Old Silver and Old Sheffield Plate

OLD SILVER and
OLD SHEFFIELD
PLATE
A history of the silversmith's art in Great Britain and Ireland,
with reproductions in facsimile of about thirteen thousand -marks.
<^>c^> Tables of date letters and other marks, c^c^ American
silversmiths and their marks. &&Paris marks and Paris date
letters 'toith a description of the methods of marking employed by the
Paris c
Guild of Sil Ders??2.iths.^^Hallmarks, and date letters
when used, of nearly all the countriesof Continental Europe,

reproduced in.
facsimile, cô^ A history of Old Sheffield Plate and
a description of the method of its production, with the names and
marks, in facsimile, of every known maêr
WITH TWELVE FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS
By HOWARD PITCHER OKIE
DOUBLE-DAY, DO RAN W COMPANY, INC.

GARDEN CITY, NEW YORK, 1928
Ss* X '
t* *^ )t>
A LADY
whose home is in Kentucky,
but whose duties and responsibilities have
made her name familiar throughout the United
States., years ago perceived that in no other
class of articles of domestic use were com
bined utility and great beauty to the degree
in which those qualities co-exist in the silver
produced in England during the period that
began with the accession of George I and
ended during the Regency in the early Nine
teenth Century. Her unerring taste and judg
ment, as shown in her own magnificent collec
tion, have made many converts to her belief.
As an inadequate attempt to express the ob
ligation we should all feel, and as a tribute
of personal admiration,
this volume is respectfully dedicated
by its author
to
MRS. ALVIN T. HE RT 3
of Lexington and Washington*

FOREWORD
THIS book has been written with the
single purpose of enabling
the reader to establish the origin and authenticity of antique
silver and "Old Sheffield plate."
have gone rather at length into the history of the silver

If I
smith's art in England and the laws under which he worked,

it is because I deemed
necessary for the purpose in view.
it
Education in the directions indicated is essential to prevent self-
deception; there is no danger of wilful misrepresentation by a
reputable dealer.
It has not been thought necessary to go into the methods em
ployed in the production of solid silver. Sheffield plate must,

however, be approached from a different angle. One who knows
just how "Old Sheffield" rolled plate was made and will apply
that knowledge to each piece he examines and will ask and answer
the question that should always arise: "Was it possible to pro
duce without the aid of electroplating?" will never,
this article
if of average intelligence, mistake electroplate for the older
product.
Dealers are deceived every day. This we must believe in view
of the fact that a large quantity of electroplate is being marketed
as "Old Sheffield." If a wider possessed by cus
knowledge is
tomers, dealers will be compelled to educate themselves.

Mr. Frederick Bradbury, of Sheffield, has written a book de
scribing in the most minute detail every process used in the older
art and illustrating every method and tool employed. Its writing
afforded Mr. Bradbury pleasure, no doubt, and certainly he
viii FOREWORD
should feel proud of his work, evidencing as it does infinite labour
and very great ability.
But, Macaulay said no one but a commentator ever read all
"
of Spenser's Faerie Queene," and if the seven books of the poem
had not been destroyed in Ireland, even a commentator would
have baulked.
Hence, I have written just enough to show even a non-indus
trious reader that the raw material of a maker of Old Sheffield
corresponding to the sheet of solid silver in the hands of the silver

smith or of copper or nickel silver in the hands of the maker of
plated ware presents a uniform colour only on the surface and
never at a cross-section. The copper and silver were not amalga
mated. They remained distinct but not separate. Kvery edge of a
piece of Sheffield plate must at some time have shown white and
red, or white and red and white. That edge had to be masked.
How? Never by electroplating: it had not been invented.
I have
compiled the tables of marks on solid silver in this book
from publications most of which are not readily available to the
reading public. The Continental hallmarks (apart from the
French) have hitherto only appeared in a German publica
tion Rosenberg's. The French marks are from Boivin's Les
Ancienns Qrfevres Fran$ais a costly work practically unknown in
y
America.
It very important that the collector should be able to identify
is
British provincial silver. "Provincial" as used here includes

Ireland and Scotland. This book contains the name and mark of
every British and Irish silversmith now known, from the earliest
times to the middle of the last century. The value of both
English and American silver often depends very largely
upon the identity of its maker. For some reason, that is not true
of silver of Continental origin unless we hark back to the days of
Benvenuto Cellini. It has seemed well, therefore, to give hall-
FOREWORD ix
marks only of the European countries other than the British

Isles
Our knowledge of early American silversmiths, incomplete as
it is, seems almost static. Some few years ago, the Walpole
Society published a book containing the names of a number of
silversmiths of the Colonies. Copies are infrequently offered at
book sales and bring large prices. My
friend Colonel Charles
Rynesson has given me what we believe to be the only existing

copy of the book his late father, Mr. P. A. Rynesson, privately
published. It contains data concerning some hundreds of silver
smiths not mentioned in the Walpole Society book. Mr. Stephen
G. C. Ensko has also published a book containing many names and
marks of old and comparatively modern "silversmiths" of this
country. No doubt many of his "silversmiths" were only dealers
a fault with which this work also may be charged and for which
a reason is
given in the proper place. The curious reader will
find many very valuable biographical notes in Mr. Ensko's
book, and I am indebted to it and to the book of American Church
Silver (a wonderfully accurate work) for much information I have
used in these pages.
That paragon of American collectors, Judge Alphonso T.
Clearwater, and Mr. Henry Davis Sleeper, who generously pre
sented his collection of Paul Revere Silver to the Boston Museum
of Fine Arts, have given me authoritative decisions as to the
distinctions between the marks of the Reveres, father and son.
By following the British and Irish date letters as given by the

late Sir Charles Jackson, I have avoided the mistakes made by
Chaffers and Cripps and copied by American authors.
HOWARD PITCHER OKIE
Washington, D. C.
March i, 1928.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
L OLD ENGLISH SILVER i
IL FRAUDS AND TRANSFORMATIONS .... 12
III. MARKS ON LONDON PLATE 22
IV. MAKERS' MARKS ON LONDON PLATE ... 35
V. MARKS ON YORK PLATE 106
VI. MARKS ON NORWICH PLATE 113
VII. MARKS ON EXETER PLATE 118
VITI. MARKS ON NEWCASTLE PLATE 126
IX. MARKS ON CHESTER PLATE 132
X. MARKS ON BIRMINGHAM PLATE .... 141
XL MARKS ON SHEFFIELD SILVER 147
XII. MARKS ON LINCOLN PLATE 152
XTTT. MARKS OF THE MINOR ENGLISH GUILDS . .

154
XIV. UNASCRIBED BRITISH MARKS 164
XV. MARKS ON EDINBURGH PLATE 169
XVI. MARKS ON GLASGOW PLATE 178
XVII. MARKS OF THE MINOR SCOTCH GUILDS . . 182
XVITL UNASCRIBED SCOTCH MARKS 189
XIX. MARKS ON DUBLIN PLATE I9 1
xi
Xll CONTENTS
PAGE
XX. MARKS ON CORK PLATE 204
XXI. MARKS OF THE MINOR IRISH GUILDS . . 208
INDEX TO THE MARKS OF ENGLISH, SCOTCH,

AND IRISH SILVERSMITHS 211
XXII. EARLY AMERICAN SILVER 235

XXIII. AMERICAN SILVERSMITHS AND THEIR MARKS 239
XXIV. OLD FRENCH SILVER 293
XXV. MARKS ON PARIS PLATE 297
XXVT. MARKS ON FRENCH PROVINCIAL PLATE . .
308
XXVII. MARKS ON GERMAN PLATE 315
XXVIII. MARKS ON OTHER CONTINENTAL PLATE . .
355
XXIX. OLD SHEFFIELD PLATE 389
XXX. SHEFFIELD PLATERS AND THEIR MARKS .
400
GENERAL INDEX *
415
LIST OF FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS
A Pair of Platter Covers by Paul Lamerie,

London, 1729 Frontispiece
FACING PACK
Early English Spoons 6
Old English Silver 10
Two Examples of "Transformations" 18
London Silver of the Reign of George II 74

A Coffee Urn Made in London in 1765 by Parker &
Wakelin 94
An Early George III Epergne. Made by Thomas Powell,
London, 1765 102
Irish Silver of the Period 1755-1765 194

A Spout-Cup by John Coney (Boston, 16551722) . .
238
An Old Sheffield Tray Showing the Silver Inset Plate .
390
Old Sheffield Rolled Plate of the Later (Florid) Period .
394
Examples of French Sheffield of the Empire Period . .

398
OLD SILVER AND
OLD SHEFFIELD PLATE
CHAPTER I
Old English Silver

<fy
*
*$*ROM the year 1300, it has been compulsory in England
^ F *$* to h ave an official mark impressed upon
In that year, a statute of
silverware be-
<& <fy <& fore offering it for sale.
Edward I provided that "no manner of vessel of silver depart out

of the hand of the workers until it be essayed [sic] by the wardens
of the craft and further that be marked with a leopard's head."
it
" 99
To receive that mark it must be of esterling allay [sic]. From
this one would gather that the belief that the word "sterling"
was derived from the name of a North German tribe, the Ester-
lings,
who were noted for the uniform fineness of their silver
coins, is Sixty years later, it was provided that
based upon fact.
the goldsmith or silversmith should have a "mark by himself." In

neither of these enactments is there any mention of the lion pas
sant which later was to be the sterling mark of every assay office
though the use of the leopard's head was, with

in certain
England,
exceptions,
shown in the tables of marks, restricted to articles
made in London.
We learn, however, from an indictment of the attorney general
that in 1597 "Her Majesty's lion" had a legal status as a mark
of sterling silver. Though that is the earliest mention of the lion
in legal history, it is found on silver with the date letters for
I 543) an d Sir Charles was never absent "after

Jackson says it
no doubt, intended
1545," a palpable error of Sir Charles, who,
that his statement apply only to silver produced in London.
In the earlier days, symbols, not letters, were employed by
a Old English Silver
the English silversmiths to identify their work. In 1515, we find

a "radiant" (fringed) letter S, and in 1545
apostle spoons with
we find a monogram. Late in the reign of Elizabeth, we find an
initialemployed with increasing frequency, and toward the end
of that reign the silversmith usually used the initials of both his
Christian and his surname. This practice continued until 1697,,
when the statute changing the standard of silver was passed.
This act, which raised the standard of silverware above that of
the coinage, was designed prevent the absorption of the silver
to
money in the arts, It provided that the fineness of the silver

employed must be n
ounces, 10 pennyweights to the pound
Troy (12 oz.) instead of n

ounces, a pennyweights (.925) the
sterling standard. It took more than twenty years for the law
makers to discover that their enactment was futile, as the silver
smith could meet the new requirement by simply adding a little
pure silver to his melting coins. While the new standard was com
pulsory, silver was marked in John Cox no
a distinctive way.
longer marked his silver J. C: he must use the first two letters of
his surname Co. The
passant was superseded by the lion
lion
erased (the head and neck only of the lion), and the leopard's
head was replaced by the figure of Britannia enthroned. In 1720,
the old standard and the old system of marking came again into
use through the repeal of the statute of 1697, but the maker could,
if he wished, continue to use the
higher standard, in which case
the Britannia hall marks would be affixed, though he could no
longer mark his wares with the commencing letters of his sur
name. He must use his initials, unless it wavS that, prior to 1697,
he used some other mark which case he was,

(a single initial), in
for a short period, allowed to use his old mark* I revert to this
subject in more detail hereafter-
The art of silversmi thing doubtless came into England through

the development of Christian monastic institutions. There is no
Old English Silver
3
evidence of the art
having been established in the British Isles
during the four centuries of Roman occupation, though the cloth

of Britain became famous
during that period.
Prior to the Norman Conquest, the work seems to have been con
fined to the churches.The patron saint of English goldsmiths was
the monk Dunstan, who lived in the Tenth Century. He became
an archbishop and the chief counsellor of the Saxon
king, Edgar.
With the advent of William the Conqueror, it would seem rea
sonable to suppose that a higher standard of
living was brought
into England and that the
invading nobility would bring with
them silver and gold utensils. If they did so, none of them sur
vived the vicissitudes of the intervening centuries. Up to the time
cxf
Henry VIII, practically all
specimens of the silversmith's craft
were in the possession of ecclesiastical bodies.
true that, as early as 1238, in the

reign of Henry III, an
It is
ordinance was passed that shows that goldsmiths were then
recognized as a body, but it would seem that only a negligible

amount of their output went into the hands of other than the
Church and royalty* The reason for that is found in the fact that
there was very little raw material in England. Silver has never
been found there in the earth in its "free" form, and the small
amount that was locked up such as galena,
in refractory ores,
was unavailable because of the ignorance of any method of sepa

rating the precious metal, from its base associates.
Henry VII reported to have died possessed of
is 1,800,000
in gold and silver, but that monarch's system of appropriating
his subjects' money under the name of "benevolences" was so
thorough that it is more than likely that

his possessions
repre
sented the bulk of all the money in England. His successor,
Henry VIII, died almost penniless, and probably for that reason
we do find a few silver articles of domestic use that were made
during the reign of that monarch.
4 Old English Silver
During the reign of Henry VIII the silver currency was so

debased that the coinage contained little more than a fourth
of its proper content; in other words, it contained about 25 per
cent, of silvercompared to 92^ per cent., which was the sterling
standard. Yet at no time, from the commencement of the legal
regulations of the manufacture

of silver plate, was it lawful to
make silver wares of less than the sterling standard.
When we remember that in the reigns of Henry VIII and
Edward VI the silversmiths found their only source of raw ma
terial in debased coinage and the very large purchasing
this
"
power of that currency, we can understand the scarcity of Tu
dor" silver. The reason that, prior to the disestablishment acts
of Henry VIII, ecclesiastical institutions (colleges fall within
this group) monopolized the ownership of silver is found in the
relationship of local monastic institutions to the gentry of their
neighbourhoods. If the wealth of a rich English subject were not
taken from him by the Sovereign during his life, it would be apt
to pass to the Church upon the owner's death. The terrors of hell
were very real, and priestly intervention alone stood between the
dying and eternal torments.

There was an amusing conflict between the individual and
collective belief. The former deemed it the part of wisdom to give
all that he had to save his soul. His neighbours deprecated his
action, though, as individuals, each would do the same. Various

statutes of "mortmain/' commencing in the
reign of Henry III,
were intended to cope with this situation, but none, save the
last that of Henry VIII was effective.
The
idea of the confiscation of church wealth did not originate
with Henry VIII; it had often been proposed before, not by
kings or their ministers, but by the people. Such a measure nearly

succeeded in the reign of Richard II. The King at first favoured
the measure, but withdrew his support under threats from Rome.
It is to be noted that the oldest hall-marked piece is an ec

clesiastical
piece, and it is doubtful if any piece of silver that
could be properly termed a domestic article could be found with
an earlier date than 1515,
although a few apostle spoons have
come to light that were made toward the end of the Fifteenth
Century. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, has a covered silver cup
that was presented to Catherine of
Aragon by her loving husband
in 1515-1516.
It is doubtful if we can explain the scarcity of even church
silver in the
pre-Elizabethan period of English history by stat
ing that the monasteries had been depleted of their silver by
Henry VIII.
The probabilities are that there was very little silver of any
kind in England until the days of Drake and Hawkins, who, with
their fellow buccaneers,
encouraged the movement of silver from
the newly discovered Western world to the British Isles.
The capture of silver-laden Spanish ships, not only while they
were en route from Mexico, South America, and the West Indies,
but of ships in the English Channel which were
taking supplies
from Spain to Holland during the reign of Elizabeth, inaugurated
an entirely new era. Silver domestic articles were still far from
common, yet we are told by the Reverend William Harrison, who
wrote The Description of England as it fell under his observation
from 1577 to 1587, that rather late in the reign of Elizabeth
certain noble families sat at table with as much as two thousand
pounds' value of plate spread before them.
The coinage was restored to its legal standard early in the reign
of Elizabeth. Apart from the fact that this was evidence of an
increased supply of silver within the realm, the fact itself would
stimulate the industries of the silversmith.
After the apostle spoons, we find with increasing frequency
during the Sixteenth Century spoons more clearly intended for

domestic use. They have fig-shaped bowls, with four-corner

columnar baluster stems, and terminate in a knob which could
be used as a seal. The knobs, or finials, are circular or hexagonal.
So-called "rose water" bowls appear at the beginning of the
Sixteenth Century, but their original purpose is not clear. At the
same time we find tall pedestal salts. are grand affairs for
They
colleges and the rich "livery" corporations of London. find a We
few Elizabethan evidently intended for domestic use. They
salts,
are oblong, troughlike affairs, something of the shape of the
trencher salts made three centuries later, except that they are
without pedestals. They are very rare.
During the Sixteenth Century, much church silver was made:

patens, communion cups, chalices, and tazzas (small saucers or
flat
cups with handles and mounted on a stem and base).
The first rat- tail spoon we find bears the mark of 1674. It had
a flat stem and a trifid end, i.e., an end divided into three sec
tions like a fragment of a clover leaf.
We find an English three-prong fork only one made in 1678.
Silver snuffers appear at this time. Tankards, all of silver, had be
come common in the reign of Charles II, and late in the reign of
that monarch toilet sets and toilet boxes were introduced, no
doubt a French innovation.
Some two hundred years before, horn beakers had been made
with silver bands. That form was preserved in the silver mugs and
tankards of a later period, which were ornamented with silver
bands, reminders, like the back buttons on a frock coat, of a

period when they were of practical use.
In 1683, we find a large oval silver dish, no doubt intended for
use upon the table, and about this time silver dinner
plates crept
into use. There are two in London, dated 1687. I n the
reign of
Queen Anne, ahd during all the subsequent years, they were
common. The author knows of but two or three tea kettles with
stands and spirit lamps, made as

early as the reign of Queen Anne.
One sold in America recently for $5,500. This seems to be a fair
price, as the writer saw one in Scotland at about the same time,
upon which a trade price of 700 had been set. Tea and coffee
pots became common in the reign of Queen Anne.
Porringers
and caudle cups came on the scene in Elizabethan times, and
those of the early Eighteenth
Century are very common. The
fashion of tea or coffee services seems to have
making complete
occurred to American silversmiths rather earlier than it did to the
English members of that craft. I have never seen a complete three-

piece tea set of the same make and date letter and of British
origin that was than 1790, and with one exception com
earlier
plete tea and coffee sets seem not to have been made in England
before the early years of the Nineteenth Century. The idea of
making tea kettles to match the tea sets is a Victorian one. The
exception is an authentic three-piece tea set of the time of Queen
Anne (1702-1714) sold recently at Christie's in London. No
doubt it expressed the idea of a silversmith or customer who
failed to create a fashion. No other instance is known to the
writer. Replicas of the Queen Anne set are now manufactured

and sold.
The source of privately owned silver must have been consider
ably augmented during the reigns of James

I and Charles I.
Much of this, however,, was destroyed during the Civil War, and
it seems that, the the production of
during
Commonwealth,
articles ofluxury was discouraged. With the inauguration of
Charles II, the trade of the silversmith and goldsmith revived
and has flourished ever since. In 1697, there must have been
three hundred master silversmiths in London alone, and when
one considers that each silversmith employed a number of helpers
and apprentices, we can understand that there must have been
an enormous output of silverware.
In the reign of Queen Anne, silver domestic utensils were in

common use, but, from an artistic standpoint, the silver of the
period of that queen leaves much to be desired. We
hear much
"
praise of the simplicity of Queen Anne" silver, but it is an un
thinking chorus and rests on no more solid foundation than the

admiration expressed for the writings of Laurence Sterne. The
candlesticks gave promise of beauty, but they were so small that
they lacked dignity and impressiveness.
In 1697, William Hogarth was born. It is known that, in 1720,

after
having been apprenticed to an English silversmith, he was
engaged in engraving silver plate. He became a very famous
artist, but it is certain that he never lost touch with the trade
with which his youth had been identified. In fact, we know that he
designed many pieces for London silversmiths.

In 1745, Hogarth painted that admirable portrait of himself
with his dog Trump which is now in the National Gallery in
London. In a corner of this he had drawn on a palette a serpentine
curve with the words "The Line
of Beauty." This was merely a
tangible expression of the hitherto undisclosed influence that

Hogarth had imposed upon the designers of the preceding
twenty years and which was to continue until the Adam
Brothers, with their meretricious neoclassicism, captured the
public fancy.
During the Hogarthian period 1720-1760 the most ex

quisite silver the world has ever seen was produced, and in enor
mous quantities. The geometric figures with straight lines and
acute angles of the Queen Anne period gave way to beautiful
curved outlines with simple but graceful ornamentation, with
none of the stereotyped features that marked the succeeding
"Adam" period.
Of course, Hogarth alone could not have brought about this
revolution. It was a happy coincidence that there were many

talented and artistic craftsmen in London who were his contem
poraries. Some of these were of French Huguenot birth or origin

and brought to their trade a refinement that was tempered and
strengthened by rugged and less artistic

styles than prevailed
be
fore this period. An outstanding example is
supplied by Paul
Lamerie, who worked during the reign of Queen Anne, George I,
and George II. He produced pieces of wonderful beauty. He also
produced some very ugly This part of his output may be
pieces.
explained by the fact that he no doubt had mandatory com
missions to reproduce silver of the same type as that owned by his
patrons' forbears.
Much silver bearing Paul Lamerie' s mark is now on the market,
and all, beautifuland ugly alike, brings high prices.
Ayme Videau was another great silversmith who was also a
great artist. William Fawdery, Robert Abercrombie, and Peter

Archambo are names distinguished in the reigns of George I and
II.
George
The spoon, which had originated in the reign of James
rat-tail
II and went out of fashion in the reign of Anne, was again made
in 1750, and these spoons are commonly found bearing the date
letters for the latter half of the Eighteenth Century. Because of
a present demand for them, a large number of authentic spoons

of the period of George II and early George III are now having
tails added to them by clever English artificers. The cost to the
antique dealer for each additional caudal appendage is

only about
three shillings.
of England were
Early in the Nineteenth Century, the people
obsessed with the desire to encrust every piece of silver they could
find with excessive ornamentation. It happened that even during
the reign of Queen Anne some beautiful, straight-sided coffee pots
were produced. There was also produced at the same time a much
TO Old English Silver
greater number of ugly hexagonal and even octagonal coffee pots.
The beautyof the former lay in the fact that they presented an
unbroken curved surface. Those that survived to the period
1807-1815 were seized upon almost without exception and marred
by decoration. This decoration was so indiscriminately applied
that in many cases the hall marks, if they were on the side of the
were wholly or partly obliterated. The ugly, angular pieces
vessel,
did not lend themselves to this treatment and have survived,
untouched. A straight-sided George I coffee pot standing eleven
inches high, if in its original condition, is worth in the
neighbour
<c
hood of $500. When re-chased," they sell in London auction
the
rooms for about one fifth of this sum. The collector must not jump
to the conclusion that
every piece of silver the hall marks of
which have been partially obliterated by chasing is an example
of ornamentation put on out of period. It was quite common for
silversmiths to send their work to the "hall" to be marked and
then chase it afterward.
There is no nicer criterion of a than his ability
collector's skill
to determine
accurately whether or not the ornamentation upon
a piece of English silver is
contemporary with its birth.
In the year 1300 a statute was enacted which
provided that no
gold or silver should be sold until it had been assayed by persons
duly authorized so to do. Such assay was to be evidenced by im
pressing upon the article tested a leopard's head. Threescore
years later, it was provided by another statute that each gold
smith should have "a mark by himself, which mark shall be
known by them assigned by the King to certify their work."
This law also provided that the silversmith should not his
put
mark upon goods until after they had been examined by the
his
proper officials. This feature was found to be attended with in

convenience, and although I have been unable to find a statute
that abrogated the one last quoted, we know that in 1583 the
o
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Old English Silver 1 1
workman affixed his markbefore sending it to the assayer's office,

and that custom prevails in Great Britain to-day.
The fashion of denoting the year of manufacture by impressing
a date letter, to be determined by the authorities, was
probably
inaugurated in the reign of Edward IV., and we find that the oldest
"hall-marked" English silver pieces are a chalice
paten bearing
the marks of a leopard's head, the date letter "B," and maker's
mark. It has now been determined that that date letter denoted
the assay year 1479-1480. As the assay years have from the earli
est time commenced in the month of May in each year, it is
always necessary to employ figures representing two years in
order to designate any particular twelve months represented by
a date letter. Up to 1 544, the leopard's head served a dual purpose.
was silver of a certain standard and
It certified that the article
that it was made London. In that year, the lion passant was
in
employed as a stamp for silver of standard (.925) fineness, and

thereafter the leopard's head only designated the place of origin.
The use of the lion as a sterling mark was not restricted to
London, but though used in various
for a long period of time,
parts of England, its employment was not universal. Nor was the
leopard's head restricted to London, but when employed else
where was accompanied by the distinctive mark of the local
assay office so that no confusion would ensue.
It unnecessary now to go into greater particulars, as the
is
reader can get detailed information upon this point by the pe

rusal of the tables of date letters.
CHAPTER II
Frauds and Transformations

& *%* ^HE collector of Old English silver confronted with
is
^ JL
^ two perils: He may purchase a "dud" with forged hall
i.
& marks or a "transformation/' a term employed to desig

*& <&
nate an altered genuine piece of silver in which the metamorphosis
has been concealed; or (2) he may reject a perfectly good piece
from an excess of caution or unhealthy suspicion. The latter is the
more common error.
he adopts the rule never
If to purchase an unauthenticated
piece in which the "antiquity" the preponderating element of
is
value (i.e., apostle spoons,, Elizabethan or Tudor silver), the

first danger disappears. The truth of this
proposition is apparent
upon brief consideration. forgerAwill starve if he adds a hundred
dollars' worth of labour

to fifty dollars' worth of silver and sells
the finished product for seventy-five dollars. Should he be
guilty
of this folly,, the purchaser will have secured an article worth
more than he paid. A corollary to this proposition is that Geor
gian marks are not forged for the same reason that a bricklayer
will not work for five dollars a day when he can get twelve. It is
easier to put a credible Charles I mark on a piece of silver than
to represent the period of George II, and the Stuart
piece would,
ifgenuine, be worth six times as much as the one made a century
later. I say "easier" because the later records of Goldsmiths'
Hall are more complete than the earlier ones.
Like most rules, this has exceptions arising from peculiar
conditions. Paul Lamerie worked in the reigns of the first two
Frauds and Transformations 13
Georges. Authentic pieces by this great silversmith bring such

high prices that a forger may be tempted to imitate his mark.
Fortunately, the skill required to reproduce the beauty of that
master's work as shown in his best
pieces is so rare that hitherto
the mark alone has been
successfully copied and only the inex
perienced have been deceived.
A year or so ago, there arose an inexplicable demand for skew
ers. The price for genuine ones even those made as late as
1790 rose from $1.25 an ounce to $5.50. Little silver and no
were required for their production. Thousands of fakes were
skill
turned out. I received a consignment of two dozen all the bearing

mark of the same maker and the date letter of one year., 1797.
My consignor had been tricked. I sent them back. The purchaser
who followed the rule I have laid down, "Do not pay more than
the intrinsic value for an unpedigreed article/' would have been
amply safeguarded.
A short time ago, the tremendous demand for silver
place plates
and their consequent scarcity prompted a forger to make a large
number of them bearing the mark of Paul Storr, a prominent
London silversmith who commenced his labours in the last
decade of the Eighteenth Century and lived into Victorian times
or nearly so. His work is much sought and commands high
prices.
Some of the forged plates were sold to an American dealer,
who became suspicious and took them to Goldsmiths' Hall, where
they were pronounced spurious and the forged marks defaced.

If a Queen Anne mark had been counterfeited, the selling price
could have been doubled and the "Hall" might, probably would,
have refused to stamp them as forgeries. The records of the guild
are perfect for 1807; for the period a century earlier, their ar
chives are not so The marks of many makers of that
complete.
who undoubtedly were duly registered are missing
from
period
the records as they survive to-day.
14 Frauds and Transformations
"Transformations*' are taken from the rule regarding fakes with

reason that fraud is not necessarily connected
forged marks for the
with their birth. Frequently, the transformation is effected with
innocent motives. One may own a silver tureen lining bearing
the mark of a famous maker and not have the tureen in which it
was intended to rest. A silver base is made and attached, and a
beautiful centrepiece is evolved from a piece of metal which,

because of its
shape, would not retain an upright position upon
the table. The hall marks and maker's mark are still
plainly visible
when the reconstructed is viewed from below, and, if the
piece
owner parted with it, a purchaser might think that he had
acquired an original piece.

The foregoing
an example of a "domestic" "transforma
is
tion," The commercial transformations are common enough;
desk sets from unfashionable cruet stands and salad servers from
are examples most frequently seen.
large spoons
Many hundreds of pairs of "salad servers" bearing authentic
marks of the George III period are sold in this country. Origi
nally, they
were serving spoons their bowls have been elongated
;
and prongs cut in one of the pair. They are sold for utility pur
poses and
not as cabinet specimens. They are imported in such
numbers that the price for which they are sold is little if any more
than the cost would be for modern articles of corresponding weight
and they are handwrought silver, antique, and admirably
adapted to their new purposes. very doubtful

It is if salad servers
as we identify them were known Georgian times. Forks of all

in
kinds were scarce. Their purpose seems not to have been under
stood either in England or her colonies until we had well ad
vanced into the Nineteenth Century, It is true that Queen
Elizabeth used them (or exhibited them). They were exotic
then; of Italian origin. It is also true that we occasionally come

across sets rather late in the Eighteenth Century; one set was
found Norfolk bearing Queen Anne marks, and the author has
in
seen one two sold in London auction rooms of that

or
early period.
Yet the outstanding fact is that whereas now
the average house
hold has about as many forks as spoons of modern make, we are
offered a thousand
Eighteenth Century spoons to one fork of the
same period. Political history of the United States teaches us that
when John Adams represented this country at Versailles,, he and
his wife
Abigail (the most "advanced" woman of her day) were
struck with the cleanliness and
utility of the use of forks at the
table. When Adams returned to the new republic, he brought
forks with him and put them upon his table when guests were en
tertained as well as when he dined alone. This imprudence nearly
costhim the presidency. It was first whispered by his friends and
then shouted by his enemies that he had abandoned the ways of
democracy.
There is a glut of Georgian spoons; the creation of "salad
servers" is
helping to reduce the surplus.
Recently writers have exaggerated the dangers in purchasing
English silver. Do not believe that "if one is offered by a dealer
an antique silver piece much below the current price, it may be an
indication that something is wrong." It may be that the dealer
is unwise or "hard
up." The low price rather tends to negative
any presumption of fraud, as it eliminates motive, always a
principal factor in wrongdoing. My advice is to buy at once if

the price is less than it would cost to produce the article and if
the article be one that is desirable if genuine. The matter of
If you must trust your
provenance can be settled afterward.
dealer,you should remember that ability is much more import
ant than honesty. Crime is always a mistake, but dishonest per
sons are not always fools. A roguish dealer usually realizes that to
"ride straight," but there is no protec
stay in business he must
tion from a fool. A short time ago, a dealer in London offered me
1 6 Frauds and Transformations
a Queen Anne porringer for promptly bought and paid for

3. I
itand then asked why it was so cheap. He said "because it is

not marked." It had been made by John Porter, London, 1703.
The marks were plain but in an obscure position.
A recent book on this subject warns us: "Articles made since
the time of Elizabeth, with only a maker's mark, should be
avoided, although the unscrupulous dealer will show you in some

book of reference that it is the mark of a celebrated silversmith."
So will the scrupulous dealer. Nothing is more certain than that
the piece is not fraudulent if so marked. My advice is to buy it if
the price is low, measured by the intrinsic worth of the article.

"
It may be Early American"! No forger would bother making a
piece that he could not sell except

without profit. The penalty for
simply copying the dealer's mark and marketing a piece so marked

was death, if we hark back to even so late a date as 1820. At
the present time, obtaining money by means of "false token"
a long term of penal
is still a
felony and is punishable with
servitude. That the forgers of
hall marks and makers' marks were
prosecuted as violators of the statutes regulating the marking

of
silver instead of proceeding under the common law of England,
isan instance of the tendency of the crown prosecutors to avoid
proceedings that would

if successful result in the infliction of
barbarous penalties. When death was the punishment of crimes

now regarded as trivial, judges and prosecutors alike sought to
make its infliction as infrequent as possible. Hence the myriad
of "technicalities" which a defendant could once invoke, now
swept away as the treatment of convicted criminals has be

come more consonant with an enlightened age.
The absence of themarks on an English piece marked only
hall
with the maker's punch has two or three reasonable explanations.

One is illustrated thus: A tray is shown to me in Washington by
a travelling salesman. It bears the mark of Richard Rugg. Rugg
was a silversmith of the latter half of the
Eighteenth Century, in
London. I have had many of his trays; he made little else. This
tray bore his mark in three was indubitably a
places. It piece of
Rugg's handiwork and of the period indicated by his name.
Since Elizabethan times, the maker's mark is
punched before
it to Goldsmiths' Hall. In this had made a
taking case, Rugg
trifling error in his alloy, in excess of
the legally allowable varia
tion, and the "Hall" had refused to mark it. It was still a per
for the
fectly good tray Rugg family. Perhaps Rugg differed from
the conclusions of the authorities and added two more
punches to
emphasize that fact and put the tray in use. A century and a half
later, the tray reached America. The other explanation applies
with more force to articles made (when the tax upon
after 1784
silver ware was introduced) and intended for export. Hall marks
meant so little to our ancestors in this country that Low,, Ball &
Company (Boston, circa 1810), who were the largest importers of
"
English silver of their time, found it
necessary to stamp Coin
silver," "Guaranteed by Low, Ball &
Company," upon fully
hall-marked pieces of made by such well-known makers
silver,
as the firm of Chawner, Ely & Fearn of London. The author be
lieves that one reason for the large number of pieces attributed
to unknown American makers is found here. Pieces made for
unmarked and, consequently, untaxed.

export were
When one considers that there was a market in America in
Colonial and early post-Colonial times for the products of English
silversmiths, and that taxes could be evaded without diminishing

the sales value of the good$ by exporting them without official
stamping (a drawback, for tax paid on goods subsequently ex

involved a
ported could be successfully claimed, but its collection
good deal of trouble), and that such action was lawful, it would
seem advisable to look through the lists of British marks wherever
American identification cannot be made and the mark consists
1 8 Frauds and Transformations
of only two initials framed (cartouche, circle, rectangle, oval, etc.).
Writing upon this subject, Sir Charles Jackson says:
From 1597 until 1675 there appears very little of interest to relate concern
ing the London Goldsmiths' Company. There is not much evidence of any
effortshaving been made to enforce the old-time laws and ordinances with
references to the obligation to submit all gold and silver wares to their assayer's
''touch", seems probable that a large number of goldsmiths in London

and it
and the provinces sold wrought plate without being assayed or marked,
. . .
other than with their own stamp.
To
pass intelligently pieces purporting or represented to be of
early English origin, it is necessary to have a general knowledge
of all British provincial as well as the London marks.
Many and very valuable pieces of British silver have

beautiful
neither the leopard's head nor the lion to identify them. You
may come across a spoon marked on the shaft only with a scallop
shell and the letters I A, AA, or RS, or with the shell alone. It
will have been made in Poole, a town in Dorset,
England, circa
1540, 1560, 1580, or 1620. It is well not to remember dates, but
one should know the shell mark and that it was not used after
the reign of James I (1625).
Sixteenth Century silver of the finest quality was produced in
Norwich; and York had an assay office and Goldsmiths' Guild in

1563. The earliest known Norwich piece is a communion cup of
1590. It is marked with a castle with a lion beneath, both in the
same shield, and a sea gull also in a shield. The lion designating
sterling was not used there until 1610.
Some time ago, the writer purchased not as an antique a
very well-made covered silver tankard of Queen Anne design and

bearing on its base the lion erased, figure of Britannia, and the
date letter for 1697. The maker's mark was Re. A hopeless com
bination of letters if intended to represent the beginning of a
surname. The piece was a continental forgery, probably Dutch.
If the fabricator had used R followed by a vowel or the letter h

the fraud might have
gone undiscovered.
Though the average intelligence of the successful dealer in
antiques is
high, many, unfortunately, have not the mental
equipment and training necessary for the acquisition of a broad
general knowledge so essential to sound deduction from visible
facts. The average professional man, even without practical ex
perience, would devote more time and thought to the provenance
of a piece of silver and reach a sounder conclusion.
"-This is a box for postage stamps; it is over a hundred and
fifty years old!" The speaker made
living buying and selling
his
antiques and sold his "expert" testimony. The hall-mark date

was 1907, and everyone but an "expert" knows that adhesive
stamps were first used in 1840.
A church bazaar sent one of their donations, a
transparent
green stone, to a pawnbroker for classification and appraisal. He
had carried on the business for fifty years and made a specialty
of precious stones. He pronounced the green crystal "trash."
It was therefore sold for $25. "The purchaser put it before an
emerald through which a genuine stone will glow with a
glass,
dull red light and found that he had a
gem. He sold it for $ 1,500
to a New York jobber, who no doubt doubled his
money. The
pawnbroker had never heard of the emerald glass. Establish the
provenance of your own pieces in order to

get the most fun and
the most profit from the game.
Though the higher (Britannia) standard of silver ceased to be
compulsory has never gone completely into disuse.

in 1720, it
Once in a while you will come across a piece of silver bearing a

maker's mark consisting of a single letter and a later date
than 1720; this marking had been comparatively common forty
years earlier, but of course had been discontinued during the
period of 1697-1720 when the two first letters of the surname

20 Frauds and Transformations
had been used as the statute directed. The statute of 1720,

that thence
repealing the "Britannia" law of 1697, provided
forth the maker must use his initials '"unless a different mark had
been used by him" prior This provision was repealed in
to 1697.
the early years of George IFs reign, and the use of two initials was
made compulsory without exception. During the interim,, however,
a few dealers had reverted to their ancient custom of using a single
initial. This
proves a trap for the overcautious collector who may
too rashly reject a valuable piece marked with a single initial.
Every year after 1720 some dealer made Britannia stand

ard silver plate; for the most part, they were presentation or
"legacy" pieces. Though the date letter and shields showed they
were not of the 1697-1720 period., the presence of the lion erased
and the figure of Britannia caused purchasers to deceive them
selves. Shown a piece thus marked by a non-committal dealer, the
customer would hurriedly purchase the article in the belief that
the vendor was ignorant. When the modern character of the pur
chase would be discovered, the dealer would be described as a
"crook." The dishonesty was often solely on the side of the
buyer. Not always.

Of course, the presence of the King's head on silver made dur
ing the period 1784-1890, tended to preclude any such mistake,
but after the later date the increase of Britannia marked silver
was stimulated by the disappearance of the distinguishing feature
and the resultant market with unscrupulous dealers who lay in
wait for the "smart-Alecks."
In Devonshire, last summer, an antique dealer handed me a
modern silver mustard pot bearing the Britannia marks. "'Ere
is a piece I cahn't make 'ed or tail of. Wot do you make of
it?"
"You ought to be able to make head or tail of it, for when you
showed me a piece exactly like it two years ago, and made the
Frauds and Transformations ai
same remark, I told you that it was made in London by
Brothers in 1925."
"Owl You're the gentleman wot was in 'ere two years ago.
Glad to see you again."
And the piece went back on the shelf. He bought them by
the dozen.
The enormous advance in the price of antique English silver

within the past few months has somewhat altered the conditions
upon which certain statements in the earlier part of this chap
ter were predicated. Forgeries of the late Eighteenth Century
and even early Nineteenth Century are now much more common
than formerly.
A particular brazen example was seen by the writer -while this
volume was in the press. The collar of the lid of a Paul Storr
kettle had been taken from the original piece and attached as a
base rim to a kettle of Continental origin which was unmarked
or from which the marks had been removed. An original Paul
Storr lamp had been found and placed in a silver stand
(unmarked) and the combination was offered to me as a genu
ine Paul Storr kettle., lamp,, and stand! It was quite usual to omit
the marking from a lid collar so that the robbery of the original
Paul Storr kettle did not impare its value. Naturally enough, the
date letters of the added base-rim and the lamp did not corre
spond, but that was a small matter compared with the omission
of. all hall marks from the lid and body of the kettle itself. Never
before had I seen such confidence in the success of a fraud based

upon such an airy foundation of deceit.
CHAPTER III
Marks on London Plate

EXAMPLES OF THE LEOPARD'S HEAD MARK FOUND ON PLATE OF
A DATE ANTERIOR TO 1478.
(THE ASCRIBED DATES ARE APPROXIMATE.)
The marks shown below have been found

upon an apostle
spoon. The A may designate the first
yearof the
following cycle.
1478-9?
CYCLE I. CYCLE IL
THREE STAMPS AS BELOW. THREE STAMPS AS BELOW.
LEOPARD'S,
HEAD
CROWNED
EDW.IY
1478-9
1479-80
1480-1
1481-2
1482-3
RICH. Ill,
1483-4
1484-5
HEN. VII.
1435-6
1486-7
1487-8
1488-9
1489-90
1490-1
1491-2
1492-3
1493-4
1494-5
1495-6
1496-7
1497-8
The maker's mark is that of Sir Edmund Shaa, Warden of the

'
1492-3
Goldsmiths 1 Company, Master of the Mint, Cup Bearer and
Goldsmith to King Richard III., and Lord Mayor in 1482,.
On Master spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
CYCLE III. CYCLE IV.
THREE STAMPS AS BELOW. THREE STAMPS TILL 1544, FOUR STAMPS

THENCEFORWARD.
LEOPARD LION
HEAD fASSANT MAKER'S
CROWNED FROM HARK.
1544.
1538-9
103340
1540-1
1541-2
1542-3
1543-4
1544-5 <1
15451
1546-7
tow. vi.
1547-8
1548-9
1549-50
1550-1
1551-2
1552-3
MMY.
@
1553-4
1554-5
1555-6
1556-7
1557-8
Marks on seal* Marks on seal-top

1556-7 top spoon: Mr.'
*
544*5 Mr. E
spoon : .
E, A,- Bennett. Brand.

CYCLE V. CYCLE VI.

FOUR STAMPS AS BELOW. FOUR STAMPS AS BELO\V.
UWPAWS LKOPIUW
HEAD DATE HO* YAKEB? HEAD
CROWNED UTTER. P1SUMT MARK. CEOWHED.
EL1Z.
1578-9
1559-60
1579-80
1560-1
1580-1
1561-2
1581-2
1562-3
15634
1583-4
1564-5 1584-5
1565-6 1585-6
ag
1566-7 1586-7
1567-8
1587-8
1568-5
1569-70
1570-1
15S9-1
1571-2
1591-2
15713
1492-3
B
AS
15734 ft
1593-4
I5&C
1574-5 UfU
1575-6 1595-6
IBM.
$19 1596-7
1577-8
15974
1593-4
Another example of the date
letter for tfcis year.
26 Marks on London Plate
CYCLE VII. CYCLE VIII.
FOUR STAMPS AS BELO\V. FOUR STAMPS AS BELOW.
LEOPARD'S
HEAD
CROWNED
'1618-9
1619-20
1602-3
JAS. I.
1623-1
1603-4
1804-5 1624-5
CHA3.I.
U!
1606-7
1621-8
1607-8
'^V
(608-9
1?
1609-10
1610-1
m 1630-1
1631-2
1611-2
1632-3
1612-3
16334
1613-4
1634-5
16U-5
1615-6 1635-6
1636-7
1616-7
1817-8 1637-8
*
Another example of the lion passant Examples of forged
forCycle VIII.
London marks oPthe
year 1637, found on
evnteenth century
apostle spoon :
Messrs. Christie.
CYCLE IX. CYCLE X.

FOUR STAMPS AS BELOW. FOUR STAMPS AS BELOW.
UEOPAXBf
MUD DATE
CROWNED. I^TTEIL
"(639-W 1659-60
CHAS.II.
18M-I 1660-1
1641-2
1UH 16634
1644-5 1664-5
1645-6 1(65-6
1666-7
1646-1
1667-8
1647-8
166S-D
1648-9
CMWTH 1669-70
1649-511
ifi?0-f
1660-1
1651-3
1672-3
16734
165J-4
1654-5
1675-1
1655-6
&<P mi
1656-7
1677-J
1657-8
Variations of date-letters of this cycle:
Variations of date letters 6f this cycle :
1639-40 1643-4
[JJ (|3 1652-3 1657-8
* 1671-3 1677-8
The Uon passant is sometimes found
thus,'
CYCLE XI. CYCLE XII.
lETTM. Mg&AX
1678-J
In 1697 a law was
1680-1 passed raising the

standard of silver
1881-2
from .925 (sterling)
to .958 henceforth to
1(82-3
be known as the
1183-4
"
Britannia" stand
1884-8
ard. The same law
MIL changed the mark
"X^- ings as shown in the
IUM column to the

right
and also
provided
that the silversmiths
should use the first
WtUMY.
Q two letters of their
surname as a mark
and not their initials
1690-1
as theretofore. The
1691-2 law was
repealed in
1720. The standard
for coin of the realm
18934 was not
changed
from
W94-5 sterling.
WM.II. Examples of
makers' marks of the
iwa,
KM
MH.ZJ.
period 1678-1716
im. are shown on
pp. 58
et
*See notes on p. 31 seq.
Marks on London Plate 29
CYCLE XIII. CYCLE XIV.
LXOFJUtDt
UMJUT. BHP
1737-8
M738-9
4739-40-1
17123
1743-4
mi
1715-6
tftt-7
17-S
1H8-9
17W-M
i75fl-l
ti76l-2
17624
1763-4
H754-5
-I7SM
* )
. See Notes on p. 31.
j
CYCLE XV. CYCLE XVI.
FOUR STAMPS AS BELOW FOUR STAMPS TILL 1784, FIVE STAMPS
THENCEFORWARD.
Mourn
1776-7 (3D
1766-7
1757-1
1777-8 GS
1778-9
*I758-J
1779-30
"1759-60
ami 1780-1
1760-1
m 1781-2
1761-2
1782-3
1762-3
17834
H76S4 t!784-5 00
1764-1 1785-6
1786-7
17604
1766-7
1787-8
CD
1767-S
1788-9 GD
1789-90 17T8
<
+1768-J
1790-1
1789-W ti
1701-2
1770-1
+1771-1
1792-3 Q
1793-4
1772-3
1794-5
Q
1773-4 1795-6
1774-0 *
The author has also noted the date-letters I of
1781-2, and the K of 1785-6 in shields with rounded

1775-J
bases, similar to those of the g. II and 1 of 1782-3
to 1784-5, as well as in shields with pointed bases as
On articles bearing the ball-
* On
1758-60 1|
^Br
marka of 1758-9-60, the
leopard's head crowned is
illustrated above. the other hand, the
g and Jl
of 1782-3 and 1783-4, are sometimes found in a
occasionally found in a shield
with pointed base. shield with a pointed base as in the shield for C
t Date-letters for 1763-4, 1768-9, and 1771-2, of 1780-1.
are sometimes found to differ from those in
general use thus : t On some articles dating from 1784 to 1830, the
shield enclosing the date-letter has a rounded base,
and the lion passant is sometimes found in an oval
1763-4 1768.9 J77*-* stamp.
CYCLE XVII. Variation of lion passant occasionally found on
plate of 1679 to ! 686.
FIVE STAMPS AS BELOW.
1695-6
inw Notes for

p. 29:
It very important to note the variation of the date

is
letter, leopard's head, and lion passant for the year 1726-
7 of this cycle. This variation was also found by Sir Chas.
1727-8
Jackson, but the author has found the same variation for
the year 1730-1 on authentic specimens and he has no
doubt that date letters in square blocks were used alter
natively with the conventional shields to the end of the
cycle (1735-6). When new dies were made in 1736, no
doubt this anomalous fashion of enclosing the date
letter was discontinued.
H. P. 0.
16034
* Variations of
1735-9 leopard's head
and lion pas
sant.
Although a punch for

the leopard's head
mark different in form
from that of 1739-40 was used between 1751 and 1756, its
use was not entirely general, because articles of the latter
with the leopard's
period are frequently found stamped
head mark as here illustrated.
HUM {This and other date letters in this cycle are occasion
ally found with somewhat broader backgrounds.
Notes for p. 31:
*In 1798 the Stat. 38 Geo. Ill, c.6$, authorized a new

18 carats fine, and provided that it
gold standard of
should be marked with a crown and 18 in place of the
lion passant. Up to this time gold and silver of the old
standard had been marked alike. Gold of the old stand
ard (aa carats) continued to be marked with the same
marks as silver of the old standard until 1844, when a
crown and aa were substituted for the lion passant, for
the purpose of distinguishing it from silver-gilt.
An example of the marks on 18

carat gold, as prescribed in the year
1798
1798; on gold snuff box; Mr. Harry
Alston.
f For 1804-5, 1808-9; and

one or two other years, the
Notes for p. 28.
ut y msafc h^ oeen found in a trefoil-shaped stamp. It
<j
* Solid
gold articles are marked with the leopard's
has also been found in the oval stamp in the same years.
From 1808 to 1815 the king's head is occasionally found
head and lion passant as 1696 and not with the figure
shown for
like that 1816-17.
of Britannia and lion's head erased.
'

CYCLE XVIII. CYCLE XIX.
FIVE STAMPS AS BELOW. FIVE STAMPS AS BELOW.
T
1816-7
VICT.
1837-8
1839-40
CEO. IV.
1840-1
1828-1
1841-2
EGBC
1842-3 rant
1843-4
1823-4
*
1844-5
1824-5 o 1845-1
03
1846-T
m\
1847-8
1848-9
iexa
[JJ oa
WM.IV. 1850-1
01
1830-1
1851-2
1831-2
BD
G 1852-3
JIM-*
00
1833-4
1834-5
The shield enclosing ths date-letters of Cycle XVIII. and preceding cycles is occasionally found with
its base straight or slightly rounded.
^^ On plate of the second quarter of the igth century, the leopard's head is frequently
from an example on a pierced salt cellar ;
l82 5-35 ^tf found without whiskers, as here illustrated
Messrs. Alstons & Hallam.
The date-letter 3B'of 1837-8 is accompanied by the head of Wm. IV. from 29 May to -20
June* 1837.
Marks on London Plate 33
CYCLE XX. CYCLE XXL
FIVE STAMPS AS BELOW. FIVE STAMPS TILL 1890, THENCEFOR
WARD FOUR ONLY.
U0PJL1D? JUTt LTON QUZEN1 MAKER'S

MHO LtTTK. PAASAKT. HEAD. MARX.
1876-7
1877-8
1878-9
IHJ-M 1879-80
m-\
1863-4
IU34
JJH-8
1884-5
18S5-6
Q
1887-8
ffl
m-t
187(1-1
1871-!
1891-i
II7S-S
Q 1892-3
IW-4 1893-4
IJI4-5 1894-5
18TM
*
This is jnerely an example of the Britannia marks as frequently employed after
1720 to denote
the higher standard. It is not typical of 1863-4, or of any particular year. Fide
p. 20 infra.
In 1883 a law was passed decreeing that all silver plate brought into the United
Kingdom from abroad should,
before being offered for sale, be assayed, and if found of the proper standard, marked with an F in an oval. In
1904, that law changed and it was directed that such sHver should have its fineness indicated by a decimal stamp
(.925 or .9584) in a long oval and have the synibol of the local assay office (usually a zodiacal sign) also impressed
CYCLE XXII. CYCLE XXIII.
UOPARD'I * TE . Ll * PASSANT.
HEAD LETTER. MllAMl. KAIK.
1916-7
1917-8
1918-9
1900
1919-20
1900-1
EDW.VII.
1901-2
1902-3
19014 Maker's mark of

I909-IO S. B. Harman :
on silver-gilt snuff-box*
1904-5
B
1909-1
Mark on Church plate :
MOW St. Kerverne, Cornwall.

