Puri

For other uses, see Puri (disambiguation).

Puri ( listen ) (Odia: ) is a city and a municipality
in the state of Odisha in eastern India. It is the district
headquarters of Puri district and is situated on the Bay of
Bengal, 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of the state capital
of Bhubaneswar. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after
the 12th-century Jagannath Temple located in the city.
It is one of the original Char Dham pilgrimage sites for
Hindus.
Puri is known by several names since the ancient times,
and was locally known as Shrikhetra and Lord Jagannath temple is known as Badadeula. Puri and the Jagannath Temple were invaded 18 times by Hindu and Muslim The Puri Beach
rulers, from the 4th century AD till the early 19th century
with the objective of looting the treasures of the temple. Odisha, including Puri and its temple, were under the
British Raj from 1803 till India attained independence in
August 1947. Even though princely states do not exist in
India today the heirs of the Gajapati Dynasty of Khurda
still perform the ritual duties of the temple. The temple
town has many Hindu religious maths or monasteries.
The economy of Puri town is dependent on the religious
importance of the Jagannath Temple to the extent of
nearly 80 percent. The 24 festivals, including 13 major
ones, held every year in the temple complex contribute to
the economy; Ratha Yatra and its related festivals are the
most important which are attended by millions of people every year. Sand art and applique art are some of the
important crafts of the city.
The Atharanala Bridge dating back to the 16th century at the
entrance of Puri

Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for

Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana
(HRIDAY) scheme of Government of India.

1
1.1

(6.3038 sq mi) spread over 30 wards, which includes a

shore line of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[1]
Puri is in the coastal delta of the Mahanadi River on the
shores of the Bay of Bengal. In the ancient days it was
near to Sisupalgarh (also known as Ashokan Tosali).
Then the land was drained by a tributary of the Bhargavi
River, a branch of the Mahanadi River. This branch underwent a meandering course creating many arteries altering the estuary, and formed many sand hills. These
sand hills could not be cut through by the streams. Because of the sand hills, the Bhargavi River, owing to
the south of Puri, moved away towards the Chilika Lake.
This shift also resulted in the creation of two lagoons,
known as Sar and Samang, on the eastern and northern
parts of Puri respectively. Sar lagoon has a length of 5
miles (8.0 km) in an east-west direction and a width of

Geography and climate

Geography

Puri, located on the east coast of India on the Bay of Bengal, is in the centre of the Puri district. It is delimited by
the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, the Mauza Sipaurubilla on the west, Mauza Gopinathpur in the north and
Mauza Balukhand in the east. It is within the 67 kilometres (42 mi) coastal stretch of sandy beaches that extends
between Chilika Lake and the south of Puri city. However, the administrative jurisdiction of the Puri Municipality extends over an area of 16.3268 square kilometres
1

2 miles (3.2 km) in north-south direction. The estuary

of the Bhargavi River has a shallow depth of just 5 feet
(1.5 m) and the process of siltation continues. According to a 15th-century Odia writer Saraladasa, the bed of
the unnamed stream that owed at the base of the Blue
Mountain or Neelachal was lled up. Katakarajavamsa,
a 16th-century chronicle (c.1600), attributes lling up of
the bed of the river which owed through the present
Grand Road, as done during the reign of King Narasimha
II (12781308) of Eastern Ganga dynasty.[2]

1.2

Climate

Another ancient name is Charita as identied by General Alexander Cunningham of the Archaeological Survey of India, which was later spelled as Che-li-ta-lo by
Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang. When the present temple was built by the Eastern Ganga king Anantavarman
Chodaganga in the 11th and 12th centuries AD, it was
called Purushottamkshetra. However, the Moghuls, the
Marathas and early British rulers called it Purushottamachhatar or just Chhatar. In Moghul ruler Akbar's Ain-iAkbari and subsequent Muslim historical records it was
known as Purushottama. In the Sanskrit drama Anargha
Raghava Nataka as well, authored by Murari Mishra, a
playwright, in the 8th century AD, it is referred to as
Purushottama.[6] It was only after 12th century AD that
Puri came to be known by the shortened form of Jagannatha Puri, named after the deity or in a short form as
Puri.[7] It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along
with Lakshmi, Saraswati, Durga, Bhudevi, Sati, Parvati,
and Shakti, abodes with Krishna, who is also known by
the name Jagannath.[10]

