Professional Documents
Culture Documents
20-Mar-2016
2
Freq. Desig.
Mandatory
To Play with
Results
Linkend A :
Low
BAN-1
dd
26
80
mm
41
47
ss
4.9
5
Lattitude
Longitude
Decimal: 26.6847
Hop Length :
Frequency Band
10.09117702
15
GHz
Operating Frequency
14.725
GHz
10.09
Km
Hop length
1.8
1.8
Decimal: 26.7423
B
N
E
80.8634
50.65
230.65
Deg.
3-Jan-00
1.8
-68
dBm
FkTB
-97
dB
Config:
PL Value
50
XPIF (dB)
Others
GLOBE
1+0
2.760916%
13
N
Feeder Losses
Temperature
Water Vap. Density
Pressure
30
0.25 Average
Lattitude:
XPD (dB)
Radio Threshold
38.00
26
Average
2
3
40.00
4 1.8
dBm
Rain Region
ss
32.1
48.1
18
Radio Category
mm
44
51
MULTIPATH
Vertical
Tx Power
SDH
dd
26
80
0.0016
Azimuth :
Radio Type
LK0
15 GHz
18 GHz
2 7 GHz
Polarization
High
1
N
E
80.7847
km
Linkend B :
0
40
20
1000
1
dB
C
g/m3
mb
o
0.0036725976
dB
Link Availability :
Rx LEVEL
17
17
99.999984107%
Link Outage :
0.00139
99.940180235%
5.240211
Method
Antenna Gain
Rx Level :
-26.3781
dBm
41.6219
dBm
26.3781
WARNING !!
46
46
46.45
46.45
dBi
dBi
0.78
0.78
deg.
Atmospheric Absorption
FRESNEL RADIUS
Atmos. Absorption, Aa
Frequency
d1
14.725
0.5
GHz
Km
d2
9.59
10.09
Km
Km
3.11
Hop Length(d)
THRESHOLD DEGRADATION
Threshold= C/N + NF+ BW +kT [ All in dB,i.e., 10*LOG value]
Total Noise Power = -114 dBm/MHz + 10*LOG(noise BW)+10*LOG(NF)
Icumulative
-98
dBm
k factor
factor
dB
dB
95
mm/h
0.0335
1.128
Specific Attn.,r
5.7006
dB/km
4.5892
km
26.1612
dB
dB
0.4891480663
0.002630049%
0.0519007422
03/20/2016 19:55:10
AMSL
210
220
m
m
270
Hop Length
10.09
km
260
Kfactor
PATH - PROFILE
AMSL ( m )
250
0.666666667 3
2/3
240
2.98
230
220
m
Y
40
38
1Y
210
200
0
10
11
Hop Length ( Km )
Fre zne l Zone
Mtr
Mtr
Colum n M
Height @ A
40
Height @ B
38
Y1
Attenuation (dB)
0.0643
Rx-Level -26.4424
Terrain Details
Particulars
Distance
from A
AMSL
Obstacle
Height
Fresnel
radii
BAN-1
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
LK0
0
2
4
6
6.5
7
10.09
210
210
212
210
215
220
220
10
10
5
10
5
5
10
0
5.70902739
7.00505437
7.03088748
6.85609412
6.60086921
0
Path Profile:
Site A : BAN-1
Site B : LK0
26 41' 4.9"
26 44' 32.1"
80 47' 5"
80 51' 48.1"
Pol
Vertical
Freq
F1
Link Ends
0
5.045
10.09
5.045
0
Freq
Hop LengtAMSL
10.09
210
10.09
215
10.09
220
AGL
Obstruction
15
220
220
225.7090274
220
224.0050544
217
227.0308875 231.60087 220
226.8560941
220
231.6008692
225
230
230
0
2
4
6
6.5
7
10.09
15
Ant Hts
40
38
Ref+
250
258
261.09 225
258
200
246.91
250
11.60087
5.891842
7.595815
4.569982
0
0
1.600869
7.00
GHz
Tx Power
28.00
dBm
Site B
Site A
Gr1
G1
Lfs1
Lfs2
Lc
Reppassive
G2
Gr2
Gain: G1, G2
42.33
42.33
Tx Antenna Dia, m
Rx Antenna Dia, m
2.40
2.40
Feeder Loss
0.00
dB
Branching Losses
0.00
dB
0.00
0.00
dB
dB
9.00
Km
2.40
2.40
2.00
42.33
42.33
dB
H
V
K-values
1 1/3
1.00
2/3
1/3
Y
N
Link Availability
Climate Factor
1 Average
2 Dry
3 Humid
Cf
0.25
0.1
0.5
Terrain Factor
1 Average
2 Mountainous
