking 177 million of today's cars off the road.
[Raise the fuel economy 5 % per year]

3. ROAD LOAD COMPONENTS

Road load is defined as the force or torque which opposes the movement of a vehicle.
4. SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
The efficiency of an entity (a device, component, or system) in electronics and electrical
engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power
consumed (a fractional expression).

5. LUBRICANTS AT LOW/WARM TEMPERATURES

The primary physical characteristics of lubricants that are affected by temperature include
viscosity, viscosity index, pour point and the base oil. Let's deal with these individually.
VISCOSITY
The most common term describing viscosity is kinematic viscosity, which is measured in
centistokes (cSt) at 40 degrees C and 100degrees C, respectively. These specifications are
always listed on oil company data sheets.
6. LUBRICANT VISCOSITY GRADES
The viscosity grade of a lube oil is determined by the Society of Automotive Engineers
(SAE). Oils can be separated into multigrade oils and monograde oils. Multigrade oils
must fulfill two viscosity specifications, their viscosity grade consists of two numbers,
e.g. 10W-40: 10W refers to the low-temperature viscosity ("Winter"), 40 refers to the
high-temperature viscosity ("Summer"). Currently, most automotive engine oils are
multigrade oils, while oils for restricted usage, e.g. for seasonally used engines like lawn
mowers, are often monograde oils.
7. CAF driving modes, City, Highway, Changes in measurements (Text-Discussion)
8. THE EFFECT OF VEHICLE WEIGHT ON FUEL ECONOMY
Reducing vehicle weight (mass) results in less tractive effort required to accelerate the
vehicle and less rolling resistance from the tires. Drive cycles with more acceleration
events (EPA city and European) show greater fuel economy benefits from weight
reduction than highway or steady state conditions. Also, at higher vehicle speeds the
engine is typically at higher throttle (better BSFC) operating points and provides less
opportunity for improvement. Since the tire losses are a greater percentage of total

tractive effort at lower speeds (aerodynamic losses increase by velocity squared) the
potential for fuel economy gain from weight reduction is greater at lower vehicle speeds.
Fuel economy results (and improvements) at the steady 30 MPH drive condition vary
because most vehicles are not.
9. Effect of aerodynamics on fuel economy (Text)
10. TOYOTA PRIUS (HYBRID) ENGINE OPERATION AT TRAFFIC LIGHT

Its the benefit from an auto start-stop function that automatically switches off the engine
as soon as the car comes to a standstill. For example, the cars ignition automatically
turns off at traffic lights or during a traffic jam as the driver keeps his or her foot on the
brake. Then, the system automatically starts the engine again as soon as the driver takes
his foot off the brake pedal. Toyota Motor Corp. released details for its fourth-generation
Prius on Tuesday, promising that improvements in the battery, engine, wind resistance
and weight mean better mileage for the world's top-selling hybrid car.
It gets up to 40 kilometers a liter under Japanese tests, which translates to more than 93
miles per gallon, a 20 percent improvement from the 2015 model. In the U.S., it gets 55
mpg in combined city and highway driving, about 10 percent better.
11. VEHICLE ACCESSORY LOAD (TEXT)
The accessory loads that we are talking about are the items that are connected to the Fan
Belt, Accessory Belt or Serpentine Belt. These items are the Alternator, Water Pump,
Power Steering Pump, Air Conditioner Compressor (usually only on passenger vehicles)
and Cooling Fan (Usually on older vehicles when the cooling fan is connected to the fan
belt. Newer vehicles have electric fans). These items take power from the engine while
they are running. Most of the items are always running, but the Air Conditioner
Compressor only runs when you have the Air Conditioning on or the Defroster is
running. Some older vehicles built in the late sixties to early eighties also had "Smog
Pumps" which pumped air into the exhaust to further burn unburned hydrocarbons.
[ Solar control glass is a hi-tech product developed by the glass industry to allow sunlight
to pass through a window or faade while radiating and reflecting away a large degree of
the sun's heat. The indoor space stays bright and much cooler than would be the case if
normal glass were used.]
Alternator