According to the KppenGeiger climate classication

system the climate of Puri is classied as Aw (Tropical
savanna climate). The city has moderate and tropical climate. Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. The
temperature during summer touches a maximum of 36
C (97 F) and during winter it is 17 C (63 F). The average annual rainfall is 1,337 millimetres (52.6 in) and
the average annual temperature is 26.9 C (80.4 F). The
2.2
weather data is given in the following table.[3][4]

HISTORY

Ancient period

History

Main article: Timeline of Puri

2.1

Names in history

Puri, the holy land of Lord Jagannatha, also known by

the popular vernacular name Shrikhetra, has many ancient names in the Hindu scriptures such as the Rigveda,
Matsya purana, Brahma Purana, Narada Purana, Padma
Purana, Skanda Purana, Kapila Purana and Niladrimahodaya. In the Rigveda, in particular, it is mentioned as a
place called Purushamandama-grama meaning the place
where the Creator deity of the world Supreme Divinity deied on an altar or mandapa was venerated near the
coast and prayers oered with Vedic hymns. Over time
the name got changed to Purushottama Puri and further
shortened to Puri, and the Purusha came to be known
as Jagannatha. Sages like Bhrigu, Atri and Markandeya
had their hermitage close to this place.[5] Its name
is mentioned, conforming to the deity worshipped, as
Srikshetra, Purusottama Dhma, Purusottama Kshetra,
Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. Puri, however, is
the popular usage. It is also known by the geographical
features of its location as Shankhakshetra (the layout of
the town is in the form of a conch shell),[6] Neelchala
(Blue mountain a terminology used to name a very
large sand lagoon over which the temple was built but this
name is not in vogue), Neelchalakshetra, Neeldri.[7] In
Sanskrit, the word Puri means town or city,[8] and is
cognate with polis in Greek.[9]

king Indradyumna of Ujjayani credited with building the original

temple in 318 AD

According to the chronicle Madala Panji, in 318 AD,

the priests and servitors of the temple spirited away
the idols to escape the wrath of the Rashtrakuta king
Rakatavahu.[11] In the temples historical records it nds
mention in the Brahma Purana and Skanda Purana stating that the temple was built by the king Indradyumna,
Ujjayani.[12]
S. N. Sadasivan, a historian, in his book A Social History
of India quotes William Joseph Wilkins, author of the
book Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Purnic as stating that
in Puri, Buddhism was once a well established practice
but later Buddhists were persecuted and Brahmanism became the order of the religious practice in the town; the
Buddha deity is now worshipped by the Hindus as Jagannatha. It is also said by Wilkinson that some relics of Bud-

2.4

Modern history

dha were placed inside the idol of Jagannath which the

Brahmins claimed were the bones of Lord Krishna. Even
during Maurya king Ashoka's reign in 240 BC, Kalinga
was a Buddhist center and that a tribe known as Lohabahu
(barbarians from outside Odisha) converted to Buddhism
and built a temple with an idol of Buddha which is now
worshipped as Jagannatha. Wilkinson also says that the
Lohabahu deposited some Buddha relics in the precincts
of the temple.[13]
Construction of the Jagannatha Temple started in 1136
AD and completed towards the latter part of the 12th
century. The Eastern Ganga king Anangabhima III dedicated his kingdom to Lord Jagannatha, then known as
the Purushottam-Jagannatha, and resolved that from then
on he and his descendants would rule under divine order
as Jagannathas sons and vassals. Even though princely
states do not exist in India today, the heirs of the Gajapati
dynasty of Khurda still perform the ritual duties of the
temple; the king formally sweeps the road in front of the
chariots before the start of the Ratha Yatra.[14]

2.3

3
have merged with the deity.[27] There is also a matha of
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu here.[12]
In the 17th century, for the sailors sailing on the east coast
of India, the temple served as a landmark, being located
in a plaza in the centre of the city, which they called the
White Pagoda while the Konark Sun Temple, 60 kilometres (37 mi) away to the east of Puri, was known as the
Black Pagoda.[27]
The iconic representation of the images in the Jagannatha
temple is believed to be the forms derived from the worship made by the tribal groups of Sabaras belonging to
northern Odisha. These images are replaced at regular
intervals as the wood deteriorates. This replacement is a
special event carried out ritualistically by special group of
carpenters.[27]