3 Smooth
Tf
1
0.25
4
Frequency:
1
2
3
4
5
6
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
Center Frequency
18.6175
18.645
18.6725
18.7
18.7275
18.755
18 GHz
Lo
18.1125
18.14
18.1675
18.195
18.2225
18.25
Hi
Center Frequency Lo
Hi
Center Frequency Lo
19.1225
14.725
14.515
14.935
7.533
7.456
19.15
14.753
14.543
14.963
7.561
7.484
19.1775
14.781
14.571
14.991
7.589
7.512
19.205
14.809
14.599
15.019
7.617
7.54
19.2325
14.837
14.627
15.047
0
0
19.26
14.865
14.655
15.075
0
0
15 GHz
7 Ghz
Hi
7.610
7.638
7.666
7.694
0
0
1
2
3
18
15
7
Frequency
1
2
4
6
7
8
10
12
15
18
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
150
200
300
400
Kh
0.0000387
Kv
0.0000352
Alpha_H
0.9116
Alpha_V
0.8802
0.000154
0.000138
0.9632
0.9234
0.00065
0.000591
1.121
1.075
0.00175
0.00155
1.308
1.265
0.00301
0.00265
1.132
1.312
0.00454
0.00395
1.327
1.31
0.0101
0.00887
1.276
1.264
0.0188
0.0168
1.217
1.2
0.0367
0.0335
1.154
1.128
0.0577762095 0.0530054 1.11914317 1.0880730835
0.0751
0.0691
1.099
1.065
0.1244
0.113
1.061
1.03
0.1871
0.1674
1.02
0.9997
0.2629
0.2334
0.9789
0.9633
0.3495
0.3098
0.9391
0.9287
0.4424
0.3932
0.9032
0.8965
0.5362
0.4793
0.8725
0.8683
0.7069
0.6419
0.8621
0.8243
0.8514
0.7836
0.793
0.7925
0.9753
0.9063
0.7687
0.7693
1.064
0.9992
0.7529
0.7537
1.12
1.06
0.743
0.744
1.18
1.13
0.731
0.732
1.31
1.27
0.71
0.711
1.45
1.42
0.689
0.69
1.36
1.35
0.688
0.689
1.32
1.31
0.683
0.684
INTERPOLATION
fx
f1
f2
18 Ghz
15 Ghz
20 Ghz
Alpha_h
Alpha_v
0.057776
0.053005
Kh
Kv
1.119143
1.088073
%age of Time
Region
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
J
K
L
M
N
P
Q
Rain
1
0.12
0.5
0.7
2.1
0.6
1.7
3
2
8
1.5
2
4
0.3
0.8
2
2.8
4.5
2.4
4.5
7
4
13
4.2
7
11
0.1
2
3
5
8
6
8
12
10
20
12
15
22
0.03
5
6
9
13
12
15
20
18
28
23
33
40
0.01
8
12
15
19
22
28
30
32
35
42
60
63
0.003
14
21
26
29
41
54
45
55
45
70
105
95
0.001
22
32
42
42
70
78
65
83
55
100
150
120
5
12
24
15
34
49
35
65
72
65
105
96
95
145
115
140
200
142
180
250
170
SIEMENS - SRAL XD
Frequency
13
15
18
Duplex Frq.
154
420
1010
NEC Neoi-15G
Frequency
Duplex Frq.
Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz)
Notch Depth, Bn(dB)
0.026
13.1
0.03
10.8
0.031
10.7
Non-Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz)
0.026
0.03
0.031
Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz)
Notch Depth, Bn(dB)
0.026
17
Non-Min. Phase
Sig. Width.( Ghz)
0.026
15
420
NEC Neoi-7G
7
154
0.026
17
0.026
420
0.026
17
0.026
-97
-97
-97
-97
Max Tx-Poer
18
21
25
28
CERAGON:FibeAir 3128
15
RADIO TYPE
1
2
3
4
Radio Name
SIEMENS SRAL XD
NEC Neoi - 15G
NEC Neoi - 7G
NERA INTERLINK
THRESHOLD @^ -6 FkTB
-82
-68
-68
-69
Non-Min. Phase
Notch Depth, Bn(dB)
13.1
10.7
10.6
Non-Min. Phase
Notch Depth, Bn(dB)
17
N.A.
Tx-Power Out of Range !
Freq Out of Range !
Radio selection Successful !
Radio dos'nt support this FREQ !
FREQ selection Successful !
Tx-Power has been set within Range!