Q
mu
MarkofL.A.Crichton.
1909-10
Date letters of this alphabet will cominue in use until

1910-1
1936-7.
1911-2
191M a
15131
1911-5
B
1919-6
CHAPTER IV
GOLDSMITHS MARKS.
9
Makers Marks on
London Plate
Arranged
Chronologically
See index,, p. 211
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS
35
Makers' Marks on London Plate
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS. GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.

Makers' Marks on London Plate 37
1
1551-2 Crescent enclosing mul
let.
A K conjoined.
Stag's head-caboshed.
Swan's head erased.
1552-3 TL in monogram.
1553-4 Robert Danbe, as 1549.
As 1551.
1554-5 As 1552.
Queen's head as 1545.
1555-6 I F (John Freeman).

T L., as 1554.
1556-7 Stag's head, as 1551.
It W.
1557-8 H crowned.
W over a crescent.
1558-9 A rose (Henry GillardJ.
CA in monogram.
1559-60 HW.
A lamp.
A bird's claw, see 1565.
A mullet
A fleur-de-lys.
CC linked.
SK.
1560 r
*
Abfr'd.
Makers' Marks on London Platt 39
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS. GOLDSMITHS .MARKS.
A
'
hooded falcon
(Thomas Bampton),
I
R V, a heart beneath.
j
A bunch of grapes, see
!
I
5 68 -
1570-1
e j
A millrind.
An orb and cross.
A beaked bassinet.
I
A K conjoined, sec 1551.
TE o, in monogram
(Thomas Heard).
TH in monogram "|
(Thos. Harrison orV

Hampton). J
A pair of bellows.
H B conjoined
(Hy. Boswell).
M in plain shield.
Covered cup
(John Mabbe).
I H (JohnHarryson)..
A campanula, see 1564.
RH conjoined.
1571-2 F?
A heart.
Porcupine over T A.
L reversed.
A bird (John Bird ?)
A hand grasping a
crosslet, see 1562.
I piercing G.
A beaked bassinet, see

1570.
TG in monogram.
42 Makers* Marks on London Plate
1587-8 D or I D in monogram. 1593-4 I G, as 1592-3.

Or ED.
A chanticleer. D, as 1587.
An escallop. 1594-5
I M over a billet
(John Morley ?).
I N in monogram. An anchor.
T S over a double- T H, a rose above and

headed eagle. below.
1588-9 C B in monogram, see

1578- W H, arose in base
I S in monogram, see (Wm. Holborne ?).
1578 (John Speilman).

A crescent enclosing a
mullet, see 1590.
W over a rose.
1595-6 IH.
RF (Robert Frye).
W S over a rosette.
K TN in monogram.
G S, mullet below
1589-93 D, as in 1587 (Edward (Giles Sympson ?).
Delves?). I B, rose in base
(JohnBrode?).
I M (John Morris).
T N, rose in base
HL conjoined.
(T. Newton?).
CB in monogram.
I590-I P W over I N.
G A, pheon in base.
A crescent enclosing a
mullet. 1596-7 D.
A heart over two clubs
in saltire. Crescent enclosing W.
RM (Richard Matthew?),
TF(Thos.Francknall?)
O Sun in splendour.
T S over a double-
headed eagle, as 1587.
8 Mullet over annulet, see
1584.
N R conjoined. T, see 1599.
1597-8 H B conjoined.
TF(Thos.Franclcnall?).
G in monogram. I H over a bear passant,

592.3
see 1576.
I D over a doe lodged

A crescent inclosing W. (I. Doe).
RW.
W L
R B,
B, badge above.
mullet below
W.
(Richard Brooke ?).
43
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
1597-8 I B, bow in chief. 1601-2 A wine skin tied at the

neck.
1598-9 T F, see 1591
TS in monogram.
(Thos. Francltnall ?}.
Crescent enclosing W, 1602-3 An animal's head erased

see 1592.
between W I.
Branch between R.P. A L M.

harp, between
ER. D enclosing C.
1599.
1600
B W. M W in monogram.
IA. T S, over an Imperial

eagle, see 1587.
RC.
T W in monogram.
A squirrel.
Anchor.
I B, rosette below. AB conjoined, see 1571.
T, see 1596. b, see 1582.
An anchor, see 1594. 1603-4 I G, annulet below.
A branch. C t in monogram.
iCoo-r
SO, aroundletbelow.
A T, tun below.
Dove, holding olive

branch. Three gouttees.
H D, roiettefelow.
I B, fleur-de-Iys below.
A cock, see 1587. A bird over HI.
CB in monogram,, see
1595.
A triangle intersected.
M in plain shield. W
1604-5 I, as 1602.
Three trefoils slipped,

A B conjoined, as 1602.
1601-3 Tau with bar across,
WI.
b, see 1583.
I A.
Cross coupcd.
IE.
Two crescents,
M B conjoined, a billet
below.
A merchant's mark.
1605-6 HM conjoined.
46 Makers' Marks on London Plate
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
1615-16 A double-headed eagle. 1618-19 9 AV.
1C.
W.F.
Crescent enclosing
1616-17 I A. mullet, see 1594.
C enclosing I, see 1609.

RN.
R C, mullet below.
I P over a bell.
R W, rose below.
I A, pellet below.
An arrow between W C,
A phoenix incuse. as 1617.
R over W. CD RC.
IS.
R C, pheon below.
1619-20 TE in monogram.
enclosing C.
A trefoil within a boidure. FM.
A B, roundlet below.
FG in monpgram.
1C.
R K, rose below.
RW. RG.
16x7-1?
1620-1 I C, mullet below.

H B conjoined.
1 1, mullet below.
I V, star below.
I S, rose below,
R S, heart below.
I C, rose below. A I over W T.

R P, mullet below. 1621-2
9 L, fleur-de-lys below.
An. arrow between W C. Small italic a.
IF.
H T in monogram.
T B in monogram within
TH in monogram. a bordure.
RoverW.
A tree between C C.
C.
1618-19 I P, as 1616,
1622-3 R D, over crescent.

W R, as 1608.
GOLDSMITHS' MIRKS. GOLDSMITHS* MARKS.
1622-3 ER. 1625-6 CB.
Crescent and mulle*. 1626-7 P H in

j j
monogram,
AH over W W, as 1626. \
annulet below.
H T in monogram, as A tree.
1621.
I F crowned. H S, star below.
1623-4 A trefoil slipped. H B conjoined, as 1613.
W C, mullet below. R B, mullet below.
I M, mullet below. A H over W W.

R C, pheon below, as B Y, see 1624
1616. (Benj. Yate}.
E H, pellet above and WS.

below.
R S, a heart below. WS.
T B, head below. 1627-8 S over W, see 1625.
RS and anchor. R I, mullet below.
IF.
W S linked
(Walter Shute).
1624-5 TH. TB.
A mullet over an escallop. T E, fleur-de-lys in base.
a A flower slipped. J in wreath, as 1624.
A in a lozenge. T V. star below.
1628-9 R M, heart below.

J in a wreath.
B Y, a gate below
(Benj. Yate).
o An
D
escallop, see 1615.
crossed by a bow
1625-6 I E, a billet below. sinister wise ?
I V, a star below.
A pegasus ?
B Y, gate in base, as
H S, mullet below. 1626, for B. Yate.
S over W. Bow & arrow between

WS(WaIterShute?)
H D enclosing C.
S, star below.
WS. Z639-30 Anchor between D G.
TB. R B, mullet below.

qp
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS. GOLDSMITHS' MARKO.
1629-30 B P, mullet below. '1632-3 D enclosing C, see 1602.
R C, pheon below, in
I M, bird below.
dotted border.
/C C, as 1617. Owl holding mouse.

IW S, as 1628-9.
IT. CB in monogram.
G G, rose above, round- I G over a covered cup.

let below*
PG. I H between pellets.
1630-1 TD in monogram 1633-4

I B, a buckle below
(T. Dove). Q. Buckle?)
WoverM W over M (W. Maundy).

(W. Maunday).
RS f heart below.
Walter Shute, as 1628.
A bolt. An escallop, as 1628.
I M, a bear below. ES in dotted circle.
I A, mullet below.
H B conjoined, a sun
above, see 1626.
W C, mullet below. RC.
R S, star below. 1634-5 R S, mullet above and

below.
1631-2 R S, heart below. W over M, see 1633.

T B in monogram. P G, rose below.
H M, rose below. R W between mullet and

pellets.
W C, heart below. D W, a mullet below.
D W. R C, a rosette below.
W R, arch above, pellet

P B between two cres
below (W. Rainbow). cents.
An orb and star. F.

1635-6
CTtl CB. L I, flower below.
V S over fleur-de*lis.
RS under sun in splen
dour.
EH. An escallop, as 1633.
1632-3
RH.
P B between crescents,
see 1658.
RO.
T E, mullet below.
R S between a mullet
and a heart.
Makers" Marks on London Plate
49
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
E C
1635-6 in dotted circle.
1637-8 W M, pellets above and
below.
I B, buckle below, as
R G, heart below.
1633
E R in rayed shield.
1638-9 R A, quatrefoil below.
H M conjoined.
I H in circle.
B B crowned, six pellets

below. WT.
Owl holding mouse, see T I over star and pellets.
1632.
1636-7 R W, mullet below. TH conjoined.
G M, bird below, in H L conjoined.

dotted border.
R W between mullets S V (Stephen Venables),

see 1645, 1651-3.
in lozenge.
I over W between three

RC.
mullets.
R over W. FC in monogram.
W M, mullet and two

R H between pellets. pellets below.
I G, mullet below.
BF (Benj. Francis ?)
CR F C between mullets.
in monogram.
E S, pellet above.
F, as 1635.
R G, RR.
1637-8 heart below.
R S, heart below.
BE crowned,
I
intersecting C.
IH.
A star over an orb with WS linked, as 1627.

annulets.
A star over an orb, see 1639-40 C P, rose below.

1631.
R B over an escallop. T P in shaped shield.
R M, rose below. H B conjoined, see 1613.
R C, as 1634. T b in monogram, bird

below.
A pillar between G S. B F, pellet below.
G D, mullet and pellets A crowned escallop.

below (Geo. Day ?)
W C, heart below. 1640-1 DI.

'GOLDSMITHS MARKS.
GOLDSMITHS MARKS.
1640-1 I. 1643-4 TT (indistinct marks).
M, bear below t as 1630. T M, see 1641.
B.
1644-5 BB.
R P, mullet below.
1645-6 D W, mullet below.
R W, mullet above. TG.
H B conjoined, see 1639. S V (Stephen Venables).
WW in monogram. 1646-7 WT.

N W, cinquefoil below
WC. (Nicholas WollaBton?)
I L, pellet below.
1641-2
WM.
TH CO (Cardinal Orme I)
conjoined.
RW. A F (an ancestor of Ant

Ficketts ?).
IF. IA.
1647-8
El. RV.
(Richard Vaughan ?)
M, pheon below.
WM, see 1641.
T H, fleur-de-lys above
and below. SA in monogram.
1 1, mullet below,
A bird with branch in
beak.
C, heart below.
1648-9 A hound sejant,
1 T, pellet below.
1 1, pellet below.
T over M
(Thomas Maundy' ), I H in monogram.
I W, tun below.
1642-3
I G, escallop below.
F.
B E, see 1638.
RS between mullets.
1649-50 Hound sejant.
R C, 3 pellets above
star below. M, star below.
WS, mullet below,

C T, two pellets above,
R K, mullet below.
A bird.
I W, as 1642-3.
EDWABD JENNER 67
heart. His wife was a true
helpmate in cloudy and
smiiiy days, but she was much of an invalid and the
children were delicate. Jenner owed much
to his
native countryside.
When Jenner was twenty-one he went to London to
study under John Hunter, the famous comparative
anatomist and surgeon. He stayed in his house for
two^ years, and we cannot wonder that he was a favourite
pupil. For not only was young Jenner an
engaging
personality with very shrewd brains, but he had been
from boyhood very keen about the Natural
the country. Hunter was History of
restlessly inquisitive along
the same lines hibernating
hedgehogs, the tempera
ture of bats, the cuckoo's stomach, the
of
and what not. Thus teacher andlife-history
eels,^ pupil were
admirably suited to one another, and a strong friend
ship was established. As long as Hunter lived he kept
up a correspondence with Jenner, and there can be
no doubt that this intimacy with a first-class scientific
mind meant much to the country doctor. It was to
Hunter that he first confided his idea that vaccination
with cow-pox would tend to prevent
smallpox where ;
upon Hunter told him characteristically not to think,

c
but to try *.
When young Jenner was staying with Hunter he had
the pleasure of arranging and
preparing the specimens
of a Natural History collection made
by Sir Joseph
Banks on Captain Cook's first voyage of
discovery.
Jenner was exceedingly neat-handed and a
very skilful
dissector; so he was offered the post of naturalist
in an expedition which sailed in 1772. But the call of
Gloucestershire was too strong. Another attractive
invitation came in 1775, when Hunter asked Jenner to
join him in starting a School of Natural History in
London. Had Jenner accepted either of these
offers,
the conquest of smallpox would have been
delayed
for how long, who can say ?
When Jenner, before going to London, was apprentice,
in Sodbury, near Bristol, an episode occurred that seems
to have impressed itself on his mind, A young country-
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS,
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
1657-8 K F, mullet below. 1660-1 I G, mullet below.
I G, pellet between. G S, as 1658.
I H in monogram T over M
between three mullets
for Thomas
Maundy, see 1641.
A F, see 1652.
An orb and cross.
R W.
RF between pellets,
H W, mullet below.
R F and
1658-9 H B conjoined, mullet pellets.
below, $66*1640.
G D, mullet below.
W C, rose below.
E T, crescent below.
P B, see 1632-3,
R A, mullet and two
lorT. below,
pellets
i
I
S V, see 1659.
I
T B in
monogram, at
G B, flower below.
W M, mullet below.
S A in monogram, mul 1661-2 S V, see 1659.
let below, see 1652.
F L, bird below. TD between pellets and

a rose.
Crozier between G S.
RD over I B.
FL over a bird.
1 1, mullet below.
1659-60 S.
RN between 2 mullets.
TG in dotted circle.
T G, 3 pellets above and
below.
G S, a bolt in pale, see
1658. T D between mullets
and
A F, a rose below (Ant
pellets.
Ficketts ?), see 1657.

TAC in monogram.
T A, mullet and pellets
T T, mullet below
I G, crescent below.
R N, mullet and two
star below. pellets below.
M,
RL over fleur-de-lys.
I C, mullet below.
S V, see 1651. SR.
R D, flernvde-tys below. D R, stars and pellets

above and below.
Makers Marks on London Plate
53
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS,
1662-3 DR. W H, cherub's head

below.
CA in monogram. I G, pellet below.
H bird with olive

H G between pellets and
Jjj a mullet.
branch below.
E T, crescent below.
F W f a mullet and 2 I
pellets above and below.

Do. without crescent,
An escallop, a mullet
RF. above, see 1624.
B t 2 mullets over and r

F P, quatrefoil below. below.
H I, mullet below, see

WC. 1657-
R M, between mullets and

GV. pellets.
D R, as 1655. H in engrailed shield.
T P, pellets and rosette

I N, mullet below. below.
KS between 2 mullets. DR between mullets.
T P between 2 pellets. T P, a rosette above and

below.
M, as 1659.
H B conjoined, a mullet
W M, pellet above, below,
mullet below.
I K, two pellets above, a
1663-4
I F, fleur-de-lys below.
mullet below.
T K, fleur-de-lys below. T L, a pellet above and

below.
AD
I N, bird below.
1665-6
9 T
conjoined.
R, crescent above.
E T between mullets
and pellets.
P D, 3 above,
A F, mullet and 2 pellets
pellets
below. cinquefoil below.
W N, 4 pellets below.
1 1, as 1661.
H R, 3 pellets above and

I G, mullet below. 3 below.
T P P, star below.
K, cinquefoil below,
see 1663.
I G, crescent below.
I S in heart.
C H, billet below. A M in monogram, see

H N, as 1662. 1650.
N B, mullet and 2 pellets C Y in monogram.

below.
1664-5 I W, woolsack below. T A, mullet between.

GOLDSMITHS MARKS. GOLDSMITHS MARKS.
1668-9 R D, mullet below.

1665-6 P M in monogram, a
coronet over.
R D, mullet above,
F L, Wrd below. crescent below.
W G crowned, in a I A In dotted circle.

dotted circle.
A L between three
1666-7 E M in a dotted circle, mullets.
see 1673 (Edmund
Michell). 1669-70 W G, trefoil below.
R D crowned..
W W, fleur-de-lys
W M crowned. below.
T A, star below.
M, mullet below.
S N, star below.
A ,key between two
pellets.-
I W, three pellets above,
1667-8 TM in monogram.
billet below.
RS.
S S crowned.
F W between mullets
and pellets.
S V, pellet below.
T C in monogram,
R S, a fleur-de-lys below. pellet below.
R P, pellet below.
T S, a bird below,
I L, flower below.
J W in monogram.
TH crowned.
B Pf escallop below.
TEH (T E conjoined).
1668-9
T I, two escallops be
tween. FC.
TL in plain stamp.
TBE in monogram.
BECG in monogram,
star above. C over W.
I B, crescent below. G, fleur-de-lys below.
A M in monogram, 1 S, rosette below.

crowned, see 1665.
R S, mullet above, six T P, 3 mullets below.

pellets below.
P P, six pellets below, EG.

see 1665.
I C, mullet below. D R, coronet over.
G V in engrailed shield. LC crowned.

(Lawrence Coles).
I C, pellet below.
1 1, anchor between.
55
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
1670-1 T M over a crown. A flower slipped.
T K, rosette below. P D, five pellets below.
I R between rosettes.
{John Ruslen
C M, three pellets below.
?)
R H, a cinquefoil and C M, mullet and twj

2 pellets below. pellets below.
T H, anchor between. E G, crescent below.
R N, mullet below. I two mullets and flen r-

S,
de-lys above.
R P between pellets.
I P, rosette below.
R D, cinquefoil below. R P, star below.
G crowned, 3 mullets 1672-3

D L, a trefoil over and
below.
mullet below.
W H conjoined, mullet
below. R K, a star and pellets
below,
E R, mullet below.
I P, a pellet above and
I D between pellets and below.
agerbe, A H, star above, crescent

below.
E G in oblong punch.
I L over a crescent and

WG, pellet below.
pellet.
S V, mullet below.
1671-2 G W over a crescent

and pellets. I C, a pellet below.
I L, a mullet below.
H L, a pellet below.
W G conjoined. S R, cinquefoil below.
I H over afleur-de-lys
and pellets.
H.
M G over a trefoil and H E, a pellet below.

pellets.
D C, rossette below. R G, star above.
I K, rose and 2 pellets I F, crescent above,

below.
I D, pellet below. T R in monogram.
WWlinked. DL.
RS between mullets. '673-4 EB crowned.
O S C, fleur-de-lys :.bove
S, a trefoil slipped and below.
below.
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS. GOLDSMITHS MARKS.
1673-4 I K, rosette below. A M in monogram, see

1665.
E H crowned, crescent G S, a crown and fleur-
below.
de-lys above.
S S, fleur-de-lys below.
G C, mullet below.
1675-6
L C, crown and crescent

(Lawrence Coles), F C, a rosette below.
H E conjoined.
R A, winged figure
R between.
L, rosette and pellets
below.
Another mark of Law N.

rence Coles.
E M, see 1666 B.
(Edmund Michell ?)
Ed. Jones?
T D, star below.
M W (Mathew West ?) M, fleur-de-lys below.
G W, crescent below.
T I between 2 mullets.
I S crowned
1674-5 E M crowned. (Sir Jeremiah Snow).
AR.
T G, 3 pellets above and
3 below.
G IB, see 1684 (J. Buck?)

G, George Garthorne
(probably).
IH.
I S, John Sutton (prob
ably), see 1683.
I F, mullet below.
T L, pellet below.
T L, a pellet below.
R D, comet below.
I E, a pellet between and

G T over a mullet voided. below.
S crowned.
H K, pellet above and
below.
C W, a fleur-de-lys above
WW between mullets
and below,
and pellets.
1676-7
R M in monogram
E H, pellet above, cres (Richard Morrell?)
cent below.
FS.
W R conjoined, coronet
above.
M in monogram. Y I between escallops.

J
F A, fleur-de-lys below
WS,
K S between mullets.
D W crowned
(David Willaurae or T F, mullet below (Sir
Williams ?) Thomas Fowlea or
ffowles).
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
1676-7 I or O I.
1677-8 J G in
monogram.
WA in monogram. I B between pellets.
T C, a cat above. E M in monogram.
A S H in monogram 1678-9 I B, pellet below.

(Thomas Ash ?)
W W, see 1674. S R, cinquefoil voided

below.
C E, a pellet above and RN crowned.
below.
SH in dotted cirde.
N C, four pellets below.
S R, a and
cinquefoil WN.
pellets below.
S, a pellet above. T R crowned
I R, a trefoil above, a I A, crescent below.

pellet below.
B R in monogram. A R, mullet and two

pellets below.
1677-8 A castle between 1C. W over S (Win. Sanberry

or W. Scarlett ?)
W S, a mullet and two I B, fleur-de-lys below.

pellets above & below.
S G crowned, CK, pellet below.
W G, a below.
trefoil
I P crowned.
W S, a rosette below.
T B in monogram.
H H conjoined, a fleor-de-
and Double-seed rose.
lys pellets below.
RS.
M P conjoined under a
crown*
A H, pellet above, mullet
below.-
IS crowned.
S crowned
W C, fleur-dVIys below.
NW.
F G, mullet below, for I R, crescent below.
Fras. Garthorne ?
A K, pellets above and T A, three pellets above,

below. a device below.
F S, a pellet above and
below. K S between mullets.
D R, a coronet above.
T E in monogram, a
coronet above.
WS linked. C crowned.
1678-9
I L, a coronet above. 1680- 1 W I, star below.
1679-80 TH in monogram.
R K, mullet below.
IT. I S, cinquefoil below.
I M conjoined
I H, pellets above and
one below.
RH crowned.
TA in lozenge, mullet
below.
C K, mullet below.
T I, two escallops be-
tween, see 1668 & 1684,
T C, a fish above.
T L, an escallop and
T A between pellets pellets below.
(Thos. Allen ?)
F N, a crescent above
B P, escallop below
and pellets below.
(Benj. Pyne ?)
R L, a trefoil below.
TM in monogram.
B over W, with trefoils.

H C crowned.
T S In monogram, R H, crowned, crescent

crowned. below.
R H, mullet below.
W F conjoined.
I S, as 1674.
S, between trefoils. SE.
IS, billet below. 1681-2 P B in monogram.

I N, as 1662.
D C, a pellet above and I C, mullet below.
below.
B, see 1675 and 1687. R C in dotted circle.
c. 1680 Mark indistinct PL in monogram.
FS. SH linked.
1680-1 A goose in dotted circle.
F B, pellets between.
1 H t fleur-derlys below.
I M in dotted circle.
L O crowned
(Lawrence Coles). PH.
R S, fleur-de-lys below.
M K in lozenge.
D G and 2 fleur-de-lys
in lozenge, T E, a coronet above.
FG, star below, sec 1677

(Fras. Garthorne).
LS crowned,
I B, see 1677.
I 1 between pellets.
59
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
GOLDSMITHS' MMIKS.
1681-2 T S, an escallop above 1683-4 G C, duplicated in re

and below. verse.
N W, a star below. T 2, a. crown above, a

crescent below.
E N conjoined, under" a I
intersecting S, see 1674
crown. and 1684,
T A, three pellets above, T H conjoined.

one below.
B crowned.
TM (T, Mammal ?)
IH.
W F, knot above.
I S, below,
1682-3 cinquefoil
see 1680.
I H, 3 pellets above.
AD.
R P, pellet below,
TA in monogram.
S H, fleur-de-lys bebw.
H E conjoined, crowned,
see 1673.
M P conjoined.
AR.
F W, cmquefoil below. I S crowned.
EG crowned.
F H B in monogram*
P M RI,
t star above, fleur-
de-lys below.
.1682 I A in monogram. I W crowned.

1682-3 T E B in monogram. WS, a bird below.
I H crowned. E B, a rosette below.

1683-4
W F, knot above,
C K, fleur-de-lys below.
rosette below.
T E, fleur deJys above,
R L (Richd. Lassels or pellet below.
Ralph Leeke).
i K,* between
M H, rosette below. foils.
cii
P R in
I Y, a horse between.
cypher, pellet
below.
L C crowned I S crowned.
(Lawrence Coles).
1 1, fleur-de-lys below
SH. (John Jackson).
I P, star above, crescent

CT.
below.
C enclosing K. I B, see 1675 (J. Buck?)

6o Makers' Marks on London Plate
MARKS. GOLDSMITHS' MARK*!.

GOLDSMITHS
1684-5 W B, a mullet below. 1685-6 P K, rosette below.
W K conjoined.
T W conjoined.
B B, crescent below.
D B, a star above, an
annulet below. B M, between pellets.
N G, a pellet between. I S, coronet over

(John Shepherd ?)
R A, pellets above and TB between pellets.

below.
I intersecting S, see T D in monogram.

1674 and 1683 (John
Sutton, probably).
1 1, a pellet between, a G M, a crescents above,
fleur-de-lys below.
i below
(Geo. Middleton?)
T I,escallop above and A F

below in quatiefcil* conjoined, a trefoil
below.
CD,
I S under a coronet
TC in monogram.
RB.
AH between pellets.
Benj. Bathurst (ent. 1677).

J S in monogram with
in a wreath.
H R between pellets.
P crowned.
(Benjn. Pyne).
S E between a crescent
T A between pellets. and annulet.
Lc.
S, trefoil below.
E H, crescent below. WR, mullet below..
1 G crpwned; T M in monogram.
RK, annulet below. W L, annulet below.

E 0, pellet below.
M W between pellets.
I S, cinquefoil below I L, escallop above and
see 1680. below,
G G, pellet below, sev

W F conjoined,
1674.
D.
1685-6
F M between two stars.
WH,fleur-deJys below. 1686-7 R S. mullet below,
P R, coronet over. W M, plume and pellets

above, and pellet below.
YZ crowned, crescent
below. C K, mullet below.
GOLDSMITHS
1686-7
T R B In monogram. 1688-9 I I S and three pellets.
T E L, fleur-de-lys below.
P, a trefoil above, a
pellet between.
A dagger between I D.
I C crowned.
W M crowned.
C K under a mitre ?
W N crowned.
I C, rosette and 2 pellets S D, pellet below
below.
(Samuel Dell ?)
V^ C, cherub's head
above. S, trefoil below,
Y T, a pellets above, 1 I, a crown and cinque-

fleur-de-lys below.
foil between.
D B, mullet above, cres
cent inverted below. M S.
R1 in dotted circle.
A pillar between I S.
F O in monogram.
T V between plumes.
C R, mullet below
(Christopher Rfley ?) I F, crescent below.
1687-8
RH.
I R, annulet below.
C O, mullet below.-
G S, mullet below.
E G between mullets.
TA.
R L, fleur-de-Iys "below
OS
(Ralph Letke). 1689-90 HG between mullets.
IB.
FD in monogram.
N G (Nathaniel Greene
CO ?)
EB.
MH. T C and fish, as 1679.
WB.
T G in dotted circle.
1 1, see 1684.
F F, escallpp below.
M E conjoined, bird
above.
I C in monogram.
HH between rosettes.
H T crowned.
N B under a coronet.
B, see 1679-
DA.
EC.
IE.
G S crowned.
Makers Marks on London Plate
GOLDSMITHS MARKS. GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
1689-90 RL (Richard Lassels ?)

1690-1
W B (William Bain-
bridge ?)
CS in dotted oval I I in dotted oval, see

(Clement Stonor)* 1684 and 1689.
T S in monogram in
dotted octagon.
I D, a sexfoil above and
crescent below.
AN in monogram
(Anthony Nelme). T H, a crescent below.
RE.
D G under crown and
W P, mullet below.* fleur-de-lys (Daniel
Garnier).
S over W.
A H, a crown above
and cinquefoil below.
c. 1690 N G (Nathaniel Green).
1691-2 M H crowned.
1690-1 TSHE m monogram.
I C crowned
W B under a coronet. (Jas. Chadwick ?)
S H linked as x68i.
D.
K crowned.
(Jonah Kirke ?)
WS.
I D crowned.
S D crowned, fleur-de-
EK. lys below.
H P in monogram
RL in dotted circle. (Henry Penstone ?)
R C in monogram BS.
(Robt. Cooper ?)
SI.
TSOI.
I E crowned.
R Timbrell.
IG.
JS.
GM between mullets.
TL (Timothy Ley).
RG.
T A, fleur-de-lys above.
Bird over monogram,

TS between scroll and and 3 annulets.
star.
WM. N G (Natl. Greene ?),

see 1687.
GM. MH.
GN. A N in monogram
(Anthony Nelme).
TT crowned.
1 C over star.
GS under a crown and

1692-3 Three storks.
fleur-de-lys.
GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.
1632-3 ,
I W. I693-4 H P between 2 mullets.
S C, crown and star O, enclosing R.

(Stephen Coleman).
TK t fish above, trefoil
RT (Robert Timbrell ?)
below.
G G, as 1684 ET between 2 pellets.

(Geo. Garthorne ?)
NL. WS (William Scarlett).

W E, mullet above and RM.
below.
I C in monogram,
crowned. I G crowned.
G F, fleur-de-lys below.
1694-5 EM.
I H crowned.
S L in
monogram, see
1695.
LB do.
ST.
B. A N in monogram
(Anthony Nelme).
W G crowned RD linked, with 4 an
(Wm. Gamble ?)
nulets.
W H crowned.
P crowned (Benj. Pyne).
T A, 3 pellets, and a
trefoil. R F conjoined.
DG crowned.
H B between 2 mullets.
C A between cinquefoils.
HV.
I G crowned. S H in monogram
(Sam Hood).
I S (John Spademan ?)
I in dotted ellipse.
1693-4 I N, star below. I R crowned

(John Ruslen ?)
DA crowned.
T A, see 1690
I mullet above,
(Thomas Allen ?)
L<, fleur-
de-lys below. M G, bird above-, cres

cent below.
B B, addorsed, in mono
gram (Benj. Bathurst ?)
WH bird below,
H C, 3 pellets, mullet and
2 annulets.
IF.
CC in
monogram
(Christopher Canner ?)
R G two sexfbils above
t
1695-6 and one below.
DW(Dd. Willaume?)
M E, mullet below. TH conjoined.

M \KERS' MARK AND N*
1697 Lawrence Coles em. 1697

I
1697 i
Jas. Chadwick ent. 1697
Thriscross \N m. Gibson ,,
Alexr. Roode Name not traced.
Mathew West ,, Thos. Allen ,.
Jas. Edgar Moses Brown
Andrew Moore
Danl. Gamier
Edmd. Townsend Thos. Ash .,
C. Williams
Mathew Madden
Fras. Archbold
Lawrence Jones
Wm. Francis Benj. Bradford
Hodson
Wm. Bainbndge ,,
John
Jno. Smithsend ,, .
Edward Ironside
Wimans ,,
? Thos. Ash
Benj. Pyne
Geo. Garthorne
(probably)
Jno. Shepherd
Daniel Gamier Frances Hoyte ,,
(see p. 153)
Hugh Roberts ,,
Isaac Dighton
(see p. 155) Ed. Jones ,,
Wm. Gimber Wm. Brett M
Edwd. Courthope Dorothy Grant
Sara. Hood Stephen Coleman ,,
Cbristr. Canner ,,
Jno. Brassey ,.
Fras. Garthorne ,,
Rich. Nightingale ,,
Thoa. Parr Geo. Titterton
Wm. Denny & \

" M Lambe
John Backe / OP Jn'th'n t,
The date in the left-hand column means that the piece of silver found was dated in that year. It is often
much later than the year when the mark was entered.
MAKERS' MARK AND NAME. MAKERS' MARK AND NAME.
1697-8 Jos. Bird ent. 1697.

1698-9 Henry Collins ? ent. 1698.
Chas. Overlng
Richard Nightingale? ,, 1697.
Thos. Brydon
Isaac Dighton
Thos. Issod (see pp. 152 and 154)
Robt. Peake
Name not traced.
Wm. Scarlett
Jos. Stokes ., ,.
Philip Rolles
Jos. Sheene.
John Fawdery tl
Benj. Bentley 1698.

Thos. Ash
Wm. Matthew 1697.
James Edgar
Wm. Fawdery 1698.
Richard Syngin ,,
John Ruslen 1697.
Bird
Wm. Scarleit ,
Joseph ,, ,,
Jno. Ladyrnan ,
Andrew Moore ,,
Robt. Cooper ,
Joyce Issod
Lawrence Coles ,
Isaac Dighton ,,
John Button ,
-* Wimans ,,
John rtely 1699,
Ajnthy. Nelme ,,
Job Hanks
Geo. Cox 1698.
Jno. Porter 1698.
John Cove
White Walsh
Wm. Bull ,.
Benj. Bentley ,
1698-9 Geo. Garthorne 1697. 1699

,,
Wm. Lukin ,, 1699.
1700
Wm. Mathew
Benj. Traherne 1687.
Jonath'n Bradley ,,
John Cory 1697.
Edwd. Yorke ,. 1705.

John Diggle ,, ,
MAKERS* MARK AND NAME. MAKERS' \URK <\ND N\MF,
.1699
IJOO
i
Fras. Singleton ent. 1697. 1700*1 ID j
Phillip Roker ent. 1697.
j 5X i
Sam. Thome ,, tat !
]
IK! I Mat. Maddsn ,,
I j
Isaac Davenport ,. ,,
|
I
George Lewis ,, 1699.
I
i
Jno. Chartier 1698.

Henry Aubin ,, 1700. i
Sam Dell 1697.

Rjch. Biggs , t
Pierre Platel 1699. !
j
Steph. Edmonds ,,
John Downes ?
1697. Wm. Goasen
Isaac Davenport Edm. Proctor
Gould. John Tiffin 1701.
John Leach ent. 1697. Alex. Roode? 1697.
1701-2 Frans.
Joseph Ward Singleton (see p.
Ed. Gibson ent. 1697.

John Cory ,, ,.
Pierre Harache ,,
Richd. Syngln
Benj. Watts 1698.
Andrew Raven
Sam Hood 1697.
John Laugh ton ,,
Sam Jefferys ,,
Alex. Roode
Henry Green 1700.

Philip Oyle 1699.
Broake
Wm. Andrews 1697.
John
Thos. Brydon
I700-I Wm. Fawdery 1700.
Jos. Stokes as 1697.
Wm. Keatt
Sam. Wastell ent. 1701.
Willo'by Masham ,, 1701.

Jno. Jackson 1697.
Name not traced.
Name not traced
Wm. Keatt 1697.
Tbos. Jenkins ,,
Sam Hawkes ,,
David Willauxne
Fras. Archbold
Ralph Leeke
Josh. Field 1701.
MAKERS' MARK AND NAME. MAKERS MARK AND NAME.
1701-2 John Goode ent. 1700.

1702-3 Jonathan Madden ent. 1702.
Ralph Leeke 1697. Lovell

Robt. ,,
John Read& )
" 7
Danl. Sleamaker/ Matt. Cooper
Alexr. Hudson ,,
1703-4 Jno. Rand ,, 1704.
Stepn. Coleman ,, 1697.

Thos. Jenkinb ,, 1697.
1702-3 Henry Greene ,, 1700. Ed. Gibson ,
Richd. Syngin 1697. Wm. Andrews ,, ,
John Eckfourd 1698.

Name not traced.
Wm. Gamble 1697. J. Broake.
m Jonath'n Crutcbfield ,,
Soane or Soame.
Humph. Payne ,, 1701.

Jonah Kirke ,, ,
Name not traced. Gabl. Player ,, 1700.
Thos. Sadler ,, Saml. Smith ,,
Jos. Ward 1697. Chas. Williams ,, 1697.
Jno. Downes ,, Jno. Snelling
Jno. Cope ,, 1701. Nat. Greene ,, 1698.
Thos. Waterhouse ,, 1702.

Name not traced.
Wm. Barnes Wm. Warhani ,, 1703.
Abm. Russell ,,'

Wm. Charnelhouse ,, M
Jas. Chadwick as 1697.

Andr. Archer ,, ,,
Matt. Cooper ent. 1702.
Greene Thos. Peele 1704.

Hy. 1700.
Name not traced. Wm. Petley 1699.
1704-5 Robert Stokes ?

Henry Aubin, see 1700.
(earliest ment. 1700).
Wm. Denny ,, 1697.

? Fraillon.
Geo. Lewis 1699.

Name not ttaced.
MAKERS MARK AND NAME. MAKERS MARK AND N \
1705-6 Jonah Clifton ent. 1703.

1704-5 \ Thos. Saddler ent. 1701.
I
i
Jno. Corosey 1701.

j
Henry Penstone ,, 1697.
i
1
Wm. Warham 1705.
'jno. Cole ,.
i
i
Thos. Corbet 1699.
Jno. Eabt ,
Natl. Lock 1698.

Jno. Gibbon ,, 1700.
j
John Darnard 1702.
Chas. Adam 1702.
1706-7 Barbitt ,, 1703.

Geo. Havers ,, 1697. i
Wm. Matthew 1700.

Ar m. Middleton ,,
Alex. Hudson 1704.

Wm. Juson 1704.
Wm. 1701.
Timothy Ley 1697.
Spring
John Backe ,, 1700.

Jno. Cooke 1699.
Launcelot Keatt 1701.

Ishml. Bone
Benj. Pyne 1697.

Jno. Fletcher ,, 1700.
1705-6 Robt. Timbrell ,, 1697. Jacob Margas ,, 1706,
Jno. Lad>man ,, 1697.-

Wm. Fawdery
Louys Cuny ,, 1703.
Samuel Pantin 1701.

Jno. Abbot ,, 1706.
Jon. Madden 1702.

Wm. Spring 1701.
(see 1702)
Jno. Crutcher 1706.

Isaac Liger 1704-
(see below)
Wm. Fordham
Matthew Pickering 1703.
Name not traced.

Wm. Fleming
1707-8 Danl. Sleath 1704.

Thos. Spackman 1700.
Wm. Fleming 1697.

Mathw. Lofthouse ,, 1705.
Thos. Burridge 1706.
Saml. Wastell 1701.
John Leach 1697.
Josh. Readshaw 1697,
Anthy. Nelme ,, .,
Isaac Liger 1704-

MAKERS MARK AND NAME.
1707.8 Pierre Le Cheaube ent. 1707. 1708-9 Thos. WaU cnt, 1708.
Richard Hutchinson ,, 1699. Jno. Clifton ,
Philip Roker 1697. Richard Clarke ,
Harris John Chartier 1698.

Benj, fl
Jno. W. Stocker&i
Chr. Atkinson 1707. 1709-10 Edw. X
Peacock / J
Phil. Rainaud Jno. Clifton (?)
Thos. Fawler tl
Thos. Allen 1697.
Jos. Smith ,. ,, Fras. Turner 1709,
Samuel Lee 1701.

Isr'I.
Pincking 1697.
Benj. Pyne 1697.

Greene
Hy. 1700.
Saml. Wastell 1701. Laun. Keatt 1701.
John Backs 1700. Rind

Jno. 1704.
1708-9 Simon Pantin 1701.

Mary Matthew
Phil. Rollea 1705.

Jos. Bird 1697.
Thos. See 1702.

Farren 1707.
-GC9
Rolles, Jr.
Wm. Francis 1697.
Philip 1705.
Andrw. Dalton 1708.

Wm. Warham 1703
Ebenezr. Roe ft 1709.
Lawrence Jones 1697.

Thos. Prichard
Chris. Riley Hen. Clarke
Alice Sheene ,
1700. Jas. Wethered
Jno. Read 1704. Richd. Watts 1710.
Jno. 1710-1 Thos.

Bodington 1697* Folkingham 1706.
Wm. Fawdery 1698. Smith

Jno. 1710.
Henry Greene 1700.

Wm. Hinton 1704.
Anty. Blackford 1702. Geo. Gillingh-.m 1703.

MAKERS' MARK AND NAME. MAKERS MARK AND NAMH.
1710-1 Lewis Mettayer ent,i7oo. Porter

John ent. 1698.
Ed. Cornock 1707.

Richard Williams 1712.
Jno. Wisdom 170.;.

Wm. Penstone
9 Wrn. Pearson , 1710.

Ed. Jennings 1709.
Wm. Twell 1709. Jno. Read ,, 1704.
Jas. Beschefer 1704. Lewis Mettayer (probably).
Jacob Margas 1706. Nidi. Clausen ent. 1709.
Jas. Rood 1710. Ed. Holaday
Jno. Keigwin Aug. Courtauld t 170?.
Gabriel Sleath 1706, Hen. Greene 1700.
Name not traced. Jno. Chamberlen ,, 1704.
Jacob Margas , ,,
Isaac Dalton , f 1711.
6)9
Jas. Goodwin Wm. Matthew n
Abm. Russell (?) 1702. (SO Jonthn. Newton ,,

CJ5
Robt. Keble ,.
1712-3 Thos. Sutton
Sheene Jno. Rand 1704.

Jos.
Seth Lofthouse 1697.

Jno. Stockar ,.
Isaac Dalton 1711.

Wm. Truss
Ed. Gibson 1697.

Hezk. Mountfort 1711.
CD
Wm. Lukin 1699.
Isaac Malyn 1710.
Richd. Bayley 1708.

Jno. Flight
Richd. Raine 1712.

Edmd. Pcarce 1704.
John Hobson 1697.
Dorothy Grant 1697.

Glover Johnson 1712.
John East .,
Wm. Tnrbitt 1710.
Joseph Barbitt 1703. Richd. WUliams 1712.

MAKERS' MARK AND NAM*.
1712-3 Thos. Bevault ent. 1712. Wm. England &\Af

ent 1714.
I7I4-5 Vane
'
John }
Jno. M. Stockar 1710. Sam Welder
1713-4 Samuel Margas 1706. Rich'd Green 1703.
Ambrose Stevenson Jno. Holland iTit
Natl. Locke 1698. Saml. Hitchcock 1712.
Hugh Roberts 1697. Saml. Welder 1714.
Gabriel Sleath ., 1706. Philip Brush 1707.
Mark Paillet 1698. Josiah Daniel 1714-
Henry Collins , Nathl. Bland
Richd. Gines
Edw. Vincent (?)
Jno. Ludlow ,, 1713. Henry Beesley
Henry Miller
Gundry Roode ., 1709.
1715-6 Thos. Allen

Thos. Mann 1713.
1697.
Thos. Ewesdin ,, M David Killmauie
Fras. Plymley
Wm. Looker
John Corporon 1716.

John Bathe 1700.
DanL Sleamaker 1704.

Wm. Juson , f 1704.
Seth Lofthouse
Humph. Payne y
, 1701.
, 1697.
Petley Ley 1715.

1714-5
Robt. TimbreU&) " "
Benj. Bentley /
Thos. Port 1713-
David Tanqueray ,r 1713.
Richard Greene 1703.
Joseph Fainell 1710.

Edward Jones 1697.
Thomas Bevault 1712. Josiah Daniel

(see 1714)
Glover Johnson ,
Goodwin
Jas. 1710.
Mich'l Bout DanL Yerbury
Name not traced.

Geo. Lambe
MAKERS* MARK AND NAME. MAKFRS MARK AND NAMF.
1719-20 John Gibbons ent. 1700.
Thomas Shermer ,, 1717.
Wm. Darkeratt 1718.

(see 1718)
Edw. Barrett 1715.
James Smith ,, 1718.
Gabriel Sleath 1706.
09 Thos. Allen 1697.

(and Mark)
Thos. Morse 1718.
Edw. Gibbon 1719*
SamU Smith
$ Jos. Steward >(
Jos. Clare, as 1716-7.
Chris. Gerrard ent. 1719.
Edmd. Hickman
Wm. Pearson
Geo. Brydon 1720.
Thos. Gladwin 1719.
Starling Wilford 1720.
John Lingard ,( 1719.
John Jones .,
CTI Paul Hanet 1717.
Edwd. Hall 1720.
Bowles Nash ,,
Hodgkis
Phyllis Phillip
MAKERS' MARK AND NAME. MAKERS" MARK AND NAME.
MAKERS' MARK AND NAME.
1721-2 ilmon Pantin ent. 1717.
ohn Wisdome 1720.

(probably)
ane Lambc 1719.
Ed. Turner ,, 1720,
Abm. Buteux 1721.
Saml. Lee ,,
Geo. Wickes
Hugh Spring
Mary Rood
tundry Roode ,
m Wm. Truss M
CD Do. do.
Name not traced.
Sarah Holaday ,,
(see 1720-1)
Joseph Bell?
Thos. Evesdon , ,
(see 1720-1)
Edmund Pearce
Simon Pantin
(see above)
1722-3 Bowles Nash 1721.
Edward Feline 1720,

(see 1720)
Jno. le Sage
Ed. Wood ,
(3? as 1706.
Bcnj. Pyne
Name not traced.
Anth. Nelme as 1716.
Edw. Jennings ent 1720^

MAKERS MARK AND NAME. MAKERS' MARK AND N\ME.
1723-4 John Bignell ent. 1718.
(see 1720 and 1722)
Geo. Squire 1720.
Thos. Wall(?) 1708.
Arte JDickenPor ,, 1720.1

John Diggle 1697.]
John Motherby (?) 1718.
Sam Hitchcock 1712.
Wm. Fawdery? 1720.
Jnthn. Robinson 1723.
Ricjid. Edwards ,,
John Owing , 1724.
John Edwards & \

'
Geo. Pitches /
1724-5 Richd.* Bigge 1700.