Medieval and early modern periods

The history of Puri is on the same lines as that of the

Jagannath Temple, which was invaded 18 times during
its history to plunder the treasures of the temple, rather
than for religious reasons. The rst invasion occurred
in the 8th century AD by Rastrakuta king Govinda-III
(798814 AD), and the last took place in 1881 AD by the
monotheistic followers of Alekh (Mahima Dharma) who
did not recognise the worship of Jagannatha.[15] From
1205 AD onward [14] there were many invasions of the
city and its temple by Muslims of Afghan and Moghul descent, known as Yavanas or foreigners. In most of these
invasions the idols were taken to safe places by the priests
and the servitors of the temple. Destruction of the temple was prevented by timely resistance or surrender by the
kings of the region. However, the treasures of the temple were repeatedly looted.[16] The table lists all the 18
invasions along with the status of the three images of the
temple, the triad of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra
following each invasion.[15]

Govardhana matha main gate

The city has many other Mathas as well. The Emar

Matha was founded by the Tamil Vaishnava saint
Ramanujacharya in 12th century AD. This Matha, which
is now located in front of Simhadvara across the eastern corner of the Jagannath Temple, is reported to have
been built in the 16th century during the reign of kings
of Suryavamsi Gajapatis. The Matha was in the news on
25 February 2011 for the large cache of 522 silver slabs
unearthed from a closed chamber.[28][29]

The British conquered Orissa in 1803, and, recognising

the importance of the Jagannatha Temple in the life of
Puri is the site of the Govardhana Matha, one of the four the people of the state, they initially appointed an ocial
cardinal institutions established by Adi Shankaracharya, to look after the temples aairs and later declared the
when he visited Puri in 810 AD, and since then it has temple as part of a district.[14]
become an important dham (divine centre) for the Hindus; the others being those at Sringeri, Dwarka and
Jyotirmath. The Matha (monastery of various Hindu 2.4 Modern history
sects) is headed by Jagatguru Shankarachrya. It is a local belief about these dhams that Lord Vishnu takes his In 1906, Sri Yukteswar, an exponent of Kriya Yoga and a
dinner at Puri, has his bath at Rameshwaram, spends the resident of Puri, established an ashram, a spiritual trainnight at Dwarka and does penance at Badrinath.[12][26]
ing center, named Kararashram in Puri. He died on 9
and his body is buried in the garden of the
In the 16th century, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu of Bengal es- March 1936
[30][31]
ashram.
tablished the Bhakti movements of India, now known by
the name the Hare Krishna movement. He spent many The city is the site of the former summer residence of
years as a devotee of Jagannatha at Puri; he is said to British Raj, the Raj Bhavan, built in 191314 during the

5 CITY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE

The sex ratio is 927. The average literacy rate in the
city is 88.03 percent (91.38 percent for males and 84.43
percent for females). Religion-wise data has not been
reported.[36]

4 Economy

H.H Jagadguru Swami Nischalananda Saraswati,

Shankaracharya of Puri

The

era of governors.[32]
For the people of Puri, Lord Jagannatha, visualized as
Lord Krishna, is synonymous with their city. They believe that Lord Jagannatha looks after the welfare of the
state. However, after the partial collapse of the Jagannatha Temple (in the Amalaka part of the temple) on 14
June 1990, people became apprehensive and considered
it a bad omen for Odisha. The replacement of the fallen
stone by another of the same size and weight (7 tonnes
(7.7 tons)), that could be done only in the early morning
hours after the temple gates were opened, was done on
28 February 1991.[27]

The economy of Puri is dependent on tourism to the extent of about 80 percent. The temple is the focal point
of the city and provides employment to the people of
the town. Agricultural production of rice, ghee, vegetables and so forth of the region meet the large requirements of the temple. Many settlements around the town
exclusively cater to the other religious requirements of
the temple.[37] The temple administration employs 6,000
men to perform the rituals. The temple also provides
economic sustenance to 20,000 people.[34] According to
Colleen Taylor Sen an author on food and travel, writing
on the food culture of India, the temple kitchen has 400
cooks serving food to as many as 100,000 people,.[38] According to J Mohapatra, Director, Ind Barath Power Infra
Ltd (IBPIL), the kitchen is known as a largest and biggest
kitchen of the world.[39]