The Alternator generates electricity and works with the battery to run the electrical items
of you vehicle. An alternator is going to be on almost all vehicles, including cars, trucks,
race vehicles, motorcycles, and all other vehicles with engines. Alternators usually have
medium Accessory Loads. Note: The Alternator load of computer controlled cars is
significantly higher than older carburetored vehicles.
Water Pump
If you vehicle is liquid cooled then it will have a Water Pump. The easiest way to tell if
you vehicle is liquid cooled is to look for a radiator. But some vehicles dont have
radiators such as snowmobiles. They use heat exchangers usually mounted under the seat.
Another way to tell if you vehicle is liquid cooled is to look at the engine itself. If it has
cooling fins on the engine then it is probably not liquid cooled. Water Pumps can have
significant Accessory load, especially at higher RPM.
Power Steering Pump
Power Steering Pumps are mostly used on Cars, Trucks and Boats. Smaller vehicles such
as motorcycles, snowmobiles, go karts and ATVs dont need Power Steering Pumps
because of their size and weight. But some of the larger ATVs are not being built with
Power Steering but they are usually electric and therefore the Accessory Load is very
minimal. Power Steering Pumps typically have a low Accessory Load unless you are
steering the car.
Air Condition Compressor
Older Air Conditioning Compressors were a "power hog". They sucked up horsepower
and significantly reduce gas mileage (while the air conditioning or defroster is running).
Newer Air Conditioning Compressors are much more efficient. The factories say you
actually get worse gas mileage with the windows down (which increases aerodynamic
drag) and the AC off than with the windows up and the AC running. That is why most
racing vehicles do not have air conditioning. The Accessory Load of a running Air
Conditioning Compressor can be high.
Cooling Fan
On older cars and trucks the Cooling Fan was connected to the Fan Belt. This
configuration was very inefficient. The Cooling Fan pulls air through the Radiator when
the vehicle is not moving. But when the vehicle is moving, the need for a Cooling Fan is
reduced. In the late 70s the Clutched Fan came into play and reduced the drag by
allowing the Fan to slip at higher engine RPM. The Flex Fan has blades which bend at
higher RPM, taking less "bite" out of the air a higher RPM. Their drag is also reduced at

higher RPM. And now most vehicles use Electric Fans that only come on when needed,
being the most efficient.

12. WEATHER EFFECTS ON FUEL EFFICIENCY

When its cold the motor takes more energy to warms up. [less fuel efficiency]
13. INTERPRETATION OF ROLLING RESISTANCE AND AERODYNAMICS
CHART.
Rolling resistance (RR): This depends mainly upon the nature of the ground, the tires
used, the weight of the vehicle, and to a lesser extent, the speed (the last variation is
usually ignored).
Air resistance (AR): Air resistance (wind resistance) depends upon the size and shape of
the vehicle its degree of streamlining- and increases approximately as the square of the
speed through the air
There are two sources of resistance that an athlete encounters when pushing a chair on
level ground:
rolling resistance (from the tires on the ground) and air resistance
(aerodynamic drag). Rolling resistance is more important at low speeds and is reduced
by using high pressure tires. Air resistance is more important at high speeds. The chart
below shows the relative importance of rolling resistance and air resistance for varying
wheelchair speeds. At typical race speeds of 16-19 mph, air resistance makes up about
75% of the total resistive force on the chair, so the largest gains can be made by reducing
drag.

14. Types of aerodynamic Drag (Text)

Types of drag are generally divided into the following categories:

parasitic drag, consisting of

form drag,

skin friction,

interference drag,

lift-induced drag, and

wave drag (aerodynamics) or wave resistance (ship hydrodynamics).

15. Observation of water droplets on a vehicle surface during laminar and turbulent flow
(Text)
16. Common and advanced alternative vehicle fuels (Text)
17. Types and characteristics of power train (See Text and Manual/Automatic/CVT
Transmissions)
In a motor vehicle, the term powertrain or powerplant describes the main components
that generate power and deliver it to the road surface, water, or air. This includes
the engine, transmission, drive shafts, differentials, and the final drive. Sometimes
"powertrain" is used to refer to simply the engine and transmission, including the other
components only if they are integral to the transmission.
A transmission is a machine that consists of a power source and a power transmission
system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term transmission
refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque
conversions from a rotating power source to another device.
MANUAL
The main difference in operating a car with a stick shift vs. one with automatic
transmission is that you need to shift gears based on the vehicle's speed and this requires
the use of the clutch pedal and the gear shift (stick). When the clutch pedal is depressed
the clutch is disengaged - the engine and the transmission is separated. Gears can be
selected at this time or the car can be stopped without stalling.
AUTOMATIC
Conventional automatic transmissions use a set of gears that provides a given number of
ratios (or speeds). The transmission shifts gears to provide the most appropriate ratio for a
given situation: Lowest gears for starting out, middle gears for acceleration and passing,
and higher gears for fuel-efficient cruising.
CVT [CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION]
The CVT replaces the gears with two variable-diameter pulleys, each shaped like a pair
of opposing cones, with a metal belt or chain running between them. One pulley is

connected to the engine (input shaft) and the other to the drive wheels (output shaft). The
halves of each pulley are movable; as the pulley halves come closer together the belt is
forced to ride higher on the pulley, effectively making the pulley's diameter larger.