(probably)
Richd, Scarlett 1719.
David .Tanqueray 1720.
Abm. Buteuic 1721.
Meshach Godwin ,. 1722.
Humphy. Payne 1720.
Paul Crespin ,,
Jacob Margas .,
Fleurant David 1724.
Do. do.
Mathw. Lofthouse 1721.
John Edwards ,, 1724.
Edw. Conen
John. Jones 1723.
W'sc'mbe Drake 1724.
John White
Makers' Marks on London Plate Si
MAKERS' MARK AND NWIE. MAKERS MARK AND NAME.
1709-30 Anthony Nelme en
Chas, Martin 1729.
Edwd, Feline 1700.

{see 1722* and 1725)
Abel Brokesby * 17*7.

(see 1727)
Simon Pantin 1717.

(see 1728)
George Jones , 1724.

(see 1735-6)
Name not traced.
Paul Lamerie
Ralph Maidman 1730.
Richd. Scarlett 1720.

(see 1703)
Name not traced.
John Jones 1729.
Saml. Margas 1720.
Chas. Alchorne 1729.
Sam. Welder ^
Benj. Goodwin , f
Name not traced,
Edith Fletcher
Eliz. Goodwin
Jas. Maitland^ 1728.
I730-I Aug. Courtauld ent 1729,
Paul Lamerie 1712.
Saml.. Jefferys tl 1697
Gabt Sleath 1720

on London Plate


MAKERS MARK AND SAME. MAKERS' M%RK AVD
I>ATE. NWE.
1739-4 Thos. England ent. 1739
Robt. Lucas
Ben. Godfrey
Do. do,
Gawen Nash
John Bryan
Richard Beale
John. Cam 1740.
J. Barbitt 1739.
Richd. Pargeler
Marmdk, Daintry
Ed. Bennett .,
Do. do.
Bennett Bradshaw
&Co.
Thos. Bamford
m John Eckfoard
Wm. Shaw
John Jacobs
(see 1750)
John Pero ,t
(see p. 190)
John White lf
Henry Herbert
Richd. Zouch
Susan'h Hatfield
f. McFarlane
Henry Morris
[ohn LuEF ,,
MAKERS' MARK AND NAME. MAKERS MARK AND NAME.
MAKERS MARK AND NAME. MAKERS MARK AND NAME.

MAKERS M\RK \ND NAME.
* Thos. ent. 1739.

756-7 Gilpin
Thos. Heraing ., 1745.
Name not traced.
Mathew Roker ^755.
Paul Callard
John Edwards 1753-
Wm. Gould
T. Devonshire) I7 ,
I75 6 *
&W. Watlfins ;
Ben. Cartwright
Edw. Jay , 1757-
1757-8 David Hennell , 1736.
Joseph Clare 1713.

(see 1716)
Eliza Godfrey 1741.
John Jacobs 1730.
W. & R. Peaston -
1756.
Ed. Darvill i?57
m Robert Innes
'
J74 X
Stephen Ardesoif I75 6 -
Ed. Bennett 1739-
John Kentenber&v l '

Thos. Groves t
John Frost
Do. io.
John Hyatt &\

Chas. Semore /
Arthur Annesley 1758-

(sec 1761)
Robt Burton
92 Makers" Marks on London Plate
1757-8 ohn Schuppe ent. 1753.
. Cafe 1757-
ras. Nelme .. 1722-
ami. Taylor 1744-
Vm. Cripps 1743-
fame not traced.
Vm. Shaw &\

/ 3749,
Vm. Priest
Tame not traced,
ohn Hague ,, 1758.
Wm. Bell '759-
,ew*is Herne &\

/ 1757-
Francis Butty
Bell 1756.
s[ame not traced.
Herbert 1750-
1759-60 &Co.
Fred. Kandler 1739-
[ohn Delmester ^755'
John Perry 1757
Saml. Wood, 1739

2nd mk,
. Ibbott ,
1753
John Perry .
1757
Simon Le Sage 1754
? Walter Brind i749
Wm. Cripps 1743
John Hyatt 1748
Henry Bayley (probably).

MAKERS VHRK AND NAME. MAKERS' MARK AND N^
1761-2 John Horsley. 1763-4 Danl. Smith &)

Robt. Sharp I
John Gorham ent. 1757- T. &W. Chawner (probably).
Arthur Annesley ,, 1758.

(see 1757)
33 Ebenezer Coker
Geo. Hunter 1748. S3 Phil Vincent ent 1757.
Magdalen Feline ,, 1753-

Wm. King 1761.
Thomas Heming I745- Joha Buckett.

(see 1756)
Mary Piers 1758.

H3 John Aspinshaw 1763.
Thos. Powell
m John Lamfert 1748.
c. 1763-4 Name not traced.

1762-3 Jas. Jones ,,
Wm. Tant Do. do.

1773-
(probably)
Wm.
17^4-5 D.&R. Hennell 1768.
Sampel 1755-
? Thos. HannanK
Louis Black 1761. Rich. Mills /
Thos. Whipham &\ Name not traced.

Chas. / 1757-
Wright
W. & R. Peaston (probably).
Geo. Ibbott 1753-
Names not traced.

Saml. Delamy 1762.
John Hyatt &, cnt I757 '
W. & J. Deane C. Semore }
Aug. Le Sage 1767.

Jos. Bell 1756.
Thos, Freeman &\ ..
I 764-
Edwd. Aldridge J> Marshall I
&Co.
Anthy. Calame ,
Wm. Day I 759-
J.A. Calame
Wm. Watkins I756-
,
Edward Aldridge ,, m John Innocent (probably).
W. &R. Peaston
R. Peaston .,
(see above) ,
1763-4 Richd. Thomas Wm. Cafe ent. 1757.
Tmpsn. Davis ,, 1757- Name not traced.
Edward Do. do.

Aldridge
Thos. Whipham &) " __- R

Thos. Whipham & I Chas. Wright }
1758 *
Chas. /" 1758.
Wright
MAKERS' MARK AMD NAME. MAKERS MARK AND NAME.
Names not traced. Thos. Bumfries&^ enL

1765-6 T 76
Orlando Jackson /
.
Do, do.
S. Herbert & 1750.
Co.
Wm. Caldecott ent. 1756. Name not traced.
Ebtn. Cokcr (probably).

Wm. Abdy 1767.
Name not traced. 139 Geo. Fayle ,,
Emick Romef Wm. Tuite (probably).
Name not traced. Name not traced.
? R. Peaston. John Parker &\

1768-9
Edwd. Wakelin/
John Allen ent. 1761.

James Hunt ent, 1760.
Sam. Rowland 1760.

T. & W. Chawner (probably).
Geo, Hunter ,, 1765.

Dan. Smith &\
Robt. Sharp j"
T. & W. Chawntf (probably).
Name not traced.

1766-7 Name not traced.
Fras. Spilabury, Jr.

Louisa Courtauld.
?EHr. Tuite ent. 1741.
John Lampfert ent. 1748. (see 1742)
Name not traced.

John Langford&X
John Sebille ./
Edward Capper (probably).
SB Matthew Ferris 1759-

Fras. Crump ent. 1756.
m Thcw.
John
H'annam
Crouch
&\
/
W. & J. Priest.
m Fraa. Crump 1756.

Lamfert
m Geo. Andrews 1763.

John 1748.
m Thos. Dealtry 1765.

Benj.
John
Blakcley
Darwall
1739.
1768.
fifel Chas. Miegg 1767.
John Neville (probably).

Dorothy Mills (probably).
Chas. 4 Aldridge &i
Henry* Green /
Tho Wynne ent. 1754.
Fras. Crump ent 1756.
1767.3
Jno. Richardson. ,, 1752.
Geo. Seatoun,
Names not traced.

Chas. Woodward.
Courtesy of the Okie Galleries
A COFFEE URN MADE IN LONDON IN 1765 BY PARKER & WAKELIN

1769-70 John Kentenber ent. 1757.

1771-2 Thos. Foster ent. 1769,
Aug. LeSage 1367. David Bell , 1756-
Edwd. Lowe 1777.
Walter Brind 1757.
Wm. Gmndy 1748.

? Sarah Buttali 1754.
Jonathan Alleine.
Thos. Jackson ,, 1769. Wm. Pen stone.
Lo uisa Cour tauld \

& Geo. Cowlea. / Wm. Sheen 1755.
Robt. Rogers 1773- Tho. Chawner,
John Baker ,, 1770.

Saml. Howland t , 1760.
I
1770. Benj. Gignac " I744- A. Underwood.
Thos, Heming Chas. Chestennan t, 1771.
Jas. Allen 1766-

Edwd. Jay 1757.
ee 1769.
Thos. Towman (probably).
? Thos. Powell ent. 1756.

03 Wm. Tuite ent. 1756.
Thos. Arnold 1770. em.

83 John Romer before 1773.
John Baxter 1773.

1772-3
ID John Carter ,,
Chat. Wright.
Thos, Chawner .
?John Buckett 1770.
Elix. Tookey ,
John Laneford &\

John Sebffle J
Wm. Fearn
Name not traced.

Barrage Davenport ,,
Romer
03 E. (probably).
John Araell n
Orlando Jackson ent. 1759.

John Swift
San. Wheat 1756.

Philip Noiman
John Gimblett &\ " T - 70

77
Wm. Vale J Chas. Wright
Peter Desergneb oi\
J. Bassingwhite ,, ,,
Peter Devese. /
[ohn Crouch &) ? Wm. Watkins 1756.

I77I- Hannam /
96
1772-3 enry Hallsworth.
ame not traced,
m rtin Fayle ent. 1772.
SB 'm. Eley (probably).
an. Smith & \ ent. before

1773-4 obt. Sharp / 1773-
rlando Jackson 1759-
ohn Harvey 1739.
EE Thos. Smith 175-
Name not traced.
Abr'm Barrier & \

rf ewis Ducomieu/
Wm. Sheen 1775
see 1771.
Daniel}
Burr age Davenport.
Saml. Wood (probably).
P. Freeman ent. 1773
Mary Makemeid
Thos. Tookey
Louis de Lisle ,,
Wm. Le Bas
^774-5
m Jas. Stamp 1774-
Wfru Penstone
Eli*. Tookey i'773
Ihos. Evarte 177
Jas. Young &\ M

Orlando Jackson /
Jol^n Deacon 177
Thomas Daniel (probably)

778-9 Nschs. 'Hearnden ent. 1773;
Ed> Dobson a* 1778.
Xich. Carter,
rter, ^
3anl. Smiith & j-
Robt. Sharp
arp J
Wm. Eley & | 1778.

Geo. Pierpoint /
03 [ohn Deacon ., 1776.
Chas, Kandler -, 1778.
Ed. Lowe * 1777-
(TTcl Geo. Rodenbostel 1778,
03 Thos. Wallis . 1773-
1779-80 John Schofield ,, 1778.
Edith Fennell n 1780-
Geo. Heming>&\
Wm. Chawner / I774-
(ste also 1781)
Hester Bateman -I774-
Thos. Satchwell ^ 1773-
Thos. & i
Richd. I777-
Payne/
W. L. Foster 1775-
Wm. G randy & \
Femell / n 1779-
Ed.
1780-1 Fras. Stamp 1780.
pro Wnu Garrard (probably).
Jane ent. 1771,

Rich.
I. May
AM.OJ j
Jas. Sutton ,, -1780.
Wm. Vincent 1773.
Jas. Mince & \

1780.
\Vm. Hodgkins/
T. P. Boulton& i
"
Arthur Humphreys-*
John Langlands &\
John Robertson > ,
of Newcastle J
Joseph Preedy.
John Kidder ent. 1780.
T.B. Pratt & > _,_,

1781-2 '* I773 *
Arthur Humphreys/
Chas. Wright 1775.
Robt. Cruickshank 1773.
John Crouch &*

Thos. Hannam " "
J"
Josh. Lejeune
The interpretation given
Note.
Kendall 1772. Charles Jackson, in the
Sir
by
Gee. column, of the mark A^ is in
Heming &)
WOT. Chawner / correct; themark complete is N A
Wm. A S, and though found on a piece
Playfalr & i
1782.
Wm. Wilson / in the Draper collection, is prob
ably bogus. The author has found

Thos. Daniel & 1
Wall the mark upon two fraudulent
John /
pieces of silver.The fact that no
1782-3 Geo. Smith 1782. marks for "NA" or "AS" as in
dividual silversmiths working dur
John Wren ,> 1777. ing this period have appeared is a
suspicious circumstance, as mem
George Giles (probably). bers of a partnership usually en
gage in business "on their own"
either before or after the partner
ship. H. P. O.
Robt. Henrvell n 1773.
ESZD Wm. Bayley.
This mark is A N S A.
Name not traced.
Abm. Peterson &i T _a ,
Peter Podie " I?a3 '
1783-4 GB John Lamb
Jas. Sutton &

> 1782.
Jos. Bult /
Wm. Tant 1773.
OD Wm. Brown (probably).
*
?*Saml. Bradley.
Name not traced.

MAKERS' MARK MAKERS MARK AND N'AMF.
TOO Makers' Marks on London Plate
MAKERS' MARK AND N*ME. MAKERS' MARK AND NAME.
1789-90 Thos. Willmore ent. 1790. Wm. Frisbee&\

Paul. Storr /
Name not traced.
OS John Fountain
1
790-1 Peter Podie 1783.
S3 Thos. Graham
Phipps &\
Robinson / Edwd. Jay
Geo. Smith &"\ , ,
I 7 86 ' Wakelm&Y
Wnu Feam / 1793-4 J.
Robt Garrard /
"
Robt* Hennell 1773.

John Moore 1778.
John Schofield ,
gyg Samt. Davenport .

1786.
Wm. Abdy 1784. Robt. & . . t
Thos. Makepeace 1794.
03 Abm.. Peterson 1790, Duncan Urquhart &)

"
NaphtaliHart /
1791-2 Wm. Pitts &\ **' John Fountain

Jos.
&\ "
PreedyJ John Beadnall /
Geo. Baskeryille
(probably).
Geo. Smith cnt. 1773.

1794-5 Wm. Frisbee 1792.
E33 Robt. Salmon i i> John King 1785.
Wm. Fountain &\ " ?Mark Bock

Danl. Pontifex } W- (see 1798).
? FrancisThurkle.
!'*
Bland}
John Robins cnt. 1774.
ED John 'Lamb ,, 1783,
John Wren 1777.
Thos. Streetin 1791,
rani MichL Plummer 1791.
Name, Jiottra'ced.
W. Fountain 1794^
Do. do;
Thos. Northcote &\
Geo. Bourne J
1792-3 I55t9* Do. do. Richd. Gardner or

1795-6
S3 Robt. Gaze
1773.
1795.
Wm. Pitts & / see \
Jos. treedy \âbovej QB Thos. Ellis 1780.
G Henry Cbawnet ent 17^6. Robt. Makepeace 1795-
OB Thos. Howell f, 1791.
Thos. Northcofe. T. B. Pratt & \ .

EEJ Arthur Humphreys/
' 178 '
Geo. Smith & \ Wm.

Thos. ^nt. 1792. Eley.
Hayter )
MAKERS' MARK AND NAME. MAKERS' M<VRK <
1799
1800 03 Jos. Preedy ent, 1800.
1800- 1 Paul Storr 1793.
Wakelin &
I7 **'
Garrard
Garr; }"
czo Wrn. Hall 1795.
Ed. \Vigan & L i&oo.

J. Bull )
Thos. Hannam&i VT**

Crouch I7W '
John }"
1801-2 Robt Garrard 1801.
John Parker.
John Erne* 1796.
Peter. Ann & i

Wm. "
Bateman/
Geo, Smith &\.
Thot, Hayter /
Robert, )
David Hennell ^
&Saml. j
1802-3 Harris
John 1786.
Digby Scott &\ g^

"
Benj. Smith /
Wm. Bunvash
Peter, Ann & } YjjAA

18 *
"
Wm. Bateman/
1802.
1800.
1803.4 Benj. Laver 1781.
Q3) Thos. Holland 1798.
G. & T. Burrows.
SamtA 1802.
George
Name not traced.
John Robins (probably).
1 Timothy Renou.
John Austin.
Wm Pone.
MAKERS' MARK AND NAME. MAKERS MARK *VND NAME.
1804.5 Name not traced.

1808-9 ? T. W. Matthews.
Rundell, Bridge & Rundell.

John -
Crouch ent. 1808.
Geo. Wintle ent. 1804. E. Morley.
Wm. Eley,
Robt. Garrard 1802. Wm. Feari
r'n & i , f t>
Wm. Cha<iwner }
QE3 Jos. Hardy 1799. Henry. Nutting & ~l

"
Robt. Hennell /
'(23 Hannah Northcote ,, 1798. Richard Crossley &} " Q -

ia
Geo. Smith / 7
1805-5 Danl. Pontifex 1794.

Wm. Sumner 1802.
John Ernes.
03 John Crouch 1808.
? T. Ash. Chas.
1809-10 Hougham ,, 1785.
Wm. Burwash&\ _c _
IttO5 '
Richd. Sibley } Thos. Wallis 1792.
Name not traced. David Windsor (probably).
1806-7 R. & S. Hennell 1802.

EZJ Thomas Jenkinson
Peter &
Bateman 1805. Name not traced.
John Sanders (probably),

1810-1 Do. do.
Crespin Fuller
? Richd. Cooke ent. 1759.
John Salkeld
Benj. Smith & \
Jas. Smith. /
Thos. Robins
Wm. Fountain ent. 1794.

T. Phipps & I
E. Robinson
T. &J. Guest &) Name not traced.

1807-8 1806.
Josh. Cradock/
P. & \V. Bateman 1805.

Thos. Wallis & \ 1810.
'
Jonath'n Hayne /
Saml. Whitford 1807. John Cotton & \

Thos. Head. / ' 1809.
ran Thos, Halford 1811-2 James Beebe , iSri.
Name not traced.

B J- &
Smith.
T. Robins Wm. Kingdon (probably).
Robt. Rutland, ent. 1811,

? J. W. Storey.
Sarnl. Hennell
1808-9
OB John Crouch 1808.
Digby Scott,
ott, )
Name not traced. .Benj.
.Benj." Smit*
Smith,
~ V (probably).
Jas. Smit
tith J
Makers' Marks
MAKERS' MARK AND NAMF.
1812-3 ? T. Barker.
? John Sanders.
EB Thos. Jenkinson (probably).
Rebecca Ernes & Mf Tl8~ 8Q i

ent ' -
Edwd. Barnard }
Geo. Smith lSl2.
1809.
1813-4 Jos. Craddock \

lSl2.
& Wm. Reid /
Paul Storr
J.W. Story & ,
W. Elliott /
1814-5 Saml. Hennell 1811.
Ernes '& Barnard 1808.
Stephen Adams, junr.
Wm. Bell (probably).
Wm. Elliott ent. 1810.
Name not traced.
S. Hennell &\. , .. .
r obably).
J. Taylor }(P
Do, do.
Do. do.
Eme & Barnard as above.
Robt. Garrard ent. 1801.
Christ'n Reid"& ano'r tt
of Newcastle" iai5 '
1816-7 Wm. Burwash 1813.
Jas. Lloyd.
Name not traced,

MAKERS* MARK AND NAME. MAKERS' MARK AND NAME.
1823-4 John Bridge ent. 1823. Thos. Dexter (probably).

1830-1
Benj. Smith. Name not traced.
1824-5 1816.
l
1831-2
Name not traced. R. HennelL
Robt. HennelL 1833-4 Paul Storr ent. 1793.
ey, "\
Name not traced. Joseph > Savory 1833.
& Albert I
1834-5 ran N. Morrison (probably).

Do. do.
Geo.
09 Jas. Franklin
Knight (probably).
W. Bellchambers,.
Wm. Edwards- ( ).
Name not traced

1825-6 IB James Collins ( ).
T. Eley.
John Bridge ent. 1823.
1835-6 Chas. Fox ent 1822.

ftTD R. Pcppin (probably).
J. Chas. Edington 1828.

C- Eley ( ).
Fras. Reily & Storer (probably).

Higgins ( ).
John, \
1826-7 Henry J-Lias ent. 1823. 1836-7 See 1835-6.

& Chas. J
Edwd. Barnard, *i
r.^HKt A. B. 1826. Edwd. Barnard, jr., I _ n t T o n

Savory Barnard. & h
Cttt. I29.
John
Wm. Barnard )
Randall -Chatterton * 1825. 1837-8 SSZB Wm. Eaton.
1827-8 Name not traced. Richard Sibley (probably).
T. Cox Savory 1827. George Webb
Wintle 1826. Robert Garrard ent. 1821.

Jacob .
Moses Emmanuel (probably).

rani Mary Chawner.
1828-9 Wm. Schofield 1838-9

Wm. Theobalds) ~ R
). ? 3 -
(
& Robt Atkinson /
E.S. Sampson { ).
Rawlins & Sumner.
1839-40
Wm. Bateman &} _<,_.
1829-30 Jas. Hobbs Ball l839 '
( ). Danl. J
Edward Edwards. Francis Dexter
Robt. Garrard ent. 1801.

CfTft Wm. Cooper (probably).
Chas.
1830-1 Plumley (probably).
CO Jos. Taylor ,.
839-40 Ed. Edwards (probably). 1847-8 00 Eljz. Eaton.
840-1 Name not traced. E. JT. & r> ,

w
"i
1848-9 Barnard.
J
Thos. Cording
IBfTI R. Hennel!.
GO Geo. W. Adams ent, 1840.

GZ9 Jacob Wintle (probably).
J. & J. Aldous,
1849-50 Chas. T. Fox & )
Geo. Fox
Chawner & \
)'
Mary " "

Geo. W. Adams J
00} Frana. Douglas.
1841-2
W. R. Smily.
1850-1 03 John Keith.
1842-3 J. Chas. Edington eat. 1828.
cap George Ivory.

:c;i R. Hennell.
1851-2 E. & J. ^Barnard.
Brown & Somersall (probably).

1852-3 CD James Edwards (probably) ,
1843-4 5533
Wm. K. Reid.
<D I.
Foligno.
CO Wm. Brown (possibly).

1853-4 E. & J. Barnard.
An d seei844 -
i52& 1854-5 W. R. Smily.
Richd. Sibley ent. 1837. George Angell.

1855-6
Chas. T. Fox & \

1856-7
Geo. Fox /
1844.5 R. Garrard .1801,
1857-8 Henry Wilkinson

of Sheffield.
Angel.
1858-9 GO Joseph Angell.
R. G. Hennell.
W. Mann.
Benj. Smith (probably). Roberts & Briggs.
1845-6 John S. Hunt ent. 1844,

1859-60 George Angell.
Cbas. T. .Fox &\ Messrs.

Geo. Pox. / 1860-1 Eady.
1846-7 rttaa G. F. Pinnell. Rawlins & Sumner.
ITTO Robt. Harper.

Hyam Hyams.
J' & Barnard. Richard Hennell.

1862-3
1847-8 1863-4 Geo. Fox.
Pearce &\ Geo.

1864-5 Angell.
Burrows./
CHAPTER V
Marks on York Plate

From 1411 to 1560 all silver plate made in York should have been marked
with the leopard's head and fleur-de-lys, both dimidiated (cut
vertically in
half) and joined in a single stamp. The use of date letters probably com
menced in
1560 though no earlier example than the D given in Table I has
been found. The assay office in York was abolished in 1858.
TABLE I. TABLE II.
w MAKER'S NAME. DATE

LETTEI
MAKER'S NAME.
tut
1559-60 1583-4 Wm. Rawnson.
1560-1 1584-5
05
1351-2
c
1562-3 Robert Gylmyn.
fflM Geo. Kitchen,

1587-8
1564-5
1565-ft
IBM Christopher Hunton,

no-i Geo. Kitchen.
1567-8
1591-2
Robert Beckwith.
Thomas
Wm. Rawnson.
Symson.
Robt. Gylmyn.
1569-70
Robert Gylmyn. ? Wm. Hutchinson.
1
Name not traced. Geo. Kitchen.
1594-5
1571*2
1595-fr
John Lund.
1572-3
William Foster. 1596-f o
15734
1597-8"
V Chris. Harrington.
1&74-5
George Kitchen.
UM
1575-6 M
1600
Fras. Tempest.
1576-7
Thomas Waddie. 1600-1
1577-8 Indistinguishable.
1601-2
fflM V
1578-80 W MI.L
16034
1580-1
X fftOM
iwrv Chris. Harrington.
15*1-2
Y \m
1582-3 CS3 William Rawnson.
106
Marks on York Plate 107
TABLE III. TABLE IV.
MAKER'S NAME. MAKER'S NAME.
1(07-8
John Moody ?
Sem. Casson.
03 Robt Casson.
1608-9 Peter Pearson.
Robt.
03 Fras. Tempest.
16334 Harrington.
Peter Pearson. Thos.

161M IttH Harrington.
John / Thomason or
1655-1
Kii.-J Chris. ^ Thompson,
Harrington
1636-1 Robt Harrington.

161W Fras. Tempest
1631-8 Thos. Harrington.
111134 Peter Pearson.
Robt, Williamson, Senr.
IBM
(6)4-5 or Richd. Waite.
Chris. 163940 Francis

Mangy. Bryce.
KIM
(8 Fras. Tempest. 1640-1
lilt-! t
IHM John Thomason.

tttM
Thos. Harrington.
Sem. Casson.
HIM
John Thomason.
Peter 16434
Pearson.
MM Sem. Casson.
1644-5
1645-6 Chris. Mangy.

Peter Pearson.
ttM
IBM
Robt. Williamson.
84
MM
IBM Thot. Harrington. COMWTH.
twti James Plummet,
Wll Robt Harrington.
1HM
1614
IBM Jamd Piummer.
1652-3
K2J4
1(534
KM Chris. Mangy.
Thomas Waite.
1654-5
1(30-1 Thomas Waite.

m
m Philemon Marsh.
io8 Marks on York Plate
TABLE V. TABLE VI.
MAKER'S NAME. MAKER'S NAME.
John Plummer. 1682-3 Gibson.

George
M
Wm. Busfield.
Wm. Waite. John Camidge.

1684-3
John Thomason.
jtt.ii John Plummet.
John Plummer. 1(85-6 Richd. Chew.
1686-7 John Smith.
1662-3 1687-8 John Oliver.

George Mangy.
1(634 Marmaduke Best. Chris, WhitehilL
wx.w
1661-5 Robt. Williamson. 1689-90
Wm. Busfield.
I66H John Piummer, 1H90-I Robt. Williamson.
Thos. Mangy.
Charles Rhoades.
Marmaduke Best.
Chris. Whitehill.
Philemon Marsh.
Mark Gill.
Thomas Mangy,
1670-1 Marmaduke Best. 169I-9 Wm. Busfield.
1671-2
1699-6 Clement Reed.
Roland Kirby.
DM. III!
1672-3 John Thompson.

Wm, Busfield.
16734 Marmaduke Best. 16)7-1 Smith.

John
Robt Williamson. Wm.

1698-9
Biwfield
1674-5
Thos. as above.
Mangy,
fjj
1675-6 Wm. Mascall.
17011
1678-7 Henry Lee.
1677-8 Wm. Busfield.

*
1683-4 Thomas Mangy,
1678-9 John Plummer.
The missing date letter for
1676-7 was found by the author
1679-80 John
0? Thompson.
while this book was in the
press. It is HKj and is on the
1680-1 Wm. Busfield.
spoon shown on plate facing page 6.

1B1-!
G3 Thos, Mangy.
Marks on York Plate 109
TABLE VII.
MAKER'S NAME.
LXNUL
ifOO-i Chas. Goldsborough

(probably)
Danl. Turner.
1701-2
ANNL
OB John Best.
1702-3 Wm. Busneld. Possibly a variation of the date

letter for 1701-2.
17034 John Langwith. The York Assay Office was closed
in 1716 and re-opened in 1776.
1704-5
In Table VIII letters not in shields
1705-6
are hypothetical. A new alphabet
was employed from 1787-8.
1706-7 Chas. Rhoades.
1707-8 John Langwith.

Wm. Williamson.
1708-9
1709-10
1710-11
1711-2 John Langwith.
1712-3
17134
U&L
1714-5
TABLE VIII.
FIVE STAMPS UNTIL 1784-5, THENCEFORWARD SIX STAMPS AS BELOW.
IIC Marks on York Plate
TABLE IX.
SIX STAMPS AS BELOW.
~o./:
1805-6
oo
I807-& I 8o 9 -io
Possibly variants of date-letters in above cycle.
Stamped on small brass plate from the Assay Office.
Also example of leopard's head., probably used from 1790 to 1836. Stamped on small brass
plate from the Assay Office,
Variants of Sovereigns' heads.

1787 to 1796 to 1816 to 1820 to
1796 1820 Stamped on small brass plate
1815-6 1830 from the Assay Office.
Marks on York Plate Ill
TABLE X.
* In sometimes found with whiskers and

examples of marks from 1812 onward, the leopard's head is
sometimes without.
n f^
M' A Possibly variants of
1812-3 CT
IV
1813-4 @ 1815-6
^ 1819-20
JJJ date-letters inabove
cycle. Stamped on
^ ._. _._ small brass plate from
1820-1
Q 1821-2
Ja
1823-4
QJ)
1831-2 Q) 1833-4
gjj the Assay Ofifice.
112 Marks on York Plate
TABLE XL
SIX STAMPS TILL 1848, FIVE AFTERWARD AS BELOW.
*
There is at St. Michael -le-Belfry, York, a communion
paten stamped with the same marks as
those on. the communion
cup at St. Helens, except that the town-mark is not visible. These examples
are understood to have been
amongst the last of the plate marked at York, as the office was closed
almost immediately afterwards.
1851-2 Possibly date-letters used in the above Cycle. Stamped on small

brass plate from the Assay Office.
CHAPTER VI
Marks on Norwich Plate

The marking of silver plate at an assay office was made compulsory in
Norwich in 1^65. The office was closed not later than 1697 or 1698.
TABLE I.
THREE STAMPS AS BELOW.
Norwich mark, and mark of Christopher Tannor (free 1562) on

eal-top spoon : Mr. J. H,
Walter.
C.J570
TABLE II.
STAMPS VARIOUS AS BELOW.
OATH DESCRIPTION OF MAKER'S

MARKS. ARTICLES AND OWNERS.
(ABOUT) MARK.
1590 A bird. Communion cup and paten, Guest-

wick.
Orb and cross, and Four beakers from the Old Dutch Church
1595 Norwich, now in the possession oi
wyvern's head erased Mr. Wm. Minet, F.S.A., Miss Col
man, and the Nederlandsch Museum,
Amsterdam.
1600-10 Orb and cross. Goblet on baluster stem: Messrs*

Crichton.
1610 Indistinguishable. Mr. H. Walter.

Seal-top spoon :
J,
1620 Lion rampant. Do. do,
Mark of Wm. Hayden. Beakers ; Mr. R. Levine.
W. is
probably an As- Spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
If f
sayer's mark.
620-40 T.S. Castle struck twice at right ingles, one

over the -other, and castle (m bowl),
maker's mark and castle on back of
stem; massive seal-top spoon,
1624
d* A Arthur Heaslewood (free The first
: Messrs. Crichton.
pricked io>o
mark in bowl, the other

1625). three marks on stem seal-top
;
spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
During the intervals when no date letters were used at Norwich the Assay Office was not functioning
and the local productions were sporadic and uncontrolled.
TABLE III.
TOUR STAMPS AS BELOW.
DESCRIPTION OF
MAKER'S MARK. ARTICLES AND OWNERS.
16245 A pelican, as 1628. Seal-top spoon : Mr. ]. H. Walter.

/Do. do.: Messrs. Crichton.
1625-6 A pegasus, as 1632. 1
Mounts of wood bowl: Mr, Theodore
Rossi.
1626-7 Timothy Skottowe. ]

Seal-top spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
Orb and cross. Chalice: Attleburgh.

1627-8
A ( Seal-top spoon : Messrs. Lambert.
ship.
I Do. do. : Mr. R. Levine.
1628-9 A pelican in her piety. Seal-top spoon, dated 1629 : Mr. A.

D. George.
Date-letter conjectured.
1629-30 F
Tall flagon: Norwich Corporation.
1630-1
W. D. conjoined. (
Mr. H. Walter.
I SeaMop spoon :
J.
1631-2 H A pegasus,
Com. cup :' Great Melton, Norfolk

1632-3
A lion rampant. Seal-top spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
1633-4 Arthur Heaslewood. Com. cup :

Appall, Suffolk.
A lion rampant. Corn, cup: S.S. Simon & Jude,

1634-5 Norwich.
'16356 Do. do. Spoon with virgin and child finial :
Mr. R. Levine.
A crowing cock f Seal-top spoon: Burlington Fine

1636-7 (HciaW of the Mom.) Arts Club Exhibition,
Timothy Jjkottowe. Beaker. -dated 1638, from a Congregational

Ch., Great Yarmouth; Kerpont
Morgan Collection.
1637-8
A pelican in her piety. Seal-top spoon, pricked 1637: Mr.
J. H. Walter.
A crowing cock.f see Com. paten: Skeyton, S wanton-

1638-9 above. Abbot, Norfolk.
1639-40 A pelican in her piety. Communion cup at St. Margaret's,

Swanington, Norfolk.
1640-1 Timothy Skottowe. Com. paten Riddlesworth, Norfolk.

:
A tower incuse. Mounts of coco-nut cup: The Marquess

of Breadalbane, K.G.
(Ml -2 Nor-
D. Com. paten : St. Etheldreda,
wich.
Timothy Skottowe. t Seal-top spoon : Messrs. Christie.

1M2-3
16434
*l635 -6 Accompanying this date-letter, are the mark of Arthur Heaslewood (maker) as 1633-4
and Norwich town-marks aa 1637-8 ; communion paten Coston, Leicestershire. ^
:
f Crowing cock rising from pot or skillet (old legend).

n6 Marks on Norwich Plate
TABLE IV.
FROM ABOUT 1645 TO ABOUT 1685. MARKS VARIOUS AS BELOW.
DATE ARTICLES AND OWNERS.

[ABOUT).
1645 Seal-top spoon : Mr. W. Boore.
* Mr. H. Walter.
i* Seal-top spoon (pricked 1650) :
J.
EM
* Seal Mr. H. Walter.
-top spoon ; (pricked 1653 :
J.
1653 SA
* Messrs. Crichton.
1661 Trifid-spoon :
Communion cup, inscribed 1661 : Southwold, Suffolk,
* flat trifid end Mr. H. Waller.

Spoon, stem, :
J.
1670
Do, do. do. : Do. do.
Seal-top spoon, pricked : Do. do.

pc
Table-spoon : Mr. Thurlow Chamness.
1675 t Communion paten: St. Peter Hungate, Norwich.
t Flat-top tankard, dated 1676 : Messrs. Christie.

1676
t Communion paten, dated 1679 ; St Peter's, Mountergate,

1679 Norwich,
ii % *
Q Seal top' spoon : Mr. A. D. George.
1680 Communion cup, dated 1680 : East Dereham, Norfolk.
rose, and maker's mark of

Thos. Havers cream
1685 t Crown, ;
jug : Lord Hastings*
c, 1660 A Cl ffifl
Small jug; Mr. J. H. Walter.
*
This maker's mark is probably that of Arthur Heaslewood.
f Maker's name : Thomas Havers.
Marks on Xorvich Plate 117
TABLE V.
FROM l6&S TO 1697. FOUR STAMPS AS BELOW
Trifid spoon: Mr. Arthur Irwin

c. 1697 Castle as 1688,
no date-letter. Dasent.
Robt. Hartsonge ? Communion paten on foot : Kirkstead t

1701-2
Norfolk.
CHAPTER VII
Marks on Exeter Plate
The Exeter Assay Office was established in 1701 and discontinued in 1883.
A guild of goldsmiths flourished in Exeter from a time long anterior to the
reign of Elizabeth. No Exeter town mark has been found of earlier date than
c. 1571; before that date only makers' marks appear to have been used.
TABLE I.
FROM 1544 TO 1592 OR THEREABOUT.

MAKER'S NAME. ARTICLES AND OWNERS.
Richard Hilliard Communion cups : St. Edmund's an<

St. Sidwell's, Exeter.
Richard Osborne. Communion cups : Catteleigh.
John North. Do. cup :

Curry Mallett,
Henry Hardwicke. Chalices : Parkham and Holsworthy.
John Ions (Jones) Communion cup : St. Petiock's, Exeter.
Do. do do; Cover paten : Whitstone.

c. 1570
Steven More. Communion cup : Halwell.
1600
1571 John North. Do. do., dated 1571 : St. Davids,

Exeter.
Do. do. Communion cup : Messrs. Crichton.
John Jons. Do. do., dated 1571 :

Trevalga.
John "Withycombe Trencher used as paten :

Berrynarbor.
John Jons. Mounts of cylindrical salt (ivory drum) :
Lord Swaythling.
Do. do. Standing salt : Mr. J. Dixon.
Do. do. Com. cup, dated 1575 :

Lympstone, nr.
Exeter.
Do. do. Com. cup : Duloe, Cornwall.
1576 Do. do. Do. .do., dated 1576 : TameTton, Devon.
Do. co.: Eggesford and Broadwood-

wiger, dated.
Wm. Horwood. Mounts of stone-ware jug: Messrs.
Christie.
(
Mounts of stone-ware jug : Victoria and Albert
John Eydes.
:
Harpford.
Com. cup, dated 1582 : Cadbury, Devon.
Eston.. . Do. do. do. 1585
: Talaton, do.
iLion-sejant spoon: Mr. A. S. Marsden Smedley.
Easton. Com. cup, dated 1582 : formerly at Fen

Ottery, Devon.
1585 Bently. Mounts of stone-ware jug : Ashmolean

Museum.
R Herman. Seal-top spoon : Messrs. Christie.
Eston. Com. cup, dated 1590: St. Andrew's,

Plymouth,
1592 Do. do. Lion-sejant spoon : Victoria and Albert
Museum.
118
Marks on Exeter Plate 119
TABLE II.
FROM l6oc TO 1640 OR THEREABOUT.

(The dates are approximate except \\here the articles are described as
dated.)
MAKER'S NAME, ARTICLES AND OWNERS.

j
1600 Richd. Osborn. Maidenhead spoon Mr. J. H. Walter.

tJGBEEESI tt 1 :
Herman. Seal-top spoon : Do. do.
No maker's, mark. !
Lion-sejant spoon : Do. do.
i
c. 1600 j
;
Richd. Osborn. Apostle spoon : Mr. Crichton.
1606 Lion-sejant spoon, pricked 1606 : Noted by

the Author.
\
1610-20 William
. Bartlett. /Com. cup: Crewkerne.
(1597-1646). ^Seal-top spoons: Mr. W. Boore.
1620 Messrs. Christie.

Lion-sejant spoon :
Edward Anthony Seal-top spoon : The Author's Collection.

(1612-67).
Do. do. : Dunn -Gardner Collection.
Six maidenhead spoons . Mr. R. E. Brand.
c. 1630 CTtl 52B Wm. Bartlett Communion cup and paten, dated 1630:
{probably). Helston.
Anthony Exeter mark in bowl, other marks on stem

mark, &c* of seal-top spoon : Mr. H. D. Ellis.
c. 1635 John Lavers. /(Crowned X repeated after second IL).

I Chalice: Ashwater.
P. Apostle spoon : noted by the Author.
j Seal-top spoon, pricked 1638: do. do.

c. 1635-8 John Lavers. Do. do. Sir Edward Marshall Hall, K.C.
0* \ .
f. 1640 Apostle spoon : Messrs. Crichton.
H. P. do
03 D3 Do. : Messrs. Bruford.
Jasper RadclirTe. Do. do. : Messrs. Christie.
L. M. Snuff-box : Mr. G. Henderson.
Jasper Radcliffe. Com. cup, dated 1640: St. Petrock's, Exeter.
Richd. Osborn. Messrs. Christie.

Apostle spoon :
do. : Holburne Museum.

John Lavers. Seal-top spoon, with dot at each side of X : Sir
(Do. . Marshall Hall, K.C.
No rnaker*a mark! .
Apostle spoon : Holburne Museum.
120 Marks on Exeter Plate
cane. T
*
MAKERS NAMK.
c. /John Elston A I.
1640-50
\AnthonyTripe
J. Eliton.
P. R. ANNE.
1102-3 Thos. Foote.
Hy. Muston.
Thomas Bridgeman, 1703*
John Audry.
Edward Anthony. Win. Briant.
1105-6
Richd. Freeman.
Do. do.
Thos. Reynolds.
1106-1
c. 1646-98 I. F. Richd. Wilcocks.
The*. Salter.
c. 1670 Jasper Radcliffe.
Richd. Flint.
1676 M. W. Name not traced.
- S. 1710-1
Ed. Richards.
Geo. Trowbndge.
1711-2
c. 1680 Ed. Sweet.
Ed. Richards.
No maker's mark.
Danl. Slade.
1713-4
Tolcher.
I. S. CEO. I.
17145 Mortimer.
John
1690 John Mortimer. Geo. Trowbridge.

1715-6
Pent. Symonds.
Daniel Slade. 1716?
Ab'm. Lovell.
1717-8 Pent. Symonds.

Wm. Ekins.
Peter Arno.
171S-9
Do. do.
Andr. Worth.
John Mortimer. Saml. Blachford
1720-1
J. Elston.
1721-3
Thos. Sampson.
Saml. Blachford
I. P. 1722-3
(See Barnstaple, J. Elston.

1723-4
p. 459 infra).
I. P. Williams.
Jas.
172(5
1694 Nichs. Browne.
1698
X ***
TABLE V. TABLE VI.
17256 Saml. Elachford.
17267 Thos. Sampson.

CtO.IL Collier.
Joseph j
1727-8
Philip Eihott.
17289 John LIbton.jr.
Do. do.
172930
James Strang.
173M John Burdon.
1731-2 Peter Elliott.
173S-3 Joseph Collier.
1733-4 John Elston, jr.
11)15 Sampson Bennett.
Philip Elston.
1735-6
1W-? James Strang.
Philip Elston.
1737-8
Pent. Symonds.
1733-3
John Burdon.
1740-1 Do. do.
Pent. Symonds.
1741-2
Name not traced.

1742-3 09 J. Freeman >
John Babbage?
1743-4
Do. do.
1744-fi
1746-6
Pent. Symonds.
1746-7
Thos. Blake.
17(74
174J9 Jas. Strang.
Variant of date-letter
for 1748-9
TABLE VII. TABLE VIII.
MAKER'S NAME.
1797-8 Richd. Ferris.
1798-9
1W9 Joseph Hicks.
1800
W. Welch.
Joseph Hicks.
11-1
lifli-2
1802-3
Thos. Eustace.
18034
Richd. Ferris,
1W4
1805-6
1HH
HUH 01
M
03 J. Langdon
1810-1 033 W. Welch.
1811-2 SB Joseph Hicks.
1812-3
18134 G. Turner.
1815-6 Q
1816-7 Geo. Ferris,
TABLE IX. TABLE X.
MAKER'S NAME.
YICT.
'
1837-8 W. R. Sobey.
J. Osmont.
QD Thos. Byne.
1840-1 69 J. Stone.
1841-2 Ramsey.
W..R. Sobey.
1842-3
1843-4
1844-5
1845-6
1846-7
? Williams.
1847-8
1848-9 m J. Stone.
1849-50 86@ W. R. Sobey.
1850-1
Osmont.
1851-2 QD J.
1858-3
1853-4 03 Isaac Parkin.
1854-5
1855-6
J. Stone.
1856-7
TABLE XL
CUTLE. , 4 MAKER'S NAME.
18578 J. Stone*
1858-9
1859-60
3
i860-! Name not traced.
1861-2 Jas. Williams.
1862-3
1863-4
1864-5
1865-6
1866-7
1867-8
1068-9 Henry Lake.
1869-70
1870-1
1871-2
1872-3
1873-4
1874-5
1875-6
1876-7
Marks on Exeter Plate
TABLE XII.
The communion plate at St. Matthew's abo\e-mentioned appears to have been some of the last
work assayed at Exeter, as the office was finally closed in 1883.
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF MARKS OF GOLDSMITHS

Impressed at Exeter, but not illustrated in the preceding tables.
CHAPTER VIII
Marks on Newcastle Plate

at Newcastle in 1248 and in the reign of Henry VI
Money was minted
(1423) it was ordained that Newcastle-upon-Tyne should have a "touch"
for marking silver plate was established
(assay office). A proper assay office
in 1702.
TABLE I.
TABLE II.
1658 John Wilkinson.
1664
1668
1670 John Dowthwaite.
1672
Wm. Ramsay.
1675
1680
1684
Eli. Bilton.
1685 Wm. Robinson.*

Richd. Hobbs.
John Langwith
1686-7 Eli Bilton. J'nath'n French.
Fr. Batty, jr.
1686-8 Wm, Robinson.

Nathl. Shaw.
1690
1692
Robt. Shrive.
1694
Eli Bilton. Fras. Batty, as

above.
James Kirkup
R. Mak< peace)
& F. Batty.
1695 Wm. Robinson.
1697 Thos. Hewitson.
1698
1698-9 Eli Bilton.
1700 The dates assigned in table I must be regarded as ap

proximate.
i John Ramsay.
1701 Eli Bilton.
126
Marks on Xevcastle Plate 127
MAKER'S NAME. I IMFAKDt DATE KiKZM MAKER'S NAMI.

XT KCAO ICTTCX. KIEL
CtOWNID.
Stephen Buckle.
Fras. Batty, jr. 17W-1 ames
1721-2 3 John Ramsay,
Kirkup.
W. Beilby & Anor.
jr.
1782-3 m BQ
Robt. Makepeace.
Jas. Kirkup.
17*12
Perhaps jno. Busfield
;saac
(of York.)
Cookson.
French. 17B-3
17234 G3 Jthn.
Thomas Stoddart.
William Paitia.
John Carnaby. 17434
1724-5
Thos. Partis.
Martin
1744-5
(probably).
1720-6 S3 Fras. Batty, jr.
Thomas Blackett
Wm. Whitfield. 1745-6
(probably).
1726-7
John Busfield Isaac Cookson.
of York. ? 1746-7
6EO.U.
Isaac Cookson. John Wilkinson
1727-8
Geo. Bulman. 1747-8 of Sheffield (probably).
1728-9
Wm. Whitfield.
Thos. ReidofYork.
Wm. Dalton. 1748-9
R. GiUson (of SundtfUnd).
Geo. Bulman.
Robert Makepeace.
1749-M
Thos. Partis II.
1730-1
Wm. Dalton. (ofSunderland).
William Balby.
I7M-1
Thos. Gamul ?
1731-2
l{8 Jon. French,
Thos. Makepeace.
1751-2
William Partis.
William Dalton.
1732-3
K0B John Busfield
of York. ?
1752-3 Perhaps John Barrett
(afSumterland).
1733-4
& Isaac Cookson.
1753-4
Isaac
Langlands
Cookson.
&
Thos. Partis.
1734-5 gjj) 1754-5
Goodriche.
Geo. Bulman. John Kirkup.

1735-6 1755-6
Wm. Partis.* John Langlands.

1736-7 1756-7
Isaac Cookson.*
1737-8 1757-8
Wm. Beilby&Co.^
O
1738-9 1758-9
Ralph Beilby.
Isaac Cookson.
173940 Robt. Makepeace. Note. The letter T is presumed. No doubt the shield was
identical with that of the other date letters.
*Possibly Wm. Prior.

128 Marks on Newcastle Plate
TABLE V. TABLE VI.
MAKER'S NAME.
'Cuomo HWD -
MAKER'S NAML.
1759-60 Samuel jane?.

I79I-2
B Langlands &}
Robertson, j
Saml, Thompson. 1792-3

Robert Scott.
John Barrett
'1793-4 Anth. Hedley.
of Sunderland.
Saml, James. Mary Ashwonh of Dui
Robt. Peat. G. Weddell.
Robertson &}
John Kirkup, 17956
Darling. |
John Fearny
of Sunderland, Thos.
1796-7
fffl Watson.
John Langland?.
(GH3 Robertson & Darling.
Geo. Laws &} ,
James Crawford. 1797-8 John Walker./

Chrstn. Reid.
John Jobson. 1798-9
Jas. Hethenngton,
I S3 John Robertson.
1799
Stalker & Mitchison, 1800
Sarah Crawfoid.
Hethenngton & Edwards 1800-1 John Langlands,

Francis Solomon of
Thos. Watson.
Whnehaven.
1801-2 Ann. Robertson.
Hethermgt-)n& Edwards,
James Hetherington David

1802-3 Darling.
David Crawford. Chrstn. K.Reid &\
& David Reid.
Langlands ^ J
Kobertson. 1^03.4 Alexr.
j Kelty.
David Crawford,
1804-5 John Langlands,
Pinkney & Scott.
1805-6 George Murray,

Langlands & }
Robertson (as below)./
1806-7 Thos. Watson.
John Stoddart.
Ben. Dryden.
John Stoddart.
Darling & Bell.