5 City management and governance

Puri has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for

the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of the Indian Government. It is chosen as
one of the 12 heritage cities with focus on holistic development to be implemented within 27 months by the end
of March 2017.[33]
Non-Hindus are not permitted to enter the shrines but Samudra arati or worship of the sea at Swargadwar by disciples
are allowed to view the temple and the proceedings from of the Govardhana matha
the roof of the Raghunandan library, located within the
precincts of the temple, for a small donation.[34]
The Puri Municipality, Puri Konark Development Authority, Public Health Engineering Organisation and
Orissa Water Supply Sewerage Board are some of the
principal organisations that are devolved with the respon3 Demographics
sibility of providing for civic amenities such as water supply, sewerage, waste management, street lighting and inSee also: List of cities in Odisha
frastructure of roads. The major activity, which puts
maximum pressure on these organisations, is the annual
According the 2001 Census of India, Puri is an urban ag- event of the Ratha Yatra held during June- July. Accordglomeration governed by the Municipal Corporation in ing to the Puri Municipality more than a million people
Odisha state, with a population of 157,610[35] This rose attend this event. Hence, development activities such as
to 200,564 in 2011 comprising 104,086 males, 96,478 infrastructure and amenities to the pilgrims, apart from
females, and 18,471 children (under six years of age). security, gets priority attention.[40]

6.2

The Pancha Tirtha of Puri

The civic administration of Puri is the responsibility of kitchen is called as the biggest hotel of the world.[44]
the Puri Municipality. The municipality came into existence in 1864 in the name of the Puri Improvement Trust,
which was converted into Puri Municipality in 1881. After Indias independence in 1947, the Orissa Municipal
Act (1950) was promulgated entrusting the administration of the city to the Puri Municipality. This body is
represented by elected representatives with a Chairperson and councilors representing the 30 wards within the
municipal limits.[41]

6
6.1

Landmarks
Jagannatha Temple at Puri

Main article: Jagannath Temple (Puri)

The Jagannatha Temple at Puri is one of the major Hindu
temples built in the Kalinga style of architecture.[42] The
temple tower, with a spire, rises to a height of 58 metres
(190 ft), and a ag is unfurled above it, xed over a wheel
(chakra).[34][43]
The temple is built on an elevated platform (of about
420,000 square feet (39,000 m2 ) area),[44] 20 feet (6.1
m) above the adjacent area. The temple rises to a height
of 214 feet (65 m) above the road level. The temple complex covers an area of 10.7 acres (4.3 ha).[40] There are
four entry gates in four cardinal directions of the temple,
each gate located at the central part of the walls. These
gates are: the eastern gate called the Singhadwara (Lions
Gate), the southern gate known as Ashwa Dwara (Horse
Gate), the western gate called the Vyaghra Dwara (Tigers
Gate) or the Khanja Gate, and the northern gate called
the Hathi Dwara or (elephant gate). These four gates
symbolize the four fundamental principles of Dharma
(right conduct), Jnana (knowledge), Vairagya (renunciation) and Aishwarya (prosperity). The gates are crowned
with pyramid shaped structures. There is a stone pillar
in front of the Singhadwara, called the Aruna Stambha
{Solar Pillar}, 11 metres (36 ft) in height with 16 faces,
made of chlorite stone; at the top of the stamba an elegant statue of Arun (Sun) in a prayer mode is mounted.
This pillar was shifted from the Konarak Sun Temple.[45]
The four gates are decorated with guardian statues in the
form of lion, horse mounted men, tigers, and elephants in
the name and order of the gates.[34] A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as oering. The
Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, which is guarded by two guardian deities Jaya and
Vijaya.[44][45][46] The main gate is ascended through 22
steps known as Baisi Pahaca, which are revered, as it is
believed to possess spiritual animation. Children are
made to roll down these steps, from top to bottom, to
bring them spiritual happiness. After entering the temple, on the left side, there is a large kitchen where food
is prepared in hygienic conditions in huge quantities; the

The main entrance of the Jagannath Temple

According to a legend King Indradyumma was directed

by Lord Jagannath in a dream to build a temple for him
which he did as directed. However, according to historical records the temple was started some time during the
12th century by King Chodaganga of the Eastern Ganga
dynasty. It was completed by his descendant, Anangabhima Deva, in the 12th century. The wooden images of
Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were then deied
here. The temple was under the control of the Hindu
rulers up to 1558. Then, when Orissa was occupied by
the Afghan Nawab of Bengal, it was brought under the
control of the Afghan General Kalapahad. Following the
defeat of the Afghan king by Raja Mansingh, the General
of Mughal emperor Akbar, the temple became part of the
Mughal empire till 1751. Subsequently, it was under the
control of the Marathas till 1803. During the British Raj,
the Puri Raja was entrusted with its management until
1947.[43]
The triad of images in the temple are of Jagannatha, personifying Lord Krishna, Balabhadra, His older brother,
and Subhadra, His younger sister. The images are made
of neem wood in an unnished form. The stumps of wood
which form the images of the brothers have human arms,
while that of Subhadra does not have any arms. The heads
are large, painted and non-carved. The faces are marked
with distinctive large circular eyes.[27]