18. Engine Brake Specific Fuel Economy vs. Load/MEP (Text)

Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is a measure of the fuel efficiency of any prime
mover that burns fuel and produces rotational, or shaft, power. It is typically used for
comparing the efficiency of internal combustion engines with a shaft output.
It is the rate of fuel consumption divided by the power produced. It may also be thought
of as power-specific fuel consumption, for this reason. BSFC allows the fuel efficiency of
different engines to be directly compared.
19. Regenerative Braking (Text/Discussion)
A regenerative brake is an energy recovery mechanism which slows a vehicle or object
by converting its kinetic energy into a form which can be either used immediately or
stored until needed. This contrasts with conventional braking systems, where the excess
kinetic energy is converted to unwanted and wasted heat by friction in the brakes. In
addition to improving the overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can greatly
extend the life of the braking system as its parts do not wear as quickly.
20. New Consumer (Text)
They are concerned about pollution and consumption but they dont want to change their
life style they want changes from the manufactures, like a high mileage car with less
pollution and more efficient.
21. Trends in private vehicle availability trend (Discussion/Text/Observation)
22. Preferences in choice of vehicle Republican vs. Democrat (Automotive News)
Signs Your Car is a Republican
1. It's any brand of pickup
2. It's a Ford
3. It's a Chevy
4. It's a Porsche
5. It's any brand of sports car
Signs Your Car is a Democrat

1. It's any brand of hatchback

2. It's a Volkswagen
3. It's a Subaru
4. It's an Acura
5. It's a Mercedes
23. TAX REBATES AND CREDITS
A rebate is an amount paid by way of reduction, return, or refund on what has
already been paid or contributed. It is a type of sales promotion that marketers use
primarily as incentives or supplements to product sales. The mail-in rebate (MIR) is
the most common. [ A tax refund or tax rebate is a refund on taxes when the tax
liability is less than the taxes paid].
A Credit is an entry recording a sum received, listed on the right-hand side or column
of an account. Or a contractual agreement in which a borrower receives something of
value now and agrees to repay the lender at some later date.
24. Refueling alternative fuel cars (Discussion)
25. Trip specific personal vehicle (Text)
26. Personal transportation vehicle load factor (Text)
27. Personal transportation vehicle system efficiency (Text/Discussion)
28. Effect of power production vs. vehicle efficiency (Text/Discussion)
29. The effect of fuel cost vs. amount used by US public (Text/Discussion)
30. The effect on traffic of narrow or short cars (Text)
31. ELECTRIC PRODUCTION FROM COAL (Text)
Improvements continue to be made in conventional PCC power station design and new
combustion technologies are being developed. These allow more electricity to be
produced from less coal - known as improving the thermal efficiency of the power
station. Efficiency gains in electricity generation from coal-fired power stations will play
a crucial part in reducing CO2 emissions at a global level. A one percentage point
improvement in the efficiency of a conventional pulverised coal combustion plant results
in a 2-3% reduction in CO2 emissions.
32. The Presidents desired changes for the auto industry (Discussion)
33. Freedom Car/21st Century Truck Program goals (Web/Discussion)
The 21st Century Truck Program will support the development and implementation of
commercially viable technologies that will dramatically cut fuel use and emissions of
commercial trucks and buses while enhancing their safety and affordability as well as
maintaining or enhancing performance. The innovations resulting from this program will
reduce dependence on foreign oil, improve our nations air quality, provide advanced
technology for military vehicles, and enhance the competitiveness of the U.S. truck and
bus industry while ensuring safe and affordable freight and bus transportation for the