Pinkney & Scott.
John Mitchison. iSog-io John Langlands/t
Thos. Watson.
1810-1
Drthy. Langlands.
Name not traced.
Robertson &}
Larglands & 1811-2
Walton. /
Robertson.
Chrstn. Reid. Robert Pinkney.
1812-3
Name not traced.
& Scott.
Chrstn. Ker Reid,
Pinkney
1813-4 David Reid, &
Chrstn. Bruce Reid
John Mitchison.
1814.5 John Walton.
*
1793-4 QD GEES) Maker, M. Miller. fProbably used by the son of John Langlands after his
father's death.
1805-6 flfg Q UJI CD Q Maker, Alexander Cameron,

Marks on Newcastle Plate 129
TABLE VII.
See supplementary List of Makers* Marks on p. 131.

130 Marks on Newcastle Plate
TABLES VIII. AND IX,
SIX STAMPS AS BELOW. LEOPARD'S HEAD UNCROWNED FROM 1846.
1850-? a/ David Reid. Marrow scoop: Mr. A. J. Grimes.
1869-70
Q C. J. Reid. Pair of salt-spoons
& Sons.
: Messrs. Reid
* In
some cases the leopard's fcead has teen found witb-a crown.
Marks on Xe ^ castle 1 '
Plate ? I
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF MARKS OF GOLDSMITHS.

Impressed at Newcastle from c. i^-rc to c. i-v?:;, but not illustrated in the preceding tables.
Name not traced. Lister & Sons.

John Miller.
HE Cuthbert Dins-
dale.
Mr. Bartlett ?
am John Brown.
Geo. Sam. Lewis.
CTft
Samuel Jones. M. Young & Sons.
Simeon Joel.
Peter James. Wm, Sherwin.
John Cook.
James Dinsdale.
Name not traced,
R. Duncan
Name not traced. ofCarKsle.
( F. Somerville or
Summerville, Sen., Joseph and Israel
[ Chrstn, J. Reid. Jacobs,
land F. S, Jrnir.
Peter Beatch. Robert James Foster.
Rippon.
Name not traced.

Wm. and Jno.
John Sutler. Wilson.
Tho. Ross of
John Carlisle ?
A. Y. TaJbot of
RB3 Robt Wilson.
David Reid. Crook, Darlington.
& Bell. WOT. Bnxton of Tbos. Sewill.

Darling
Bishop Auckland.
Tios. Hunt* Name not traced.
I
John Deas?
ingdon. \
Hugh Brechin-i
Robt. Oswald
ridge. of Durham, "-s
Peter Lambert of
Oliver Youngs.
Berwick.
Chrstn. K. Reid & Cook.
David Reid. John
Alexi. Cameron of W. Wilson & Sons.

Dundee.
L. Pedrine of Car
John Robertson. lisle.
Alder & Sons of

Blyth.
CHAPTER IX
Marks on Chester Plate
The Chester Assay Office was established in 1687, though a guild of silver
smiths existed as early as 1573. The assay office was suspended in 1696 but
re-established in 1701. It still functions.
TABLE I.
MAKER'S MARK, TOWN MARK

AND DATE-LETTER. MAKER'S NAM&
George Oulton.
c. 1683 Ralph Walley,
Nathanl. Sullen.
c. 1685
1686-90 Alexand'r Pulford.
Peter Edwards.
Ralph Walley.
1690-2
Peter Pemberton.
c. 1692
1692-4
1695- Name not traced.

1700
1695 JD
1696 f
1697 JF
132
Marks on Chester Plate I V
TABLE II.
^716-7
J^% Mark on small cup at Llanerchymedd ; possibly the mark of a Richardson widow.
* Also water-bailiff's
oar, dated 1726, badge of jurisdiction oyer.tfee river: Beautnaris,
TABLE III.
I
Variant of date-letter for- 1749-50: Assay Office Plate; and
tumbler Mr, Lowe.
:
TABLE IV. TABLE V.
PUUIT.
,
unic, ui MAKER'S NAME.
1751-* Q Richd Richardson.

IWW
1752-3 M Richd. Richardson.
George Walker.
I75V4 9
fllM E3D Richd. Richardson.
1754-5
1755-6 9 Joseph Walley.
1756-7
1757-8 a 1781-2 OS George Walker.
tnu
(9
1759-60 Icri John Adaroson.
QBO. III.
or Richd. Richardson.
1760-1
nn
1761-2 Lori Clifton or
09 J.
James Conway, /
\
17623 (D T. Pterpoiat.
(D
Robt Boalger,
1764-5
(D John Gilbert.
17JS-9
1765-6 Q Robert Jooet.
Wm. Hull
1766-7
Qort
Wm. Tarlton.*
1767-8
m
1768-9 HIM m James Barton.
1769-70
Boltoo &
giIlBirm.
Pother-
m m E. Haddock.
1771.2 01 Joseph WaUej. & Tbos. AppLiby,
Geo. Walker.
1773
J(James
Dixonor Thos, HHsby.
{ -
Duke.
1774 J3 m aa Thoa.
Morrow.^
1775 8 Geo; Walker.

mi OSS John Adamioa
X77S-* B
Another example of date-letter for this
year:
John Hewitt*
1755-6 Q Assay Office Plate. Also on a sugar basin (with
mark of Joseph Walley): The Goldsmiths* Co,
1.36 Marks on Chester Plate
TABLE VI.
six STAMPS AS BELOW.
TABLE VII.
138 Marks on Chester Plate
TABLE VIII.
139
TABLE IX. TABLE X.

FIVE STAMPS AS BELOW. FIVE STAMPS TILL
1890,
FOUR AFTERWARD.
JSSL MAKER*S NAME feffi'n. SK ,
can Wm. Dodge. 18U-S
John Richards. 1885-6
mi Saml. Ward, Man

chester.
1886-7
IBM Geo, Lowe, jnnr.

1887-8
HT Henry Tarlton,
flM 68 Liverpool W.T
1888-9
W.Roskell,Liv.
pool Q
S.Q S. Qollliam.
03
Geo. Roberts.
1891-2
(D ra
1872-3 RobtOver.
1873-4 Thos. Russell
1893-4 (33
fioph Green.
Samuel & Rogers. 1M4

I8I5-I
1HU I.* Crulckshank.
(JIM Qoilliam.
mi C93
mi Geo. F. Wiight,
LiverpooL
4897*8
oseph Knight, 1898-9

Birmingham.
T. Power & Son,

HUM Liverpool.
N Benge Nathan.
IW-l
Wm. Smith, Liver tow.ni

OH pool
A. Rogers, Liver
18J4 pool
140 Marks on Chester Plate
TABLE XL
FOUR STAMPS, WITH MAKER'S MARK.
CHAPTER X
Marks on Birmingham Plate
The Birmingham Assay Office was established in 1773.
TABLE I.
FOUR STAMPS UNTIL 1784, THENCEFORWARD FIVE, AS BELOW.
* The King's head is found in stamps both of oval and indented outline for the year 1797-8, and in
ic instances the King's head mark is stamped twice.
141
Marks on Birmingham Plate
TABLE II.
On plate of 1801 to 1811 the King's head mark is frequently found in a stamp of oval shape, and
on plate of 1812 to 1825 it is sometimes found in a foliated stamp as shown at 1797-8 and 1809-10.
Marks on Birmingham
o Plate 143
TABLE III.
1824-5
T. Pemberton & Son. Salt-spoons: B'm. Assay Office.
j
Charles Jones. Sugar-tongs: Do. do.
1825-6
Ledsam.Vale&Wheeler ,|
Snuff-box: Messrs. Spink.
Thomas Shaw. Do. : Mr. John Fullerton.
John Lawrence & Co. Do. : The Author's Coll'n.
*
Nathaniel Mills. Do. : B'm'ham Assay Office.
Unite and Milliard Caddy spoon : Do. do.
18274
EEJ M. Boulton & Plate Co. Taper-stand : Do. do.
^Joseph Willmore. Snuff-box: The Author's ColPn.
Edward Thomason. Cake-basket : M's'rs. Smith & RaJt.
William Fowke. Table-spoon : B'm'ham Assay Off.
John Bettridge. Snuff-box : Do. do.
Ledsam,Vale & Wheeler. Wine-labels : Do. do.
WM.IV.
Thos. Ryland & Sons. Pair of spurs : Do. do.
\w-\
CTI^ M. Boulton & Plate Co, Cake-basket : Do. do.
1831-2
Joseph Willmore. Handles of knife and fork :
Birmingham Assay Office.

1832-3
Silver-gilt -knife, fork, .and spoon :
Birmingham Assay Office.

18334
Edward Smith. Snuff-box : Messrs. Spink.
Vale & Ratheram. Watch-case": B'm'ham Assay Off.
Taylor & Perry. Caddy-spoon: Do. do.
1834-5
William Phillips. Snuff-box : Mr. Bruford.
1835-fl Gervase Wheeler. Vinaigrette : Mr. G. Lowe.
1836-7
Francis Clark. Snuff-box : The Author's Coll'n.
Joseph Jennens & Co. Baron's coronet : Messrs. Crichton.
flCT.
1837-8
Thomas Spicer. Watch-case : B'm'ham Assay Off.
Robinson, Edkins & Aston. Stan dish ; Do* do.
fgm George Unite. Wine labels: Do. do.
'1838-9
Nathaniel Mills. Snuff-box : Do. do.
1839-40
Neville & Ryland ? Do. Do. do.
1840-1 Do. : B'm'ham Assay Office.
1841-2 From Birmingham Assay Office

Records.
Robinson, Edkins & Hand candlestick: Messrs. M. &
1842-3 [339 Astonj S. Lyon.
Edward Smith. Snuff-box: Messrs. Spink.

18434
1844-5 Nathaniel Mills. Do. : BWham Assay Office.
1845-& Wrrf. & Ed. Turnpenny. Oval strainer : Mr. Peters.
Yapp & Woodward. Apple scoop : B'm'ham Assay Off.

1846-7 Nathaniel Mills. Snuff-box : Do. do.
1847-8 Vinaigrette : Messrs. Spink.
From Birmingham Assay Office

Records.
*
On plate of the early part of 1838-9 the head of King William is sometimes found stamped,
although Queen Victoria succeeded to the throne in 1837.
144 Marks on Birmingham Plate
TABLE IV.
Marks on Birmingham Plate 145
TABLE V. TABLE VI.
1875-6
TÔO-I
019
1901-2
1875-7
1902-3
HIM
1878-9
I903-4
1904-5
iHMI
1905-6
ittti
1906-7
1007-8
GOOD
11334 1908-9
iSSW 1909-10
I9IO-I
1S&*
1SS8-T
I9I2-3
187-S
1913-4
I9I4-5
I9I5-6
I9I6-7
I9I7-8
Q
1918-9
11934
1919-20
(93
I920-I
QB
I92I.2
0KB
1922-3
923-4
1924-5
The Birmingham Assay Office will not disclose the names of silversmiths registered after 1850.
The twenty-year cycle for Birmingham commencing with 1925-6 and continuing to 1945-6 is distin
guished by date letters in Roman capitals,

in a shield resembling that for London, 1875-6*
146 Marks on Birmingham Plate
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF ADDITIONAL MARKS OF

GOLDSMITHS.
Impressed at Birmingham, not illustrated in the preceding tables.
HALL MARKS ON BIRMINGHAM GOLD WARES

THE MARKS HERE GIVEN ARE FOR. THE SEVERAL CLASSES OF GOLD WARES
ASSAYED AT BIRMINGHAM.
22 Carat
18 f n ft
The date-letter for 1920-
(5
is a small Roman V
as here illustrated.
t> *
CHAPTER XI
Marks on Sheffield Silver

The Sheffield Assay Office was established in 1773.
TABLE I. TABLE II.
, MAKEP'S N^MF.
Rich'd. Morton A Co.

S. Roberts & Co. John Lo'.e & Co. |
1803
Mat'u-. Femon & Co.
'
John Green & Co.
1SOO-1 Geo. Ashforth&Co.j

1774-5
Geo. Ashforth & Co. ',
Green & Co.

John j
1775-6 John Winter & Co. 1801-8

Thos." Watson & Co.
1776-7 Wm. Damant,
1802-3 Thos. & Danl. Leader.'
Tudor and Leader. Richd. Morton & CoJ
1777-S
Fenton Cicswick & Co.
18034 Nathan Smith & Co.
1778-f
o John Smith ? }
Jas. EIHs*& Co.
1729-80
Alexr. Goodman & Co.
1780-1 Nath'l. Smith & Co. J. T. Younge & Co.
FentonCreswick&Co. 1
1W-S W. Tucker & Co.
1RU John W inter & Co.

r
Thos. Blagden&Co.
Danl. Holy & Co.
mw John Parsons & Co. John Roberts & Co.
178W i 181J-1
Geo. Eadon & Co.
1785-6 Richd, Morton & Co. John Roberts & Co.,
lill-2 as 1809-10 above.
1786-7 John Parsons & Co.
1W4 Smith, Tate & Co.
(Nicholson Sc,
Holt).
1787-8 It IT
(813-i Kirkby, Waterhouse
&Co.
1788-9 John Younge & Sons.
W14-J
QQ John Law
1789-90 R. Sutdiffe &
Co. (?) 1815-5 J. Ellis & Co. (?)

1816-f John Watson.
1791-2 John Younge & Sons.
1817-8
John and Thos. Settle.
1818-5 S. C. Younge & Co.
1793-4 Thos. Law.
Thos. and Jas.Creswick
Water-house
1794-5 John Green & Co, Kirkby,
&Co.
fohn Yoange&Sons,
G. Coopr & Co.
as above. Smith, Tate, Hoult &
1796-7 Geo. Eadon & Co. Tate.
1821-2 ED Joseph Law

iffl-S
T. Law.
Saml. Roberts, jr.
\ John Green & Co.
17J84 Geo. Cadman & Co./
Wm. Briggs.
*
f $ See notes on p. 150.
148 Marks on Sheffield
Silver
MAKER'S NAME.
S. C.
Younge & Co.
Wro. Blackwell & Co,
Waterhouse, Hodson &

1825-6
i Co.
Battle, Howard & \
Hawltsworth. /
T. J. & N. Creswick.
1821-8
Howard &
1828-3 ,
@ Battle,
Hawksworth.
\
J
John Settle & Henry \
182330 Williamson. J
T.J.&N. Creswick.
1831-2 ,. Jas. Burtury,
Stafford & Newton.

1832-3.
@ Atlcra & Oxley,
T.J.&N, Creswick.
Wm, Allanson & Co.
Waterhouse, Hodson &

Co.
Howard & Hawksworth.
w.
m Hy. Wilkinson & Co.
1838-9
1839-4) Q Samuel Harwood.
1840-1 Q3
1M14 ..
Q
Hawksworth, Eyre &
Co.
Q
*Addidonal examples for the year 1826-7:
Makers' mark of J. Nowill

,,W. Nowiil.
w )
T. Rodgers.
*H E9 Q.8D A further
example of the marks for
1844-5. Candlesticks: Windsor Castle.
Makers' mark of W. Allanson & Co.

Marks on
Sheffield Silver 149
TABLE V.
TABLE VI.
150 Marks on Sheffield Silver
TABLE VII.
FOUR STAMPS AS BELOW.
1918-9 Thos. Bradbury & Various articles of plate.

Sons.
1919-20 W Walker & Hall. Do. do. do.
19 Do. do. do.

1920-1
Notes for p. 147.
1779-80 John Younge & Co. Pierced cruet: Mr. H. D. Ellis.
179^-7 Makers' mark of Henry Tudor & Thos. Leader.
*From 1780 to 1853 the crown was often impressed in the same stamp with the date letter.
|The King's head for this year is an oval stamp.
Ji8n-ia. C3(r)0QQD The outline of the King's head stamp has varied in the same year, being oval
in some cases and indented in others. The marks here illustrated are very small, and occur on dessert knives and
forks: Messrs. Crichton.
Marks on Sheffield Siker
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF MARKS OF GOLDSMITHS

Impressed at Sheffield, not illustrated in the preceding table*, from i"""3 to IQCN.
A. Hadficld.
W. Hancock & 1784 > iT, Fox & Co.
jj. Rowbotharn.
;
C Hammond & Cc
IP. Spnrr,
i
W. Birks & Co. 1825
'
R. Gainsford.
W. Jervis.
Hardesty
JG.
T. Law. R. Sporfe.
1829 I J Dixon & Son.
J. Bailey. |
1833 J Mappin Si Son.

J
W, Birks & Co.

M. Fenton & Co 1836
:
Kitchen & Walker
J. Rowbotham '
Lee A MiddJeton.
? Luke, Proctor '
Littlewood.
1792 &Co.
J.
Walker, Knowles
G. Ashforth& &Co.
1796
Co. Waterhouse & Co
Name not triced.
1797 C. Proctor. 1844 Badger Worrali &

John Kay & Co. Co.
E. Goodwin. Roberts & Slater.
J. Nowill.
W.Nowifl.
03 J. Creswick.
|i 1847 I
Padley, Parkins
***"/, &
Co.
OE3 J. Mappm. Mark of Henry'
Tudor & Co.
I
J. & N, Creswick.
W.Marsden&Co/ 1798 Goodman, Gains* i
, ford & Co.

ji
W. & H. Stratford.
S. Roberts. S. Kirkby&Co.
1857 Fenton & Anderton
J. Rowbotham 1799 R. Jewesson.
.
&Co.
R. Kippax. 1801 T. Poynton.
W. Hutton.
J. Mappin& Co, l8 4 Name not traced. W. & G. Sissoas.
T. Hoyland. Stanifortn.
1776 * J. 1859 Mappin Bros.
ID J. Tibbitts.
1807 W. Tucker & Co. Elkington Mason &
Co.
J. Hoyland & 1808 J. Watson. W W. Harrison.
Co.
BBiTl
1810 G.Wostenholme Walker & HalL
1863
iSzz Staniforth & LevesJty Bros,
S. Warborton. Co.
1778 1864 & Webb.
Mappia
R. Gainsford,
D. Holy.
1866 W, & M. Dodge.
1813 Rogers.
1779 Madin&Trickett
1867 J. Slater & Soo.
1817 R. Gainsford.
1780
Young, Greares
& Hoyland. Levesley Bros,
1818 B. Rooke & Son.
i
N. Smith & Co.
W. Wrangham 1869 A. Beardshaw.

1781 J. Dewsaap.
T. J. & N. Cres
wick,
S.
1783
Kirkby. Name not traced
T. 4 J. Settle.
CHAPTER XII
Marks on Lincoln Plate

TABLE I.
FROM ABOUT 1560 TO ABOUT 1650.

(THE DATES ARE APPROXIMATE EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT THE INSCRIBED DATES
MAY BE RELIED ON.)
152
Marks on Lincoln Plate 153
TABLE II.
FROM ABOUT l6sG TO ABOUT 1706.

THE BATES ARE APPROXIMATE EXCEPT TO THE EXTENTT THAT THE
INSCRIBED DATES
MAY BE RELIED OX;.
DATE. \
(ABOUT \ j
1640-50 i
0* !
Communion cup : St. Margaret's, Ipswich.
Do. do. : Noted by Mr. J. H. Walter.
Seal-top spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
Do. do. : Mr. H. D. Ellis.
1642
t3 I*
*
(Timothy Skottowe ?)
f Beaker :
Beaker ; Mr, Wro, Minet, F.S.A.
Mr. A. D. George.
1650 '* M m'1J Mo*
*
found is Norwich submitted by Mr.
pnntan spoon S. Ken. Mascani. ;
:
J. H. Walter.
I Tankard; The Goldsmiths & Silversmiths it Co.
Mark stamped thrice on Com. cup : WherwelJ, Hants.
,, ,, plain flat-stemmed spoon: Messrs.

1650-6
Christie.
*
1660 Puritan spoons: Mercers* Company, and S. Kensington
Museum*
Do. do. : The Author's Collection.
Triad ipoon, dated 1686 : Mr, A. W. Stone.
1690 Trifid spoon, pricked i6gj : South Kensington Museum.
1
Rat-tail spoon, flat stem : Goldsmiths Company, London.
Do, do,, pricked 1690 : Mr. E. W, Colt.
Communion patefnlnacribed " Given to the Holy Trinity Church,

1706
t S3 Goodramgate,X7o6": Holy Trinity Church. Goodramgate,
York.
CHAPTER XIII
Marks of the Minor English Guilds
HULL
DATE.
K'S NAMB,
1580
Peter Carlille,
1587
James CarliUe.
X62X
*
Robt. Robinson.
*635
1638
Chn Watsou.
1651
James Birkby.
X666
Hdwd. Mangie \
or Mangy. /
1666-70
Name* not traced.
1676-80
>t
Edwd. Mangle -k
or Mangy. )
1680-97
Kath. Mangy.
BE)
Edwd, Mangy.
1689 Hebde.i.
ITbos.
1690-7
-+^fr Kath. Mangy..
1697
i .
1706
Abm. Barachin,
1 1670 fffff Date-letter on porringer Messrs. Gilder &

:
Son.
154
EXAMPLES OF ROCHESTER MARKS.

ARTICLES AND OWNERS.
1560 , Elizabethan communion cup ; Snave Church, Kent.
Mark stamped in bowl, and thrice on stem of seal-top spoon : Mr.

c. 1640 H. D. Ellis.
;
EXAMPLES OF LEWES MARKS
c.
On stems of seal-top spoons: Mr. H. D. Ellis, and Mr.
1590 .
f H. Walter. The town mark alone is stamped once
in the bowl of each spoon.
Seal-top spoon, engraved on the seal end with the date 1637,
c. 1637 and the initials D. A. and D. C. : Mr. J. E. Couchman,
Hurst- Pierpoint.
EXAMPLES OF LEICESTER MARKS.

ARTICLES AND OWKERS.
" " Mr. E. W. Colt

Spoon, with Dyamond point at end of stem
:
1540
Maidenhead spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
Seal-top spoon : Mr. H. D. Ellis. The same mark, with the addition
l600 of L.R. in monogram, on a seal-top spoon : Mr. Letts.
Seal-top spoon : Mr. H, D. Eilis.
1575 Communion cups: Thurnby, Welham, and 15 other Churches m

to
Leicestershire.
1600
Seal-top spoon, pricked 1631 : Mr. H. D. Ellis.

1630
Do. do. : Messrs. Christie.

i
S6 Marks of the Minor English Guilds
EXAMPLES OF SHREWSBURY MARKS.

(THE DATES ARE, OF COURSE, APPROXIMATE.)
EXAMPLES OF KING'S LYNN MARKS.
EXAMPLES OF TAUNTON MARKS.

DATE
(ABOUT).
1645 Apostle spoons : Mr. E. W. Colt and Dunn-Gardner Collection.
Do. do. : Mr. Crichton.
Do. do. : Mr. S. Phillips.
1660 Mr. .A. Trapnell.

Sal-top spoon :
1676-82 /Paten, dated 1676: Wooton Courtney," Somerset.

\ Spoon, flat stem, foliated end, pricked " 1682 : -South Kensington Museum.-
1689 Apostle spoon, engraved 1689 : Messrs. Crichton*

EXAMPLES OF SHERBORXE MARKS

ARTICLE SA.VD OWNERS-
Mark of Richard Orenge /Communion capand paten cover (dated 1574.) GUhngbam; :
,
\
and much other chnrch-plate in Dorset; also on an
(probably). j I.
apc:le spoon (St. Matthew) noted by the Author.
Marks of Richard Orenge.

o Communion cup of
Sherborne.
1603 :
Charlton-Horethorne,
EXAMPLES OF POOLE MARKS

c. 1540 In bowls of maidenhead Messrs. Crichton.

spoon :
Seal -top spoon : Messrs. Crichtoo,

]
c. 1560
Apostle spoon (St. Paul)
c. 1580
Apostle spoon (St. Mathias) : Mr. F. W. Kell.
*1 Sir E. Marshall Hall, K.C.

Seal-top spoon :
c. 1620 spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.

Do. do. : Holburne Museum, Bath.
{Apostle
Do. do., and seal-top spoon ; Sir E. Marshall Hall, K.C.
EXAMPLES OF SALISBURY MARKS.

158 Marks of the Minor English Guilds
SEALS OF THE BOROUGH OF BARNSTAPLE
BARNSTAPLE MARKS.
Marks of the Minor English Guilds 159
EXAMPLES OF PLYMOUTH MARKS.

ARTICLES AN'D OWNERS,
c. 1600 In bowls of two spoons with Vishnu, knops : Noted by the Author.
: Dr. Wilfred Harris.
!
Apostle spoon
1690-5 Spoon, flat stem, trifid end : Messrs. Crichton.
1695-9
Spoon, flat stem, foliated end, embossed ornamentation, dated 1600 :
Mr. J. H. Walter.
,
Spirally fluted mug, riband handle : Mr. J. H. Walter.
!
Flat stem spoon, with trifid end, pricked 1694 : Messrs. Page, Keen,
c. 1694 and Page, Plymouth.
I6g8 The "Eddystone Lighthouse*' salt belonging to Miss Rous, of

Cwrt-yr-Ala, Glam.
to
I70O i Flat-top tankard: Mr. Crichton.
EXAMPLES OF BRISTOL MARKS.
c. 1730 Straining spoon :

Temple Church, Bristol.
c. 173* Milk-jug : Mr. Crichton.
Reeded-edged gravy spoon, wifh oval (not pointed)

c. 1780-90 bowl and pointed oval end to stem: Noted by
the Author.
EXAMPLE OF COLCHESTER MARKS.

i6o Marks of the Minor English Guilds
EXAMPLES OF TRURO MARKS.
EXAMPLES OF DEVON AND CORNWALL LOCAL MAKERS'

MARKS.
DEVON AND CORNWALL LOCAL MAKERS' MARKS (continued).
DATE.
(ABOUT).
c. 160030 .
| Stamped twice on communion cup : St. Erth, Cornwall
Communion cup and paten : St. Eval, Cornwall.

j
,
Paten : St. Hilary, Cornwall. The larger mark is on
|
the flat part of paten, and the smaller mark on foot.
{
Paten :
Kenwyn, Cornwall.
Spirally-fluted porringer :
Gerrans, Cornwall.
j
Embossed spoon, flat stem, trifid end : Mr. J. H. Walter.

j
i6io Com. cup and paten : North Hill Church, Cornwall.
1610-50 Do. do. do. cover

i :
Treaeglos, Cornwall.
1630 I f Do. do. :

Liskeard, Cornwall.
\Apostle spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
1641 Com. cup and paten, dated 1641 : St. Ives, Cornwall.
1650 f Do. do. do. do. cover : St. Wenn.

1700 \Do. do. : St. Erwun, Cornwall.
1675 Paten (inscribed " Mr. Abraham Heimanof this towne

:
gave this plate to the Church in the year '7*: ")''

Bideford.
^
1680-5 Spoon, flat stem, trifid end, pricked 1684 : Mr. H.
J.
GJJ Walter.
ID conjoined, stamped thrice on paten : West Putford,

Devon.
Communion cup and paten, dated 1695 \ also on flagon,

dated 1713 : Paul Church, Cornwall.
Struck thrice on beaker: St. Ervan, Cornwall
The R H stamped thnce, the B once, on com. plate with engraved

1700
B date 1701 : Mevagissey, Cornwall. Probably mark of Richard
Holm of Truro, who registered his mark at Exeter in 1704. The
B may indicate Britannia standard.
ProbaHy mark of Richard PKnt of Truro. Com. paten (dated 1710)

1715 St. Enoder Also com. cup and pmten (dated 1728) . St. Clement,
Truro.
162 Marks of the Minor English Guilds
EXAMPLE OF GATESHEAD MARKS.
On a tankard and a " Ex dono

c. 1680 mug inscribed XXX. 1
Sir Robert Mowbray, Bart.
EXAMPLES OF CARLISLE MARKS.

(THE DATES ARE APPROXIMATE.)
EXAMPLES OF LEEDS MARKS.

1650 Communion cup AJmondbury,:

Yorks, and other Yorkshire plate.
TO
1702 Paten, dated 1702 :
Harewood, Yorks and other Yorkshire
; plate.
The TS in monogram mark stamped thrice on communion cup :
Darrington, Yorks.
I660 Maker perhaps R. Williamson of York. Maker's mark struck
once,
the fleece twice, on flat-topped tankard :
Judge A. Clearwater,
New York.
1680 Trifid spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
Do. do. made by Arthur Mangey (see above): Mr. H.

1090 J.
Walter.
Beaker : Mr. D. T. Davis.

THE CHANNEL ISLANDS, CALCUTTA AND JAMAICA.

The preceding pages contain all the known place marks used
in Great Britain except those employed in the Channel Islands.
In Guernsey, 1690-1730 a silversmith stamped his wares with GH
surmounted by what resembles an eye, fringed above, a harp
lying on its side, and the letter R (old English) in a shield. The
other marks, they are very few, are initials only, and do not, in
the absence of especial knowledge, enable one definitely to assign
them. An exception mark of T.DG over the letters J. LG,
is the
which w e know was a mark used on the Isle of Jersey circa 1830.
r
The British firms of Pillar & Co. and Hamilton & Co. made
silver in Calcutta in the first two decades of the last century.
The former's mark was a date letter A similar to that for London,
17967, a lion passant, and the letter P over & Co. Hamilton
& Co. identified their products with an elephant in an oval
shield, a covered ewer with handles, the letters "H & Co." in a
square block, and the letter A in a pyramid. This description

will enable the reader to dispense with illustrations.
One piece of silver is have come from Jamaica, W. I.

known to
It is marked with a leopard's head crowned, in a plain shield,
concave at top, J. EWAN
in a rectangle, and a lion passant in
a shield straight at the top and rounded at the sides and base.
CHAPTER XIV
Unascribed British Marks
The place and time of origin of the examples upon which the following
marks have been found cannot be determined accurately.
DATE DATE
DATE MARKS. (ABOUT).
ABOUT).
(ABOUT).
1590
1570-7
1500
HOD
j
N0G
1510
I57O-8O
1520 Q3
1530 If
1550 1576
1580
D
1560
1570 1590
<D
157
Unascribed British Marks 16;
DATE
(ABOUT).
!
<
1630-5
1600 1620
1623
1625
1600-50 j
1630
!
1609 !
1610 J 1637
o 1638
1646
m
1620
1630-5
i66 Unascribed British Marks
DATE DATE
DATH |
(ABOUT). ,BOUT).
1640
1650
1677
1658
1660
1640-8
1680
1640-50
4K+
1650
1660-70
I66 7
1670
1670-4
'-674
Unascriled British Marks
I^TE
(M2</vTj.
z
1680 15
1650
1700-5
1700-40
1702
1706-9
1710
1720-5
1720-30
1725-30
1682
1690-9
1684-5 i
1693 1730
i68 Unascribed British Marks
DATE MARKS.
{ABOUT).
1730
1730-4
1730-40
1740
1750
1750-60
c, 1760
CHAPTER XV
Marks on Edinburgh Plate
& & ^HERE were no marks struck on Scotch silver before
4* J[ 1457. In that year a statute was enacted which required
4*
4* 4" <& the maker and the deacon of the guild to affix their
marks to each piece before it was offered for sale. The records, of
Edinburgh at least, have been so well preserved that it is possible

to place each piece of silver made subsequent to that year within
a period limited by the working life of the silversmith or the
incumbency of the deacon. In 1681, the Edinburgh Goldsmiths'

Incorporation adopted a variable annual date letter, abolished
the office of deacon and substituted an assay master whose mark
fixed his responsibility for each piece struck. In 1759, the use of
the thistle as an assay master's mark took the place of the ini
tials which the

assay master had used up to that time.
The "Britannia Standard" act of William and Mary was not
applied to Scotland and the practice of making silver of the higher
standard never prevailed in the northern province.
In 1836 a British statute designated the thistle as the sterling
mark and the castle as the guild mark for Edinburgh.
169
170 Marks on Edinburgh Plate
The date of the workman's admission to

in
parentheses indicates the year
the guild.
TABLE I. TABLE II.
TOW" TOWN
DATE, i
MAKER'S NAME. '
HftRK DATE. MAKER'S NAME. MARK.

CMTLf CASTLE.
Adm.
1552.62 Alex. Auchinleck
Scott
I563-4 Henry Thompsone 1640-2

I
Thos, Clyghorne
(1561) (1606)
j
c. 1570 (Mark indistinct.)

1642 Patrick Borthwick
!
(1642^
1576 Adam Crazge
1643 Jon Scott (1621)
1585-6 John Mosman

Nicoll Trotter
(1575)
(1635)
1590-1 Adam Allane, jr.
(1589) 1644-6 j George Cleghorne

(1641)
1591-2 James Craufuird
Andro Denneistoun
(1636)
1591-4 David Gilbert
Thos. Clyghorne
(1590)
(1606)
1> James Craufuird .Myln or
1644
(John
Jas. McAulay
1596
1600
Hugh Lindsay 1649 Andro Burrell (1642)
(1587)
1609-10 Gilbert Kirkwood Peter Neilsone

1648-57
(1609)
(1647)
1611-3 Robert Denncistoun
1650 Thos. Scott (1649)
(1597)
11 George Craufuird, jr. 1651-9 Robert Gibsoune

(1606) (1627)
1617-9 Do. do.
1657 John Wardlaw
i
(1642)
1
1660 Edwd* Cleghorne
John Lindsay
(1605) (1649)
George Robertsone 1665-7 Wm. Law (1662)

(1616)
Thos. Thompson Andrew Law (c. 1665)
(1617)
c. 1617 Hew. Anderson 1665 Alexr. Reid
1613-21 Gilbert Kirkwood 1669-75 Alexr. Scott (1649)

(1609)
1616-35 George Robertsone 1674 James Cockburne
(1616) (1669)
1633 Adame Lamb (1619) 1663-81 Alexr. Scott (1649
Thos. Kirkwood 1675-7 George Holland

(i63
j (1675
I
1633 (?) j
(Mark indistinct.) 1677 Alexr. Reid (3rd)
J
I
(1677)
Marks on Edinburgh Plate 171
MAKER'S NAME.
'
Tgg? J f MAKER'S NAME.

;
Adm. A<Jst.
Alexr. Reid Patrick Murray (1701)

(1660)! 1705-6
Edwd. !
James Tait (1704)

!
Cleghorne !
Andrew Law {
(i649)j
c . 1665);
Walter Scott (1701) m 1706-7
1682-3 Ged '
[Wm. {1706^
9
i
Wm. Law (1663)1 1707-8

Penman, jr.
\
i
Thos. Yorstoim
(1673);
1
!
Jjohn
Harry Beathune
(J703!
W 03 1708-9
j John Lawe |
1684-5 1
John Seatoune ,
ITCT 1709-10
i
(I6 (1688)'
i James Penman 1x685-6
1 James Mitchellsone flffi
1710-1
! !
(1706);
Do. do.
1
1686-7 i Patrick Turnbull 1711-3

(1689) (jff
James Cockburne Robert Ker I7I2-3

!
1687-3 1
!
(^705)
QJ
(1669);
Robert Inglis
George 80011(1677) (1686)' (g>
j 1688-9 j
1 WM.& 1
Wm. v. Mungo Yorstoun (>

Scott (1686) i
!
'1689-90!
James Cockburne
Thos. Ker (1694) V I7I5-6
(1669) Harry Beathune (1704)!
Robert Bruce
(1687)
i
1691-2
John
Chas.
Seatoun
Dickson
(1685)'
(as 1721);
I I7I6-7
I7I7-S
Chas. Bfair (15
Robert Inglis
1692-3
(1686) Wm. Ure (1715) S3 53
James Sympsone 1693.4
James Miithcllsoiie (1706)) I7I8-9
(1687)
Geo. Yorstoune 1694-5 Mungo Yorstoun O/oz;;
1719-^0
(1684) WU. III.
Alexr. Sympsone (17101:
Alexr. Forbes
Jas. Inglis (1720)! ffil
(1692)
James Sympsone ?
1696-7
David Mitchell (1700)
(1687)
Chas. Dickson (1719) I72I-2
(Not identified}. 1697-8
James Clarke (1710)
1722-3
Thos. Ker (1694) Cclin Campbell (1714)
1698-9
Kcn'th McKenzie (1714)
1723-4
1699
Alexr. Kincaid Chas. Blair (1707)
1700
(1692) Alexr. Edmonstoune I724-5
Colin McKenzie 1700-1 (1721)
Archd. Ure (1715) 1725-6
(1695)
Geo. Scott, jr. 1701-2
(1697) AN HE, James Taitt (1704)
C3 1726-7
GEO. II.
Mungo Yorstoun 1702-3

Harry Beathune (1704) 1727-8
(1702)
Thos. Cleghorne
(1689)
1703-4 Patrick Graeme (1725) a 1728-9
James Syinpson 1704-5 Wm. Aytoun (1718)

Patrick Murray Wm. Jameson (1729)
(1701)
James Cockburne ^682-3 Colin Campbell
James Penman,
as 1685
JupwKer
Colin -McKenzie, '697-S
tboi. MitchcU
as 1700-1
TABLE V. TABLE VL
MAKER'S XAMB. DATE.
MAKER'S NAME.
James Anderson (1729) I730-I

Ker & Dempster.
Hugh Gordon (1727) I73J.2 /
Rbt. Gordon (r
George Forbes (1731) 1732-3
j
Wm. Taylor (1753

John Main (1729 1733-4 Clark
John (1751
Lothian & Robertson.
Edw'rd Lothian {1731 1734-5
James Welsh (1746
(afterwards Lord Rollo).

m 1735-6
James Gilsland (
J 74S
Hugh Penman (1734 1736-7

Alexr. Aitchison (1746 OB)
Jas. Somervail (1754
Alexander Farquharson (1734)
om 1737-8
John
Wm.
Robertson (1758
m\
James
Dougal Ged
Ker (1723] ml ,.
1738-9
Dempster (1742
(1734] m}
James Ker (1723)
0737)
m - 1739.40
John
John
Welsh
Taylor
(*
(1760
C
03]
Ebenr, I740-I Hill
Oliphant (1737) James (1746
iw'ce Oliphant (1737) V ffl 1741-2 Milne & Campbell ?
William Aytoun Rbt Clark

(1718) (1763,
1742-3
Robert Gordon (1741) Wm. Drummond (1760^
J
Edwd. Lothian [1731)
743-4 John Stirling ?
(^757]
Chas. Dickson (1738) 03 744-5 Benjn. Tait (1763)

illsland & Ker.
Ebenr. Oliphant (1737) 1745-6
Patk. Robertson (1751) 99
ohn Kincard (1726) 1746-7
(Notidentified.) m 1747-8
Daniel Ker. ('7^0 03
William Gilchrist
Edward Lothian
(1736) 1748-9
1749-50
Win.
(not identified.)
James Gilsland
& Jno. Taylor.
(174^) s
{1731}
Robert Lowe 1750-1

Wm. Davie (1740)
(1742)
Ebenr. Oliphant 1751-2

(1737)
Alexr. Gairdner (175 \)
# McKenzie (1747) 03 75*:3
ames Weems James Welsh (1746)
(1738)
OBI tfla
obn Zdmotutoo (1753]
-753-4
Q3J
Wm. Davie (1740) 754-5
Wm. Davie (1740)
Georg^ Forbes James Dempster

1737-3 (1775)
Rot*. Hope J
743-4 Patk. Robertson (1751)
Wm. Aytoun 1744-5
'
James Hewitt (1750)
1759-60
Kcr.
/Wm.
IWm. Taylor? 1761-2
Marks on Edinburgh Plats
o
MAKER'S NAME. &, THIITII uraJ DATE. DATE,
R, Gretn or R. Grierscn.
W. & P, Cunningham. m %$ GJ j
I/BO-I Cunningham &
180^-7
Adm. Simpson. 1807-8

(Not identified}.
David Downie (1770)
. t
13 i
1781-2
'
Do. do,
1808-9
Fras. Howden (1781)

OB] *
s !
1782-3
George Fenwick.
McDonald.
John ifiog-ic
g)
Robt. Bowman (1780) 03 I 1783-4
&
,
'
XIM1
HUB.
,
j
!
RobU Gray
(ofGIasgon).
Son
$ 1810-1
Alex. Edmonston (1779) 01 1784-5 Math, Craw, 1811-2

Q
David Marshall (1782) m\ a 1785-6
Alexr. Henderson,
1812-3
James Dempster (1775) 1786-7-8

J. McKay. ;
m 1813-4
Thos. Duffus (1780) QED ..

Frs.
R.K,
Howden.
(a Perth maker),
m Q 1814-5
Wm. 00
Alex, Gairdner (1754; B3l Zeigler, 1815-6
" ,'1789-90
James Douglas (1785] ml Js. & Wm. Marshal!. 0333
W. & P. Cunningham. 1790-1
Chas. Dalgleish. Q 1816-7
J.
Do.
McKay.
do.
Q 1817-8
Geo, Christie (1791] 1791-2

Redpath & Arnot. 18x8-9
,1792-3
Alex, Zeigler (1782 1819-^0
J'n'th'nMillidge?
EP
CEO. IV.
Peter Mathie
(1774)
'1793-4 Frs, Howden. m I820-I
Wm. Robertson
(1789)
1794-5 Do. do.
Q I82I-2
Alex, Henderson Redpath & Arnot. l832-3

(1792] 1795-6 (0
Geo.
Alex.
Christie
Spence
(1791]
(1783*
1796-7
Alexr. Zeigter, EB ..
Q 1823-4
W.& P.
'
Marshall & Sons, ES .. 1824-5
Cunningham. Q 1797-8
McKenzie? - -
Thos. Duffus
(1780 m - 1798-9
J. EB Q 1825.6
J. McKay. 1826-7
Alex. Graham & Co.? 1709
W. & P, 1*00
Cunningham.
EBB]
Leon'd Urquhart.
Q I827-S
1800-1
John Zeigler (1798) .1828-9
(Not identified}.
Fras. Howden 1801-2

(1781] J. McKay. I829.3C
WU. IV.
Matt Craw, 1802-3

Da do. 1830-1
Peter Sutherland. 1831-2

Wm, Auld
(1788)
1803.4
Simon Cunningham Cunningham 1808^

1804.5
(1800)
Simpson
1805-6
(Notidtntified).
TABLE IX. TABLE X.
MAKER'S NAME. DAI L.

MAKER'S NAME.
Marshall & Sons. I832-3

J.
& W. Marshall, 1857-8
Jab. Nasmyth. 03 .. ,.
1858-9
Jonthn. Millidge?
(Not identified}.
(Net identifid). 8 1859-60
i
Elder* Co,
1835-6 1860-1
Alex, Hay.
R.&R.Keay, of Perth. 1836-7 J86I.2

J.
Asherheim,
VICTORIA,
J, McKay, 1837-8 R. L. Christie. 1862-3
J. E. Vernon.
A.D. (see the Arbroath
1838-9 1863-4
Marks).
Wm. Crouch.
D. Blackley.
Jas, Howden & Co. 1839-^0 McDonald.
1864-5
W.J,
& Co.
Wm. Marshall,
1865-6
Jas. Nasmyth
Elder & Co,
Gco. Jameson, of Aber 1866-7
deen. J.
Smith or Scott,
D, &J. Sanderson. M '
1867-8
Marshall & Sons. 1842-3
Codburn & McDonald.
c
1843.4 Geo. Edwards & Son.
i " !l 1868-9
" "
McKay, EES 1844.5. J.
Hamilton & Son. 'UiS <2)
1869-70
George Laing,
DD M 1870-1
1845-6 DBS
Walter Neil
DG as Canongate Wm. Carstairs, CO
" '
1871.2
0.1836 (page 514). 1846-7 Carlisle & Watt. 30
W. Eraser. CD
1872.3
Marshall & Sons, 1847-8 Jas, Aitchison.
Johnston,
1873-4
J, Hay, as.
!,
Hamilton.
1848-9
1874.5
.1849-50 Crichton.
Mackay & Chisholm, John
OHO "
1875-6
M. Crichton.
Do, do, 1850-1
Robb& Whltttf 1876-7

1851-2
- ID
C.orJ, Gray, 1877.8
1852-3
Mackay&Chisholm. 1878-9
1853-4
J, Crichton, 1879-80
Chas. Robb. 1854-5

Hamilton & Inches. 1880.1
J.Hay. 1855-6
1881-2
1856-7
1871-2
Marks on Edinburgh Plate
TABLE XL
MAKER'S NAMF.
1882.3
I
Wm. Knaggs. frffi^ 1883-4
Hamilton & Inches. iStCTi 1884-5
I
I
1885.6
Mackay & Chisholnv fefl^

1886-7
Jas. Duncan. PUB 1887-8

j
Milne of Aberdeen. 1888-9
W. Crouch & Sons. 1889-90
Hamilton
J.
&
Crichton"& Co.
Inches. o 1890-1
1891-2
Jas. Duncan.
Brook & Son. 1892.3
J. Crichton & Co. 1893-4

(3D O
Lewis Cohen.
Latimer & Sons,
(D
1894-5
Jas. Duncan.
D. Crichton. 1895-6
Crichton & Co. 1896-7

J.
McDonald & Home.
J. -Hardy & Co. 1897-8
W. Crpuch & Sons. 1898-9

W. & J. Milne. 1899
Hamilton & Inches. 1900
Thos. Johnston.
1900-1
Young & Tatton.
EDW. VII.
Jas. Robertson. I9OI-2
Brook & Son. 1902.3
1903.4
1904.5
1905-6
1906.7
TABLE XII.
MAKER'S NAME. DATE.

SL *
1907-8
zgo8-g
1909-10
1910-1
1911-2
It I*
1912-3
IQI3-4
1914-5
1915-6
1916-7
1917-8
1918-9
1919-20
1920-1
1921-2
Marks on Edinburgh Plate 177
CAXOXGATE GOLDSMITHS' MARKS.

FROM ABOUT l6?0 TO ABOUT 1836.
'The dates are approximate, to the extent that the inscribed dates
except may he relied on.>
DATE
(ABOUT).
1680 HE) Spoon :

Edinburgh Museum of A:\tiquities.
Spoon, with flat stem, dated 1689 :

Edinburgh
Museum of Antiquities.
Two com. cups, carried off 1689, recovered

1697: Flisk.
1696 Two com. cups, dated 1696 : Bolton, Had-

dington.
1700 -
Wine taster : Messrs. Crichton.
11 Do. do. do.
" double "

1760 Table-spoon,f drop back o'f bowl ;
Glasgow Exhibition, of 1901,
1763 Two com* cups, dated 1763 : Auchtertool.
1780-90 Oil lamp, which may also have been used as

a candlestick : Mr: G. Glass. Also stag's
head over R, on fork: Mr*' Clement GadUby,
Table-spoon (fiddle pattern) : Rev. J. Carr.
I7QO
Tca-spooii (fiddle pattern) : The Marquess of
Breadalbane.
M. HinchsUffe. Tea-spoons (fiddle pattern) : The Marquess

of Breadalbane and the Author.
Tea-spoon : -Mr. Geo, Henderson.