6.2 The Pancha Tirtha of Puri

Main article: Pancha Tirtha of Puri
Hindus consider it essential to bathe in the Pancha
Tirtha or the ve sacred bathing spots of Puri, to complete a pilgrimage to Puri. The ve sacred water bodies are the Indradyumana Tank, the Rohini Kunda, the
Markandeya Tank, the Swetaganga Tank, and the Bay
of Bengal also called the Mahodadhi, in Sanskrit 'Mahodadhi' means a great ocean";[47] all are considered sacred
bathing spots in the Swargadwar area.[48][49][50] These
tanks have perennial sources of supply from rainfall and
ground water.[51]

LANDMARKS

end, Gundicha was the wife of King Indradyumna who

originally built the Jagannath temple.[52]

Markandeshwar Tank

The temple is built using light-grey sandstone, and, architecturally, it exemplies typical Kalinga temple architecture in the Deula style. The complex comprises four components: vimana (tower structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), nata-mandapa (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of oerings). There is
also a kitchen connected by a small passage. The temple
is set within a garden, and is known as Gods Summer
Garden Retreat or garden house of Jagannatha. The entire complex, including the garden, is surrounded by a
wall which measures 430 by 320 feet (131 m 98 m)
with height of 20 feet (6.1 m).[53]

Except for the 9-day Rath Yatra, when the triad images
are worshipped in the Gundicha Temple, otherwise it re6.3 Gundicha Temple
mains unoccupied for the rest of the year. Tourists can
visit the temple after paying an entry fee. Foreigners
Main article: Gundicha Temple
(generally prohibited entry in the main temple) are alThe Gundicha Temple, known as the Garden House of lowed inside this temple during this period.[54] The temple is under the Jagannath Temple Administration, Puri,
the governing body of the main temple. A small band of
servitors maintain the temple.[53]

6.4 Swargadwar

The Sea at Swargadwar of Puri

Swargadwar is the name given to the cremation ground

or burning ghat which is located on the shores of the sea.
Here thousands of dead bodies of Hindus brought from
faraway places are cremated. It is a belief that the Chitanya Mahaparabhu disappeared from this Swargadwar
about 500 years back.[55]
The Main Gate of the Gundicha Temple

Jagannatha, stands in the centre of a beautiful garden,

bounded by compound walls on all sides. It lies at a distance of about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the northeast of
the Jagannatha Temple. The two temples are located at
the two ends of the Bada Danda (Grand Avenue), which
is the pathway for the Rath Yatra. According to a leg-

6.5 Beach
The beach at Puri, known as the Ballighai beach, at the
mouth of Nunai River, is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) away from
the town and is fringed by casurina trees.[12] It has golden
yellow sand. Sunrise and sunset are pleasant scenic at-

7.1

Rath Yatra at Puri

7.1 Rath Yatra at Puri

Main article: Ratha-Yatra (Puri)
The Jagannatha Temple triad are normally worshipped

Puri Sea Beach viewed from the light house

tractions here.[56] Waves break in at the beach which is

long and wide.[27]

6.6

District museum

The Puri district museum is located on the station road

where the exhibits in display are the dierent types
of garments worn by Lord Jagannath, local sculptures,
patachitra (traditional, cloth-based scroll painting), ancient Palm-leaf manuscripts, and local craft work.[57]

6.7

Raghunandana library

Raghunandana Library is located in the Emara Matha

complex (opposite Simhadwara or lion gate, the main entrance gate). The Jagannatha Aitihasika Gavesana Samiti
(Jagannatha Historical Centre) is also located here. The
library houses ancient palm leaf manuscripts on Jagannatha, His cult and the history of the city.[57]

The Rath Yatra in Puri in modern times showing the three chariots
of the deities with the Temple in the background

in the sanctum of the temple at Puri, but once during the

month of Asadha (rainy season of Orissa, usually in June
or July), they are brought out on the Bada Danda (main
street of Puri) and taken over a distance of (3 kilometres
(1.9 mi)) to the Shri Gundicha Temple in huge chariots
(ratha), allowing the public to have darana (holy view).
This festival is known as the Rath Yatra, meaning the
journey (yatra) of the chariots.[59] The yatra starts every
year according to the Hindu calendar on the Asadha Sukla
Dwitiya day, the second day of bright fortnight of Asadha
(JuneJuly).[60]