Antenna size not available in this band
Antenna selection OK
17
17
C/I @ 10^-6 BER
23
26
28
26
Category
PDH
SDH
SDH
SDH
50.04166
dB
Coefficient, V
21.33735
Path Attenuation,A0.01
26.16119
dB
13.38877
dB
Parameter ,m
14.65152
Parameter, n
-1.284826
ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION
Yp
Y0
Yw
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C0 (dB)
0
3.5
2.5
6
5.5
8
10.5
3.5
Lattitude
53 S >= Lat <= 53 N
53 N or S < Lat > 60 N or S
Lat >= 60 N or S
0.987167
0.005915
0.042564
CLat (dB)
dB/Km
dB/Km
Globe
0 Europe & Africa
-26.31531 North and South America
7 Others
CLong (dB)
3
-3
0
Fresnel Zone. Fresnel (fr nel'), named after Jean Augustin Fresnel, 1788-1827, French physicist. The Fresnel
zone is an elliptically shaped conical zone of power that propagates from the transmitting antenna to the receiving
antenna due to cancellation of some part of the wavefront by other parts that travel different distances. If the total
path distance between the transmitting antenna, mountain peak, and receiving antenna is one wavelength greater than
the direct distance between antennas, then the clearance is said to be two Fresnel zones.
The first Fresnel zone: R = 72.1 ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (Dt)(f))
Fresnel boundaries. The outer boundary of the first Fresnel zone is defined as the additional path length of all
paths, which are one-half wavelength (1/2 ) of the frequency transmitted longer than the direct line-of-sight path
between antennas. If the total path distance is one wavelength (1) longer than the direct path, then the outer
boundary is said to be two Fresnel zones. There are an infinite number of Fresnel zones located coaxially around the
center of the direct wave path. Odd number Fresnel zones reinforce the direct wave path and even order number
Fresnel zones cancel the direct wave path.
Clearance. For reliability, point-to point links are designed to have at least 0.6 of the first Fresnel zone clearance
from any obstruction from all sides (top, bottom, left and right of the first Fresnel zone).
Refraction. The earth's curvature, as well as atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure, and water vapor), can
refract or bend electromagnetic waves either up, away from, or down toward the earth's surface. This bending can
change frequently, hour to hour, day to night, season to season, and weather pattern to weather pattern. Refractivity
is usually greatest close to the earth's surface and becomes smaller the higher above the surface you go. To
compensate for this effect, a refractivity gradient, or 'K' factor, is used when designing point-to-point communication
links. The 'K' factor is the ratio of the effective Earth radius to the actual Earth radius. A 'K' factor of 1 indicates no
bending of the signal; a 'K' factor of less than one means the electromagnetic wave is bent up, away from the surface.
A 'K' factor greater than one indicates a slight bending downward, towards the earth. The 'K' factor value commonly
used for microwave links is 1.333 (4/3) for normal atmospheric conditions, which means that the radio horizon is
further away than the visual horizon.
Earth's curvature at obstruction: h = ((d1mi)(d2mi) / (1.5)(K)) ft
Antenna Gain. For a paraboloid reflector microwave antenna (greater than 960 MHz) consisting of a dishshaped
surface illuminated by a feed horn mounted at the focus of the reflector, the antenna gain is given as [6]:
Antenna Gain (dBi) = 20 log10(Dft) + 20 log10(fGHz) + 7.5; or,
Antenna Gain (dBi) = 20 log10(Dm) + 20 log10(fGHz) + 17.82
Where: dBi = decibels over an isotropic radiator
Dft = Antenna dish diameter in feet; or,
Dm = Antenna dish diameter in meters, and
fGHz = Frequency in GHz.
Note: The above formula is based on the efficiency of a paraboloid antenna being on the order 55%. Some
manufacturers may be able to improve on this number, therefore, the gain given by a manufacturer for a specific
antenna should be used, when available, otherwise the above formula will suffice.
The general formula for computing the gain of any antenna is given as: 4A / 2
where A = effective area of antenna ( efiiciency of 55% for a parabolic dish reflector antenna)
= wave length
Area and Wavelength must be in same unit (feet, meters, etc.)
Beamwidth. Antenna beamwidth refers to the width of the main radiated beam (main lobe) between two equal
power levels that are 3 dB down from the peak power of the center of the main beam. Antenna gain and beamwidth
are interrelated quantities and are inversely proportional; thus the higher the gain an antenna has, the smaller the
beamwidth[3]. Therefore, increased care must be taken when aligning high gain antennas to insure that the antenna is
accurately aligned on the center of the main beamwhich could be only a few degrees wide. For example; a 6-foot
parabolic dish antenna at 6 GHz has an antenna gain of 38.63 dB and a beamwidth of only 1.91.