1820
Table-spoon (fiddle pattern) : Mr. Chisholm.
David Greig Toddy ladle (fiddle pattern): Mr. Dudley

1836
Q (?)
CHAPTER XVI
Marks on Glasgow Plate
The Glasgow goldsmiths were incorporated with other metal workers under
thename of "hammermen" in 1536.
A date letter was probably adopted in 1681, as it was in Edinburgh, but its
use was discontinued about 1710 and was not regularly used again until 1819.
The letter S which is frequently found on early pieces probably stands for
sterling. The assay office was established by statute of George III in Glasgow
in the year 1819.
TABLE I. TABLE II.
DATE. MAKER S NAME. HARK. FISH* MARK. LZTIIR MAKER S NAME.
1681-2 Thos. Moncrur (1665) 1706-7 A

1682-3
1707.5 John Luke, jr. (1699)
1683-4 Robt. Brook (1673)
1684-5 Do. do.
1709-10
William Clerk (1693)
1685-6 Robert Brook (1673)
1686-7 1709-20 oa m John Falconer (1709)
1687-8 EH m James Lockhart (^707)
1717-49 03 00 Johan Got-helf-Bilsings

(1
Jas. Stirling (i68fi)
1728-31
Do. do.
1690-1 Do. Do.
l6gi-2 1725-35 GB Robert Luke (

r
72i)
1692-3
1743-52 03 James Glen (*743)
1693-4
tffia i Do. do.
1694-5 Robt. Brook (1673)
1747-60 Saml. Telfer (1747)

1695-6
1696-7 Robert Brook (1673) 1756-75 David Warnock- (1756)
1697.8
(No maker's mark).
1698-9 Wm. Clerk (1693)

1757.80 IB O3 John Campbell (1757)
1699
170O
Robert Brook (1673)
6Q i EH (Not identified.)
Luke* IB " Do.

1700-1 John EB do.
1701-2 James Luke (1692) 1758-65 EEJ E33 Wro. Napier (1758)
ID
1702-3
m Bayne & Napier.
Thos. Gumming (i68a)

1704-5
John Luke, jr. (1699)
I705-6 Do. do. do.
178
Mark: tn Glasgow PIale 179
DITEi
UBF-H T) M4KES NVVI. *
Ki;rrj j
MAKER'S NAME.
oaizr B.
Adarn Graham (i;^) im fZIVH
Scott.
(.Vri identified.)
i
Kinr.
Lukcf. N'twlands
K
(
(1816)
ta DO. a,. 1828-1
QD Jas. Downie (1812)
',
i
HTH
Q Do. do.
m\-i CS Robt. Gray & Son -
I
mo
Q Jamts Taylor (1773,
Robt. Duncan (1813)
1776-80
S) Milne & i&4 03 John Eruce (1815)
,
Campbell.
Pl^j (A'of identified.)

Do. do.
@ 03 i
Robert Gray (1776)
ittM EE3 Alexr. Mitchell (1825)
m DO. do,
itt-f Angus
Peter
McDonald (1824)
Arthur (1808)
1783
Q aH Taylor & Hamilton.
Edd. Bell (1827)

rara Q
^ ESS ** J ames McEwen (1783)
Burrell & Co.
1777-9 m j
Wm. Love (1777)

1S3$M
m
mm,
G33
Jas.
Danl. Robertson (1829}

(1825)
1782-92 m ED James Wright (1782)

1S3I-2 John Mitchell
1785-95 m @ m John Donald {1785}

3 Sobt.
(as 1835-6 below).
Gray & Son

..
m Do. do.
Peter Arthur
(1819)
"iSoo". S3 Mm m Patrick
McFarlane(i78i) D. C. Rait -
(1808)
\i834)
U3M John Mitchd*

"{1834)
1811-3
a Archibald McFadyen fiSir)
D. C. Rait
"
(1832)
The town mark usually found between the duplicated

is
'
CD W. Parkins (1835)
makers' marks, both of which are struck with the same
punch. 183S-I Robt. Gray & Son
(1819)
Do. do.
EQ John Mitchell (1834)
OEJ *Henry MoJrhead (1838]
1SIU nra *Henry Down* (1831)
*D.C. Rait (1832)
'Chas. Bryson (1834)
1823 Philip Grittson.
,.1826 John Law.

i8o Marks on Glasgow Plate
TABLE V. TABLE VI.
tm,
rH* MAKER'S NAME. RAMPANT. LETTER. 1
ftCLL.
1845-6 C33 Walter Baird (1845)

1871-8
1846-7
Robt. Gray & Son (1819)
1872-3
8 1873-4
John Russell (1845) 1814-5

1848-8
Peter Aitken,jr. 1875-6

1849-50
1876-7
1850-i
J.&W. Mitchell (1834)
1877-8
Robt. Gray & Son (1819)

1878-9
(second mark)
1879-80
Q
1880-1
A. McMillan (1837)
1854-5
188r-2
00 R. Stewart (1842)
1882-3
1856-7
18834
A. McDonald (1845)
J884-5
1858-9
W. Alexander & Son.
1885-6
mi
1*60-1
1887-8
1861-2
1888-9
Murray (1862)"
186*4
1868-4 1890-1
186W 1*914
18654 1892-3
18934
1866-1
1867-8
im
1868-9
1896-6 Q
1896-7
1870-1
Mark: />?; GJa'ô Plate 181
TABLE VII.
i MAKER S
MARKS.
iSoS-9
IJGC I
19001 *f
i aw, vi i."
1501-2
1902-3
1903-4
1904-5
1905-6
1906-7
1907-8
1908-9
1909-10
1910-1
ign-2 j
1912-3
I9I3-4
1914-5
1915-6
1916-7
1917-8
1919-20
1920-1
1921-2
CHAPTER XVII
Marks of the Minor Scotch Guilds
ABERDEEN
TABLE I. TABLE II,
IM r*
1
\80TT..
\UKER 1 NUME.
1600-25 , 1760 OH tgp

Eg (Not identified.)
" as s OB @ GB Do. do.
03 BSD Jas. Gordon (1766)
1650 Thomas Moncrur (164

1766-79
S Do. do.
Do. do.
Do. do.
1772-7 Alexr. Thompson (1772
Walter Melvil (1650

Jas. Law (1777)
1777-8
1660-70 (Not identified.)
Do. do.
1670-7 Wm. Scott (1666

Da do.
1672-8 AG Alexr. Galloway 03^ GOB John Leslie (1782)

(1671
(A'rt identified.) 1782-96 Do. do.
Do. do.
Geo. Walker (1685
Do. do.
fira Do. do. Do. do.
AQ0COED Jas. Smith (1783)

Geo. Robertson
1783-90 Do. do.
(1708]
Do. do.
Do. do.
John Walker (1713]

1785-55
GB QOJI3 (Not idtnttftd.)
1730 Do. 1786

EE Natln. Gillet
(1786)
do. '
to
Do. do.
1818
George Cooper (1728]
Do. do.
Alexr. Forbes (1728) Do. do.
Do. do.
George Cooper (1728) Enkine (1796)
Do. do. Do. do.
1796
Abercrombte
to 8B Do. do.
Jas. 1820
(1734) 09 C2 09 SO Do. do.
CoBne Allan (1748)
1909 (Notida&jitd.)
Da do.
ames WUdgoose
Da do.
182
Mark: of the Minor Scotch Guilds
ABERDEEN (Continued^ EXAMPLES OF

TABLE HI.
ARBROATH MARKS
MAKERS SURE. \HKFifs MMF.
.AEOtV.
1800
(Not
m
identifitd.)
*
00 CD J. Douglas P) (5
H3 j
John AJlan (1797)
Do. do. '^30-9 QD

J. Douglas p)
iSoo 'Do. do.
TO (Not idtntiftd.)
1830 fflTI
Do. do.
33 QOQO Do. do.
OB ftiftn CTFI Da do.
Da do.
000 Da da
1820 Da da
STIRLING.
Do. do.
1841 Gea Jamksoa
1850
098380 (Not idtntifitd.)
Da do.
1871
Do. da
154 Mark; tf
the Minw Scotch Gaiuh
ELGIN" GREF.XOCK
IHTS
!
IEUIT>
Wra. Livingston.
1730 *
r I
1
James Humphrey, |
1754 '
'
f { on it
(EonittbackandLNfor
I
7 60 Elgin).
I James Hu
iumphrey
1770
08 OK 09
Chas Fowler.
1790 Do. do.
to
Do, do.
lS20
|
W, F
Thoa. Stewwt
1830
(see Inverness^ p. 549).
AYR John Heron,
Do. do.
Thos. Davie.
Seventeenth Centurv
WICK
End of the Eighteenth
Century
Mark: tie Minw Scotch Guild:
BANTF DUNDEE
RITE
B<;I T ,
V'KTK \VF,
i68o Wm. Scott.

01 tl EH Alexr. Lindsay (1628) j
1631 Rsbt Gairdine

1698 Do. do. (mentioned 1683)
1643 Do. do.
1720
I
Wm. Scott, junr.
Do. do,
1725 i
Patk. Scott.
03 03 Thos, Lindsay (1662)
1732-41 Patrick Gordon.

1722 Chas. Dick son (1722)
1750 Alexr. Shirras.

1730 |
John Steven
GJ
(mentioned 1764)
1775 John Argo,
1742 Alexr, Jc^nston (1739)
1780 Do. do. 1764 j

John Steven (1764)
1776 !
Wm, Scott
Wm.
!
(1776)
Byres.
Do. do.
1795 John Keith.

Alexr. Cameron (1818)
ii Do. do.
OB Q Edwd. Livingstone (1809)
1800-20 Do. do.

a Alexr. Camwon ^ (1818)
Do. do.
Robt. Naaghton?
(see Inverness, p. 549)
Do. da
I $00
Thoa. Stewart?
(see Inverness, p. 549}
Do. do.
TO
CB WHL Constable, (1806)
Do. do.
1840
(Notidttttftd.)
Da do.
Edwd. Livingstone (1809)
(Notifaitifed.)
1820 Geo. Elder.*

David Manson (1809)
1835 John McQueen.

Do. do.
1850 EB S B Wm, Simpson,

1809 EH Wm. Young (1809)
>t Do. do.

iS6 Mark: '-f the Scotch
PERTH
1675 w. M......
i3o Robert Gardiner
1687' Do. /!o. do.
1710 William Scott, ol Banff
1750 Ca
1772 j
James Cornfute (1772]
1780 *f T.
Robert Keay $1791)
J. J-
1791 Robert Keay (1791)
iSoo William Ritchie (1796)

iSro Sid
John (1808)
t El R. & R. Keay
1815 David Grelg (c, 1810)
Charles Murray (1816)
(N0 maker's mark.)
R. McG.
I. H.
Robert Greig (1817)
1830 Robert Keay, jr. (1825)
A. M
John Pringle (1827)
Robert Keay, jr. (1825)
John Pringle (1827)
1830 J- K
TO
1850 R. D
1856 ti David Greig, jr.
Mark f r
the Minor Prolc/i Guild;
TAIN
I.ATE EIGHTEENTH CE.VTURV
Table-spoon : The Marquess of Breadalbane, K.G.
Tea-pot : Mr. Willoughby Farr.
Toddy ladle: The Marquess of Breadalbane, K.G.
Dinner fork : Do. do,
Tea-spoon : Do. do.
MONTROSE
DATS
MAKES. MAKER'S NAME, ARTICLES AND OWNERS,
(ABOUT).
Wm. Lindsay Table-spoon, pricked 1672, Mr. A. W.

1670 Stone.
(probably).
" "
Forfar.
/Com. cups, gifted 1671 :
Wm. Lindsay. \Spoon with flat stem s- Mr. W. Boore,
1671
Com. cup, " given 1688
"
Do. do. : Laurence-
kirk, Montrose.
1680-3 Do, do. Com. cups, "gifted 1680": Bervie,

and .(1683) Aberlemno.
1710 Wavy-end spoon : Mr. J. H. Walter.
Com. cups : Marykirk, Montrose.

Thos, Johnston. I
1752 ^Table-spoon : Mr. H. Dawsoiu
Benj. Lumsden Dessert-spoon : The Marquess of

1788
(ainitted 1788), Breadalbane, K.G.
1811 Wm, Mill (1811) Tea-spoon : Do. do.

CHAPTER XVIII
Unascribed Scotch Marks
THE DATES APPENDED WHICH ARE CON'JECTT RED APPROXIMATELY ARE STCU AS
THE CHARACTER OF THE ARTICLE AXD STYLE OF THE WORK I\" EACH CASE
DATE |

<ABG'JT).
u
1500 j
Possibly an Inverness mark. Spoon with wrythen" knop:
! Lord Breadalbane.
i
Folding rat-tail spoon: Museum of Antiquities, Edinburgh.
1700 Fork, with seal at end : Do. do* do.
tt
Small quaich ; Lord Breadalbane.
1720 Plaid brooch : Do. do.
1730 Taper stand, etc. : Windsor Castle.

(? Chas. Alchorne, ent. 1729.)
1750 Dessert-spoons : Lord Breadalbane.
Salt-box : Mr. Dudley Westropp.
Small bowl ; Messrs. Crichton,
Large soup ladle : The Marquess of Breadalbane, K.G,
Small quaich: Mr. Nyberg.
^fBonbonniere: The Marquess of Breadalbane, K.G.

\Table-spoons: Lord Newlands.
Tea-spoons : The Marquess of Breadalbane, K.G.

1760
Do. do.
Tea-spoon :
Two-handled tray: Mr. A. J. Davis.
The Marquess of Breadalbane, K.G.

1770 Tablespoon :
Dessert-spoon : Messrs. Mackay & Chisholm.
emanate from some place near Glasgow.

*
Lord Breadalbane suggests that these marks
189
r
9o Una:crihed Scotch Marks
MARKS, ARTICLES AND OWNERS,
1780 Sugar tongs : The Marquess of Breadalbane, K,G.
Tea-spoon : Do, do.
1790 Sauce ladle :

Do, do.
(Perhaps Dundee marks). Each mark struck twice on table.-

spoons : Messrs. Crichton.
Dessert-spoons : Messrs. Crichton.
Fiddle-pattern forks ; Noted by Mr. Dudley Westropp.
1800
G 3 *(Pexhaps Dundee marks)
bane.
Marrow scoop: Lord Breadal
Q S3 fShell-pattern caddy spoon : Lord Breadalbane,
Small tea-spoon : Do. do,
Salt-spoon : Do. do.
Table-spoon and mounts of sliell snuff-box ; The Marquess

of Breadalbane, K,G.
1816
J Pepper caster ; Messrs. Crichton.
1800-20
*Perhaps John Glenn of Montrose. Half a dozen tea
spoons : Lord Breadalbane.
'Dozen fiddle-pattern table-spoons : Lord Breadalbane.
*
Dozen fiddle-pattern tea-spoons : Do. do,
*
These are believed to be the marks of travelling goldsmiths, called " Tinkers ".
f It has been suggested that these are Leith marks.
$It is with considerable hesitation that this line of marks is included. The work, however^ not
appearing to be continental, as suggested by the striking of the foil date
"
" " 1816," the marks have been
placed here as doubtful Scotch because of the thistle.
CHAPTER XIX
Marks on Dublin Plate
Highly skilled goldsmiths worked in Ireland when Saxon kings reigned in
England. Names nf Hdsmirhs r->f the Twelfth Century have been preserved.
The Dublin Goldsmiths Company was chartered in 163"'.
TABLE I. TABLE II,
,
HAKP DVTI MAKERS MAKER S S\MJ, .
CROWMEB. LETTER XAHK
CW8.L
1658-9 a
James Vanderbeck,
Joseph Stoaker.f
John Thornton. I
j
1659-60
1639-M j
Do. do.
Ed* d. Chatkey.
CHAS.II.
1MO-1 John Thornton. 1660-1 C
JMI-2
Win. CooU.
1661-2 d
1662-3 e
1642-3 E
16634
1643-4 F Joseph Stoaker.f
\m G 1664-5 Abel Ram,t

164^-6 H
1646-7 John Burke
1665-6
h
(or John Banister) 1666-7
i
1647-8 K 1667-8 Jc
1648-9 L
COKWTH. I
M m
1650-1 N 1670-1 n
1E51-!
1671-2 Joseph Stoaker.t
1652-} P
16534 Q
1654-5 R 1673-4 q
Daniel Bcllingham, 1674-5 r
S
Joseph Stoaker
1656-7
(or John SEcer).
IHI! t
U 1OT4 u
1(3949 George Gallant
191
Mark: on Dublin Plate
<* NAM1,
HAW DATl K&XEtf MAKER'S NAME.
CXOWMED. LlTttK. MAKX.
1678-9
Ant'ny Stanley
Timothy BlackwcxxU ^3-4-5.)
I
Edward fej
Workman.
i
Samuel Marsden. Alexr. Sinclair.

j
1679-80
<
Jame Kelly.
Joseph Walker.
I Andrew Gregory.
Thomas Boulton.
Do. do.
UUI
1680-1 John Phillips.
Do. do.
Wm. Lucas or 1
Walter Lewis. Do. do.
/
1681-2 Edwd. Swan, Henry Matthews.

1W5-6
Joseph Walker.
1682-3 James Kelly.
David King.
1683-4
(706-7-8
Edward Barrett.
John Fanner.
Thomas Bolton.
JAS. II.
John Ctrthbert
1685-6 7
1708-H Do, do.
Robert Nevili. Maker's mark indistinct]
John Humphry s. I7IH-I-8 David King.

mark tndistituf)
i688 David King.
to Rot*. Smith
Edward Workman.
(warden 1701).
1692
1712-34 Walter Archdall.
Joseph Walker.
John Clifton.
Wm. Drayton.
WM. m.
1693-4-5 Wra. Myers. 1714-5 Wm. Archdall.
I
Ant'nv Stanley.
John Tuite.+
Thos. Bolton.
John Phillips.
17154 (B John Cuthbert,
jun.
Joseph Walker.
David King. David King
(as 1706 above).
Joseph Walker.
1715-7
John Homphxys.
Anth'y Stanley.
1703-4
1711 Francis Oera:

Mark w Dublin Plale
TABLE V. TABLE VI.
MOTS MAKZX'S NAME.

MAKIR'S KAMI.
Joseph Walker.
Esther Forbes.
Christr. Thompson. IBM
QQ 'Erasmus Cope?
Wm. Claike
fflM ffi> j
Anthony Lefebare.
Hamilton.
fl3M
John
05) j
James Douglas.
John Savage ? nSn Wm. Williamson.

,
Ww i
H334 fgfH Charles Lemaitre.

|
Tbos. Parker.
Erasm's Cope. John Taylor.

j
j Wm. Townsend.
\
Henry Daniell
Chas. Leslie.
flM
John Clifton, jr.
Thoa. Williamson.
John Clifton, sr.

Bazth Moece,
Alexr, Brown.
John Hamilton.
John Williamson.
Do. do.
IBM Tbos. John Wilme,

! Satton.
mi Andrew Goodwin.
\
John Clifton, sr.
fflH
Edwd. Barrett 9 James
David
Taylor;
Robert Harrison. King?
fflH Tbos. Walker. Samuel Walker.

Matthew Walker,
Wm. Duggan.
Andrew Goodwin.
Thos. Skde.
Francis Williamson.
John !7i4l
John Walker.
Thos. Bolton.
Mathw. Walker. John Moore.
RTIH MichL Hewitson. Alexr. Richards.

Mathw. Walker.
Isaac D'OUer.
Noah ViaJas. 1T41-H

WI John Laughlinu
Phifip Kinnersly. Locker.

Christr.
Robert CaHerwood.
eat Robt Holmes.
tm-s John King.
John Letabiere.
Wm. Clarke.
(of Cork).
James Whitthome.
John Robinson.
1T45
Bolton ConnicL John Moore.
Robert Jas. Whitthome.

Cakierwood.
(see 1745)-
John Moore.
Wm. Aichdall.
im-f David King.

Mark: on Dublin Plate
194
H!3 DATE HASP MAKER'S

Lim* CHQ^W
j
MAKER'S NAME. "iff KARK.

j
MAKERS NAME, j
/ . .,
Wm. Wilhjuason. ,
John Walker.
1773
C. Fox. J
Wm. Hughes.
Will. Walsh.
Will. Beates.
!
i?74 OQ John Craig.
Ambrose Boxwell.
John Christie.
1715 Richd. Williams,
\ John Laughlin.
Chas. Townsend.
Mithoi Browa.
i
1776
Matthew West
Isaac D'Olier.
1
Hay Andrews.
John Fitter. Kehoe.
I
Darby
William Ring. 177?
Stephen Walsh.
j
I
i Mich'd Homer, j Michael Homer.

1778 John Pittar.
Wm. Townsend.;
i
Alexr. Richards. 1
Jos. Jackson.
fflt
i
Michael Keating.
Christr. Skinner.
Michael Walsh.
j
John Holland.
Matt'w Alanson.
j
John Kelly.
Daniel Jos, Jackson.

[
Popkins.
Thomas Jones.
1
(Not identified.}
mi Wm. Ward.
jsaml. Walker.
1759
Laughlin,
OBO.
1760
m.
j
1
J'mh'n. Pa&ley.
Robt. C*3derwo0d.
m John
Robert Wyke.
jr,
j
Wm. Thompson.
Geo. Hill.
Matthew Walsh.
Thos. Johnston,
Do. do. Christr. Haines.
1185
Matt'w Alanson. Wm. Supple.
Wm. Johnson.
1186 (Not identified.)
David Peter. f
[BSB Wm. Currie. John Pitttr.
Wm. Homer. *im Matthew West.
Francis Jones. Michael Keating.

Joseph Cullen. '
John Stoyte.
/M. Connickft
VI. Locker. Wm. Law.
4 Keating.
Freacti
*im RobL Williams.
John West.
Arthur Clark.
Richd, Williams.
1790
Arthur O'Neill.
Richd. Tudor.
Benjn. Tait.
JerWh D'Olier.
Thos. Jones?
John Shields.
RobL Smith.
James Graham. Wm. Bond.
John Locker.
James Keating.
Christr. Haines. Michael Keating.
Thos. Kinsela.
C John
Chas.
Lloyd,
Townsend.
John
George
Power.
West.
Chas. Mullin.
John Laughlin, jr.

1795
James England.
This Hibernia stamp was also used 1752-3-4
Geo.
m Fredk.
Wheatley.
Buck.
The date-letters D&G have been also found without

the pellet in its shield, which is
occasionally rounded.
.17,
TABLE IX. TABLK X.
!{32S M.
@io
j' Britten.
\\V. La*.
(B
" 4
l
1
BB
fcdwl
fa"-:.
P.VW,
Neville. J
"
till
I SB San!. Eietre.
I
Wi?.. Teire.'
0!! RjchtJ.
Ald'mn
Garde ;Cork)
^ West','* Co.).
/^ j
L Smith,
Mah.
Ead.
81' j.
Eii*d. Twyctow.
I
H>. EavtDe.
Brady.
i
L. Nowlan.
eg
\
Cha. Manh.
Egur, 1223-83
MDulangfti I
WEft, \V, Gibson. ) !
\Vrn. Do;le. ,
taai ISroilh 4 Gamble.

(A'tf IB
!E<tad. Johnwn.
Samuel Neville.
Tudor ftWhltfcri!.
\Vm. Ward.
1381-1 8 Q 1
Rithd.
T.
Sawyer,
Famett,
jr.
P. Moore.
Bjrue. FlavtIIe.
iss-s !
Hy.
i
Tlx. Meade.
i L, Nowlan '
.
Wm. Sberwin.
I ]
IP. WWW,
J. Moore.
Wai. Shwwin,
j
Ricbd. Garde
<CJc}.[
WT. Low.
fosith
1137*1 Smith iGuabk.
188-9
E.&J. Johnson.
L. Nowkn.
Aleodc.
Wwten.
Jaa. Le Bau.
j.
Franei*.
1&U4 Geo. We?
Ecckton.
W Mich!.
J.
Nowlan.
Gamble.
LeBass. 1W54
JJdephJohnvin.
Jas, Fry.f
J. Saltcr(CorV).
Edwd. Murray.
Act of Union and does

jThe tax on silver plate enacted in England in 1784 did not apply in Ireland until after the (i 800)
not appear to have been enforced until 1807.

on Dublin Plate
TABLE XL
I
MAKER S NAME.
i
Joseph Johnson.
1841-7 j
/ EE3 J. Maboney.
mn
1
1 era ] Thos. Mason.

C. Cummins, jr.
czs Wm. Lawson.
CD I
i R. Samuel.
j Dooegan & Co.
/ 29 l J. Gamble.
**
1350-1
\ us i Henry FlaveJle.
i&l-i S I
i
i
Joseph
Ann
Needham.
Cummins.
Gardner.
1E52-3 \ J. Smyth.
I
R, Sherwin,
18534 fr'J'Vfl Topham & White.
ITtfS Michael Keating.
1S54-5
1S55-S
C. Cummins.
1MS-7 W. Atcheson.
Donegan & Co.

1851-8 eg Arthur Johnson.
J. R. NeilL
1858-9
Do. do.
1859-66 Sam n el Le Bass.
Wm. Percival.
ittfi-f
W. & I. PercivaL
E. Powell.
l
J. Keating.
1862-3
laropi . & J. Johnson.
18834 John Smyth.
J. Scriber.
18H-8 Ryan &. Co.
B53 Ja*. West.
1M5-8 Waterhouse & Co.
Francis Martin.
A. Hntton.
Thos. B ranker.
Patk. Donegan.
Wm,
186S-3 Edmd, Johnson, jr.
Mars. Trench.
ttB-71 Wm.
ifid-1 T. D. Bryce.
Marks on Dublin Plate 197
TABLE XII.
FROM JUXE, iSyi, TO JUXE, 1896 TWEXTY-FIVE YEARS.
FIVE STAMPS TILL 1890, THENCEFORWARD FOUR, AS BELOW: The date marks being plain block
letters in plain shields.
198
TABLE XIII.
MAKER'S NAME AND DATE OF REGISTRATION OF MARK.
Richards & Walsh. (1895).

1836-7
GO John Morton. (1896).
1891-8 Gibsorj, Ltd. (Belfast)* (1897).

Robert Knaggs. (1898).
1&98-9 Moore & Co.
m Robert
W. J.
Valentine.
Gethings.
1500 Chas. Howard Lawson. (1900).
1900-1 Langley Archer West

EDW.V1L
Henderson & Thompson (Belfast).
1901-2
McCutcheon & Donaldson (Belfast). (1901).
1902-3 West & Son. (1902).
J.E. Byrne (Belfast), (1909).

3903-4
1904-5 Jameson.
1905-6 Russell Ltd. (Manchester).
1900-7 A. Duffner (Tipperary). (1907).
1907-8 Finnegans Ltd. (Manchester). (1912).
1908-9 Elkington & Co. (Birmingham).
1909-10 W.Egan & Sons (Cork). (1910).
IQIO-I Neill (Belfast). (1906).
igii-2 Youghal Ait Metal Works Co.
1912-3 Pallet (Galway).
1913-4 J. McDowell.
1914-5 C. Ciomer (Limerick). (1907).
1915-6
Wakeley & Wheeler (London). (1909).
TABLE XIV.
FOUR STAMPS AS BELOW.
MAKER'S NAME AND DATE OF REGISTRATION OP MARK.
1916-7 Will Stokes. (1910).
1917-8 M. Waldron (Skibbercen).
1918-9 Jas. Ramsay (Dundee). (1912).
1919- R. Sharman. (1908).

20
C Bros. (London).
Crichtotr
SUPPLEMENTARY MARKS.
DATE. MARKS. MAKER'S NAME. ARTICLES AND OWNERS.
1663-4 Abel Ram. Spoon, with flat stem, trefoil end:

National Museum, Dublin.
1708-10
Philip Tough. Cylindrical tankard, domed top:
Mr. Nyburg.
1715-6 Win. Archdall. Small salver: Mr, Arthur Irwin

Dasent.
1731
9 @ Sutton? Tankard:
Westropp.
Noted by Mr. Dudley
1739
Robert Holmes* Hanoverian
Table-Spoon, pattern :
Mr. Dudley Westropp.
1740 Will. Walsh. Do. do.: Do. do.
Jane Daniell.r Salver: Mr. Arthur Irwin Dasent.
j c llHrk "
outcon
'
fSauce boat, with date-letter as in E

( -Table VI. Mr. Dudley Westropp.
:
(No date letter (but date about 1750), Paten: Donabate. The cora-
c. 1750 < munion cup pertaining to it is dated 1751,
(.Also on soup ladle with D for 1750: Noted by Mr. Dudley Westropp,
The marks and dates are copied from the Dublin

following Assay Book,
200 Marks on Dublin Plate
List of Dublin Silversmiths.

Supplementary
TABLE I. TABLE II. TABLE III.
NAME OF MAKER,
Tbos. Bolton.
1636 Mary Barrett,
fohn Woodcocks. 1725-6
Henry Slwrwin.
Funds Thos. Wheeler.
1663-4
Coffee
or Clifton. TW
1679 Peter Racine,
1726-7
J. Pennyfather
orJ.Palet?
1728-9
Lawrence Salmon.
John Seager. 1729 Esther Forbes.
Geo. Smart.
Thos, Sutton.
John Phfllips.
DowdalL
John Cuthbert. Cross.

1730*1 George
1715-6 Mark Twelves.
Geo, Cartwright.
(Xotidtniijitd.) 17167
17*7-8
W. Bell.
Dorothy Monjoy,
1698 A. Stinky?
Thoj. Walter.
Matthew Alanson.
1699 CjTiac -MaQory.
ArthraWeldon.
I731-3 Erasmus Cope.
George Lyng.
Thw. Racine.
1734
John Gurnly.
Alexr. Mftckay. Ed. Fitzgerald.
Isaac D'Olier,
'735
1753-4
Thos. Sumpner.
Thos. Maculla?
I736-7
1714-5
Phillip Kinnnly.
Anthony Lefebure,
1715-6 John Sale.
Edward Barrett
Ralph Woodhouse.
Robt PilkiDgtoo,
Thd. Harrwell.
Matt. Copcland,
1737-8 John Freeboi
David King.
Robt Forbes.
Marks on Lublin Plate 101
Supplementary List of Dublin Silversmiths.- -Continued.
TABLE IV. TABLE V. TABLE VI.
DATE, NAME OP MAKER. MAKER'S NAME.

DATE. MARK
Edward Raper.
Hugh O'Hanlon
1737-8 Thos. de Limarest, or Owen Han?
Robt. Calderwood
or Cope.
Owen Cassidy.
I740-I Peter Desenard.
Alex, Barry ?
Hy. Waldron.
1780-5 Ba'naby Dela-

hoyde?
Jas. Champion ? 1757 Michael Fowler.
Dan. Egan?
1785
EDO
1758 CKB Win. Williamson,
Michael Homer?
Christr. Skinner.
J. R. Ash.
John Letablere. C.I7&) Sec 1734 atove.
Thos. Burton. 1762 John Moore, Jr.
c.179 Thos. Tudor.

Thoa. Sutton. 1764
1798 John Brooks?
c. 1740 ?
Henry Jago.
1 800 Saml. Teare.

1766 Ralph Viard?
Wm. Bonynge.
1800-1 Holland.
John
1767 Wn. French.
Robt. Calderwood.
c.176? Wm. Towosend.
1745 Beere.
George
Williamson. John Daly?
Jo.
Robt. Glanville.
1807 Clarke & West.
Benj. Wilson.
1746 John Hamilton?

Abraham Tuppy. jEneas Ryan.
Wm. Faucett? 1769

Richard Sawyer.
George Hall.
Bart'mew Stokes. John Teare.
John Karr.
Wm. Walsh.
1776
c.1750 Joseph Tatfe. Heniell ?

J,
Locker? 1812
John
1751 Nathan Murray.
Richard Whitford,
1815
Fitter.
Wm. -
Betagh.
1O2 Marks on Dublin Plate
The following marks of Dublin goldsmiths have been reproduced from a

pewter plate preserved in the Dublin Assay Office. The marks were in use
1765-1812.
Rofat Atkinson ?
Will. Stafford?
ML* Joseph Nixon. John Ebbs.
03 John Austin, Robert Breading.
JC John Clarke,
Thos. Farley.
Joshua Emerson, George Nangle.
Joseph Jackson.
SamL Reily (Cork), James Hadmill.
G-A1LEY Geo. Alley.

Will. Digby?
James Kenzie-.
John Keene. Geo. Thompson, Jerome Alley?

James Jones,
John Dalrymple,
Thos, Williamson,
Will Beere. 7/*<H*l Mark M'Cloughlin.

inra Wm. Fitzgerald TM Thos, Martin.
(Limerick).
John Coleman. WJ Will. Johnson.
Michael Byrne. CIS! Alex. Ticknell.
Ambr'se Nicklin.
E33 Walter Peter.
John Osborne,
Chas. Dowdall.
Henry Nicholson.
ESS Thos, Cooksey. RT
88 James Jones. J. Nicolson
(Cork),
S-R Saml, Reily (Cork).
Wm. Keene.
H&H Hopper & Hannay.
Christr. Clarke? ffl James Jones?
Jacob West.
Thos. Hunt ?
La'rence Martin
George Nangle*
E53
PP
Marks on Dublin Plate 20'
Marks found on a pewter plate, continued., 1765-1812.
NAME.
GS3 Fredk. Buck.

Will. Hughes ?
Benjn. Tait. ST Samuel Taylor.
EE3 Peter Wingfield. Randall Cashell ?
Will. Gethin? 833 Thos. Adams. Wm. Hannay ?
John Tweedie ?
Robt. O'Shaughnessy >
Thos. Rourke. John Lloyd.

(Limerick), jj
ESS James Hewitt ?
John West ? nra Randall' Cashell ? Will French.
513 JVth'n Robinson? Joseph Gibson

(Cork). Will Ward.
SLY Thos. Sly.
Joseph Johnson. Arthur Murphy.

James Campbell ?
EDS
James Mills? Isaac Davis ?
OB
WL Wm. Law ? Matt. West & Son.
QEB
Will. Haraey ? Jas. Connor ?
H3
Thos. Baker ?
SINGLETON Singleton. John. Bolland ?
Thomas Townsend.
THE FOLLOWING MARKS, WHICH ARE STAMPED. ON A COPPER-PLATE OF LATER DATE, RANGE FROM
ABOUT 1813 TO ABOUT 1850.
tif^
nra
roil
frTO
03
3 Henry Lazarus.
Wm. H. Townsend. EH John Townsend,
SB S.
Wm. Nelson.
Bergin.
J-MOORE James Moore*
Rial
Biro
fflTI J. Moore. Grays.
iatv4nat Boyle. o
Edwd, Murphy.
R. W. Smith.
CHAPTER XX
Marks on Cork Plate
No date letter was ever used at Cork. The dates are approximate.
TABLE I. TABLE II.
DATE DATE MAKER'S MARK. MAKER'S NAME.

MAKER'S MARK. MAKER'S N
(ABOUT). (ABOUT).
Adam Billon.
1709
m James Ridge.
1662
702-29 jeorge Brumlfty.

(Not identified).
1663
1709 |ohn Wigmore.(?)<
Walter Burnett.
1670
Ridge.
Win. Clarke.
James 1710
1673
Richard Smart. Robert Coble.

1679
Samuel Pantaine, John Rickotts

JIO-20
1680
1712 Robert Coble.

Walter Burnett.
Robert Coble, Junr
(Both marks repeated).
John Hawkins. William Clarke.

MMMttltlJUl
1691 Do. do. \

jjjl (JjJ (JP .,
1683 Robert Goble, Rotheram.

1719 Caleb
1536 Do, do. William Clarke. ;
1690 Do. do. 1720
Bernald Baldwin.
1692 Cakb Webb.
Robert Goble.
1696 Do. do. 1720-30
Walter Burnett. m. Newenham.
Robert Goble.
Edward Dunsterfield.
Do. do.
1720-34 William Newenham.
Charles Bekegle.
1697
Robert Goble.
1700 (Not idtntified~-perhaps
not Cork).
Anthony Semirot 1722

113
!>
1705 m m Robert Goble.
William Clarke.
1709
204
Marks on Cork Plate 105
DVTE
MAKER S MARK. MAKER S NAME. MAKER S N VME. MAKER'S NAME.
(ABOUT).
1724 Thomas Lilly.
I725-6 Reuben Millard.
Wra. Newenham.
1730
1730-40 William Bennett.
Joha Harding?
Caleb Rotheram.
John Harding?
Robt. Gobfe.jr.?
Christr. Parker.
William Martin.
1720-37
Do. do.
Do. do.
Reuben MJlard.
William Bennett
1730-40 or Wm. Bentley.
1731 Thomas Bull.
1740 George Hodder.
Do. do.
William Bennett
orWm. Bentley.
I740-50
|
Anthony Semirot.
1745-70 George Hodier.
Do. do.
Do. do.
*Do. do.
Marks 01 Cork Plate
TABLE V. TABLE VI.

DATE MAKER'S MARK. MAKER'S NAME.
MAKER'S NAME.
(A.BOLT). (ABOUT).
W. Morrisey.
1770-80
Daniel McCarthy?
1760-80
rosa j
1770-99 NKJOLSOK STERUKG John Nicolson.
Do. <3o.
1777
Samuel Reily.
1810
Crokcr Harrington.
Do do, S'R STEHLING Do. do.
John illery.* Do. do.

1760.85
Caiden Terry.
1765-95 REILY STEBLIHQ Do. do.
1770 John Irish. kVA;tm

1783-95 im Roe.
jwilliai
Michael McDermott.
03
Do. do. Thos. Harman.
SEE3
John Whitney
1787-95 H3 sTBia QQ Tim. Conway.
1770-88
(free 1775).
1787 Thomas Domnllan.
John' Nicolson.
1770-99 1787-95
John Sheehan.
Do. do.
EH fig STERLING Joseph Gibson.
03 Do. do.
1787-99 R-S STERLING Richard Stevens.
Do. do.
Do. do.
Peter Wills.
John kSheehan.
Garden Terry.
1780
Do. do.
John Humphreys,} SHEEHAN
Do. do. Do.
QD SHEIHAN do.
Joseph Kinjekgh.
SHIEHAK Do. <Io.
STERLING
John Hillery.*
Garden
R-S
Teny. Richard Stevens.
ffl I
(Not identified.)
sc 179
I
(No< MettiJM.)
Samuel Relly.
Jno. & Sam. Nicolson.

p Do. do.
> Thomas Gumming.

STIRLING 1795
WT Wm. lleulon.
Do. do.
WTi Do, do.
Do. do.
Marks on Cork Plate 207

TMTP
NUKER ; N'VE. MVKER s M\RK. MXKFR S N \ME.
;
\no! T;.
Joseph Gibson,
John Surple.
1795
William Heyland.
John Toleken.
William Teulon.
WT !
i?95
!/ Garden Terry & |
j
1607 Williams.
1
1 John |"
STERLING J
Do. do 1805 SO STIRLING Samuel Green.
I
SG
j (Xoi tdettlifitd.) 1805-14 ita>;lf( Do do.
|
SO
E33 William Teulorj,
Terry $ Williams.
(Hot identified.)
Thomas Montjoy.
1791 John \\'arner.
* Do.
1780-99 STIRiING do.
1807.21 / Garden Terry &

1795 John Williams.
Williams.
\ Jane
lSo8-20
Warner. Daniel Corbett.
James
1809-30 James Salter.
Do do.
raa Richard Garde.
Do do.
Thos. Montjoy.
1 James Conway
Tolland.
John Egan.
1796
James Heyland. Peter Wills.
lSlO-20
Steele?
I SOLOMON Isaac Solomon.
Heyknd. John Seymour.

jjames
Isaac Solomon.
Jos, Kinsclagn.
(Mtfatijet.)
OS STERLING Phinou Garde.
l800 Toleken. /Isaac Solomon, or

John
\John Seymour.
1812 Phineas Garde.

DEE STERLING (A'of identified.)
1820 John Seymour.
f MiiMdM ")
1820-40 Kean Mahony.
1800-20
STERLING Joseph Gibson.
Edwarif Hawkesworth.
Frands O'Brien
John Whelpley.
Do. do.
Kean Mahony,
}
D.o, do.
1838
CHAPTER XXI
Marks of the Minor Irish Guilds
YOUGHAL. GALWAY.
PATE MAKER S M\RK. MAKER'S NAME.
MAKER'S MARK. VXKER'S N\ME.
(ABOUT). (\BOUT).
Morrish Lawless, R, Joyes, sen.

1620 (?)
1648
if John Sharpe,
1666-
Green* 1684
John
1644
Richard Joyes.
1695
Do. do.
1650
Bartholomew Fallon of Do. do.

1683
Galway. 1700
Identified,
but poss
(Not
ibly Bartholomew
1702
Fallon as above.)
Edward Gillett.
171? ffl
Austin Beere.
1720 1720
1725 Richard Joyes.

BELFAST (!)
DATE MAKER'S NAME.
. . MAKER'S MARK.
(ABOUT).
1730 Mark Fallen.
1780 }
Do. do.
1743-5
1790 Matthew Bellew?
iSoo m
Marks of the Minor Irish Guilds 209
LIMERICK.
TABLE I. TABLE II.
DATE D TE
MAKER'S NJARK. MAKFR'S N\ME. . . MAKER'S MARK. MAKER'S NAME.
(ABOUTJ. f ^
1784
439 Patrick Connell.
Back,Snr.(?);
Do. do.
yam Buck.
1730-40
m Jonathan Buck,
(free 1731)
Maurice Fitzgerald.
Do. do,
Do, do, 233 STMUXe Do. do,
Thomas Burke.
1730-62 Do. do.
ft
EES fflEGHEB fill Do. do,
Do. do.
HD 5TEK ggj Do. do.

Do. do.
13 STERLIKG $ Do. do,
Do. do. QD STERLIKG Do. do,
m Matt. Walsh.
1730-75 (oseph Johns.

Do. do.
Do. do.
1786 STERLING- fill Daniel LysaghL

Do. do.
Do. do.
1749-50
?
Joseph Johns.
Do. do.
1750 Johns. 1798 Wm. Ward.

[Samuel
Moore. 1800 Wm. Fitzgerald.

George
1760-85
Do. do.
C2394* STERLING Do. do.
Robt. O'Shaughnessy.
Garret Fitzgerald.
1768-80
George Moore. Do. do.

1770
Will. Ward.
(Not identified.)
1780
Do. do.
Do. do.
Patrick Council.
1784
1810-20 Samuel Purdon.
Do. do.
Do. do.
1800-13 John Parcel!.

210 Marks of
the Minor Irish Guilds
Unascribed Irish Unascribed Marks English, Scotch,

Provincial Marks or Irish
, M\KFR'b MARK.
MAKERS M\RK. I
VIKlI Fu
(U10UT,,.
ifixx
1574
1650
1652
1666
1590 COK
1673 1660
1680
i6So
1682
1690
1700
1700
1705.
1710
1720
1720-40 1730
1726
1740-50
1750
1756
1760
93 H
1770
1780
1780
1800
Index
TO THE MARKS OF ENGLISH, SCOTCH, AND
IRISH SILVERSMITHS
Marks comprising two or more letters are indexed under the first letter of the
pair or group. Marks composed of intertwined letters are indexed under each
letter appearing in the monogram. Devices accompanied by initials are in
dexed under the first initial letter. Marks difficult to identify by a short
description must be looked for among the marks themselves. Such marks are
few and appear only among the very earliest. Later, initials or names were
B
always used. Marks appearing in the form of a cross, e. g., C L are indexed
D
under the first of the horizontal line letters (in this case under C).
GLOSSARY
Affrontee Facing the spectator.
Annulet A ring borne as a charge (see Charge).
Bendwise Lying in the direction of the bend or bends (of a shield or
escutcheon).
Charge Any figure borne on an escutcheon.
Couped Cut evenly across. Opposed to Erased.
Dimidiated Cut in half.
Erased Represented as having been torn across leaving ragged projec
tions.
Incuse Cut in. Opposed to "in relief."
Moline A description of ends of a figure divided and turned backward.
Mullet A five- or six-pointed star.
Palewise Divided into four or more equal parts by vertical lines.
Pattee Spreading toward the extremity, e. g. 5 the arms of a Maltese
cross.
Saltire A cross, both members of which lie diagonally, as a St. Andrew's
cross. Any bearing set obliquely to the sides of an escutcheon.
Slipped A twig or branch represented as torn from the stalk so as to
leave a strip of the bark still clinging to it.
A, 25, 38, 40, 47, 77, 164, 168, 170, 194, 200. AAA, 183.
A & Co., 197. AB, 4 6, 78, 80, 81, 92, 99, 138, 139, 151, 154,
a, 26, 4 6. 182.
AA (in monogram), 170. AB (conjoined), 26, 40, 43, 45, 165, 170, 182,
AA (linked), 157. 208.
AA, 91, 93. AB (linked), 204.
Ill Index to British and Irish Marks
Ab, 84.
AM (in monogram), 27, 51, 53, 545 5^-
SB, 69.
AMcD, 179, 1 80.
ABC, 185.
AMcL, 187.
A ML (the last two letters conjoined), 187.
AN, 67, 68, 202.

AB AN (conjoined), 62,
210.
AN (in monogram), 28, 62, 63.
ABS, 104. AN (in monogram), 181.

208;
AC, 29, 81, 82, 93, 97, 128, 139, 157, 170, 185, Anchor, an, 25, 42, 43, 45, 160, 166, 167,
between the letters DG, 26, 47; between the
194, 196.
AC letters EC, 191; between the letters ES, 64;
(in monogram), 24, 25, 37.
86. between the letters GO, 67; between the
AC,
at, 78.
letters II, 64; between the letters RO, 70;
between the RS, 47, between
AC letters 166, 167;
EF the letters TH, 55; between the letters WA,

between the letters WE, 70; in dotted
67, 68;
w 86,87. circle, 167.
ANe (AN are conjoined), 66, 69, 73.
Acorn, an, 38, 164.
Animal's head, an, 39, 43, 44.
AD, 59, 69, 167, 168,183.
AD (conjoined), 27, 51, 53, 170.
AD, 210.
AE, 171, 173.

AN SA, 98.
AER, 201. AO (in monogram), 97.

182. A & 0,148.
AF, 50, 51, 52, 53, 87, 96, 97, 101, 162, 171,
AF (conjoined), 60, 172. AO, 85.
AF) AON, 194, 195.

8-
AP, 88, ico.
SGP AT (conjoined),
173, 179, 182, 192,193. 132.
AG,64,i72,
AG 182. AP
(conjoined),
4G,
PP
193.
AG&CO., 147, 173.
AP
AGR, 138.
FP
AH, 27, 4 i, 55, 57, 60, 62, 83, 103, 114, 115. AR, 56, 57, 59, 65, 67, 68, 79, 80, 120, 128, 139,
6- 167, 170, 190, 193, 194-
116, 128, 147, 151, 167, 173, 174, i9
AH (conjoined), 116, 193, 194, 201, 209.
AR (conjoined), 170, 171, 191, 199,
210.
AH )
AR (in monogram), 170.
an (a cross in a shield), 24, 36.
ww} 47
'
Arbalist,
AI, 165, 167, 185. ARPO, 75.

A& 1, 136. Arrow, an, 24, 36; between the letters WC, 46;
piercing the
letter H, 40.
AIT, 172.
Aitchison, 174. Arrows, a sheaf of, 37.
AI AS, 65, 75, 91, 165, 171, 173, 185, 187, 188, 192,
200, 204, 205.
AJ, 101,196.
AS (conjoined), 170.
AS or SA (in monogram), 50, 51, 52.
A & 5,131.
AJSMF, icn. AS, 92.
AK, 57,87, 88, 128, 171. ASH (in monogram), 57, 66.
AK (conjoined), 24, 25, 37, 39, 40. Ash, 65.
AL, 54, 65, 70, 72, 74, 86, 93, 95, 97, 168, 170,
ASH J, 201.
171, 185, 189, 193.

AS JS AS, 104.
AL (conjoined), 170.
A S N, 177.
AL, 88. AS NA, 98.

AL (conjoined), 200. AT, 43, 7 8l > 8 3> 20I > 202 *
ALLEY G, 202. AT, 182.
ALWL,94. AU, 67, 68, 95, 171, 172.
AM, 89, 139, 161, 179, 180, 18$, 200, 203. atu, 120.
Index to British and Irish Marks 213
AV, 120. BO, 69, 70, 72, 74.
AV (conjoined), 46, 199. Bolt, a, 48.
AV, 87. Bolt between letters, GS, 27, 52.
AW (conjoined), 200, 210. Boot, a, 24, 37.
Ax, an, between the letters C P, 40. Boots, a pair of, 165.
AZ, 173. Bouget ''small bag) or mask, 40.
Bow and arrow, 23, 35.
B, 40, 53, 56, 59. Bow and arrow between \VS, 47, 48.
,58,61,63, 161, 162, 191, 192. Bow below the letters IR, 26, 45.
B or JB (in monogram j, 51. Bow between the letters IM, 45.
b, 26,41,43. Bow over the letters IB, 43.
BA, 65, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 185. BOYLE, 203.
Ba, 65, 75, 126. BP, 32, 4 8, 54, 58, 104, 134, 203.
Ba, 126. BR, 29, 65, 66, 74, 76, 151-
&*, 69, 75. BR (in monogram), 57.
BA IS, 92. Br, 67, 72, 120.
Barrel, a (or tun), 23, 35. $r, 65, 67, 68.
Basket, a, 24, 29. Branch, a, 25, 38, 41, 43, 50; between the let
Bassinet, a (or helmet), 25, 39. ters

RP, 43.
BB, 27, 49, 50, 75, 80, 84, 91, 132, 139, 162, 203, BROWN TB, 210.
204. BRUNKER DUBLIN, 196.
BB, 84, 94- BS, 32, 62, 85, 96, 102, 104, 105, 201.
BB (in monogram), 60, 63. B&S,i 75 .
BB RT, 83. BS, 86.