Historically, the ruling Ganga dynasty instituted the Rath

Yatra on the completion of the Jagannatha Temple around
1150 AD. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals
7 Festivals of Puri
that was reported to the Western world very early.[61]
Friar Odoric, in his account of 1321, reported how the
Main article: List of festivals observed at Jagannatha people put the idols on chariots, and the King, the
Temple, Puri
Queen and all the people drew them from the church
Puri witnesses 24 festivals every year, of which 13 are with song and music.[62][63]
The Rathas are huge wooden structures provided with
large wheels, which are built anew every year and are
pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Lord Jagannatha is
about 45 feet (14 m) high and 35 square feet (3.3 m2 ) and
takes about 2 months for its construction.[64] The chariot
is mounted with 16 wheels, each of 7 feet (2.1 m) diameter. The carving in the front face of the chariot has four
wooden horses drawn by Maruti. On its other three faces,
the wooden carvings are of Rama, Surya and Vishnu. The
chariot is known as Nandi Ghosha. The roof of the chariot is covered with yellow and golden coloured cloth. The
next chariot is of Balabhadra which is 44 feet (13 m) in
height tted with 14 wheels. The chariot is carved with
Satyaki as the charioteer. The carvings on this chariot
The Grand Road near the Jagannath Temple
include images of Narasimha and Rudra as Jagannathas
major. The most important of these is the Rath Yatra, or companions. The next chariot in the order is of Subhadra,
the car festival, held in the JuneJuly, which is attended which is 43 feet (13 m) in height supported on 12 wheels,
by more than 1 million people.[58]
roof covered in black and red colour cloth, and the char-

7 FESTIVALS OF PURI

iot is known as Darpa Dalaan and the charioteer carved is

Arjuna. Other images carved on the chariot are of Vana
Durga, Tara Devi and Chandi Devi.[60][65] The artists and
painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint ower petals
and other designs on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne.[59] The chariots of Jagannath pulled during Rath Yatra is the etymological origin of the English
word Juggernaut.[66] The Ratha Yatra is also termed as
the Shri Gundicha yatra and Ghosha yatra[60]

The Narendra Tirtha tank where ceremonies of Chandan Yatra

are performed

The Chandan Yatra festival held every year on Akshaya

Tritiya day marks the commencement of the construction
of the chariots of the Rath Yatra. It also marks the celebration of the Hindu new year.[12]

7.4 Snana Yatra

Main article: Snana Yatra
Every year, on the Purnima day in the Hindu calendar
month of Jyestha (June), the triad images of the Jagannatha Temple are ceremonially bathed and decorated on
the occasion of Snana Yatra. Water for the bath is taken
in 108 pots from the Suna kuan (meaning: golden well)
located near the northern gate of the temple. Water is
drawn from this well only once in a year for the sole purpose of the religious bath of the deities. After the bath
Pahandi bije during Ratha Yatra at Puri
the triad images are dressed in the fashion of the elephant
god, Ganesha. Later, during the night, the original triad
images are taken out in a procession back to the main tem7.2 Chhera Pahara
ple but kept at a place known as Anasara pindi.[60] After
this the Jhulana Yatra is performed when proxy images
The Chhera Pahara (sweeping with water) is a signi- of the deities are taken out in a grand procession for 21
cant ritual associated with the Ratha Yatra. During this days, cruised over boats in the Narmada tank.[12]
ritual, the Gajapati King wears the outt of a sweeper
and sweeps all around the deities and chariots. The king
cleans the road in front of the chariots with a gold-handled 7.5 Anavasara or Anasara
broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder. As
per the custom, although the Gajapati King has been con- Anasara, a derivative of the Sanskrit word
[68]
literally means vacation.
Every
sidered the most exalted person in the Kalingan kingdom, Anabasara,
year
after
the
holy
Snana
Yatra,
the
triad
images,
without
he still renders the menial service to Jagannatha. This ritual signies that under the lordship of Jagannatha, there the Sudarshana Chakra, are taken to a secret altar named
is no distinction between the powerful sovereign and the Anavasara Ghar (also known as Anasara pindi, 'pindi' is
Oriya term meaning platform [68] ) where they remain
humblest devotee.[67]
for the next fortnight of (Krishna paksha); devotees are
not allowed to view these images. Instead, devotees go to
the nearby Brahmagiri to see the Lord in the four-handed
7.3 Chandan Yatra
form of Alarnath, a depiction of Vishnu.[60][69] Devotees
Main article: Chandan Yatra
then get the rst glimpse of the Lord only on the day
before Rath Yatra, which is called Navayouvana. It is a