Beam Width is given as:
(70 * cm 100) (antenna ft * 0.3048), or
(70 * cm 100) antenna meters
where cm = wave length in centimeters
Radiation Fields. There are three traditional radiation fields (regions) in free space as a result of the radiated
power of an antenna. These three radiation fields are known as:
1. The near-field, also called the reactive near-field region, is that region that is closest to the antenna and
for which the reactive field dominates over the radiative fields.
2. The, Fresnel zone, also called the radiating near-field, is that region between the reactive near-field and
the far-field regions and is the region in which the radiation fields dominate and where the angular field
distribution depends on distance from the antenna (see earlier definition of Fresnel Zone).
3. The far-field, or Rayleigh distance (historically called the Fraunhofer region), is that region where the
radiation pattern is independent of distance.
Polarization. The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field vector in the radiated
wave. For linear polarization (horizontal or vertical), the vector remains in one plane as the wave propagates through
space. To eliminate polarization mismatch loss, the receiving antenna must have the same polarization orientation as
the transmitting antenna (Note: If the waveguide connection at the antenna is vertically oriented, the antenna is
said to have horizontal polarization, and vice-versa).
Important: If the file name is changed from the supplied "Link Planning Tool.xls," some of the macros will not function
properly. It would be best to save the completed workbook under a new name, then start on new systems with the original file.
Here is the description for using the utility:
1. We mainly enter the parameter value into the sheet
"Calculations".
a. Entries shown in YELLOW cells are mandatory.
b. Entries shown in GREY cells are to play with in order to
get the desired result wrt Standard Link Design Criteria.
c. Entries shown in LIGHT BROWN are ONE-TIME entries like
temperature, pressure etc.
PASSWORDS: Sheet "Calculations" : Password "link"
Sheet "Antenna Heights": Password "antennae"
Sheet "Report": Password "report"
Sheet "DB_Ant1(18Ghz)": Password "antennae"
Sheet "DB_Ant2(15Ghz)": Password "antennae"
Sheet "DB_RadioEqpt": Password "radio"
Sheet "PassiveRepeater": Password "passive"
Above Passwords are activated.
Please be careful while making any change to Sheet "Calculations" for
it contains the most important formulae.
The "Calculation" sheet looks up for the required data :
a. For Antennae (of 18 GHz band) from the sheet: "DB_Ant1 (18GHz)
Using the Password sizes and gains can be modified.
Note that only FOUR sizes are permissible to provide into
this sheet.
b. For Antennae (of 15 GHz band) and Frequency of
Operation from the sheet:"DB_Ant2 (15GHz). Using
Password sizes and gains can be modified. Note that
only FOUR antennae sizes EIGHT Frequencies in TWO
separate bands can be used. Also do not change the
frequency named F1,F2,....F6,G1,G2.Only their respective
values can be changed.
c. For Radio Specific Data form the sheet:DB_RadioEqpt.
Using Password we can also modify the Radio Names,
their signature data and Radio Parameters. Here THREE
different type of Radios can be used.
2. The Sheet "Antenna Heights" is to calculate the antennae
heights based on LOS survey feedback data.
3. The Sheet "Report" is just the compilation of information used in link implementation.
This is to bring to your kind notice that formulae used into this workbook are as per ITU-T.As I'm using the Tool like Nokia's
NETACT PLANNER and CTE's PATHLOSS, I've observed the similar results at least for Link Design parameters.
NEW (v2): Passive Repeater worksheet
Back-to-back coupled Passive Repeater calculations. Use: 'passive' to unlock the worksheet to edit values.
Hope this will suffice. For further clarification/suggestion feel free to contact under signed.
NEW (v3): Selection Buttons
To make this spreadsheet more useful I have made this spreadsheet more user friendly by putting some "buttons" so that one
can select the values by using these buttons without typing or looking for the other sheets.
NEW (v4): Graphical Link Analysis
Provision to view/analyse the link graphically ( Addition of : Path Profile) over a approximated Terrain.
NEW (v5): "Technical Information"
A "Technical Information" page has been added in order to have easy understanding of the principles involved in a Microwave
Link Designing. Also, more automated buttons have been added.
NEW (v6): "Technical Information"
Select any one of the THREE frequency bands, namely 15 GHz, 18 GHz and 7 GHz. Each band is provided with 6 frequency
spots. The same provision is there for Radio selection too.
Alok K Tiwari
Transmission Planning
Idea Cellular Ltd - Delhi(INDIA)
alok.tiwari@ideacellular.com
Mobile # +91 9891005329
Landline # +91 51679999 Ext- 5338
FAX # +91 51679999 Ext- 5399