BB TR, 85. 9*. 85.
BC, 88, 90, 91, 184, 193,202. BS)
102 -
$,87,88. - is[
BC&N m. y BT,44, 194,203.
BD, 95, 96, 128,201.
BT or TB (in monogram), 46.
BE, 49 , 50, 66, 71, 72, 73, 76, 80, 109, 125. BU, 69, 73, 109, 133.
Be, 72, 125. Buckle below the letters IB, 26, 27, 48, 49.
$e, 67. Bugle below the letters TH, 44.
Bear, a, 45; (passant) below the letters IH, 25, BULL T, 205.
42; (passant) below the letters IM, 27, 48, 50. Bull's head, 25, 39, 41.
BEGG (in monogram), 27, 54. Bush in a dotted circle, 166.
Bell, a, above the letters WB, 92; below the BUXTON, 131.
letters IP, 26, 46. BV,66, 126.
Bellows, a pair of, 39. WV, 179.

BENTLY, 1 1 8. BW, 43, 75, 83, 201.
BF, 45, 49, 79, 208.
B )
B& F, 135. w ^58, 119, 1 66.
BG, 30, 81, 83, 86, 88, 95. *W> 29, 87.
BG, 84, 85. BW&A, 151.
BH&H, 148. BY, 47-
61,66,74.
Bi, 70, 126, 133. C, 4 6, 170.
^ 133-
C reversed; a
C & CO., 34.
cock above, 27, 51.
Bird, a mark, 25, 27, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50,
53, 86, 114, 156, 164, 165. (See
also: Cock, CA, 63, 80, 8 1, 99, 182, 210.
Dove, Eagle, Falcon, Goose, Owl, Peacock, CA or AC (in monogram), 24, 25, 37.
Pelican, Phoenix, Stork, Swan, Wyvern.)
C enclosing A, 65.
Bird's claw, a, 25, 37, 38. CA (in monogram), 53.
Bird's head, a, 23, 35, 210. C enclosing a 126. y
BL, 31, 70, 72, 74, 99, 101, 120, 182, 188. CA HG, 94, 97.
BM, 60, 93, 94, 99, l6i > X
93- Caltrap, a (insect), 25, 40, 41.
BN, 29, 76, 123.
Cam?
2I 4 Index to British and Irish Marks
Campanula, a, 38, 39. Co, 68.
Castle, a, between the letters 1C, 27, 57.
C enclosing o, 72.
Cat, a, above the Letters TC, 57. Cock or rooster, 26, 27, 42, 43, 51, 115.
Catherine wheel, 45. COCKBURN, 174,
Cock's comb, 39.
CB, 47, 48, 85, 92, 94, 99, 171, I79 ~4-
CB (in monogram;, 41, 42, 43, 48, 157, 165. Cock's head, a, erased, 23, 35.
C & B, 142. COK, 210.
CB> COLGANT, 189.

101 '
Collar and jewel, 26, 44.
TB{
CC, 46, 89,95, 171,196,202.
Comet below the letters RD, 56.
CC (in monogram), 63, 64. Compasses, pair of, 36, 40, 45.
CC (linked), 37. Compasses, crossed in a radiant circle, 25,
0?j9o. 38.
CC, 85, 196. CONWAY, 207.
CD, 60, 92, 129, 131, 171, 172, 173, 202. CORBETT, 207.
CD, 185. Coronet, a, 24, 36, 37.
CE, 57, 104. Coronets, three ducal in pale, 154.
CF, 32, 102, 104, 141, 184, 190, 194,
202. Coronets, two counter-ranged, 167.
CF or FC (in monogram), 49. COTON, 158.
CFH, 33 . Cox R, 91.
CG, 75, 82, 202. CP, 32, 4o, 49, 79, 104,151,205-
CH, 30, 31, 53, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 80, 82, 83, CR, 26, 45, 61, 68, 69, 75, 108, 128, 165, 167,
96, 99, 102, 106, 107, 194, 197. 174, 204, 205.
CH (in monogram), 106. CR (in monogram), 49, 165, 170.
C&H, 189. CR, 85, 86.
CH, 84, 86, 87. C enclosing R, 68.
Chalice between 4 stars in heart-shaped shield, Crab, a, 37.
165. 103, 128, 131.
Cherub's head, 166; above the letters DI, 65; j*[
above the letters WC, 61; below the letters CR DR CR, 128.
WH, 27, 53.

Crescent enclosing mullets, 24, 25, 36, 37,
CHL, 197. 38, 42, 46, 47, 184; and three mullets, 25, 38;
CHS, 151. enclosing saltire (heart), 44; enclosing the
letter I, 26, 44; enclosing the letter W, 25,
1,24,75,87,168.
CI (in monogram), 26, 43. 41, 42, 43, 44, 45; under the letter T, 41;
C enclosing I, 26, 44.
under the letter W, 24, 37; under the letters
CJ, 138,143* l8 7- RD, 26, 46.
cy, 85. Crescents above and below PB, 26, 27, 48, .52.
CJR, 130, 131.

Crescent marks, 38, 168, 210.
CK, 34, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 8i> 97, 203, 210. CR) 10 +-
CK (in monogram), 170. csp>
C&K, 175. CRICHTON J, 174.
C enclosing K, 59. CROMERCf Q
LIMERICK
T
98'
CL, 6 9> 70, 71, 73, 74, 77* 86 > !
7 2, J
93> '97- \
C enclosing L, 70. Cross couped, 26, 40, 43, 166; fleury, 153, 164,
CL I 1 66; grasped by a hand, 25, 38, 39; incuse
(intaglio), 23, 24, 35;

in dotted circle between
AREJ9'-
CLARK, 172. four pellets, 164; moline, crowned, 37; pat-
CL) ^ e , 2 3, 35? raguly, incuse, 164; saltire (or
St. Andrew's cross), 187; in a shield (arba-
Clubs, two m a saltire (heart), 45. list), 24, 36; within a bordure, 26, 44.
Clubs, two in a saltire between letters BT, 44. Crown, 24, 25, 41, 116, 209.
CM, 55, 81, 93, 94, 107, 177, 186, 190, 194, 195, Crown and rose, 24, 36, 165.
200, 2IO. Crozier between the letters, GS, 27, 52.
CM, 85. CR)
C enclosing M, 44. wsp3,i5.
CO, 29, 50, 61, 65, 68, 71, 77, 79, 80, 81. 05,27,51,62,82,175,194,195.
C& 5,197. DHRH,3o, 9 3.
CS, 201. 01,49,65,66,80.
CS/ DI or ID (in monogram), 165.
H f
33 -
Di,7-,78.
CT, 50, 59, 193, 194,206.
CT or TC fin monogram}, 51, 54, 6c, 170, 171. DK,75, 17:, 189,192,193, 194,
CT, 92.
D enclosing K, 200.
CTF> DL, 5;,
' 82,^83,128, 209.
GF p, 33, 105. D )
CT & I\Y, 207.

CT/ DM,3o,94, 185, 195, 197,200,203.
DM monogramj,
(in 171.
D&M, 173.
TWJ93- DM, 90, 173.
Cup, a, covered, 24, 37, 39. DMC, 206.
CV, 69*73- DmcG, 174.
CW, 30, 56, 94 , 95,96, 98, 108, 154, 204, 210. DO, 67, 68.
DOLLAR, 206.
W 1
54, 164,
DOUGLAS, 183.
C & \V, 174, 201. Dove, holding an olive branch, 43; holding an
C enclosing \V, 44, 79. olive branch below HN, 27, 53.
CY (in monogram;, 53. DP, 31, 88, 90, 102, 194, 203.
DP in monogram, 170.
D, 24, 25, 36, 42, 47, 107, 115, 165, 200. DP, 194.
JD, 28, 42, 60, 62, 90. DPW, 90.
DA, 61,63, 67, 70^ 71, 72, 74, 78. DR, 27, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 130, 131, 164,
Dagger, hand grasping, 182. 179.

Dagger between the letters ID, 28, 61. Dragon between letters TF, 45.
06,60,61,95,174,191- Dragons* heads (3) each holding a crosslet in
D & B, 131. its mouth, 1 56.
DC, DS, 88, 90, 1 66.

27, 55, 58, 80, 82, 121, 128, 165.
D&C,33 . DS (in monogram), 120.
D enclosing C, 26, 43, 47, 48. D& 8,151.
DC, 85.
DS)
3BC, 175. BS C I01 *
DCF>9o. DS BS IS, 102.
DCR, 179. DS)

DD, 128.
DD (linked), 190. DS
DD, 173. RS{99-
DD (interlaced), 177. DS RS, 29, 30, 94, 96.
DSK, 167.
DT, 78.
DE, 67, 68, 172, 195, 201. Du, 133.
DE BA, 65. DUFFNERA; .
*'
DERMOTT, 205.
TIPPERARYf 19
DF, 2, 34, 187. DUN) I
DF DEE
DU)
DG, 26,47, 58, 62, 86, 177, 186.
DG (in monogram), 170. DV, 164.
DH,2 9 , 83,91, 151. D^,2 7 .
DH (in monogram), 170. DW, 27, 4 8, 50, 63, 77, 8 1, 8 4 , 102,

DH & Co., 147. D&W, 196.
DH, 86. D enclosing W, 152.

DH) DIP, 56, 86.
CHJ33- BBH, 85, 89.

Index to British and Irish Marks
EH, 6 6 74, 88, 117, 207.
47, 48, 5 ,
DW| ,
IF El, 50, 56, 75, 76, 95, 99, 100, 204.

[9- 6 I
DY, 77 . EJ, 88,91, 138, 195, I 9 , 97.
^ ,
DY (in monogram), 26. EJ (in monogram), 197.
E, 37, 182.
E& Co., 174. EJC, 131.
E& Co. Ld., 145. E&JJ,i 95 .
EA, 69, 71, 93- EJ &WB, 32, 105.

EJWJB,95.
EK, 62, 138.
,
8 4. EL, 26, 27, 46, 51, 95, 97, 172, 185.
3, 85, 87, 90. EL, 61, 85.

EA EA, 93.
@l, 120.
an, Calcutta mark, 163; Scotch
Eagle, an, 24, 36, 38, 46. Elephant,
Eagle, double headed, below
the letters TS, mark, 187.
26, 42, 43-
EL)
l66 '
S
Eagle's head between letters 1C, 25, 38. [
EA IS, 90.
E
EM, 29, 31, 54, 5 6 , 6 3, 88, 101, 102, 135, 154,
EASTON, 1 1 8. 195, 203.
EB, 27, 55, 59, 61, 80, 82, 83, ico, 126, 179,
EM (in monogram), 44, 57, 154.
193, 202. EM, 87.

E& B, 203. C4H, 203.
, 85, 91, 192, 200. EM&Co., 151.
@iB, 85. EN, 138. ^
EN (conjoined), 59.
En, 79.
EBj'
& V}2, 105.
JBj EO, 60, 88, 131, 172.
6 1 EP, 29, 76, 78, 82, 171, 195.
EC, 49, 57, 61, 68, 78, 79, 93, 94, 9 , 97, '9 *
193, 195, 200, 202, 210. EP, 196.
EC (in monogram), 170. ER, 26, 43, 49, 55, 82, 93, 94, 95, 97, 184, 201,
E enclosing C, 46. 204.
EC, 88, 89. ER (in monogram), 39.
EC (conjoined), 171. ES, 48, 49, 6 4> 88, 104, 143, I45> 146, 167, 192,
tt) 200, 210.
34- ES or SE (in monogram), 25, 41.
I, 51, 65, 66, 67, 77, 78, 88, 89, 91, 116, 200, &>, 86.
204. Escallop shell, 25, 26, 36, 40, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48,
ED (conjoined), 162. 53, 157-
ED (in monogram), 42. ESTON, 1 1 8.
ED, 97.
Etoile (star or mullet), 113, 165, 166.
<J9, 29, 75, 77. ET, 27, 51, 52, 53, 63, 86, 94, 95, 96, 143, 144,
Ed, 73- 202.
EV, 29, 75, 76, 79, 80.
PI j
Er, 8 7.
EE/io 4 , 105. EW, 44, 72, 73, 77, 79, 139, 190.
EE) Efr,ig2.
I0 ^*
TE (33' em. 85, 92.
EEJWB, 32, 104. EX) I2a
EF, 79, 81, 83, 97, 99, 193, 200. ON[
EF, 86, 87. EY, 29,81.
EG, 54, 55, 59, 61, 77, 80, 81, 86, 91, 151, 208.
EG (linked), 208. F in an oval, a mark designating foreign silver,
EGAN) 33-
CORKT 97
'
F, a maker's mark, 27, 39,50,64,79,80, 168,208.

F, 26, 4 8, 49. ,
69.
FA, 29, 56, 66, 67, 69, 70, 75, 78. Footprint, a, 23, 35.
F&A, 151. FOSTER H, 210.
Fa, 70, 72, 73. Fox, a, 25, 40.
Falcon, a, 101. FP, 53, 82.
FALLER GALWAY, 198. FP, 84.
Fal me uik t
161. FR, 65, 70, 80, 120, 125,203.
FAN (in monogram), 92. FR (in monogram), 39.
FB, 24, 37, 58, 107, 138, 167, 187, 194, 203. Fr, 126.
&& 127. tfr, 29, 68, 73, 80.
FB )
Fruit, slipped, 26, 44.
NDP ?-
FS, 27, 44, 56, 57, 58, 82, 86, 94, 97, 131, 207.
FBROS, 1 88. FS (in monogram), 44, 45.
FBrs, 148. FS y 128, 131.
FBs, 197. FSLD, 198.
FC, 54, 56, 89, 94, 143, 200. FT, 75, loo, 106, 107.
FC (in monogram), 49. FT (in monogram), 26, 44.
FC, 87. F enclosing T (in monogram), 25, 39.
Jf C, 49 .
FV, 120.
FD, 32, 78, 105, 189. FV, 91.

FD (in monogram), 28, 61. FW, 51, 53, 54, 59, 90, 193.
-tfafc* 30, 32, 104. F
Fe, 29, 76. W 106.
FELCOX, 169. FW (in monogram), 26, 44, 45.

Fetterlock, a, 23, 35. F & W, 142.
FF, 61, 104. FWJF, 89.
FG, 57> 58> ?8, 190, *92.
FG (in monogram), 39, 46. G, 44, 55-
F GARTHORNE, 64. GA, 32, 33, 42, 65, 66, 68, 70, 94, 105, 195.
FH, 33, 104, 167, 173, 197. GA )
I 1
FHE (in monogram), 59. &Co.f
47> 5'
FI, 194. GA, 203.

Fi, 157. Ga,64.
FIS, 177. Galleon (ship in full sail), 204.
Fish, a, 23, 35, 113, 185; above the letters TC, G ALLEY, 202.
58, 89; above the letters TK, 64. GARDE, 207.
FI, 201. GARDNER, 196.
FK, 8 4 , 89. Gate, a, 23, 35, 182, 183.
F & K, 194. Gate, a, below the letters BY, 47.
FK y 30, 8 4> 87, 92. GB, 29, 52, 75, 76, 79, 82, 84, 87, 89, 99, 100,
FL, 5 2 > 54> 69, 71. 127, 174, 183,184,200,204.
Fleur-de-lis, a, 23, 24, 25, 35, 37, 38, 41, 152, G & B, 202.
166. GB, 8 4 , 127, 197.
Flower, a, 23, 26, 35, 47, 55, 113, 114, 116, 118, &,
127.
119, 165. (See also Rose, Campanula, GBC, 168.
Quatrefoil, Cinquefoih) GB? IGI -
FM, 196. TB[
GB TM, 96.
GB)
F&M, 187.
FM y 127. GC, 44, 5 6 > IOI > 17. J
73> 177, 182, 200.
FM) GC & Co., 147.
GC, 89.
FN, GC, duplicated in reverse, 59.
58, 83, 85.
FH- (in monogram), 79, 92. GCL, 138.
FO, 68, 70, 75, 120. GD, 49, 51, 52.
FO (in monogram), 61. GE, 83, 185.
218 Index to British and Irish Marks
GE G&MLc,i89.
GN, 62.
GAT, 85.
GE, 85.
<&e, 74. GN/
GED, 172. RHf'39-
GE GO, 67, 68, 71, 72, 77, 82, 132.
Goose, a, in a dotted circle, 58.
Goutees (drops), 3 in shield, 43.
Gemini, the, 23, 35.
GE & S, 174-
GP, 103.
GF, 33, 63, 94, 105, 122, 123, 167, 172, 173,
G&PW, 201,203.
GR, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 76, 80, 84, 87, 97, 138,
203, 208.
GF, a swan below, 167. 139, 170, 182,203.
GR, a mermaid and star above, 1
87.
GFG, 209.
GFP, 32, 105. GR (conjoined), 165, 166, 170.
GFW, 139.
G enclosing R, 72.
GG, 27, 34, 48, 5 6 > 6, 6 3, 8o > 9 8 > 99, Io8 *3P> <gr, 68, 72, 73.
160.
166, 189, 191. Grapes, a bunch of, 24, 25, 36, 39, 40,
below
GG& Co., 119. Grasshopper, a, above letters IM, 81;
letters WC, 40.
GH, 30, 80, 81, 83, 88, 90, 93, 94, H9, i5 T >
194, 205.
GRAY, 174.
G#, 201. GRAYS, 203.
Gh (in monogram), 170. GR/
GH WC, 96, 97, 98.
EB [33,io5.
8
GI, 29, 32, 65, 67, 68, 71, 74, 76, 81, 83, 105. GS, 27, 42, 49, 52, 56, 61, 62, 76, 78, 1, 82, 94,
200.
G enclosing I, 70. 95, ico, loi, 103, 168, 171, 183,
G/,86, 9 3. GS, 30, 85, 98.

4&3, 65. G & SCo. Ld, 34.
Gi, 69, 74, 133-

GS FC, 90.
&i, 65. GS SS, 89.
GIBSON, 203, 207.
GS
100, 101.
GI
GS
Ioa
Giles, Saint, a figure of, 184.
WF
G S, 49. GT, 56, 122, 146, 168,
202.
GJ, 174, 183. GU, 73, 77, i43> 144-
G7, 86. GV, 53, 54, 167.
GK, 104. GW, 29, 31, 32, 55, 56, 80, 83, 102, 103, 128,
Ig2 > r 94, 202.
GK (in monogram), 106, 170. i35 J 3 6 > 138, H3, JS *
1
G & K, 172. G enclosing W, 79.

GL, 74, 105, 131, 136, 137, 139, 166, 174,
200. GW y 32, 104.
GL, 131- <&m, 86.
GL) GW)
JW$
GL GY, 77, 88, 171.
GZ, 177.
GLN, 178.
H, 40, 53, J57, l6 4, 165, 1 86, 210.
Globe, a, 39.
ffy 55, l6 4-
h, 24, 37.
GM, 49, 60, 62, 64, 81, 89, 108, 123, 128, 167,
H & Co., 146, 175, 187.
202, 209, 310.

H & Co., Ltd,, 34.
GM 87, 89, 92.
y HcxJHy 164, 172.
GMH (last two letters conjoined), 173. HA, 29, 66, 67, 69/70, 73, 74, 80, 117, 136, 148,
GM} 149, 167, 194.
HDJ33- HA (conjoined), 82.

, 73- HH, 85, 88.
HAMILTON, 174. HI, 43, 73, 7 2 74- >
Hammer, a, grasped by a hand, 24, 35, 36, 39, H&I, 174, 175.
40, 4 i. HI or IH fin monogram), 50, 52, 53, 164, 166.
HAMY RS (separate stamps), 195. St 73-
Hand, a, 23, 24, 35, 36, 37, 208. High boot, a, 24, 37.
Hand, grasping a branch, 25, 38; grasping a HINCHSLIFFE M, 177.
cross, 35, 38, 39; grasping a dagger, 182; HJ,20I.
grasping a hammer, 24, 25, 36, 39, 4 o, 41; HK, 56, 139.
grasping a ragged staff, 2 4) 36. HK (conjoined), 38.
Harp, a (uncrowned; 163; between letters
, HK (in monogram), 24, 36.
LM, 26, 43- HL, 55, 1
08, 124,202,203.
Hart, a, running, above letters IB, 56. HL (conjoined), 42, 49, 164, 170.
Hart, a, running, 209. HLS, 197.
Hawthorn, a spray of, 164. HM, 48, 76, 90, 145, 179, 192, 202, 203.
HB >44 ,63 8 4 ,86,, 89, 131,171. HM (conjoined), 26, 43, 45, 49, 128.
HB (conjoined), 25, 39, 40, 4 2, 45, 4 6, 47, 48, HM, 85, 87.
49, 5> 5 2 > 53, iS-b l6 6, 2 4- HN, 27, 51,53, 101, 102.
HB, 30, 92, 97, 9 j. HN linked, see NH.
WB, 84- HN/
HC, 2 4> 25, 30, 36, 4o, 58, 63, 76, 90, 99, 100,
210. HO, 29, 65, 72, 73, 75, 76, 80, 201.
HC (in monogram), 6 4 , 164. HO (in monogram), 65, 71.
HO IOK Ho, 65, 71, 73, 74, 75, 126, 133.
IE[ So, 67.
HD, 26, 43, 77, 179. Holly leaf, incuse, 38. (See also Leaf.)
#D)9o. Hooded falcon, 39.
#D (conjoined), 193. HOPE, 172.
HE, 55, 66, 167. Horse, a, 23, 35; between letters IY, 2^
H&E, 128. Horse's head, couped, 38, 39.
HE & Co., 148. Horseshoe, a, 23, 35.
HE (conjoined), 56, 59. HORWOOD, 1 1 8.
HE, 125. Hound, a, 27, 50.

He, 78. HP, 63, 78, 84, 88, 98, 109, 160, 172.
Head, a, couped below letters NR, 44; erased, H & P, 109.
24, 37- HP )
a
Head, a human, 210.
&Co.["
Heart, a, 23, 24, 35, 36, 39, 167, 204; crowned, HP (conjoined), 119, i6 4 .
185; over two clubs, in saitire, 42; pierced HP (in monogram), 62.
by a dagger, 164; above letters GG, 166; HP, 78, 83.
below letters RM,
26; below letters RS, 26. HP (in monogram), 62.
Hearts, four concentred, 165, 166; six, 164; HR, 40, 53, 60, 188.
eight within ring of pellets, 165. HR (conjoined), 4o, 188, 189.
Helmet or bassinet, 40, 44, 45. HS, 45, 47, 78, 96, 138, 149, 167, 200.
HERMAN, 118,119. HS (in monogram), 4o.
HE) HSM, 207.
w p3- HT, 61,139.
HEYLAND, 207. H&T, 145,198.
HF, 138, 195, 196. HT&Ca, 151.
H & F, 145, 195. HT (in monogram), 46, 47, 170.
H FOSTER, 210. HT;
HG, 27, 30, 51, 53, 61, 76, 97, 99, 139, 172.
HH, 32, 61, 82, 83, 105, 141, 148, 167, 197. HU, 29, 74, 78.
H& H, 148, 197, 202. HV, 29, 63, 68, 69, 83,99.
HH & Co., 145. NV (conjoined), 70.
HH (conjoined), 57, 88, 118. HW, 25, 33, 37, 38, 4 i, 52, 105, 139, 146, 149,
66,96.
1 66, 201.
H) IE & Co., 147.
6
le, 67, 68, 71, 133.
HW & Co., 148. IE )
HW Ld., 145. &S '*'
HX, 210. IET, 103.

\ 137, 138- IE
1,157^164. IF, 24, 25, 27, 32, 37, 39, 40, 41,46, 47, 50, 53,
I in crescent or C enclosing, 26, 44. 55, 56, 61, 63, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88, 96,
I in a dotted circle, 165. 100, 104, 105, 120, 121, 127, 128, 170, 178,
/,6 3 .
192. 195, 200, 2IO.
/ or Tt 52. IF
IA
95i
(in
^^
IA, 26, 27, 43, 4 6, 50, 54, 57, 73, 89, 93, 94,
!7 2 , l8 5 202 > 2 5-
monogram), 59.
IFW,
IF WEST
138.
in separate stamps, 195.
IAC, 93 .
IG, 26, 27, 29, 43, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 60, 62,
IA 63, 77, 78, 81, 84, 85, 135, 165,
1
66, 167, 172,
208.
178, 182, 194, 199, 200, 203, 206,
IA & S, 135. IG & Co., 147.
IB, 26, 27, 29, 42, 43, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, IG (in monogram), 25, 42, 82.
57, 58, 59, 61, 6 4 , 75, 77, 78, 83, 8 4 , 87, 89, I
piercing G, 39, 79, 152.
93, 95, 101, I04> in, 127, 128, 131, 135, I&GH, 184.
H3, IS 1 * '54, 165, 167, 178, 183, 187, 189, IG WV, 95.
195, 201, 203, 209. IH, 25, 27, 31, 39, 40, 4 i, 42, 4 8, 49, 55, 56, 58,
IBBOT, 92. 59,
6 3, 6 4, 75, 78, 80, 84, 87, 92, 93, 94, 97,
IB )
101, 102, 126, 128, 135, 149, 161, 165, 173,
IO -
EB[ 184, 186, 192, 193, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205,
I BELL, 92. 206, 207, 210.
IBO, 101. IH & Co., 151.
IB
1 1
SI * '
1C, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 38, 41, 46, 51, IH (in monogram), 27, 50, 52, 53,
5 2 > 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 76, 77, 79, 81, 83, IH CS, 91, 93.
85, 86, 90, 95, 99, 102, 104, 108, 127, 128, IH CS (in monogram), 41.
131, 151, 154, ^58, 166, 167, 170, 171, 178, IH
186, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 200, 201, HB
203. IH
128.
1C (in monogram), 46, 61, 63, 170, 171. HE
I
intersecting C, 49. IH)
/C, 84, 127.
ICF, 103. IH IP, 1 10.
1C IH)
BP 109.
1C IH)
45, 55> , 8 9^> 94, 6 ,

9 97, 7> n II, 26, 27, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,
iaI3 1 , 135, IS 1 * l6 7, i7 2 , 173, 179, 183, 77, 81, 82, 84, 93, 153, 171, 194, 202, 205, 209.
,
193, 194, 201, 202, 203, 210. I IRISH, 205.

ID (conjoined), 161, 200. ILK
61.
ID (in monogram), 117, 142, 200. s
ID or DI (in monogram), 165. I&IW)
/A 87
ID
. &co.
UK, 33-
p 8-
IK, 27, 32, 44, 53, 55, 56, 64 , 77, 83, 95, 96,
IE, 26, 29, 43, 47, 56, 61, 62, 67, 75, 77, 79, 81, 98, 99, 100, 105, 127, 128, 167, 171, 172, 185,
82,90,91,92,99, 120, 123, 136, 164, 166, 172, 186,192,193,194,202.
194, 202, 207. IK&"Co.,i5i.
IKIW & Co., 147. IP & Co., 147.
IK 3?, 85.
IP J
IK WEST (in separate stamps), 195. EW 30,94.
IL, 27, 29, 30, 50, 51, 54, 55, 58, 60, 63, 74, IP
75, 76, 81, 84, 97, 98, 103, 106, 119, 127, 128,
147, 17, i? 1 . 178, 182, 193, 194, 195, 201. IP) I2 5-
IL&Co., 147. GS
ILB, 195. IP(
IL jpjIOI.
I
HL [32,103,
IL
105. ,>-
IR, 26, 29, 45, 51, 55, 57, 61, 63, 65, 77, 78, 79,
)
HL >32, 104. 84, 89, 95, 101, 120, 125, 126, 128, 131, 139,
CLJ 151, 167, 172, 195, 204.
IL) IR, a crescent below, 57.
7 , 128. I & R, 137.
IR&Co., 147.
IRCo., 151.
IR (in monogram), 119.
IR /
DD [i28.
IRH, 206.
IRISH I, 205.
>
ILWV, 3 o, 94 . IW [l28,I2 9
IM, 25, 27, 42, 45, 47, 4 8, 50, 58, 75, 78, 80, 81, IR
82, 87, 88, 90, 100, 101, 107, 125, 128, 131, &
I5 1 , i? 1 * T 7 2 , l8 9> *93, i95> 20I > 202 > 203, RR.,
204. IS, 29, 30, 32, 44, 4 6, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
IM & Co., 151. 61, 63, 64, 66, 76, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90,
IM, 58. 96, 97, 99, I0 ,
I02 > I03, Io8 , 120, 125, 128,
IM) 141, 142, 147, 151, 156, 161, 165, 170, 171,
80 -
CKf 172, 178, 185, 186, 191, 194, 196, 200, 203,
I ME) (last two letters conjoined), 173. 206, 207, 208.
IMF (last two letters conjoined), 99. IS or SI (in monogram), 25, 38, 42, 45, 56, 64,
IM) 87, 171-
I intersecting S, 59, 60, 64, 164.
Implements crossed, 24, 36. IS)

IMS, 34.
IM )
ISH, 32, 105.
IS
IN, 1 1 8, 160, 195, 202,
53, 63, 76, 82, 196,
206.
IN or NI (in monogram), 25, 42.
INCE, 189. I SOLOMON, 207.
INe, 87. ISTI, 210.
I NORTH, 1 1 8. IS
IN )
20 ?'
NNf IS
66.
IO, 57, 71, 74, 77, 108.
10 io4>
(in monogram), 78. IT; 45, 48, 50, 5 1 * 58, 82, 84, 86, 89, 99,
lo, 72, 78. 107, 108, 131, 141, 142, 151, 165, 167, 168,
IONS, ii 8. 172, 179, r8 4> 191, 193, 201, 203, 207.
IP, 25, 26, 29, 38, 4o, 4 6, 55, 57, 59, 82, 85, I& TL, 138.
89, 92, 98-, 101, 107, 108, 119, 120, 123, 125, I& TS, 147.
158, 161, 165, 166, 177, 186, 192, 194, 200,
ITY & Co., 147.
201, 202, 209. IV, 26, 4 6, 47, 51, 69, 72, 113, 165.
JC, 88.
IW, 27, 28, 50, 51, 53, 54, 59, 63, 76, 80, 81,83,
85, 89, 103, 120, 127, 128, 130, 135, 136, 137, JC & Co., 175.
JC, 9, i I2 7-
147, 152, 164, 167, 172, 182, 193, 195, 196,
199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 207. JCE, 32, 104, 105.
T) J CRICHTON, 174.
3T3T 20, 195.

JC, 102, 131, 135,- 137, 174, 202, 203. JK, 92, 139, 195, 196, 202.
JC & Co., 175. JK, 86, 87, 127, 206, 207.

JKB, 149- JSB, 202.
J KING, 88. JSN, 206.
JL, 100, IDS, 122, 138, I

4 6, 147, 178. JT, 137, 144, 203,
8f, 93, 94, 127, 151, 161, 182, 194, 201, 203. JT, 29, so, 87, 192,
JT & S, 139.
JU, 174-
JM, 133, 136, 137, 138, 151, 173, 174, 179, 1 80, JUG, a, 23, 35.
195, 196, 198. 7^,7i-
JM & Co., 144. JW, 104, 124, 131, 137, 139, 142, 143, 151, 179,
JM (conjoined), 170. 190, 194, 197.
JM, 85, 86, 87, 92, 193. JW
JM (conjoined), 120, 159, 193.
JM (in monogram), 56. JW (in monogram), 54.
3M, 85, 167." JW, 29, 85, 86, 88, 91, 98, loo, 105, 192, 193,
JMB, 145. 194,201,204,206.
JMc, 173, 174, 179. JW (in monogram), 192, 193.
JMcD, 198. 3TW, 86, 172.
d
JM , 207. J WALKER, 182.
JMcN, 206.
JMcR, 187.
JM)
&
EMJ
w J&WM,
K,62.
173, 174,180.
JN, 148, 174. X,20 7 .
J&N,i8 7 .
KA, 80, 83.
JN&Co.,i 74 . KA
8a
JN, 86, 94, 202, 206. MUf
JN KAR, 201.
K & D, 172.
70, 123, i8 4 .
KE, 29, 67, 69, 71, 73.
10,65,86, 125, 184,202. Ke, 70, 71,74.
Jo, 65, 70. KER, 172.
Jo CRICHTON, 174. KEY, a, 23, 35, 54, 168, 189, 190.
JOHNSON E., 197. KEY, above the letters CO, 65, 68; above the
JP, 122, 137, I8 4) I
94, 195. letters LO, 69, 72; between the letters CR,
JP, 29, 85, 8 9 . 26, 45; between the letters WC, 45.
JP (in monogram), 186. KF, 27, 52.
K & F, 203.
m
JP
J&8
(in monogram) or P,
35> 84, 85, 171.
7 .
171.
K & G, 197.
KI,68, 77 .
JR, 131, 149, 172, 175, 1 80, 195, 197, 198, Ki, 126.
203. KID, 177.
JR, 29, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 94, 100, 128, 193. Kil, 7 2.
KINGJ, 88.
King Chas. II's head,crowned, 167.

JRN, 197. KM, 154, 171, 207.
JS,33, 95, 102, 123, 124, 131, 137, 174, 178, KS, 53, S^, 57-
182, 184, 185, 189, 194, 195, 196, 207. K&W, 151.
JS (conjoined), 170.
JS (in monogram), 60. L, 23, 35.
JS, 30, 62, 85, 86, 87, 90, 92, 103, 121, 128,
206. L (reversed), 39.
JS (conjoined), 83. L & Co, 142, 143.
L & SONS, 131, 175.
LA, 29, 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 81, 109, 126,
202.
LA (in monogram), 66, 67. LP, 82, 131, 164.
LA (linked), 66, 69. LP
3U, 167.
&Co
LAC, 34, 198. LP, 29, 87.
Lamb above the letters IL, 8i; above the LR, 40, 205.
letters LA, 72, 73. L&R, 128, 172.
Lamb and Flag, a, 1 86. LS, 58, 200,
Lamb's head, a, 23, 35.
L& 8,131.
Lamp, a, 25, 37.
LS (in monogram), 160.
LAW, 151, 195, 198. LU, 173-

LAWSON) Uu, 66,71.
DUBLIN S
I9b * LUCE or pike's head, 210,
LB, 44, 63, 93, 151. LV, 7 2 )9 6.
L& B, 194. LV&W, 143.
LC, 54, 56, 58, 59, 94, 175.

L& C, 142. M, 25, 27, 39, 4o, 41, 43, 50, 52, 54, 56, 81, 106,
L& Co, 143, 145. 166,170,183,187,208.
Lc,6o. M, or W inverted, 24, 37.
LC M & Co, 198.
GC MA, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 77, 79, 128,
LC 197.
SC Ma, 73, 74, 133.
LD, 8 4 , 96. Jfla, 109.
,84,96- Jfla)
L
\
DFfi68. MA
LE, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75.
fce, 67, 68, 72. MA EP, 76.
Leaf, a (see trefoil), 23, 35.
'
MAHONY, 207.
Leaves, spray of, 24, 37. MAIDENHEAD, a, 23, 35.
LEE, 203.
MAID'S HEAD, 24, 36.
Lee, 92. Marigold, a, and letter E, 24, 37.

Let, 193. MARTIN W, 205.
LFN, 179.
Mask affrontee, a, 166. See also Bouget.
LG, 117, 145. MATHEV, 158.

MB, l6 7>
LG, 89. 75, 89, 100, 101, 141, 142, 143, 15*3
208.
LH, 83, 203. 194, 200, 202,
LH, a cross between, 168. M & B, 207.
LH, 3> 8 5> 94- MB (conjoined), 43, 64, 108, 167,
& 89.
MB IF (in separate stamps), 141.
LH, FB, 92. MC, 75, 79, 96, 104, 167, 168, 173, 174, 184,
LI, 26, 30, 4 8, 6 4, 69, 74, 89, 99. 200, 209, 210.
W74- M & C, 174, 175, 179.

Links, two, 23, 24, 35. MC (conjoined), 183.
LILLY THO, 205. M&C, 172.
LK, 98, 203. Me, 173.
LL, 68, 79, 167. McCL, 202.

McC & D, 198.
LM, 26, 43> 82, 119, 190, McD, 205, 206.
L&M,i5i. M'DB, 197.
LM (in monogram), 45. McDB, 197.
LN, i
9j . McQ, 185.
IX), 68, 69, 71, 82, 172. MC/
10,85. GA P> $.
LO (in monogram), 69. MD, 205.

ILo, 71, 7 2 > I** MD (conjoined), 205, 206.
LOW, 172, MD, 85.
Mullet, a, 37, 38; and annulet, 25, 41, 42; and
ME, 63, 71, 104. pellet, 25, 41; between a pair of compasses,
ME (conjoined), 61, 64. 40; enclosed in a crescent, 24, 25, 42, 46, 47;
Me, 71. over a scallop, 26, 47.
Mermaid and star of 6 points above the letters Mullets, 3 over a crescent, 25, 38,
GR,i8 7 . MV (conjoined), 161.
MF,94, 179,201,208. MV fin monogram), 106.
MF& Co., 147,151. MW, 56, 60, 89, 172, 194, 210.
MF (conjoined), 179. M & W, 149.
MF> 88, 91, 93* MW monogram), 23, 35, 43,
(in 149.
MFC, 209. MW (linked), 209.
MFG (the first two letters conjoined), 2.00. MW (in monogram), 193.
MF #WH&o, 151-
MW & S, 203.
MG > 5*> 55, 63, 78, 108, 168. MW & S s
, 195.
M & G, 195. MY, 171.
M & GS, 174. MY & SONS, 131.
MH,28, 59,61,62, 137, 193, 194. MZ, 177.
M&, 175. N, 45, 198-

MH (conjoined), 26, 45, 116, 201. N, 56, 79.
MI, 69, 72, 74, 75, 80, "167. NA, 74 .
MILNE? NB, 53, 61.

A BDN J 75- J1
NB (conjoined), 166.
MK, 58, 59, 189, 194, 196, -io. NB (in monogram), 24, 37.
MK (conjoined), 171, 187. NB (conjoined), 132.
ML, 81, 142,208. NBS, 139.
ML (conjoined), 78, 146, 187. NC, 57, 77, *3 6 -
MM, 64, 96. ND, 96.
MM, 125. AT, 7 8.
M MILLER, 128. Ne, 66, 69, 71, 73.
MN, 195. Newt, on a barrel, 25, 41.
MO, 71, 73, 74, 78. Negro's head, a, 36.
MO (in monogram), 65, 66. NEILL, 196.
Mo 1 20.
y NEILL SD, 197.
MON, 202. NG, 29,60,61,62,77, 167, 182.
MONTJOY T, 207. NG (plain and reversed), 164.
MOORE J, 203. NH, 97 , 184.
MORES, 1 1 8. N&H,i 4 5.
MOSLEY, 197. NH (conjoined), 153, 164.
MP, 82, 93, 100. NH, 93-
MP (conjoined), 57, 59. NI, 65, 66, 77.
MR, 76, 201. NI or IN (in monogram), 29, 42.
M & R, 128, 173, 179. NICOLSON, 202, 206.
MR (conjoined), 166, 187. NL, 63, 137.
NM,32, 104, 143,144,201.
MS, 61, 103, 194, 201, 203, 204. NO (in monogram), 25, 40.
M& S, 173, 174, 179. MR, 44, 45.
MS, 121. N&R.I43-
MSj NR (conjoined), 40, 42.
NS, 151.
MT, 196. NS & CO., 147.
M&T, 151. NS (in monogram), 38.
MX (conjoined), 200. NS, 87.
M U, 165. NT (conjoined),
_
164, 170.
Mu, 1 20* NV, 193.
121.
NW, 27, 5^ 57, 59> 89. PE, 28, 66, 69, 71, 73, 78, 79,
NWB, 195- PE (in monogram), 132.

PE, 68, 121.
O, 187. Pe, 133-

0fc, 66. $e, 68, 76, 77.
O BRIEN, 207. Peacock, a, 164.
OCJ Pegasus, a, 47, 115.
201 -
oc Pelican, a, 40, 1 1
5.
&D,'i 97 . Pellets, in a circle, 157.

OF or FO (in monogram), 61. PF, 96, 1 68, 202.
OG.54- PG, 4 8, 77, 89, 90, 99, 171, 179, 185, 187, 195,
01, 96. 203, 207.
OI or IO, 57. PG (in monogram), 41.
OJ, 95- PG, 86, 88.

Olive branch, bird holding, 43. PH, 58, 6 4 , 74, 78, 184.
OM, 50.
PH (in monogram), 26, 47.
enclosing R, 63. PKP, 184.
Orange, an, 157. PL, 69,70, 77, 131,159,208.

Orb and Cross, 23, 24, 35, 36, 39, 41, 44, 52 PL, 125.
113, 114, 115, 168. PIG, 91.
Orb and Cross between letters 1C, 36. Pig and bell, a, 160.
Orb and Star, 48, 49. Pig below the letters WC, 25, 38.
OS, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61.
Pike's head or luce's head, 210.
OSBORN, 119. Pillar, a, between the letters GS, 49; between
OSWALD, 129. the letters IS, 61.

O Enclosing V, 78. PK, 60, 193.
<b t
66. $H, 200.
Owl holding a mouse, 48, 49. PL, 67, 68, 72, 81, 89, 120, 131, 138.
OY,6 7,i 3 i. PL, 84.
PL (in monogram), 58.
P, 60, 63, 79, 177. Plant, a, 23, 35.
&
P Co. (A Calcutta mark), 163. Plant, a growing, 44.
P, 132, 200. Plume of three feathers, 132, 195.
PA, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 79, 179. PM, 59, 60, 107, 108, 173, 195, 202.
PA, 86, 87. PM (conjoined), 171.
Pa, 68, 74. PM (in monogram), 54.
PN, 95. _ _
PA'JR, 1 80. PN (conjoined), 170.

PA PM, 29, 90. PN (in monogram), 165.
PARMT ,164. PO, 71, 72.
PARR, in conjunction with a peacock, 164. Po, 66.
PB, 26, 27, 48, 52, 77, 83, 84, 131, i
7 o. PP, 53, 54, 75, 81, 8 4 , 89, 100, 107, 132.
PB, 8 4 89. ,
PP )
PS (in monogram), 58.

PE) PP, 86.
ABC 100 '
PQ, 124.
PB ) PR, 60, 67, 70, 75, 76, 77, 97, 103, 117, 120,
AB Vioi. 172, 182, 200.
WBj PR, 85. ^
B PR (conjoined), 59.
fB }ico. PS, 31, 32, 78, 101, 103, 104, 125, 151, 173, 185,
PB I
202.
102 '
WBf P&S, 128.
PC, 38, 78, 79, 86, looj 154, 177, 209. PS (in monogram), 167.
PC, 84, 88, 91. PS, 121.
PC&S,i 73 . PS )
PD, 53, 55, 95, 164, 166, 167, 196, 201. BRITANNIA \ I03'
pT, 79, 91, 161, 171, 199. R&D 5
i2i.
PV, 93. RD (in monogram), 24, 37, 38, 39, 170.
4 9> 9 ^' '~
pw t/ r IB p-
RE, 40, 62,69, 78, 120,203.
PY,69, 7 o. RE or ER (in monogram), 39,
fct, TO, 7 1 -
Pye*T, 85. REA, 143.
RE;
Quatrefoil, or four-petaled rose, 120, 162;
formed of four hearts, 165; formed of four REILLY, 206.
hearts each charged with 3 pellets, a pellet in

RE SL, 68.
the centre, 166; charged with 5 pellets, 118.
RE >
102 '
WE\
Queen's head,
QUICK
a, 24, 37.
with a bird, 164. ^F>
RF
^ S\, 5
2 53, 80, i 22 , 2 -
(conjoined), 63, 157.

RG, 32, 4 6, 49, 55, 62, 63, 64, 75, 79, 80, 90,
R, 155, 164, 1
66, 208, 210. loo, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 127, 136,
fc, 163. 151, 169, 170, 173, 179, 185, 186, 195, 204,
5 6>
RA> 2 7> 39, 49, 5 2 &* 6 9> 7 7 r > 82 S6, 205, 207.
87,138,161,187,202,205. RG, 85, 90, jo^, 172.
R&A, 173. a&#, 103.
R A, 86. RGH, 32, 105.
Ra, 67, 126. RG&S, 173,179,180.
a, 28, 68, 70, 71. RG TC, 29, 83, 89.
RADCLIFF, 119. RG TC, 85.
RA GH, 82. RH 2 9> 3 2 > 33, 48, 49>
55> 5 8 > 6l > 8 , 90* 9
RAM/ loo, 104, 105, 107, 109, 161, 166, 167, 185,
193, 199, 203.
Rat or a mouse, sejant, 184. RH (conjoined), 39, 119, 164.
RA) RH (in monogram), 25, 40, 118.
104 *
WSf RH, 84, 193.

RB, 26, 32, 38, 42, 45, 47, 49, 60, 76, 81, 82, RH?
101 '
83, 91, 106, 125, 135, 137, 171, 173, 190, 195, DHf
202.
RH)
R & B, 149. DHVioi.
RB (in monogram), 41, 165. SHJ
RB, 29, 84, 85, 86, 334. R HUTCHINSON, 159.
m
RB (in monogram),
29, 78.
RB CF (in separate
178.
stamps), 141.
SH 3i. 102.
RI, 26, 47, 59, 61, 68, 70, 73, 80, 91, 96, 99,
RB & R, 102. r
35 J3 6 > r 7ij i87> 2o6 3 2o8 -
RC, 26, 29, 31, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 5, 58, 79> Ri, 133-
86, 89, 98, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 153, 165, jR/, 120.
172,193,194, 195,201,203. RID, 202.

RC (in monogram), 62. RU
RC, 91. IS f
#
RC) Ring and crescent, a, 167.
DSW Rf
RS; ISf95-
RCJ RJ, 151.
RK, 38, 46, 50, 55, 58, 60, 88, 108, 151, 171,
186, 198.
RL> 52, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 78, 79, 137, 178,
R Cox, 91. 202.
RD, 26, 27, 45, 46, 52, 54, 55* 63, 131 > *79> #1,85.
197, 203, 207. RLC, 174
RLTD 198. R & TW, 145.
, 201.
6 8l , RV, 27, 39, 50, 68, 71, 198,
RM, 26, 29, 1
38, 45, 47, 49, 5 , 53, 3,
5, 5 2 , 6 4, 75>
ioo, 127, 147, 164, 166, 105.
RW, 26, 41, 42, 44, 46, 48, 49,
162, 164, 165,
RM 77, 79, 83, 107, 108, 131, 132,
210.
-
1 88,
194, 200, 201,
RM (conjoined), 42.
R&W, 174, i9 8 -
RM (in monogram), 27, 56. 5i, l6 5-

^[46,49,
RMC, 174-
RWS, 203.
RMcG, 1 86.
RYAN & Co, 196.
RZ, 29, 84-
RM JD, 30, 97. 1 68, 192, 200.

S, 52, 56, 57, 64,
S (fringed), 24, 35, 36, 37.
S (on a cross), 25, 41.
S (on an anchor), 177.
S with crescent (or letter C) above, 199.
RN, 26, 4 6, 51, 52, 55, 174, 185, 187, 192. IO 3, l8 5-
R0, 4 8, 67, 70, 7i, 7 2 > 73, 75 7*> "8, 119, W> SA, 68, 69, 74, 77, 9', 99,
SA (in monogram), 50, 51, 52.
139, J
57 j66 -
&3, 120*
Ro, 29, 65, 66, 73, 77, 133.
Sa> 125, 133, 193,200.
9&o, 7-
ROE W, 206. SALMON, 169.
SA WI, 92.
RS, 209.
a, 25, 37, 41; double-seeded, 57, 164; SB, 25, 4 i, 79, 83, 90, 95, 98, 102, 120, 127, 188,
Rose,
or sprig, 41 ; 195, 203, 205.
four-petaled seeded, 41 ; slipped
165.
SBH, 34,
Rose and crown, a, 24, 36.
Rowe Plmo Britan, 159.
RoweNeu St P!y, 159- SC, 27, 29, 55, 63, 78, 88, 89, 91, 92, 104, 107,
5, 54, 55, 59, 79,

82 , 128, 173, 200, 206.
RP, 27, 4 i, 43, 44, 46,
I04, I28 > *34, 161, 166, 167, 200, Sc, 66.
93, 94, 9 6 ,
205.
^, 36.
RP (conjoined), 166* Sceptre, a 23, 24, 36.
SC)
P>, 85, 87.
1C J95-
RP Scorpion, a, 04, 36.
CP 104. SCOTT B, 179.
RP
GB 32, 105,
RP 128. SD, 61, 62, 93, ioo, 189.