nations economy. The 21st Century Truck Program was announced on April 21, 2000, in
Romulus, Michigan, at a gathering of U.S. truck and supporting industries, concerned
environmentalists, and federal agency representatives. The programs goals and research
objectives are to
improve fuel efficiency,
reduce emissions,
enhance safety,
reduce total owning and operating costs, and
maintain or enhance performance.
Making progress in each of these goals simultaneously is a major challenge. The federal
government and the trucking and supporting industries will work actively together to
develop a balanced portfolio of research aimed at achieving all these goals, coordinate
their research activities as appropriate, and make effective use of the nations research
universities and national laboratories. Proprietary research agreements between
individual companies and federal agencies, which cannot be shared with industrial
competitors, will continue to be appropriately funded.
34. Current build Diesel Emission Control Technology (Web/DPF-SCR)
The SOP and various state programs are spurring the use of emission control technologies
in retrofit. In particular, diesel particle filters (DPFs) and oxidation catalysts are
applicable to older engines in the fleet. In May 2000, EPA unveiled proposed emissions
regulations for heavy-duty engines to begin in 2007. EPA is proposing a PM emission
standard for new heavy-duty engines of 0.01 g/bhp-h, to take full effect in the 2007
heavy-duty engine model year. The proposed standards for NOx and NMHC are 0.20
g/bhp-h and 0.14 g/bhp-h, respectively. These NOx and NMHC standards for diesel
engines would be phased in together between 2007 and 2010. It is widely held that the
emissions levels in these proposed rules could be met only with the integration of robust
NOx and PM exhaust emission control devices with the engine. The lower limit of
engine-out emissions for direct-injection diesels is estimated to be about 1.5 g/bhp-h
NOx. Only the realization of high-risk technologies such as homogenous charge
compression ignition (HCCI) engines would change this perspective. The mature and
highly effective three-way catalyst (TWC) systems in todays gasolinefueled automobiles
are not applicable to diesel or other lean-burn engines. In TWC systems, both reduction
of NOx and oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) gases can be
accomplished in a single catalyst bed; sufficient reducing gases are present to reduce
NOx, and enough oxygen is available to oxidize the CO and hydrocarbons through

precise control of air-fuel ratio near stoichiometry. However, because diesel engines
operate under lean-fuel conditions (i.e., excess oxygen), conventional catalysts are not
effective; therefore new approaches to NOx control are required. The most promising
NOx emission control technologies include the following: NOx adsorber-catalysts,
selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems using urea, 4-14 SCR systems using
hydrocarbon reductants, and plasma-assisted SCR with hydrocarbon reductants.
Development and optimization work with NOx adsorber technology is progressing. In
programs utilizing very-low-sulfur fuel, NOx reduction levels of more than 90% have
been achieved for fresh devices in both engine test cells and experimental vehicle
systems. However, on representative heavy-duty cycles, the experience has been 60 to
70% conversion; and in the presence of even low amounts of sulfur, performance
degrades dramatically within tens of hours. To improve transient performance, extensive
R&D work is still needed in the areas of optimizing the NOx adsorption/desorption and
conversion functions, defining and optimizing sulfur removal (desulfurization)
techniques and strategies, and examining the use of sulfur traps upstream of the catalyst.
SCR technology is being developed for commercial application and will be available for
some motor vehicles in the very near future. The urea-based SCR technology is achieving
NOx reductions on the order of 80 to 90% and is also capable of reducing hydrocarbon
emissions and PM. Plasma devices are being explored in conjunction with hydrocarbon
SCR systems to convert NOx to NO2 and to modify the hydrocarbons used as reductants.
They are generally in the early prototype scale.
35. Advantages and Disadvantages of 3-wheel vehicles (Text)
Many of the early three-wheeled vehicles ran on motorcycle engines and they were great
at sipping fuel, while also providing the storage space, seating and protection from the
elements you can only get from a car.
In addition to hosting smaller engines, the triangular shape is more aerodynamic than a
boxy car, meaning it can achieve better fuel economy simply from its body design alone.
They also offer far more safety than motorcycles. While smaller than cars, many of them
have enclosed bodies with seatbelts and windshields, keeping the driver and passengers
protected from outside impacts.
Disadvantages
Because of their smaller size, three-wheelers don't offer the seating and storage options you see
in most four-wheel cars. They may be large enough for some people to use to get around town,

but a small three-wheeler won't meet the needs of a large family with a lot of people or cargo to
haul.
One of the main problems with three-wheel cars is instability. Anyone who's ever ridden a
tricycle knows how easily they can tip over.

36. Typical places where Air Quality does not attain AAQS (Web/Discussion/Text)

The DOE effort to reduce truck aerodynamic drag*