7.8

Niladri Bije

Suna Besha or Golden Attire of Lord Jagannath

Images during the Snana Yatra.

local belief that the gods suer from fever after taking
an elaborate ritual bath, and they are treated by the
special servants, the Daitapatis, for 15 days. Daitapatis
perform special nitis (rites) known as Netrotchhaba (a
rite of painting the eyes of the triad). During this period
cooked food is not oered to the deities.[70]

7.6

Naba Kalebara

Bhesha event is observed on Bahuda Ekadashi during the

Rath Yatra on the chariots placed at the Simhadwar. The
other four Beshas are observed inside the temple on the
Ratna Singhasana (gem studded altar). On this occasion
gold plates are decorated over the hands and feet of Jagannatha and Balabhadra; Jagannatha is also adorned with a
Chakra (disc) made of gold on the right hand while a silver conch adorns the left hand. Balabhadra is decorated
with a plough made of gold on the left hand while a golden
mace adorns his right hand.[76]

Main articles: Nabakalevara and Nabakalebara 2015

7.8 Niladri Bije

Naba Kalebara is one of the most grand events associated

with the Lord Jagannatha that takes place when one lunar
month of Ashadha is followed by another of Ashadha
called Adhika Masa (extra month). This can take place
at an interval of 8, 12 or even 18 years. Literally meaning the New Body (Nava = New, Kalevar = Body) in
Odia, the festival is witnessed by millions of people and
the budget for this event generally exceeds $500,000. The
event involves installation of new images in the temple
and burial of the old ones in the temple premises at Koili
Vaikuntha. During the Nabakalebara ceremony held during July 2015 the idols that were installed in the temple in
1996 were replaced by specially carved new images made
of neem wood.[71][72] More than 3 million people are reported to have attended this festival.[73]

Niladri Bije, celebrated in the Hindu calendar month

Asadha (JuneJuly) on Trayodashi (13th day),[78] marks
the end of the Ratha Yatra. The large wooden images of
the triad of gods are taken out from the chariots and then
carried to the sanctum sanctorum, swaying rhythmically;
a ritual which is known as pahandi.[72]

7.7

7.9 Sahi yatra

Suna Besha

Main article: Suna Besha

Suna Besha, ('Suna besh'in Oriya language means dressing in gold[74] ) also known as Raja or Rajadhiraja Bhesha [75] or Raja Bhesha, is an event when the triad images
of the Jagannatha Temple are adorned with gold jewelry.
This event is observed ve times in a year. It is commonly
observed on Magha Purnima (January), Bahuda Ekadashi
also known as Asadha Ekadashi (July), Dashahara (Bijayadashami) (October), Karthik Purnima (November),
and Pousa Purnima (December).[76][77] One such Suna

A scene from a play being enacted during the Sahi Yatra

The Sahi Yatra, considered the worlds biggest open-air

theatre,[79] is an annual event lasting 11 days; a traditional
cultural theatre festival or folk drama which begins on
Ram Navami and ends on Rama avishke (Sanskrit meaning : anointing). The festival includes plays depicting various scenes from the Ramayana. The residents of various

10

9 ARTS AND CRAFTS

localities, or Sahis, are entrusted the task of performing which became operational in 1898.[82] Puri is now wellthe drama at the street corners.[80]
connected by rail, road and air services. A broad gauge
railway line of the South Eastern Railways which connects Puri with Calcutta, and Khurda is an important rail7.10 Samudra Arati
way junction on this route. The rail distance is about 499
kilometres (310 mi) from Calcutta and 468 kilometres
(291 mi) from Vishakhapatnam. Road network includes
NH 203 that links the city with Bhubaneswar, the state
capital, situated about 60 kilometres (37 mi) away. NH
203 B connects the city with Satapada via Brahmagiri.
Marine drive, which is part of NH 203 A, connects Puri
with Konark. The nearest airport is the Biju Patnaik International Airport at Bhubaneswar.[58] Puri railway station is among the top hundred booking stations of the
Indian Railways.[83]

Samudra arati of worship of the sea by disciples of the Matha at

Puri

The Samudra arati is a daily tradition started by the

present Shankaracharya 9 years ago.[81] The daily practise includes prayer and re oering to the sea at Swargadwar in Puri by disciples of the Govardhan Matha. On
Paush Purnima of every year the Shankaracharya himself
comes out to oer prayers to the sea.