RS SE, 58, 60, 92.
RR,30, 51,92, 95, 102 SE (in monogram), 25, 41.
190. &t* 73-
RR (conjoined), 134- SERPENT, a, 24, 36.
SEYMOUR, 207.
R&RK, 174, 1 86.
Sf, 121 .
6 1
RS, 25, 26, 27, 41, 44, 45, 4 , 47, 48, 5, 5 ,
SG, 57, 99, 207.
54, 55> 57, 5 , 6, 77, 81, 87, ioo, 121,
8 122,
S & G, 195.
126, 128, 138, 147, 151, 157, 165, 166, 167,
SG
1 68, 180, 184, 192, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199,
203, 204, 206.
R &S, 151, 182, 190. SG \
RS, 32, 104, 105, 201. EW)ioi.

RS DS, IB )
30, 96.
RT, 30, 63, 86, 93, 194, 202.
SG )
R TIMBRELL, 62. RWC 100 '

SG SR, 38, 5-> 55> 57> 86, i5*> l6 7> 202 > -6-
S&R, 139.
SH, 29, 31, 57, 59, 65, 66, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, SR & Co, 147.
78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 94, 95, 101, 102, SR conjoined j,
(
156.
103, 148, 167. SR >
SH (in monogram *, 63. GC&Co C

14?-
SH (linked), 58. SR)
SH, 84, 85, 88. ID [103.
*, ^9, 85. SS, 27, 33, 54, 56, 90, 91, 1
66, 167.
Sh, 126. S & S, 142.
Sheaf of arrows, a, 37. S
}
SHEEHAN, 206. SR Vioj.
Sheep, a, 23, 36. IEDJ
SH HB, 89, 92, 94 .
ST, 63, 66, 73, 74, 178, 201, 203.
Ship, a, 44, 115,205. ST or TS fin monogram), 43, 58, 62, 115.
SHIP between two towers or castles, 204. ST 9 128.
Ship in full sail, 1 84, 204.
Ship and castle, 169. St, 68, 71, 72, 73.
SH) *t. 7 a-
IT [io3- Staff, a pastoral, 23, 35.
SI, 29, 62, 67, 78, 83, 128. Stag above the letters RO, 70.
SI or IS (in monogram), 25, 38, 42, 45, 56, 64, Stag's head, a, 24, 37.
171. Star, a, 164, 165, 182, 190; over an orb, 48, 49;
Sia, 210. a radiant, 25, 38.
SINGLETON, 203. Stars enclosed by a crescent, 38.
SJ, 102, 131, Staves or clubs, in saltire, 45; in a heart above,
SJ, 88, 209. 42; between the letters BT, 44.
&3T, 85. ST
SK,37, 151, 165.
SK&Co., 151. STI, 52.
SK, 87. ST
Skull and cross bones above the letter jF,
200,
SL, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 80, 81, 120, 125. Storks, three, 62.
SL (in monogram), 63, 64.
SL, 90, 92.
SI, 125. SU, 71, 201.
SUB, 196. Su, 199.
SL IG, 82. g>u, 125.
SLY, 203. Sun, a, 24, 36.
SM, 30, 65, 70, 73, 74, 81, 88, 99, 167, 192, 205. Sun in splendour, 25, 38, 40, 41, 42, 48, 113.
Sm, 68. Sun, a rising, 23, 35.
SN, 68, 195. Sunflower, a, 167.
S & N, 148. SV, 27, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 66.
SNAIL, a, 40. S over V with TG stamped separately, 166,
SO, 43, 44, 45, 68, 77, 151. SW, 30, 74, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 91, 92, 99,
SOBEY, 123. 102, 120, 139, 151, 193, 194.
SOLOMON I, 207.
SP, 31, 74, 76, 80, 81, 82, 101, 141, 142, 146, W p6, 47, 62, 64.
204, 209. S & W, 203.
SP (in monogram), 167. SW (in monogram), 23, 35.
SP, 146. SW, 29, 86, 87, 95, 210.
#,85. &>&[, 92, 96.
>P, 69. Swan, a, 46, 167; below the letters GF, 167,
Spray of leaves, 24, 37. Swan's head erased, 24, 37.
Spur, a, 38. Sword, a, 24, 36; and ribbon, 132; m pale, be-
SQ, 76, 139- tween the letters CS, 27, 51.
Squirrel, a, 26, 43. SWS, 33, 145.
130 -Index to British and Irish Marks
SW WALSH, 205. TE, 29, 30, 4 6, 48, 5 8 > 59, 74, 79,
8l , 9 6 , 100,
SY, 125. 104, 122, 203.
gbp, 66,67,68, 120, 121.

TE (in monogram), 26, 46, 57, 170.
TE, 85, 122.
T 5 41, 42, 43, 44, 1
60, 165, 166, 170, 171, 187.
TEB (in monogram), 59.
T&Co., 187. TE)

T incuse, with three pellets, 36.
T or 7, 52. TEH (TE conjoined), 54.
TA, 39, 44, 45, 5^> 53, 54, 57, 5 8 , 59>
6o> 6l > 6a > TEo (in monogram), 39.
63, 72, 74, 75, 79, 102, 135, 202, 203,

206. TF, 25, 26, 29, 42, 43, 45, 56, 75, 77, 95, 186,
W.95- 195, 202.

TA (in monogram), 59. TF&Co., 151.
TF, 86.
Ta, 133.
TWC (in monogram), 52 TF)
TAIT, 172.
TALBOT, 131. TG, 27, 50, 51, 52, 56, 61, 83, 100, 127, 128, 154,
Tau, 38, 43.

1 66, 206.
TB, 4o, 47, 6, 6 4> 79, 89, 9 1 , 103, 121, 123, TG (in monogram), 39.
162, 187, 192, 197, 201, 203, 209. TG, 86,91.

TB&Co, 147, 167. TG)
TB (in monogram), 26, 39, 45, 46, 120. IG Vji, 102.
TB, 85, 127.
ICJ
TB (conjoined), 192, 193, 200. TH, 42, 44, 47, 50, 54, 55, 62, 65, 67, 100, 101,
TB (in monogram), 26, 48, 51, 52, 57, 200, 102, 107, 116, 117, 126, 131, 135, 145, 151,
2JO. 154, 165, 190, 202, 206.
Tb (in monogram), 49. T&H, 179.
ft, 40, 41- TH (conjoined), 27, 49, 50, 59, 200.
TB TH (in monogram) 39, 46, 58. y
TH, 91, 93, 95-

T B BROWN, 210. TH (conjoined), 63.
TBE (in monogram), 54.
Th (in monogram), 45.
TB OI, 94. TH)-
GHP^.
TH
TC, 26, 44, 45, 57, 58, 79, 80, 88, 90, 92, 95, IC
99, 105, 121, 125, 138, 139,1
66, 178, 202, 206. THP (the first two letters conjoined), 165.
TC or CT (in monogram), 51, 54,60, 170, 171.

TH
TC (in monogram), 82.
<EC, 113. TH;
TCOLGAN, 189. SH Î02.
TCS, 104. TI, 25, 31, 44, 49, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, 83, 95,
TC WC, 94 . 103, 164.
TC Ti, 65, 69.
W Pe, 72*
TD, 27, 52, 56, 92, 96, 99, 101, 104, 156, 173, TIMBRELL R, 62.
184, 201, 2o6.
TD (in monogram), 48.
TO, 93, 94- T&IS, 151.
TD (in monogram), 60. TJ, 102, 175, 194.
TDB, 196. TJ, 67, 87, 151.
TDG/ TJB, 207.
rye, i 47 .
TDID >95 .
TJ&NC,i5i.
TK, 27, 53, 55, 63, 171, 194, 203.
T&K, 146.
TD ) TK (conjoined), 170.
TK ?
201.
Trefoil, a, 25, 26, 4 o, 45, 46, 165, 209.
Trefoils, three, 40, 41, 43. See also Leaf.
TL 40, 53, 54, 36, 5 8 > 6 -> SG > 8 6 > S6 * 147, 185. Trellis, a, 23, 35.
FL fin monogram}, 24, 3-*. Triangle intersected, 43.
TL> 151. TR& 8,143.
T LAW, 147- TS, 25, 29, 42, 43, 54, 59, 62, 89, 96, 97, 99, 100,
TL)
DLf
1
^ 102, 106, 114, J2i, 131, 143, 165, 184, 185,
187, 193,200,202.
a?, 55> 59, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 99, 102,
> TS (in monogram), 43, 58, 62, 115, 156, 162.
wS, 134, i35> l68 > *7 8 , i95> J 9 6 , 200, 202, T intersecting S, 153, 167.
204. TS, 120.
TSOI, 62.
M 1
5o, 5 2 , 165. TS HE (in monogram), 146.
TM (conjoined), 158, 166, 171, 182. TSW, 203.
TM (in monogram), 27, 54, 58, 60. TT* 27> 2 9> 5> 5-> 62 > 8o 9> > 95> 9 6 > - OI > 203-
TM, 89. T&T, 142.
&#, 85, 89, 127. TT & Co. (in separate stamps), 146.
T MONTJOY, 207. TT, 84.
TN, 42, 100, 137, 146, 202. Tu y 76, 109.
TN
W (in
j3o.
monogram), 25, 42. <Eu, 70-
TUN, or barrel, a, 23, 35.
TN/ 100'
TV, 47, 61,71,166.
GE\ TW, 24, 36, 71, 78, 83, 94, 97, 99, 100, 106,
TO, 99, 203. 128, 129, 130, 137, 138, 141, 142, 152, 168,
To, 65. 193, 200, 202, 209.
To, 120. T
TOLEKEN, 207.
TOLLAND, 207. T&W, 90, 195, 196,207.
Towers, or castle mark, 27, 57. TW & Co., 147.
TP, 26, 44, 49s 53, 54, 61, 82, 95, 99, 127, 135, TW (conjoined), 107.
:
3, i5 J > 93, 202, 208. TW (in monogram), 43, 44.
TW, 84,87,91,102, 129.
TP (conjoined), 165. TW (conjoined), 60.
rp,88, 93 . TW CW, 93.
TPAH}99 .
TWD, 145.
TP)
8 '
100 -
AHJ*
TPB, 139. TWM, 207.
TP) TW WW, 87.
R ^30, 100, 102. TWY +, 195.
TP )
ER
JP
W
)
TY,
TYZ
TZ,
171.
(in monogram),
59, 6 4 .
26, 45.
TP
TP & S, 145.
U&B,i 43 .
Unicorn's head, 45.

TP
T P>-e (the first two letters conjoined), 85. VB (conjoined), 191.

TR, VC, 166.
27, 32, 53, 57, 71, 76, 84, 90, 101, 102, 103,
120, 127, 131, 139, 148, i95> 2 3- VC (in monogram), 170.
TR (conjoined), 157, 160. VI, 72.
TR (in monogram) over the letter W, 44. VN,67.
TR, 85, 102, 200, VR.I43-
Tr, 66, 125. V&R,i 37.
TRB (in monogram), 61. VS, 40, 48-
Tree, a, 26, 46, 47, 168. VS (in monogram), 182, 185.
232
We (conjoined), 165.
WC
-
, , ,
W, 23, 24, 25, 35, 37, 38, 42, 44, 1*6, 146, 156,
210. PC [173-
160, 164, 165, 1 66, 193,
\V enclosed by a crescent, 24, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45-
WC & S, 175.
\V inverted, or M, 24, 37.
WC TC, 93.
W over a crescent, 24, 37.
WD, 29, 32, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 92, 93, 127, 139,
W & Co., 7 2 > I 9 2 , : 95, 202

-
H7> J
195.
\VA, 30, 67, 68, 69, 70, 79, 89, 94, 99> IO 3 103, WD (conjoined), 116, 152, 210.
1 39, i? 1 * !
7 2 , *73> J93 *9 6 > J 99- WD, 127, 172, 193.
W A & Co., 148. WE, 29, 63, 65, 70, 80, 96, 97, 99, 100, 103,
WA WE
104.
(conjoined), 120.
WA (conjoined), 68. We&SNS(
WA (in monogram), 57. LTD
WE, 104.
H 8'
WA, 192.
Wa, 66, 67, 70, 73, 95.
We, 72, 73.
WALDRON ) WE)
9R ' CE >io4 .
SKIBBEREENj
Wallet hook, a, 25, 39; palewise, on a cross IE )
bendwise, 25, 38.

WE FD JT, 125.
WALSH, 205.
WE ^ I
p 97 '
WALSH? s
SW WEH, 101.
WA&S,i8o. W & ET, 143-

WAP (linked), 166.
WATERHOUSE, 196.
WB, 32, 60, 61, 62, 8 1, 87, 88, 90, 92, 95, 98, WE) 102.
l8o > WF>3i,
101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 119, 131, *47>
183, 185, 194, 201, 202, 204, 205.
WCJ
W B & Co., 148. WF, 29, 30, 32, 46, 59, 75, 80, 89, 95, 96, 97,
WB ico, 102, 143, 174, 184, 201, 203.
WF (conjoined), 57,
60.
WB (conjoined), 108, 205.

WF (conjoined), 94, i, U 1 *
WE, 32, 90, 91, 101, 103, 127, 192, 194, 201, . 94-
WE (conjoined), 200.
SB (33* KH- WF[ 100 '
WB/ I2?-
DP?
IB [
WFG, 202, 209.
WB( WF| 100 -

IF
JA f
WF IK, 94.
WB JP, 91. 6 82 8 8 4> 88, 97,
WB I02 -
WG, 27, 51, 54, 55> 57, 3, > 3>
210.
RS 166, 167, 171, 172, 202, 203,
WB WG (conjoined), 55.
ws 32,105. WG, 29, 86, 88, 91, 95, 97.
WC, 25, 26, 27, 32, 33, 34, 38, 40, 45> 46, 47, 48, 3g<g, 29, 85, 88.
49, 5, 5i, 5 2 53, 57,
6l 8 7, 9, 9 1 9 2 93, , * ,
WG EF, 97.
94 , 96, 103, 104, 138, 167, 173, 174, 177, 1781
WG PC, 87.
184, 185, 191, 194, i95> i97>
2 3- WH, 27, 29, 38, 4 i, 42, 51, 53, 60, 63, 84, 86, 97,
2 3.
WC in shield below three pellets, 51. 101, 104, 106, 135, 151, 167, 194, i95
WC above a pig, 25, 38. 2.IO.
WC (conjoined), 41, W & H, 1

149, 150, 15 -
WC, 1 66, 193, 204.
WH (conjoined), 55, 114-
WC (conjoined), 167. WH, 87, 90, 194, 203.
Index to British and Irish Marks ^33
\Vh, 68, 78. Ws 53, 57, 61, 139, U8, 174, i?8, 195, 2 3,
Sfj, 92, 126. 204.
Wheel, a, 167. /W, 204, 205.
WHELPLEY, 207. WO, 76, 77, 120.
WHELPLY, 207. WP, 29, 31, 62, 74, 81, 87, 92, 95, 96, 97, 99,
WH)
IR \
1
^ 101, 121, 122, 123, 136,
196, 202.
I 4 2, 143, 179, 195,
WHJ W&P, 197.

NDC97- WP (conjoined), 127, 167.
WH&SSLd.,34. WP 127.
y
WHT, 184, 203. WPC, 173.

WH WC, 97.
WI, 26, 43, 5 8 , 6 5, 66, 6 7, 68, 71, 73, 74, 76, PC
79, 80, 81, 90, 109, 120, 166, 171. WPf lco '
Wi, 125. IP \
WID, 93 . wpJ
94, loo-
Windmill, a, 25, 41. jp {3,
Wine skin, a, 43. WP RP, 91.
W & IP, 196.
WI SA, 92.
WI TAIN, 188. WP 8-
WJ, 34, 136, IS 1 , 1
83, 202. wwp
#7, 101, 194- WQ, 197.
W3, 85. WR, 26, 44, 45, 46, 48, 60, 81, 99, 106, 126,
WJG, 198. 131, 139, 166, 173, 186, 195, 205.
W & JM, 175. WR (conjoined), 56, 106, 126, 134, 161, 166.
WJM'D, 174. W & R, 197.
W & JW, 131. WR, 91, 194, 205.
WK, 83, 88, 93, 102, 175, 185. WR (conjoined), 205.
W&K,i 42. W ROE, 206.
WK )
1
WRS, 32, 105, 123.
&CO.P ;
WK (conjoined), 60, 64.
JTK, 202. WS, 27, 32, 33, 42, 47, 48, 50, 57, 59, 62, 77, 79,
*, 29, 84. 82, 83, 8 4 , 85, 88, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 99, 102,
WKR,32,io 5 .
103, 104, 123, 131, 138, 139, 171, 182, 184,
WL, 60, 75, 76, 82, 92, 100, 129, 179, 184, 1 88, 185, 186, 194, 195, 198, 200, 202, 207, 210.
192, 194, 196, 203.
W&L,i 97 .
^[57,63,75-
WL (conjoined), 45, 170, 171. W& 8,151,197,198.
/FZ, 127, 210. WS (linked), 27, 47, 49, 57.
WLB,o6. , WS, 8 4 , 85.
WLL) WS (linked), 57.
CL >i 87, 99*
WLJ
LJ WS
GS 151.
WM, 27, 33, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 60, 61, 62,
76, 82, 92, 105, 108, 174, 186, 188, 192, 195, WS
005,206. HS 151.
WS 128.
JJf'6,48. IM
WM 166,, ) WS
&Co.}
'
RC 96.
WM (conjoined), 182. WS WP, 90, 92.
WM monogram), 88,
(in WT, 30, 40, 49, 50, 76, 78, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99,
W MARTIN, 205. 103, 130, 135, 172, 193, 194, 195, 201, 206,
W& 207, 210,
WT&Co., 147, 151.
.
9 J > 93- WY/83, 185.
IT Wyvern, a, 164.
WT MC (in separate stamps), 201. Wyvern's head, erased, incuse, a, 114.
WZ, 160, 173.
"4.
XI*.
WU, 171. X, 118, 165.
WV,97 . XI, 177.
WV monogram), 64.
(in. XI D, 177-
WV IL, 30, 93. XONJ 2a
WV> IV P
IL f9*
WW, 27, 54, 56, 57, 82, 88, 89, 122, 323, 127, Y, 168.
151, 167, 183, 193, 194, 195* r 99 2 i, 2 3> YAM W, 198.

209. Ye, 72.
W& W, 198. YEDS, 1 1 8.
WW&SONS, 131. YG&H, 147, 151.

WW (conjoined), 108, 166. YI, 56.
WW monogram),
(in 50. Yo, 126.
o, 66.
>5P7F (conjoined), 84. YR, 172.
linked), 55, 209. YT, 61.
Y & W, 143.
WWH, 151. YZ, 60.
W)
W ZB (the Z reversed), 164
wj ZTY (in monogram), 26, 45.
CHAPTER XXII
Early American Silver
& *& ^HE earliest "American "silversmith was the Englishman,
$* J[
*$ John Hull, who became the mint master in Boston,
first
$$*-$ contemporaries and successors, Dix-

in 1652. Hull, his
well, Dummer, Coney, Winslow, David Jesse, and many others,

were all prominent in the civic life of the colonies. It is fortunate
for us that during most of the Colonial period very high artistic
standards prevailed in England, for the fashions of the new
country were faithfully modelled upon those prevailing in the old.
A higher standard of intelligenceseemed to prevail among the
Colonial silversmiths, and it is generally conceded that the aver-
age quality of their production was higher than that in England.

In spite of the apparent temptation to fabricate early American
silverwith forged names or marks, instances of that practice
must be extremely rare. Offences of that sort are very apt to
reach the courts and the newspapers, and the writer, though for
of a case
many years interested in the subject, has never heard
or seen one instance of deliberate forgery.
Conditions of were singularly stable in the American
life
colonies, continuing so even during the throes of the Revolution-
ary War. Specimens of the handiwork of New England

silver-
smiths would only be exposed to destruction when they drifted

into the possession of Southern families whose personal belong-
the Civil War.
ings were, in many instances, destroyed during
Consequently, a large part of the products of New England
and
New York silversmiths has been handed down to us.
235
Early American
Silver
236
New York had a group of silversmiths whose work in the first
from
half of the Eighteenth Century was clearly distinguishable
that of their New England contemporaries because
of its Dutch
and French characteristics.
At the close of the Eighteenth Century, such distinctions seem
to have disappeared, and we can only distinguish the place of
origin
of American silver at that period by its marks. One excep-
tion to this statement may be made. In 1810-1820, the silver-
smiths of Philadelphia had an objectionable habit of soldering

moulded or stamped silver strips with a stereotyped decoration
around the necks and bases of pieces belonging to tea and coffee
sets.
After spinning and stamping silver came into general use, about
1840, the factory supplanted the silversmith.

One or two silver-
smiths have continued to turn out handwrought silver up to the
work not "Early Americana/'
present time, but
their is
In the very early Colonial days our silversmiths closely
followed the fashion of marking employed their English

by
fellow craftsmen; they used their initials with some symbol
A little later, the use of a symbol became less frequent
and it became more common for the workman to impress
his entire name, with or without his initials. In the last quarter
of the Eighteenth Century that practice had become almost
universal, as had also the use of Roman letters, frequently

all
Unless otherwise specified, the reader will know that

capitals.
that type was employed.
In nearly every case, the American silversmiths used Roman
to designate their ware. In some cases, both capitals and
capitals
small letters were employed: "John Brown," for example. The
marks given in the following tables will show the form used,
without any qualifications being necessary except the word
where that type had been employed by the silversmiths.
"script/'
Early American Silver 237
The author has been enabled to

give some twenty-five or thirty
or more marks than have hitherto been published in books on
this subject.
The following list has been compiled from different sources.

Some names and the respective locations of those bearing
of the
them have been gleaned from directories and the columns of old
newspapers. The term "silversmith" is often inaccurately

applied in both mediums and at this time it is not always pos-
sible to
distinguish between the retailer and actual worker in
silver.
Many silversmiths, beginning with theNineteenth Century,
stamped the names of the retailer
upon their wares. The custom
still
prevails. Hence even where the name appearing here has
been taken from a piece of silver, it
may have designated a
dealer. Of course this caution does not apply to pieces marked
with only or a symbol (device).
initials
I have
thought it wise to make the list as comprehensive as
possible, and though that course excludes the possibility of strict
discrimination, it does enable one at least to fix the period and
place of production and does not present any difficulty in regard

to those silversmiths whose work is the most highly prized.
Abbreviations: D means that the name appeared in the local
directory of the year given: c. stands for circa; F for Freeman;

when two dates are shown (1735-1815), they represent the birth
and death year of the silversmith; hyphen followed by date (e.g.

-1815) signifies the date of the demise; one date followed by
hyphen (e.g., 1735-), the date of birth. A date alone, if unquali-

fied, means that the subject was working at that period.
Follows a key to the descriptive words used in connection with

the marks:
KEY TO TERMS USED
A SPOUT-CUP BY JOHN CONEY (BOSTON, 1655-1722)
The property of Major Cortlandt Parker, U. S. A.
CHAPTER XXIII
American Silversmiths and Their Marks
SILVERSMITHS
Aaron, Joseph
Abbott, John W.
Ackerrnan, David
Ackley, Francis W.
Acton, George
Adam, J.
Adam, John B.
Adams, John
Adams, Jonathan
Adams, Pygan
Adams, William
Adgate, William
Adriance, E.
Aiken, George
Ainsworth, Michael
Aitken, John
Aitkins, W.
Aldis, Charles
Alexander, A.
Alexander, Samuel
Alford, Samuel
Alford, Thomas
Allen, C.
Allen, James
Allen, Joel
Allen, John
Allen, John
Allen, Richard
Allen, Robert
Allen, Thomas
Allen & Edwards
fWhere no mark name or
is given, the maker used his initials.
for his courteous permission to re-

tl desire to express myobligation to Mr. Stephen G. C. Ensko
produce the facsimiles of American makers'
marks on this and the following pages; they have been taken
from American Silversmiths and Their Marks. Mr. Ensko's book contains a very great number of such fac-
similes and is on sale in his shop at 68a Lexington Avenue, New York City.
239
240 American Silversmiths and Their Marks
SILVERSMITHS MARKS LOCATIONS
Allison, Peter t
Alstyne, Jeronimus
Anderson, William WA in oblong
Andras, William ANDRAS in rectangle
Andras & Richard A&R in rectangle
Andreas, Abraham
Andrew, John I-ANDREW in rectangle; J.Andrews
(script) in cartouche
Andrews, Abraham
Andrews, Henry
Andrews, Joseph I ANDREWS in rectangle and NOR-
FOLK in rectangle; J* ANDREWS
in shaped rectangle
Andrews, Jeremiah
Anthony, Joseph
Anthony, Joseph, Jr. J. Anthony (script) in shaped rec-
tangle; J A (script) in rectangle
Anthony, Joseph & Sons
Anthony, L. D.
Anthony, M. H. & T.
Anthony, Michael H.
Anthony, Thomas
Anthony, William
Anwyl, Kenrick
Archie, John
Armstrong, Allen A-Armstrong and Phia' each in script
and rectangle
Armstrong, John
Armstrong, William
Arnold, Thomas TARNOLD, T A, TA, each in rec-
tangle
Ashmead, William
Atherton, Nathan
Atkinson, Isaac
Atlee, Charles
Atterbury, J.
Austen, David
Austin, Benjamin
Austin, Ebenezer AUSTIN in cartouche, E A in rec-
tangle
Austin, Ebenezer J. EJ.AUSTIN in rectangle
Austin, John
Austin, Josiah I -Austin (script) in rectangle, I- A in
rectangle, and I -AUSTEN in rec-
tangle
Austin, Nathaniel N-A- and AUSTIN, each in rectangle
Austin & Boyer I -Austin in oblong, Boyer in cartouche
Avery, John IA and IAVERY in rectangle

Avery, John, Jr.
Avery, Robert Stanton
Avery, Samuel
Avery, William
Ayery, Willis & Billis
Ayres, S. S.AYERS-LEX.K. on riband
jWhere no mark is
given, the maker used his name or initials.
American Silversmiths and Their Marks 041
SILVERSMITHS MARKS
Babcock, Samuel Babcock 'script','
in shaped rectangle
Bacall, Thomas
Backus, Delucine D Backus in shaped oval and
DBACKUS in shaped rectangle
Baielle, Lewis
Bailey, Benjamin
Bailey, E. E. & S. C. EE & SC above BAILEY in rectangle
Bailey, Edward
Bailey, Henry H-B *m rectangle, anchor, sheaf of
wheat, and star, each in square
Bailey, John J-Bailey /script; in shaped rectangle,
NYORK in rectangle
Bailey, Loring L-B in rectangle
Bailey, Robert H.
Bailey, Simon A.
Baily, W. \VBAILY in engrailed rectangle; bird
in cartouche
Baker, Anson
Baker, E. E.BAKER in rectangle
Baker, George G.BAKER in shaped rectangle
Balch, Ebenezer E. BALCH in oval cartouche
Balch & Fryer
Baldwin, Ebenezer BALDWIN in rectangle and in hol-
lowed letters without rectangle
Baldwin, Jabez BALDWIN incised
Baldwin, Jedediah J.Baldwin in rectangle

Baldwin, Stanley S. STANLEY S.BALDWIN in rectangle
and NY in rectangle
Baldwin & Baker
Baldwin & Co.
Baldwin & Jones BALDWIN & SONS in rectangle
BALDWIN & SONS in scroll
Ball, Henry J-BALL in rectangle and
Ba l, John
:
(JOHN) .
incartouche
,
JBALLJ
Ball, William BALL in oval; W-BALL in a shaped
cartouche; WB in a box
Ball, Tompkins & Black
Bancker, Adrian AB in oval and AB in shaped oval
Bangs, John
Barberet, Theon
Barbier, Peter
Bard, Conrad C.BARD 205 ARCH ST in rectangle
Bard,J.
Bard & Hoffman
Bardeer, Connard
Bardick, George G-B in rectangle
Bardick, John
Bardon, Stephen
Baria, William
Barnes, Abraham
Barret, James
Barrett, James
Barrett, S.
fWhere no mark is
SILVERSMITHS
Harrington & Davenport B& D in serrated rectangle
Barrows, James M. J.M.BARROWS in rectangle
Barry, Standish BARRY in shaped rectangle and

NO-92 in rectangle
Bartholomew, Joseph t
Bartholomew, Roswell
Bartholomew, Joseph
Bartlett, Edward
Bartlett, N. N-BARTLETT in rectangle
Bartlett., Samuel S.B script in rectangle and S'BART-

LETT in rectangle
Barton, Erasmus
Bartram, William
Basset, Francis BASSET in rectangle and sheaf of
wheat in rectangle
Batchellor, N.
Bay, A. S.
Bayley, Alexander
Bayley, S. H.
Bayley, Simeon A. BAYLEY in rectangle, in shaped rec-
tangle, and sheaf of wheat in shaped
rectangle
Bayley, S. & A.
Bayley & Douglas DB & AD in rectangle, lion in rec-
tangle and n? in rectangle
Bayly, John
Baysset, Joseph
Beach, A. A-BEACH in serrated rectangle
Beach, Isaac
Beach, Ives & Co.
Beach, Miles BEACH in rectangle, M-B in rect. and
MB in oval
Beach & Sanford B & S, in rectangle
Beach & Ward B& W in rectangle
Beal, Caleb BEAL in rectangle

Beam, Jacob C.
Beck, Thomas
Becker, Fredrick
Becker, Philip
Bedford, John I Bedford (script), in shaped rectangle
Beebe, James W. J'.W.BEEBE in rectangle
Beebe, Stanton
Beecher, Clement
Beecher, C. & Co.
Belin, Lewis
Belknap, Samuel
Belliard, Francois
Belloni, Louis J.
Belloni & Durandeau
Benedict, A. C. A.C.BENEDICT without rectangle
Benedict, J.
Benedict & Son
Benedict & Squire BENEDICT & SQUIRE in rectangle
Benjamin, Barzillai
tWhere no mark is given, the maker used "his name or initials.
fWhere no mark is given,
the maker used his name or initials.
fWhere no mark is
fWhere no mark is g^ven, the maker used his name or initials.

SILVERSMITHS LOCATIONS PERIOD
Brown, Philadelphia 1785

James t
Brown, Jesse
Brown, John 1785
Brown, Robert R.BROWN in oblong with curved ends
and 10 oz 13 in oval
Brown, Samuel C. S.BROWN in rectangle
Brown & Houlton

Brown, Liberty
Browne & Seal
BrufF, Charles O. C.O.B. in rectangle
BrufF, Joseph
Brush, Edward
BRYAN, rough capitals in rectangle
Bryan, Philip
Buche, Peter
Buchoz, I. R.
Buckley, J. B.
Buckley & Anderson
Buddy, Daniel
Buel, Abel BUEL in serrated rectangle and A.B.
in fringed oval
Buel, D. H.
Buel, John
Buel, Samuel S.B in square
Buel & Greenleaf
Buel & Mix
Bull, Caleb
Bull, Epaphras
Bull, G. W. G.W.BULL in rectangle
Bull,Martin
Bull & Morrison
Bumm, Peter
Bumm & Shepper
Bunker, Benjamin
Burdick, William S.
Burdock, George
Burdock, Nicholas
Burgalie, J. P.
New York City
Burger, David I. D-I- BURgER in a shaped cartouche 1805
Burger, John BURGER in rectangle; NEW YORK
in rectangle 1786
Burger, John Burger in shaded rectangle; N.York in
rectangle 1786
Burger, Thomas 1805
Burnham, Robert 1790
Burkloe, Samuel Philadelphia
Burnap, Daniel East Windsor, Conn. 1782
Burnet, Samuel Newark, N. J. 1796
Burnet & Ryder B and R (script initials in capitals) in
rude rectangle Philadelphia
Burnett, Charles A. C.A.B. in rectangle and C.A. Burnett
in rectangle Alexandria, Va.
Burns, Anthony Philadelphia 1785
fWhere no mark is given, the maker used his name or initials.

American Sikersmiths and Their Marks 247
SILVERSMITHS
Burns, James
Burns, John H.
Burot, Andrew
Burr, A. C. A.C.BURR in rectangle
Burr, Christopher A.
Burr, C.A. &
Co.
Burr, Ezekiel E BURR in rectangle and E.BURR in
oval; E. Burr (script; in oval

Burr, E. & W.
Burr, William
Burr &Lee
Burrill, Joseph
Burrill, Samuel S:Burrill in rectangle; S:Burrill in
shaped rectangle; S'B in oval; S-B

dots above in cartouche, and S'B in
heart
Burrill, Samuel, Jr.
Theophilus
Burrill,
Burrows, William
Burt, Benjamin BENJAMIN in a cartouche; BURT
BURT and B-BURT each in a rec-
tangle.
Burt, John JOHN italic capitals in oval; IB with

BURT a pellet below and crown above
in a cartouche. I BURT in cartouche
Burt, Samuel SAMUEL in a cartouche; SB in a

BURT square.
Burt, William W.BURT in a rude oblong; W BURT
in rectangle
Burton, Jacob
Bushnell, Phineas
Bussey, Benjamin BB in rectangle
Bussey, Thomas
Buswell, Jason
Butler, Henry W.
Butler, James IB crowned in shield; IB; IB crowned
in cartouche; J.BUTLER in rectangle
Butler, John I B in circle and J BUTLER in oblong
Butler, N.
Butler, N. H.
Butler & Little
Byrne, James J. Byrne in shaped cartouche
Byrne, James
Cady, Samuel
Cady & Backus
Calder&Co.
Caldwell, E.
Cammon, Alexander A-C in square
Camoin
Camp, Elias
Campbell, Christopher CAMPBELL in rude rectangle
jWhere no mark is given, the maker used his name or initials.

24 8 American Silversmiths and Their Marks
SILVERSMITHS
Campbell, John W. f
Campbell, R.
Campbell, Thomas T CAMPBELL in rectangle
Campbell, W.
Canavillo, Antonio
Canavillo, S.
Candee, Lewis B.
Candell, Charles CC (script capitals) in rectangle
Canfield, Samuel CANFIELD in oval
Canfield & Brother

Canfield & Foot
Cann, John
Cant, Godfrey
Caralin, Pierce
Carbin, Theodore
CariOj Michael
Cario, William W.CARIO in shaped oblong;
W.CARIO in engrailed rectangle
Cariolle
Carlile, Abraham A. Carlile (script) in rectangle
Carman, John
Carman, John
Carman, Samuel
Carpenter, Joseph
Carrel, Daniel
Carrel, John & Daniel CARREL in rectangle
Carribec, Peter
Carroll, James
Carson, Thomas
Carson & Hall
Cary, Lewis L.CARY in engrailed scroll ending
with rosettes
Case, George
Casey, Gideon GtCASEY in shaped rectangle
Casey, Samuel S -.Casey in rectangle
Cashell, Randall H.
Cassedy, Andrew
Caston, Franchise
Cerneau, John
Cerneau, Joseph
Cerneau & Co.
Chadwick, Thomas
Chamberlain, Wilson
Champlin, John
Chandler, Stephen
Chapin, Aaron
Chapin, Alexander
Chase, J. D.
Chase & Easton
Chat, Claudius
Chaudrons, Simon
f Where no mark is

SILVERSMITHS MARKS
Cobb, Ephraim E.Cobb in oval and EC in rectangle;
E COBB in rectangle.
I-C in square; 1C in square; and J CO-
Coburn, John
BURN in rectangle.
car-
Coddington, John 1C in a turnip- or beet-shaped
touche
Codman, Willard t
Coe & Upton
Coen, Daniel B.
Coffman, William
Coggeswell, H. H. COGGSWELL in rectangle
Cohen, Barrow A.
Cohen, William
Coignard, Louis
Coit, E. E.COIT and PURE COIN, each in
rectangle
Coit, Thomas C. T.C.C (script) in rectangle
Coit & Mansfield C& M in an oblong; same in a hexagon
Cole, Ebenezer
Cole, Jacob
Cole,John
Coleman, B. B. COLEMAN in rectangle
Coleman, C. C.
Coleman, John
Coleman, Nathaniel N. COLEMAN in rectangle; NC in
oval
Coleman, S. S. COLEMAN in rectangle
Coley, Simeon
Coley, William W. COLEY (script) in shaped oval
Collet, J. B.
Collette, Lambert
Collins, Arnold AC in heart; AC in shield; AC in square
Collins, W. & L.
Coiner, John
Colonel, John
Colton, Levi
Colton, Oren
Colton & Baldwin
Colton & Collins
Coney, John
Connor, John H. J H CONNOR in serrated rectangle

Conyers, Joseph
Conyers, Richard
Cook, John I COOK in rectangle; .COOK in an
oval; JCOOK in rectangle
Cook & Co.
Cooke, Joseph
Cooke & Co.
Coolidge, Joseph, Jr. COOLIDGE in shaped oval
JA shaped oval follows the upper and lower contour of letters.

SILVERSMITHS PERIOD
Cooper, Philadelphia 1816
Cooper, B. New York City 1814
Cooper, B. & J. 1810
Cooper, John 1814
Cooper, Joseph 1770
Copp, Joseph New London, Conn.
Copp, Nathaniel P. Albany, N. Y. 1834
Corley, William New York City 1811
Cornelison, Cornelius 1711
Cornelius, Christian C CORNELIUS in rectangle Philadelphia 1810
Cornell, Walter CORNELL in rectangle Providence R. I. 1780
Corrin, Josiah Philadelphia 1823
Courcelle, Hilaire New Orleans, La. 1822
Couvertie, Louis L 'COUVERTIE in rectangle 1822
Coverly, Thomas T:COVERLY in rectangle Newburyport, Mass. 1760
Cowell, William WC in oval; \V.COWELL in cartouche:
WC surmounted by star and pellets
in a shaped shield; WC in scroll; WC
in rectangle Boston, Mass. 1703
Cowell, William, Jr. WiCOWELL in snaped rectangle;
W.COWELL in shaped oval; W
COWELL (script) in. cartouche
Cowan, William D. W.COWAN in shaped rectangle
Cox, John
Craft, Stephen
Craig, James
Crandall, Benjamin
Crandall, Benjamin
Crane, Stephen M.
Cranston, Samuel
Crawford, John J.CRAWFORD in rectangle J (script)
Crawford (italics) in rectangle
Crittenden,Newton E,
Crone, Henry
Crosby, Jonathan JC in double circle
Cummings, David B.
Currier & Trott Currier & Trott, in rectangle
Currin, Joseph
Curry, John J. CURRY in rectangle; J in square
with rounded lower corners; and
PHILA in rectangle
Curry & Preston CURRY & PRESTON in serrated rec-

tangle; C & P in square
Curtis, Candee & Styles CURTIS, CANDEE & STYLES IN
rectangle
Curtis, Daniel
Curtis, Joel
Curtis, Lewis L.Curtis in rectangle
Curtis, Thomas
Curtiss & Candee
Curtiss & Duning CURTISS & DUNING in scroll
Curtiss, Candee & Stiles Name in capitals in rectangle
Curtiss & Stiles

SILVERSMITHS
Cushman, Isaac
A.CUTLER, BOSTON, each in rec-
Cutler, A.
tangle
Cutler, E. E. CUTLER in rectangle
Cutler, Richard
Cutler, Richard, Jr.
Cutler, Richard & Sons
Cutler, Silliman, Ward
&Co.
Cutler, William
Cutter, William
Dagget, Henry
Dallon, John
Dally, Philip
Dally& Halsey
Dane, Thomas T.DANE in cartouche
Daniels, Charles W.
Dargee, John
Daubayson, Victoire
Dauce, Simon
Davenport, Robert
Davenport, Samuel
Daverne, John
David, John I DAVID in rectangle; DAVID in
rectangle; ID in oval
JD in oval
David, John, Jr. J:D in oval; JD in square;
David, Lewis A.
David, Peter P.D in cartouche; PD in oval
David & Dupuy

Davis, E. ED in rectangle; E DAVIS in oblong;
E DAVIS in oval; E D in rectangle
with a lion passant
Davis, Elias
Davis, Joshua G. IDAVIS in serrated rectangle
Davis, T. A. T.A.DAVIS in rude rectangle

Davis, William
Davis & Babbitt
Davis & Brown DAVIS & BROWN in rectangle
Davis & Watson D& W (script) in rectangle, probably
dealers only
Davison, Brazillai
Davison, Charles C.DAVISON in serrated rectangle
Davy, Adam
Dawes, William
Dawson, John
Dawson, William
Deane, James
Deas, David
Decker, J.
Delagrow, Andrew
Delano, Jabez
Delarue, John

SILVERSMITHS MARKS
Delauney, Jean f
Demilt, Andrew DEMILT in rectangle; N.YORK in
rectangle
Demmock, John
Demorsy, Jean
Demort, John
Demort, Lucien
Denise,*J.& T. J:D and JD, each in square
Dennis, Ebenezer
Dennis, George Jr.
Dennis & Fitch
De Perrizang, Otto
De Peyser, William
De Riemer, Cornelius B.
De Riemer, Jacob R.
De Riemer, Pieter PDR in oval; P DR in rectangle
De Riemer & Mead
Deshon, Daniel
Desquet & Tanguy

Desuret, Lewis
Deverell, John DEVERELL in oblong
Dexter, John
Dickerson, H. & Co.
Dickerson, John
Dickinson, Jonathan
Dickinson & Robinson
Dimmock, John
Dimond, Isaac M
Dixwell, Basil
Dixwell, John ID in oval; ID (small) in oval
Doane, Joshua DOANE in cartouche; DOANE in
rectangle
Dobbs, Adam
Dobleman, Frederick
Doblemar, F. F. G.
Dodge, Benjamin
Dodge, Ezekiel
Dodge, Ezra
Dodge, John J.DODGE in oval
Dodge, Nehemiah N DODGE in serrated rectangle

Dodge, Seril S DODGE in serrated rectangle, pre-
ceded and followed by star
Doler, Daniel
Donalon, John W.
Donovan, William
Dontremei, C.
Doolittle, Amos AD in oval
Doolittle, Enos
Doran, John
Dorgy, Peter
Dorsey, Joshua I.DORSEY in rectangle
Dorsey, Samuel


rectangle; S.EMERY in shaped oval;
S E in rectangle Boston, Mass. 1746
"
tWhere no mark is given, the maker used his name or initials.