Transport

9 Arts and crafts

9.1 Sand art
Sand art is a special art form that is created on the beaches
of Puri. The art form is attributed to Balaram Das, a poet
who lived in the 14th century. Sculptures of various gods
and famous people are now created in sand by amateur
artists. These are temporary in nature as they get washed
away by waves. This art form has gained international
fame in recent years. One of the famed sand artists of
Odisha is Sudarshan Patnaik. He established the Golden
Sand Art Institute in 1995, in the open air on the shores of
Bay of Bengal, to provide training to students interested
in this art form.[84][80]

9.2 Appliqu art

Malatipatpur Bus Stand (Puri)

Earlier, when roads did not exist, people used to walk or
travel by animal-drawn vehicles or carriages along beaten
tracks to reach Puri. Travel was by riverine craft along the
Ganges up to Calcutta, and then on foot or by carriages. An applique art work
It was only during the Maratha rule that the popular Jagannath Sadak (Road) was built around 1790. The East Appliqu art, which is a stitching-based craft unlike emIndia Company laid the rail track from Calcutta to Puri, broidery, was pioneered by Hatta Maharana of Pipili. It is

11
widely used in Puri, both for decoration of the deities and
for sale. Maharanas family members are employed as
darjis or tailors or sebaks by the Maharaja of Puri. They
prepare articles for decorating the deities in the temple for
various festivals and religious ceremonies. The appliqu
works are brightly coloured and patterned fabric in the
form of canopies, umbrellas, drapery, carry bags, ags,
coverings of dummy horses and cows, and other household textiles; these are marketed in Puri. The cloth used
is made in dark colours of red, black, yellow, green, blue
and turquoise blue.[85]

who performed dances in the Nata mandapa of the temple to please the deities. Though the devadasi practice has
been discontinued, the dance form has become modern
and classical and is widely popular; many of the Odissi
virtuoso artists and gurus (teachers) are from Puri.[87]
Some of the famous Odissi dancers are Kelucharan Mohapatra, Mayadhar Raut, Sonal Mansingh, Sanjukta Panigrahi and many more.

10

Some of the educational institutions in Puri are:

Culture

11 Education

Ghanashyama Hemalata Institute of Technology and

Management
Gangadhar Mohapatra Law College, established in
1981[88]
Extension Unit of Regional Research Institute of
Homoeopathy, Puri, under Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi; established in March 2006 [89]
Shri Jagannath Sanskrit University, established in
July 1981[90]
Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya , a college
and hospital where treatment and training is based
on Ayurveda school of medicine [91]
The Industrial Training Institute, a premier technical institution to provide education to skilled, committed & talented technicians was established in
1966 by the Government of India[92]

12 Puri people
Odissi dancer

Cultural activities, including the annual religious festivals, in Puri are: The Puri Beach Festival held from 5 to
9 November every year, and the Shreekshetra Utsav held
from 20 December to 2 January every year. The cultural
programmes include unique sand art, display of local and
traditional handicrafts and food festival.[86] In addition,
cultural programmes are held for two hours on every second Saturday of the month at the district Collectors Conference Hall near Sea Beach Police Station. Odissi dance,
Odia music and folk dances are part of this event.[86]
Odissi dance is the cultural heritage of Puri. This dance
form originated in Puri from the dances performed by
Devadasis (Maharis) attached to the Jagannatha Temple

Gopabandhu Das Social worker

Nilakantha Das Social activist
Kelucharan Mohapatra Odissi dancer
Pankaj Charan Das Dancer
Manasi Pradhan Writer and activist
Raghunath Mohapatra Architect and sculptor
Sudarshan Patnaik Sand artist
Rituraj Mohanty Singer

12

13

13

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[1] Managers 2006, p. 12.

[2] Starza 1993, p. 1.
[3] Mahanti 2014, p. xxxiiii.
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[35] Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census
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[36] Puri Town City Census 2011 data. Census2011.

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[37] Managers 2006, pp. 23.

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[38] Sen 2004, p. 126.

[9] Ananda 2015, p. 11.

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[40] Managers 2006, p. 3.

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[52] Bansal 2012, pp. 3031.

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[30] Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 248.

[58] Managers 2006, p. 2.

[31] Davis 1997, p. 265.

[59] Das 1982, p. 40.

[57] Mahanti 2014, p. xli.

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External links

www.puri.nic.in Ocial website of Puri District]

Puri HRIDAY city
Odisha Tourism
OTDC

EXTERNAL LINKS

15

16
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16.2

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