MARKS LOCATIONS PERIOD
SILVERSMITHS
in
Emery, Thomas K. T.Emery (script) shaped rectangle;
T.K.EMERY (large) in a rectangle
New York City 1802
1798
Emery & Co. t
New York City i Boo
England, George
Philadelphia 1717
England, William
Eoff; Garret
G.Eoff in rectangle; G Eoff in rectangle;
bird in circle New York City 1803
1833
Eoff& Connor
Eoff&Howell EOFF & HOWELL in rectangle 1805
1835
Eoff & Moore
Boston, Mass. 1808
Epps, Ellery New York City 1816
Equer & Aquimac
Philadelphia
Erwin, Andrew
H.ERWIN in rectangle; same in wav
Erwin, Henry
bordered rectangle 1817
J.ER\VIN in rectangle New York City 1815

Erwin, John
1804
Esteva, Hayacinth
1769
Etting, Benjamin 1820
Evans, Henry HENRY EVANS in rectangle
Evans, John EVANS in an engrailed "near" rec-

1816
tangle
EVANS in engrailed rectangle; R-E in
Evans, Robert
rectangle;REin rectangle;
R.EVANS
in rectangle; R.E. in rectangle;
EVANS in oblong
Everitt, Jesse
Eversten, John
Ewan, John J. EWAN in engrailed rectangle
Faber, William
Faber & Hoover
Fagaler, George M.
Fairchild, James L.
Fairchild, Joseph
Fairchild, Robert R.FAIRCHILD in rectangle; RF in
oblong; R.F in cartouche;
RF in oval Durham, Conn. 1724
Chas Faris (script) in oval 1790
Faris, Charles
Me. 1812
Farley, Charles
* C. FARLEY in rectangle Portland,
Farnam, Henry H. FARNAM in rectangle Boston, Mass. 1799
Farnam, R. & H. R & H FARNAM in rectangle 1807
Farnum, Rufus R. FARNUM in rectangle 1796

Thomas Th: Farnam in rude rectangle 1836
Farnam, 1810
Farnam & Ward FARNAM & WARD in rectangle
Farr, John C. J.C: Farr in rectangle; JOHN C FARR

in shaded ribbon 1813
'826
Farrington, John
Farrington & HunneweU FARRINGTON & HUNNEWELL in
rectangle 1830
Fellows, Abraham FELLOWS in rectangle Newport, R. I. &

Albany, N. Y. 1826
Fellows, John F. Portsmouth, N. H. 1824

Fellows & Storm FELLOWS & STORM in rectangle Albany, N. Y. 1839
1802
Ferguson, John Philadelphia
fWTiere no mark is

" "
Foster, Samuel 1676-1702
Foster, N. & T. Newburyport, R. I.
1823
Foster, Thos. T.FOSTER in rectangle .1825
Fourniquet, Louis Fourniquet in shaped rectangle New York Citv 1795
Fourniquet & Wheatley 1817
Fowler, Gilbert 1825
Fradgley, Thomas *797
Francis, Julius C. Middletown, Conn. 1807
Francis, Nathaniel N.FRANCIS in rectangle New York City 1804
Franciscus, George Baltimore, Md. 1776
Frank, Jacob Philadelphia 1785
Franks, William 1839
Fraser, William 1735
Freeman, William 1839
Frinth, James 1840
Frobisher, Benjamin C. FROBISHER in oval; B. C. Frobisher
in rectangle Boston, Mass. 1834
Frost & Mumford F& M in wavy lined rectangle Providence, R. I. 1810
Frotheringham, Ebenezer Boston, Mass. 1756-1814
Fryer, John W. Albany, N. Y. 1784
Fueter, Daniel C. D C F in a shaped rectangle; and N
over YORK, in a shaped rectangle New York City 1756
Fueter, Lewis 1775
Fuller, Alexander 1811
Furtj Peter Boston, Mass. 1720
Gafkins, J. Providence, R. I. 1832

Gaither, Greenberg Dist. of Col. 1834
Gale, John L. J.L.G. in rectangle; J.L.GALE in rec-
tangle New York City 1818

Gale, John S. J. GALE in rectangle 1820
Gale, William W.G. in rectangle;head in square;
tulips in cup-shaped cartouche 1821
Gale, William, Jr. Wm.GALE JR in rectangle 1823
Gale, William & Son W.GALE & SON, W.G &S. f in
oblong; diamond with 1825 in angles 1823

Gale, Wood & Hughes G. W. &H in rectangle '835
Gale & Mosely G & M in serrated rectangle 1830
Gale & Stickler G & S in rectangle 1823
Gale & Willis 1840
Gallop, Christopher Ledyard, Conn. 1790
Gait, Samuel Williamsburg, Va. '749
Gardiner, Baldwin B.G in rectangle; animal in oval and
head in oval; B.GARDINER
in rec-

Gardiner, B. &
Company B G & CO in- rectangle ,1825
Gardiner, John (ET New London, Conn. !734 ,
Gardiner, Sidney Philadelphia i8ia


SILVERSMITHS
Giraud, Henry t
Girrad, Henry
Girreaun, Stephen
Glidden, Joseph J G, crowned fleur-de-lis below in shield
Goelet, Philip G
P in rude square; P in oval G
Goforth, Jeremiah
Goldthwaite, Joseph
Gombach, John
Goodhue, John J.GOODHUE in rectangle
Gooding, Henry GOODING in double-lined rectangle
Gooding, Joseph
Goodwin, Allyn
Goodwin, Benjamin B -.GOODWIN in rectangle
Goodwin, H. & A. GOODWIN in an oblong

Goodwin, Horace
Goodwin, Ralph
Goodwin & Dodd
Gordon, A. & J.
Gordon, Alexander S. GORDON in escalloped rectangle
G. G.Gordon in 1800
Gordon, oblong
Gordon, James
Gordon, James S. Philadelphia 1769
Gorham, Jabez Providence, R. I. 1814
Gorham, John New Haven, Conn. 1814
Gorham, Miles M.G. in rectangle; M. GORHAM in
rectangle 1778
Gorham, Richard
Gorham & Webster Gorham & Webster (script) in rectangle
Gough, James
and 10-15 in rectangles with
Gould, J. J.GOULD
curved ends
Gould, John
Gould, Stowell & Ward
Gould & Ward
Govert, James
Gowen, William W.G. in rectangle; W.GOWEN in rec-
tangle
Graham, Daniel
Grant, Thomas T. GRANT in rectangle
Grant, William, Jr. W. Grant (script)
in shaped rectangle
and WG in oval
Gravelle, Ren6 L.
Graves, Thomas
Gravier, Nicholas
Gray, G. G.GRAY in escalloped rectangle
Gray, John
Gray, Robert R.Gray, script in rectangle
Gray, Samuel S:GRAY in rectangle; GRAY in rec-
tangle
Green, James
fWhere no mark is
|iven ?
the maker used his name or initials-

SILVERSMITHS
Hart &: Brewer
Hart & \Vilcox HART & WILCOX in rectangle
Hartford, George
Hartin & Bargi
Hartley, Samuel
Hartman, Philip
Haskell, Barnabus
Hastier, John
Hastier, Marquette M H in square

Hastings, B. B.
Haugh, Samuel S H in square
Haverstick, William
Hawley, Noah
Haws, John
Hayden & Gregg HAYDEN & GREGG in rectangle
Hayes & Colton

Hays, Andrew
Hays & Myers HAYS & MYERS in rectangle; H & M
in oblong
Head, Joseph
Healy
Heath, John
Heck, Ludwig L H in square

Hedges, David, Jr. HEDGES in rudely drawn rectangle
Heguenburg, Charles, Jr.
Hempsted & Chandler
Henchman, Daniel Henchman in rectangle; D.H in rec-
tangle
Hendriks, Ahasuerus A H conjoined in an asymmetric circle;
Ai in oval; A.H in oval
Henry, Felix
Hequenbourg, Charles, Jr.
Herbert, Timothy B.
Herils, Francis
Heron, Isaac
Heurtin, William W H in rectangle
Hews, Abraham, Jr. A. HEWS Jr. in rectangle
Hewson, John D.
Heyer, William B. W.B.HEYER in rectangle; W .B,HEYER T
in shaped rectangle
Heyer & Gale W.B.HEYER
1
in rectangle; &
in rec-
tangle; J.GALE in an oblong
Higbie & Crosby HIGBIE & CROSBY in oblong

Hildebur, HILDEBUR in oval
Hill, James
Hill & Waddill
Hilldrup, Thomas
Hiller, Benjamin B H two crescents below, in shaped
rectangle; B H in cartouche
Hiller, Joseph
Hilton, William
Hind, John

SILVERSMITHS MARKS
Hinsdale, Epaphras HINSDALE in crude rectangle
Hitchborn, Daniel t
Hitchborn, Samuel
Hitchcock, Eliakim E H, cross between in rectangle; L
in rectangle
(or Hitchborn, Eliakim)
Hobarth, Joshua J.HOBARTH in oblong with rounded
ends
Hobbs, Nathan HOBBS in rectangle
Hodge, John J. HODGE in rectangle with HADLEY

in rectangle
Hoffman, Frederick
Hoffman, James M. J. M.HOFFMAN in rectangle
Holland, Littleton L. HOLLAND in rectangle, STER in
rectangle, A, head,
and a web in
cartouches
Hollingshead, John
Holiingshead, William
WH (fancy script)
in shaped car-
touche
Holmes, Adrian B. A. Holmes in rectangle
Holmes, Israel
Holmes, J.
Holmes, William.
Holton, David
Holton, John
Holyoke, Edward HOLYOKE in rude rectangle
Homes, William W. HOMES in rectangle; HOMES in
rectangle, W.H
in rectangle
Homes, William, Jr. W. Homes in oval

Hoover, Henry
Hoover, Joseph E.
Hopkins, Jesse
Hopkins, Joseph
Hopper, Samuel
Hosford, Harley
Hotchkiss, Hezekiah
Houlton, John
Houtzell, Jacob
How, David
Howard, Abraham
Howard, John
Howard, Thomas
Howard, William
Howe, G. C. & Co.
Howe, George C. GEO. C. HOWE in oblong; anchor,
star, and eagle in separate ovals
Howe, Otis
Howell, G. W. G W Howell (script)
in rectangle,
Howell, James
I.Howell (script) in shaped cartouche
Howell, Paul P. HOWELL in rectangle; Howell
(script) in shaped rectangle

Howell, Silas W. S. W. Howell (script) in rectangle
same in shaped rectangle
SILVERSMITHS LOCATIONS
Howell & Arnold t Albany, X. Y. 1797
Hoyt, George B. GEO. HOYT in rectangle
B. New York City 1840
Hoyt, Henry E. HENRY HOYT in rectangle 1820
Hoyt, S. S. HOYT in rectangle 1840
Hubbal, William Dist. of Col. 1834
Hughes, Christopher &
Co. Baltimore, Md. 1773
Hughes, Edmund Hampton, Conn. 1804
Hughes, Henry Baltimore, Md. 1781
Hughes, J. J. HUGHES in rectangle Middletown, Conn. 1798
Hughes & Bliss 1806
Hughes & Francis 1807

Hulbeart, Philip PH in shaped square Philadelphia 1761
Hull, John Boston, Mass. 1645
Hull & Sanderson 1652
Humbert, Augustus New York City 1818
Humphreys, Richard RH (script) in shaped cartouche; RH

in rectangle; R.H in oval, R.HUm-
cartouche 1771
phreys (script) in shaped Philadelphia
Humphreys, Thomas 1814
Hunlock, Bouman 1752
Hunnewell, George W. Boston, Mass. 1836
Hunt, Edward 1717
Hunt, William 1819
Huntington, Phil P H in square; Huntington in shaped
rectangle Norwich, Conn. 1791
Huntington, Roswell 1763
Hurd, Benjamin B H, arrow between, in a rectangle Roxbury, Mass. 1739
(son of Jacob Hurd)
Hurd, Isaac 1754
Hurd, Jacob Boston, Mass. 1702
Hurd, Nathaniel N.Hurd in rectangle; N. Hurd, very

small, in cartouche 1729
Hurst, Henry HH in a shield 1665
Husband, John Probably the I H shaped
(script) in
rectangle given in American Church

Stiver, page 81 Philadelphia 1796
Baltimore 1799
Huston, James
Hutchins, Jacob HUTCHINS in rude oblong New York City 1774
Hutton, George Albany, N. Y. 1799
Button, Isaac Spray or bird in circle; HUTTON in
oblong; first figure repeated and

ALBANY in rectangle 1790
Hutton, I Si G. 1799
Hutton, John
New York City 1720
1684
Hutton, John S.
Hyde & Goodrich HYDE & GOODRICH in rectangle;
N.O. in rectangle New Orleans, Lzu 1830
Hyde & Nevins Hyde & Nevins in rectangle New York City 1798

SILVERSMITHS MARKS
I ago, Henry
Ingraham, Joseph
Inman, Benjamin
Isaacks, Michael
Jacks, James
Jacks, William
Jackson, Daniel D I in cartouche; DJACKSON in ob-
long
Jackson-, James
JACKSON in oblong
Jackson, John
Jackson, Joseph
Jacob, Moses
Jacobs, Abel A JACOBS in rectangle
G. JACOBS in long oval
Jacobs, George
Janvier, Louis
Jarvis, Munson M:J in box; M.J in box
Jenckes, John C. JJENCKES incised; JCJENCKES in
an oblong
Jenckes & Co.
Jenkins, John
Jennings, Jacob
Jennings, Jacob, Jr.
Jesse, David
Johannes, John M.
John, JOHN in an oblong
Johnson^ C.
Johnson, John
Johnson, Maycock W. M.W.JOHNSON in engrailed rectangle
Johnson, Samuel SJ in oblong
Johnson & Ball
Johnson & Reat JOHNSON & REAT in shaped oval
Johonnot, William B,
Jones, Ball & Co.
Jones, Ball & Poor
Jones, E.
Jones, George B.
Jones, James
Jones, John J, JONES in oblong
Jones, John B. J. B. JONES in oblong and PURE
COIN in rectangle
Jones, William W.I in square
Jones, William
Jones & Ward
Jordan, Peter
Joubert, P.
Judah,
Kay, Amos A K in square; the K resembles H

Keeler, A. KEELER in rectangle; lower line en-
grailed
Keeler, Joseph
Kettler, Thaddeus T KEELER in oblong

SILVERSMITHS
Keiff, Joseph t
Keith, T. & W T. & W. KEITH in rectangle
Keley, Grael
Kelly, Allen
Kelley, E. G. & J. H.
Kendle, Charles
Kendrick, William W. KENDRICK, LOUISVILLE,
cised
Kennedy, Mathew
Kenrick,Anwyl
Ketchum, James
Kettell, Thomas T. K in rectangle
Keyworth, Robert R. KEYWORTH in rectangle
Kiersteade, Cornelius C K in cartouche; C K in rectangle; C.K
in oval; C K, a diamond and two
pellets below in shield

Kimberly, WiUiam WK T
in rectangle; Kimberly in shaped
rectangle
King, Joseph
Kingston, John
Kinney, Thomas TK in rectangle; T K in partially en-
grailed rectangle
Kip, Benjamin
Kippen, George G.KIPPEN in rectangle
Kirby, WiUiam
Kirk, Samuel
VJ Baltimore, Md. 1818
KIR* g, SMITH
Kirtland, Joseph P. Middletown, Conn. 1796

Kitchen, Andrew Philadelphia 1835
Kline, Bartholomew 1837
Kline, B. & Co. 1837
Kneeland, I. Boston, Mass. 1698
Krause, John S. Bethlehem, Pa. 1805
Kucher, Jacob IHQKHEd Philadelphia
Kumbel, WiUiam New York City 1780
Lachaise, Peter New York City

Ladd, WiUiam F. WM F. LADD in rectangle; NEW
YORK in rectangle 1830
fWhere no mark is given, the maker used his name or initials,
of Baltimore, tn 1814, passed

{Pursuant to an act of the Maryland Legislature, the local government
a law which interdicted the use of a lower standard of silver than u
oz. troy to the pound of metal, and
submitted to him by affixing a dominical letter,
appointed an assayer who signified his approval of pieces
arbitrarily chosen, and a head of the goddess
of liberty. The office was abolished in 1830 and a law was
substituted requiring the gold or silversmith to stamp the quality of his wares.
The use of the head was
discontinued in 1823. The letters and the years represented by each are: A, 1815; G
(and F), 1816; E, 1817,
D, 1818, C, 1819, B (and A) 1820; G, i8ai; F, 1822; E, 1823; C (and D), 1824; B, 1825; A,
1826; G, 1827;
F (and E), 1828; D, 1829.
SILVERSMITHS
Laforme, Antoine
Laforme, Bernard
Laforme, F. J.
Lainecourt, Stephen
Lakeman, E. K.
Lamar, Benjamin BL in oval, LAMAR in oblong
Lamar, Mathias
Lamesiere, Peter
Lamothe, John
Lamothe, Pierre & Sons Lamothe (script) in shaped oblong
Lampe, John
Lamson, J. J.LAMSON in rectangle
Lane, Aaron A L in oval
Lang, Edward E D in cartouche; LANG in oblong
Lang, Jeffery
Lang, Richard R LANG in rectangle
Langer, Joseph
Lansing, Jacob
Laperouse, John B.
Laroussebierre, Peter
Lashing, Peter
Lathrop, Rufus
Latruit, John P.
Lawrence, Josiah H.
Lawrie, Robert O.
Leach, Charles C.L in engrailed rectangle; LEACH
in oblong
Leach, John
Leach, Nathaniel
Leach, Samuel S.L in square
Leach & Bradley
Leacock, John
Leacock, Peter
Le Blanc, Lewis
Ledell, Joseph
Le Dorc, 1797
Lee, S. W. S.LEE in oblong; teapot in cartouche;
wheat stack in cartouche Providence, R. I.
1815
Lefevre, F. Philadelphia 1818
Lefevre, John F.
1806
Lefevre &
Gravelle 1811
Legare, Francis Boston, Mass. 1657

Lemaire, Baptiste Philadelphia 1804
Lemaire, Mathias 1781
Lench, Peter New York City 1805
Lendigree, M. 1814
Lent, John 1787
Leonard, Allen 1830
Leret, Peter P. Leret in oblong Baltimore, Md. 1787
Le Roux, Bartholomew BR (LR conjoined) in a cartouche New York City 1700
Le Roux, Charles CL in box; C L in rectangle 1725
fWhere no mark is

SILVERSMITHS MARKS
Lowner, Jacob t
Lowner, William
Lownes, Edward E.LOWNES in rectangle and tree in
oval; E.LOWNES in wavy rectangle
Lownes, J. & J. H.
Lownes, Joseph
Lownes, Josiah H.
Lownes & Erwin
Loyer, Adrian
Lucet, James
Luis, Lambert
Lusada, Benjamin
LuscomK, John G.
Lussaur, John
Lyell, David
Lynch, John J.LYNCH in oblong and \
Lynde, Thomas T.LYNDE in oval cartouche
Lyng, John
Lyng, John Burt I BL in rectangle; LYNG in engrailed

rectangle, followed by N.YORK in
rectangle
Lynn, Adam
Mabrid & Co.

MacFarland, John J : M : FARLAND in oblong; J M 'F
oblong
Machon, Austin
Main, David
Mainwaring, Thomas
Mairot, Jean C.
Mann, Alexander
Mannerback, L.
Manning, Daniel
Manning, Joseph
Manning, Samuel
Mansfield, Elisha H.
Mansfield, John
Mansfield, Thomas
Marble, Simeon S.MARBLE in oblong
Marchand, Evariste
Marquand, Frederick F. MARQUAND in shaped rectangle;
F.M in rectangle; Lion in cartouche;
F and C in separate rectangles
Marquard, Isaac
Marquand & Brother
Marquand & Co.
Marshall, Joseph
Marshall, Thomas
tWhere no mark is
Marshall & Tempest f Philadelphia
Martin, Abraham W. New York
Martin, Peter P.MARTIN in
" " City
"
oblong 1756
Mather & North MATHER & NORTH in double ruled
McMullin & Black McMuLLin & BLack in rectangle l8n

McPherson, Robert 1831
Meade, Adriance & Co. MEADE & ADRIANCE in rectangle,
ST. Lx>uis in oblong St. Louis, Mo. 1831
Mecorrij John New York City 1770
Mecum, George Boston, Mass. 1 836
Merchant, J. J.MERCHANT in oblong New York City 1795
Merkler, John H. fflSft
Merrifield, Thomas V. Z. Albany, N. Y. 1 840

Merriman, C. New York City 1825
Merriman, Marcus M.M in engrailed oval; M.M. between
parallel curves, convexed on upper
sides and closed at ends; in M.M
oblong; eagle, M, and wheat shock Cheshire, Conn. 1762
each in square New Haven, Conn. 1787
Where no mark is given, the maker used his name or initials,

fWhere no mark is
SILVERSMITHS LOCATIONS
Moulton, Joseph, II MOULTON in heavy capitals 1740

Moulton, Joseph, III 1813
Moulton, William, I W.MOULTON in rectangle; MOUL-
TON in a rectangle; MOULTON in-
cised 1710
Moulton, William, II W M in rectangle; MOULTON in rec-
tangle 1720
Moulton, William, III MOULTON in rectangle 1772
Moulton & Bradbury 1796
Moulton & Davis 1824
Mulfbrd, John H. Albany, N. Y. 1835
Mumford, H. G. Providence, R. I. 1813
JThe town is correctly located in Georgia; it now has a

population of lop.
SILVERSMITHS MARKS LOCATIONS PERIOD
Munroe, James and JAMES MUNROE
Munson, Amos
Munson, Cornelius
Murdock, James
Murphy, James
Musgrave, James
Myer, H. B.
Myers, Albert
Myers, John
Myers & Jacob
Myers, Myer
Mygatt, Comfort S.
Mygatt, David
Mygatt, Eli
Mysendhender,
Nagles, John
Neuill, Richard
Neuss, Jan
Nevill, Richard
Newberry, Edwin C.
Newhatl, Dudley
Newkirke, Joseph
Newman, Timothy H.
Nichols, Bassett
Nichols, William S.
Nicherson, Baty
Nixon, Richard
Noble, Joseph
Norcross, Nehemiah
Norris, George
North, William B.
North & Co.
Northee, David I.
Northey, Abijah
Norton, Andrew
Norton, Benjamin
Norton, C. C.
Norton, Samuel
Norton, Thomas
Norton & Pitkin o __ 7
rectangle; W. PITKIN in rectangle Hartford, Conn. 1825
fWhere no mark is
touche; I.O in a cartouche; Otis

(small script) in cartoon; Otis (large)
in rectangle Newport, R. I.
1791
Ott, Daniel New York City 1792
Ott, George G. Ott (script) in oblong, Ott (script)
in rectangle Norfolk, Va. 1806
Overin, Richard New York City 1702
Owen, Jesse J!? E. OWEN in rectangle Philadelphia 1794
Owen, John I.OWEN in rectangle; OWEN in rec-
tangle 1804
Paddy, Samuel
Painter, John
Palmer, James
Palmer &Bachlader
Palmer & Clapp
Palmer & Hinsdale
Pancoast, Samuel
Paradice, William A.
Paraset, William
Parham, William
Pane, Joseph
Parisen, Otto Parisen in rectangle
Parisien, Otto W.
Parisien, 0. & Son O P D P in oblong
Parker, Daniel D: P in rectangle ;
D ; PARKER in
rectangle Boston, Mass. 1727-1786
fWHere no mark is given, the maker used his name or initials.

Parker, George G. PARKER in rectangle

Parker, Isaac I PARKER in rectangle
Parker, Richard t
Parker, William H.
Parkman, C. C.PARKMAN in an oblong
Parkman, John PARKMAN in oblong
Parkman, Thomas T. PARKMAN in serrated rectangle
Parks, John
Parmele, James
Parmele, Samuel S:Parmele (surname in script) in
shaped cartouche; S.P in cartouche;
S P in oval; S. Parmele (script) in
oblong
Parry, Martin PARRY in rectangle
Parry, Rowland
Parry & Musgrave
Parsons, PARSONS in rectangle
Pascal, William
Paterson, George
Pattit, Thomas
Patton, Thomas
Paulgreen, Quam
Paxson, John A.
Peabody, John J.PEABODY in rectangle
Peale, Charles W.
Pear, Edward EP in serrated square
Pearce, W. (W PEARCE)
) Va >in oval
/Norfolk \
Pearse, Samuel New York City

Pearson, John J.Pearson (script) in rectangle; I P in
cartouche
Peck, Lawrence M.
Peck, Timothy
Pedosy, S.
Peiri, Joseph
Pelletreau, Elias EP in square
Pelletreau, John
Pelletreau, Maltby
Pelletreau, William S. W.S.P. in escalloped rectangle; W. S.
PELLETREAU in an oblong
Pelletreau & Upson
Pepper, Henry I. H.I.PEPPER in rectangle
Perkins, Houghton
Perkins, Isaac
Perkinsj Jacob I P crowned in shield
Perpignan, Peter
Perpignan & Varnier
Perraux, Peter P.P in cartouche; PP in square
Perret,Augusta
Perret & Sandoz
fWhere no mark is
SILVERSMITHS LOCATION'S
Perry, Thomas Westerly, R. I.
Peters, James Philadelphia 1821

Peters, R. 1807
Petit, Matthew M.P in rectangle New York City iRii
Petti t, Thomas 1791
Phelps, Jedediah Great Barrington, Vt. 1781
Philip & Yver Philadelphia 1796
Phillips, James D. JA? D.PHILLIPS in rectangle Cleveland, Ohio 1829
Phillips, Samuel Salem, Mass. 1680
Boston, Mass. 1721
Phyfe, William 1836
Pickering, Charles Philadelphia 1683
Pierce, Hart New York City 1835
Pierce, John PIERCE in an oblong Boston, Mass. 1810
Pierce, O. O PIERCE in rectangle 1824
Pierpont, Benjamin B* PIERPONT, in a shaped oblong;
BP very small in rectangle; PIER-
PONT an oblong; B PIERPONT
'in
in cartouche Roxbury, Mass. 1-30-1797

Pierson, Phillip New York City !
79 8
Pinchin, William Philadelphia 1779
Pinto, Joseph New York City 1758
Pitkin, Henry H P, hollow block letters in cartouche Hartford, Conn. 1811
Pitkin, James F. East Hartford, Conn. 1834

Pitkin, John 0. 1826
Pitkin, J. O. & W. J.O. & W. PITKIN in rectangle Hartford, Conn. 1826
Pitkin, Walter W. PITKIN in rectangle, followed by
a star, rooster, and P, in crudely made
circles 1808
Pitkin, William J. WM J. PITKIN in rectangle 1820

Pitkin, William L. WMJLPITKIN in rectangle 1825
Pitkin & Norton W.PITKIN, C C NORTON in rec-
tangles 1825
Pitman, Benjamin B. PITMAN in rectangle; Pitman in
rectangle Providence, R. I. 1825

Pitman, John K. 1805
Pitman, Sanders PITMAN in rectangle; Pitman in rec-
tangle 1732-1804
Pitman, William R.
New Bedford, Mass. 1835
Pitman & Dodge Providence, R. I. 1790
Pitman & Dorrance 1795
Pitts, Richard PITTS (script) in cartouche Philadelphia 1741
Pitts, A. 1790
Plain, Edward New York City J835
Planquet, Gregory 1797
W. 1820
Platt, George
Platt, James 1835
N. C. 1820
Platt,
Platt & Brother PLATT & BROTHER in rectangle;
G.W. & N,C. PLATT in rectangle 1816
Poincignon, Francis Philadelphia 1796

Poincy, Peter 1813
Pointe, James 1813
j
Where no mark is given, the maker used his name r
or initials.
2-8 American Silversmiths and Their Marks
SILVERSMITHS
LOCATION'S PERIOD
1811
Pointe &
Tangruv Philadelphia
1806
Poissenot, N. J.
Poissonier, Francis
Poland, P.
Polgratn, jjuom
Polhamus. J. New York City 1802
W.P \V.P in cartouche Boston, Mass. 1690
Pollard, William in rectangle;
Baltimore, Md. 1790
lancet, Lewis
Fons, Thomas PONS in rectangle; PONS in engrailed
oblong Boston, Mass. 1757-1817
Poor, Nathaniel 1829
Porter, F. W. F.W.PORTER in oblong New York Citv 1820
1820
Porter, Henry C.
Porter, H. C. & Co. H. PORTER & CO. in rectangle 1830
Portram, Abraham AP, fleur-de-lis below, in a heart; AP
in a heart 1727
Post, Samuel New London 1783
& R. Providence, R, I. 1810
Potter, J. 0. J.
Po twine, John JP^separated by a diamond shaped pel-
in a rectangle; IP with a pellet be-
let)
tween the letters in a shield with
in a
shaped top; I:Potwine shaped
cartouche; I-Po twine in an oblong.
When the name is used the initials
are in Roman capitals, the
other let-
ters in script.
Po twine& Whiting
Poupard, Jas.
Powell, C. F.
Powelson, Chas.
Pratt, Henry
Pratt, Nathan N.PRATT in rectangle
Pratt, Phineas
Pratt, Seth
Price, Benjamin
Price, John
Prince, Job
Putnam, Edward
Putnam, Rufus
Quaritus, Frederick
Quincy, Daniel
Quintard, Peter PQ in cartouche; Pq in rectangle; P.Q
in rectangle
Rabeth, Jas.
Rait, David
Rait, Robert R.RAIT in rectangle
Rasch, Anthony ANTY RASCH in oblong; Sterling

above the word silver, in rectangle
Rasch & Wfllig
Ravee, Xavier
Reed, A. G. & Co.
fWhere no mark Is
Reed, Isaac Stamford, Conn. *77 b
Reed, Isaac & Son I.REED & SON in rectangle 18 ic
Reed, Lewis New York City
Reed, Osman O.REED PHILA in rectangles Philadelphia 1840
Reeder, Abner A.REEDER in rectangle '797
Reeder, John
Reeves, Enos REEVES in rectangle Charleston, S. C. '775
Reeves, Stephen S.Reeves ^script in shaped rectangle Burlington, N. J. 1767
Revere, Edward Boston, Mass. 1796
Revere, J. W. 1798
Revere, PaulJ 1735-1818
Revere, Paul, Sr. 1702-1754
Revere, 3d, Paul
Revere, Thomas TR in rectangle 1789
Revere & Son 1796
Reynolds, Theodore J. Philadelphia
Rice, Henry P. H.P.RICE in rectangle Albany, N. Y. 1815
Rice, Joseph T. Rice (script jin cartouche Baltimore, Md.
Rice, Joseph T. Joseph T. Rice (script.) in rectangle
and Albany (script; in rectangle;
J.T.Rice (script; in rectangle i835
Rich, Obadiah O.RICH and BOSTON, each in rec-
*
tangle; O.RICH BOSTON* Boston, Mass. 1824
Richard, Augustus Philadelphia, Pa.
Richard, Stephen SR in square; S.RICHARDS in rec-
tangle
Richards, Samuel SRichard, in shaped oblong; S.RICH-
ARD in rectangle New York City
ijTo distinguish themarks of the two Paul Reveres "s often a matter of difficulty unless one has some
extraneous evidence of the origin of the silver of which provenance is sought.
The following statemets should help:
Revere, Senior, alone used the marks: P'REVERE "n a rectangle and (id) P. Revere, italic script, in a
rectangle, and (30") P R
in a crowned shield.
Paul Revere, Jr., used the mark REVERE in a rectangle; his fathern ever did; he a'so used P. R script
in a rectangle, sometimes in conjunction with REVERE.
The following marks are also attributed to Paul Revere, the son: P R in a rectangle; P R incised; and
REVERE in a rectangle. The points of the V are joined to the two Es.
One should know that tea or coffee sets were not made in the lifetime of the elder Revere. This often
will prove a decisive factor, as the younger Revere made a number of tea sets.
Writing upon this subject to the author, Judge A. T. Clearwater says: "Paul Revere, the patriot, ordin-
arily used the mark REVERE, although there are authenticated pieces upon which he used the marks
of P. R. but they are rare. There are, as well, pieces made by the elder Revere which were finished, particu-
"
larly as to the engraving, by the son. They
also are unusual." Upon such pieces it might be possible that
both silversmiths would place their marks.
Mr. Charles O. Cornelius, replying to an inquiry upon this subject, was kind enough to give me an opinion
which agrees with that of Judge Clearwater.
Another help lies in the fact that the initial mark of the father appears in a crowned shield, while that of
the son is in a rectangle or simply incised. Writing to the author upon this subject, Mr. Henry Davis Sleeper
says:
"
My intensive experience for many years collecting Paul Revere silver leads me to believe that the very
large majority of the silver done by
him or in his shop during his life, was marked REVERE
with a pellet
before it, in a rectangle, and the father's marked exactly as you have it, P. REVERE
or P. RAll of the
.twenty-three pieces of silver, many of them large ones,

which I gave to the Boston Museum have a pedigree
as I acquired pieces only of which I could get complete proof as to ownership from the first to the final
owner . . . were all under Revere, the son's time, and were all marked REVERE
with a pellet in a rectangle.
I have also several pieces of Revere, Senior, all of which are marked P. R, or P. REVERE."
SILVERSMITHS
Richards, Thos.
Richards, W.
Richards, W. & S. R.
Richards & Williamson RICHARDS & WILLIAMSON in
rectangle
Richardson, Francis FR in a heart
Richardson, Joseph JR and IR in rectangles
Richardson, Joseph, Jr. J.R. in a square

Richardson, J. N. I.NR (N and R conjoined) in a car-
touche
Richardson, Richard
Richmond, Franklin F.RICHMOND in rectangle
Richmond, G. & A.
Ridgeway, James
Ridgeway, John J:RIDGEWAY in rectangle
Ridout, George G R in rectangle
Ried, Johan
Rielly, Bernard
Riggs, Richard RIGGS in rectangle; Riggs in shaped
cartouche; RR in cartouche
Riker, Peter P. RIKER in oblong
Riker &Alexander
Ritter, Michael
Roath, Roswell W.
Robbins, Elisha
Robert, Christopher New York City 1731
Roberts, Frederick Boston, Mass. 1770

Roberts, Michael
New York City 1786
Roberts & Lee Boston, Mass. 1772
Robertson, Alexander Philadelphia 1740
Robertson, Robert *777
Robinson, Anthony W. A ROBINSON in rectangle 1798
1818
Robinson, Benjamin
Robinson, Israel 1840
Robinson & Harwood 1814
Rockwell, Edward ROCKWELL in rectangle; ROCK-
WELL in engrailed rectangle New York City 1807
Rockwell, R.
Rockwell, Thomas Rockwell in oblong Norwalk, Conn. 1775
Rodier, Peter G.
New York City 1825
Roe,W. W.ROE in rectangle; W ROE in oblong
cartouche with a wheat sheaf (hori-
zontal) in an oblong Kingston, N. Y. 1805
Roff,
New York City 1813
Roe & Stollenwerck W.ROE & STOLLENWERCK 1800
Rogers,, Augustus Boston, Mass. 1830

Rogers, Daniel D.ROGERS in oblong New York City 1835
Rogers, Daniel Newport, R. I. 1750
Rogers, Joseph LR in cartouche; LR in oval 1760
Rogers Wm. Wm. ROGERS HARTFORD in rec-
tangles Hartford, Conn. 1801-1873



SILVERSMITHS LOCATION'S PERIOD
Sibley, J. J.SIBLEY in rectangle New Haven, Conn, 1810
Sibley &
Marble S & M in rectangle 1801
Silliman, Hezekiah t
Sime, William Birmingham, Ga. 1768
Sime & Moses 1-68
Simes, William W.S in W.SIMES in
rectangle; rec-
tangle; W.STMES in engrailed rec-

tangle Portsmouth, N. H. 1794
Simmons, Andrew Philadelphia 1796
Simmons, Anthony A.Simmons (script' in rectangle; A.S.
in oblong *797
Simmons, James J. Simmons <
script,) in rectangle New York City 1815

Simmons, Joseph Philadelphia 1828
Simmons, J. & A. J. & A. SIMMONS in rectangle;
J. & A. S in rectangle New York City 1805
Simmons, Peter 1816
Simmons, S. S.SIMMONS in rectangle Philadelphia
Simmons & Alexander SIMMON S&
ALEXANDER in shaped rectangle 1798
Simpkins, Thomas B. T.B.Simpkins (script) in irregular
rectangle Boston, Mass. 1749
Simpkins, William W. Simpkins in plain cartouche;
W.SIMPKINS in cartouche; WS in
rectangle; Simpkins (script) in car-

touche
Singleton & Young
Sixte, Joseph A.
Sixte, Vincent B.
Skerry, George W.
Skinner, Abraham
Skinner, Elizer
Skinner, Matt MATT SKINNER in oblong
Skinner, Thomas T S in cartouche; SKINNER in oblong
Slidell, Joshua
Sloan, William
Smith, Christian
Smith, David D.SMITH in rectangle
Smith, Ebenezer
Smith, George
Smith, George O.
Smith, I. I.S in rectangle
Smith, Jacob
Smith, James
Smith, James
Smith, John
Smith, Joseph I.SMITH in rectangle
Smith, Joseph
Smith, J. & T.
Smith, Levin H.
Smith, Robert R.E.SMITH in rectangle
Smith, Samuel
Smith, William
Snyder, George

SILVERSMITHS MARKS
Solomon, Samuel
Sonnier, Joseph
Souque, Michael
Soumain, Samuel
Soumaine, Simeon S S in rectangle
Sowerlt, Anthony Sowerlt, script in cartouche

Sparrow,_Henry
Spear, Isaac
Spencer, George
Spencer, James
Squire, S. P.
S. P. SQUIRE in rectangle
Squire & Lander SQUIRE & LANDER incised

Stacy, P. P. STACY in rectangle
Joseph
Stall,
in
Stamford, John J S in cartouche; Stamford (script)
shaped oblong
Stanton, Daniel D. Stanton in oblong
Stanton, Enoch
Stanton, Zebulon Z S in rectangle; STANTON in rec-
tangle
Stanwood, Henry B. Henry B. Stanwood in rectangle
Staples, John J. JJ.S in rectangle; IIS in oval
St. Cyr, S. L.
Stebbins, E. & Co.

Stebbins, T. E. T.STEBBINS in oval; STEBBINS
in rectangle
Stebbins & Howe STEBBINS & HOWE in rectangle

Stedman, Alexander
Steele, John
Stephanis, Gothelf
Stephen, Thomas H.
Stephens, George
G. S in cartouche
Steven, George
Stevens & Lakeman STEVENS & LAKEMAN in rectangle
Stewart, C. W.
Stewart, John Stewart (script) in oval cartouche
Stickler, John
Stickney, Jonathan, Jr. LSTICKNEY in rectangle
Stickney, M. P. M.P. STICKNEY in rectangle
Stiles, Benjamin
Stillman, Alexander
Stillman, E. E.Stillman in oblong oval
Stillman, Richard R.STILLMAN in rectangle
Stilman, William
Stinson, William
Stockerman & Pepper STOCKERMAN & PEPPER in rec-
tangle
Stockman, Jacob
Stodder & Frobisher STODDER & FROBISHER in rec-
tangle
Stollenwerck & Brother Stollenwerck, italics in cartouche
Stollenwerck & Co. Stollenwerck & Co. in shaped cartouche
Stone, Adam
fWhere no mark is
285
SILVERSMITHS
Stone & Osborn t
Strom, A. G. A.G.STROM in engrailed
rectangle
Strom & Son STROM & SOX, in a shaped
"script
rectangle
Starrs, N. N.STORRS in rectangle
Storrs & Cooley S & C in shaped
cartouche, diamond
centre
Stout, Samuel
Stoutenburgh, Tobias, T S B in crude
rectangle
Stow, John
Strong, John
Strong, William
Stuart, H.
Stuart, John Stuart (script) in oval
Stuckert, Isaac
Sullivan, D. & Co. D. SULLIVAN & CO in wavy-lined
rectangle
Supplee, Jacob
Sutherland, George
Sutton, Robert
Swan, Caleb
Swan, Robert R SWAN: in
rectangle
Swan, William Swan (script) in cartouche
Henry P.
Sweetser,
Symmes, John
Syng, Daniel
Syng, Philip PS in rectangle
Syng, Philip, Jr. P S in double circle, followed by star in

cartouche
1727
Taber, \Villiam 1835

Tanguy, John J TANGUY in rectangle 1801
Tanguy, J. & P. 1808
Tanguy, Peter 1810
Tanguy, Repiton 1806
Tanner, John Newport, R, I. 1740
Targee, John I.T in rectangle; calyx of lily (?); I T
(script) in shaped cartouche New York City '794
Targee, J. & P. I & P T, a letter a and three four un-
recognizable objects in cartouches; '
I.P.TARGEE in rectangle 1811

Targee, Peter 1811
Targee, William 1807
Taylor, George W. Philadelphia 1824
Taylor, John New York City 1801
Taylor, Najah J
793
Taylor, Thomas Providence, R. I. 1727
Taylor, William Philadelphia 1772
Taylor & Hinsdale T&H in rectangle; head, lion, and a
workman's mark (G?) in cartouche New York City 1801
Taylor & Lawrie Philadelphia 1837
Tempest, Robert 1814
fWhere no mark is
Ten Eyck, Jacob I T in cartouche (I barred); ITE

(TE in monogram) in box
Ten Eyck, Koenraet KTE (T E in monogram) in cartouche
Terry, Geer G TERRY in oblong
Terry, John
Terry, L. B. L.B. TERRY in rectangle
Terry, Williamf Wm.TERRY in an oblong
Thaxter, Joseph B.
Theonle, William
Thibault, Felix
Thlbault, Francis
Thibault, Francis &
Felix .THIBAULT in rectangle
Thibault, Frederick
Thibault, Fred'k& Felix
Thibault Bros. THIBAULT
BROTHERS in rectangle
Thibault & Co.

Thomas, Thomas
Thomas, Walter
Thomas, William
Thompson, D. B. D.B.Thompson in rectangle
Thompson, Isaac 1. THOMPSON in rectangle
Thompson, James
Thomson, Peter
Thomson, James
Thomison, Peter
Thomson, William W.Thomson (script) in shaped oblong
Thornton, Henry
1
Tiley, James I.TILEY in oblong cartouche

Tingley, Samuel S I
(script) in cartouche;
York N
(script) in shaped cartouche; I.
Tingley (script) in shaped cartouche
Tisdale, B. K B H TISDALE in rectangle; B H Tis-
dale (script) in rectangle
Titcomb, Francis F. TITCOMB in rectangle
Tompkins, Edmund
Touzell, John J.TQUZELL in oval cartouche
Towson, Obadiah
Tracy, Erastus
Tracy, Gordon
Tripler, Christian
Troll, William
Troth, James
Trott, J. P. Son& I.P.T. & Son in rectangle
Trott, John P. J.P.T. in engrailed rectangle; J:P
TROTT in oval cartouche
Trott, Jonathan J. TROTT in oval; J Trott (script) in

oval
Trott, Jonathan, Jr.
Trott, Thomas T.T in rectangle; T:T crowned in rec-
tangle Boston. Mass. 1722

fWhere no mark is
*{
jThis may be the WUbert" Terry referred to by Ensko. Terry silver spoors, straight sided, in the
author's collection are plainly marked as above. The period 5s
1785.
American Silversmiths and Their Marks 28 7
Trott &
Brooks T & B in rectangle New London, Conn. I
79 8
Trott &
Cleveland T & C in oblong
Truax, Henry R. H R T in rectangle Albany, N. Y.
Trumbul, Richard Boston, Mass. 1767
Tucker, Daniel Me.
Portland, [781
Tucker, John W. New York City 1803
Turner, James I.T in oval Boston, Mass.
Tuthill, Christopher Philadelphia I73O
Tutde, Bethuel New Haven, Conn. 1802
Tuttle, William 1821
Tyler, Andrew A TYLER in oblong Boston, Mass.
Tyler, D. M. D.M.TYLER in rectangle 1810
Tyler, David D T in shield; D T in cartouche 1781
Tyler, George G T in square 1761
Ubelin, Frederick Philadelphia

Ufford &Burdick U & B in rectangle New Haven, Conn. i8ia
Underhill, Andrew A.U in oval; A UNDERHILL in rec-

Underhill, Thomas TU in square 1787
Underhill & Vernon T.V in rectangle; I.V in cartouche 1787
Underwood, John Philadelphia
Vail, Elijah Troy, N. Y. 1836

Vaissiere, Victor New York City 1816
Valet, Peter 1787
Vallee, Antoine New Orleans, La. 1822
Van Bergen, John Albany, N. Y. 1813
Van Beuren, Peter VB in monogram crowned in circle New York City
Van Beuren, William W.V.B in cartouche 1790
Vanderbrugh, Cornelius 1677
Vanderhan, J. I V (script) capitals in cartouche Philadelphia 1740
Vanderspiegel New York City 1701
Vanderspiegel, Johannes S S
IV in cartouche; IV in trefoil;
IVS in rectangle; IVS in cartouche 1687
P
Van Dyke, Peter PVD in oblong; VD in trefoil;
PVD in oval; RV.D in oval 1705
Van Dyke, Richard R V D in cartouche 1750
Van Horn, David Philadelphia 1801
Van Ness & Waterman V&W in oblong New York City 1835
Van Riper, Tunis 1813
Van Veghten, Henry Albany, N. Y. 1760
Van Vleit, B. C. BVANVLEIT incised Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 1840
Van Voorhis, Daniel D.V.VOORHIS in rectangle; bird in
diamond; D V VOORHIS in rec-
tangle; D V in rectangle with a bird

in a kite; D V in cartouche with bird
in kite New York City 1779
Van Voorhis & Coley 1786
Van Voorhis & Schanck V V & S in rectangle with bird in kite 1791
fWhcre no mark is
given, the m^ker used his name or initials.
Ward & Bartholomew WARD & BARTHOLOMEW in rec-
tangle;
^^ in rectangle W & B
in rectangle Hartford, Conn. IS04
Ward & Cox t 1811
Ward & Gavett 1813
Ward & Hughes W & H in rectangle; 1846 in the apexes
T
of a diamond Middletown, Conn. 1805

Ward & Miller Philadelphia 1822
Ward & Rich Boston, Mass. 1830
Wardin, Daniel Bridgeport, Conn. 1811
Warner, Andrew E. A E WARNER in serrated rectangle,
followed by 1 1 in rectangle; AE W
in
cartouche Baltimore, Md. 1811
Warner, Andrew E. Jr4 183?
Warner, A. E. & T. H. T.&A.E.WARNER in rectangle; fol-
lowed by STERLING in rectangle 1805
Warner, Caleb C.WARNER in rectangle and
in ashaped rectangle
SILVER COIN
Warner, D. D.WARNER in wavy-lined rectangle

Warner, Joseph
Warner, Joseph J. Warner in rectangle
Warner, Samuel SW in rectangle

Warner, Thomas H. T.WARNER in rectangle!
Warner & Fellows
Warren, Benjamin
Waters, Samuel S.WATERS in cartouche
Watkins, James
Wading, James
Watson, E. E. WATSON in rectangle; E:Watson
(script) in oblong
Watson, J. WATSON in rectangle
J.
Watson & Brown WATSON & BROWN in rectangle
Watts, J. & W.
Watts, James
Watts, John W.
Waynes, Richard
Weathers, Michael
Weaver, Emmor T. WEAVER (script) on ribbon
Webb, Barnebus
Webb, Charles
Webb, Robert
Webb, James
Webb & Boon
Webster, Henry L. H.L.WEBSTER in rectangle
Wedge, S.
Weeden, Peleg
Welles, A. & G. A & G WELLES in rectangle
Welles, Andrew
Welles, George I. WELLES; BOSTON; in rectangles
fWhere no mark is given, the maker used his name or initials,
{See footnote under Kirk.

Welles & Co. WELLES & CO. in rectangle
Welles, James M. t
Wells, L. &C
Wells, L. & H.
Wells, Lemuel L \\ in rectangle
Wells, William
Wendover, John J.W in cartouche; J W in shield
Wenman, Barnard B. WENMAN in rectangle; B \V in
rectangle followed by N YORK in
rectangle
West, Benjamin B.WEST in rectangle
West, Charles
\Vest, Joseph
Weston, Benjamin
Westphal, Charles W. C. WESTPHAL in rectangle
Whartenby, John
Whartenby, Thomas T.W in box; WHARTENBY in oblong
W T
hartenby & Bunn
Wheatley, Frederick G.
Wheaton, Calvin C. WHEATON in engrailed rectangle
White, Alfred
White, Amos A. WHITE in rectangle; WHITE in
rectangle
White, Edward ErWHITE in rectangle
\Vhite, George L.
White, Peregrine P. WHITE in rectangle
White, Peter
White, Samuel
White, Silas S. WHITE in rectangle
White, Stephen
White, William
White, William J.
White, William W. Wm. W. WHITE in rectangle
Whiteman, Ira
Whiting, B. B:WHITING in rectangle

Whiting, Charles C W in cartouche; WHITING in rec-
tangle
Whiting, S.
Whitlock, Thomas B. Whitlock (script) in oblong
Whitlock, William H. Wm. H. WHITLOCK in rectangle
Whitney, Amos
Whitney, E. E. WHITNEY in rectangle; WHIT-
NEY in an oblong
Whitney & Hoyt WHITNEY & HOYT in rectangle
Whiton, Ezra E. WHITON (script) in oval cartouche
Whittaker & Green
Whittemore, William Whittemore in oblong
Wickham, Daniel H.
Willcox, Alvan
Willcox, Cyprian
Williams, Alexander
Williams, Charles M.
Williams, Deodat

American Silversmiths and Their Marks 29 1
SILVERSMITHS
Williams, John
Williams, Samuel
W ilHams, Stephen
7
Williams, W. A. W. A. WILLIAMS in rectangle
Williams, W. W.
Williamson, Samuel S.\V in rectangle; S W in oval; WIL-
LIAMSON in rectangle
Willig, George
Willis, J.
Willis, Stilman S. WILLIS in oblong
Wills, Henry
Wilmot, Samuel WILMOT in engrailed rectangle;
S. WILMOT in rectangle
Wilmot, T. T. T. T. Wilmot in rectangle

Wilmot & Stilliman
Wilson, Albert
Wilson, Hose a H. WILSON in rectangle
Wilson, James
Wilson, John
Wilson, R. & W. R & W W in rectangle; R & W WIL-
SON rectangle
Wilson, Robert R.W in an oval
Wilson, S.
Wilson, S. & S. S & Wilson in engrailed rectangle; and
S & Wilson, with S reversed in en-
grailed rectangle
Wilson, Thomas
Wilson, William
Wiltberger, Christian CWiltberger, (script) in a shaped car-
touche
Wiltberger & Alexander
Winslow, Edward E W T
,
a trefoil (?) below all in a car-
touche; E W in rectangle; E W in a
double circle
Winsor, William
Wishart, Alexander
Wishart, Daniel
Wishart, Hugh H.WISHART in rectangle; WISHART
in an oblong
Wishart, William
Wolf, Francis H.
Wolf, James G.
Wolfe & Wriggins WOLFE & WRIGGINS in oblong
Wood, Benjamin B. B.WOOD in oval cartouche
Woodcock, Bancroft S W in oval; .WOODCOCK in long

oval
Woodruff, Enos
Woodruff & White
Woods, Freeman Woods (script) in shaped cartouche
F.W. (script) in cartouche
Woodward, Antipas A W in rectangle; Woodward in rec-
tangle
maker used his name or initials.

fWhere no mark is given, the
Woodward, Charles New York City 1825

Boston, Mass. 1812
Woodward, Eli
Wool, Jeremiah \V. New York City 1791
Wriggin & Co. Philadelphia 1831
Wriggins, Thomas 1837

Wright, Alexander , Maryland 1776
Wright, John F. Philadelphia 1831
Wyatt, Joseph 1797
Wyer, Eleazer, Jr. E. WYER in rectangle Boston, Mass. 1773
Wyer & Farley WYER & FARLEY in oblong Portland, Me. 1828
Wyer & Noble 1823

Wynkoop, Benjamin W K in a heart New York City 1675-1729
B
Wynkoop, Cornelius 1726
Wynkoop, Jacobus 1765
Yeomans, Elijah Hadley, Mass* 1771

Yettons, Randell Philadelphia
Young, Alexander A. YOUNG in rectangle Camden, S, C. 1800
Young, Ebenezer Hebron, Conn. 1778

Young, Levi Bridgeport, Conn, 1827
Young, William Philadelphia 1761

CHAPTER XXIV
Old French Stiver
<& <& BEFORE the Roman invasion workers in the precious
4*
J) >& metals were scattered throughout Gaul. Their work was
<& & <& coarse and heavy. Pliny tells us that horse trappings,
and even ox yokes, were decorated with silver by the inhabitants
of Alise in Burgundy.
Csesar had many Italian silversmiths in his invading army and
their influence was immediate and widespread. In a short while
the Gallic artisans outstripped their teachers and, in the time of
Constantine, Byzantium drew her gold and silver ornaments, in-
cluding the enamels of Limoges, from France.
was a brilliant silversmith before he entered
St. Eloi (588-659)
the -priesthood. He was made a bishop when he was appointed

master of the mint (maitre de monnaie royale) in the reign of
fill under Clovis II. St. Eloi
Dagobert, an office he continued to
in France, where he now gives his
gave a great impetus to the art
name to the guild of gold and silversmiths, whose patron saint he
is. He
organized the first body of workers in gold and silver com-
masters, companions, and apprentices, and secured for
of it
posed
State recognition as a law-making body.
That St. Eloi was a layman silversmith before he was a priest is
itself remarkable. Atthat period the art of silversmi thing was

the priesthood and St. Eloi restricted his associ-
practised only by
ates to men in holy orders. Not until the commencement of the
Twelfth Century was the craft wholly secularized in France.

The of impressing the maker's mark by means of a punch
origin
293
294 Old French Silver
upon unknown, but up to the close of the Thir-

a piece of silver is
teenth Century that mark was the only guarantee for which the
purchaser could look.

In 1275 a law was enacted requiring the smith to stamp his
work with the mark of the town in which he worked.
"
of Pon-
The punch of guarantee" followed the congress
first
toise, convened in 1313 by Philip le Bel. It was & fleur-de-lis in a
lozenge.
In 1416 the date letter was introduced. A letter of the alphabet,
crowned. Itchanged each year. 1461: A; 1462:
B taking all the
letters except J U, and W.

,
Up employed were small Gothic capitals.

to 1621 the letters
After that date large Roman capitals were used. The duties pay-
able to the state were constantly increased; their collection, how-
ever,was unsatisfactory until Louis XII created the office of

"
"Farmer of the Revenue" (or Farmer-general"). These farmers
had impose their punch upon
to all
pieces of proper alloy upon
which the duty had been paid.
This system was perfected by Louis XIV.
There were then four marks or punches for each piece of silver:
1. The mark of the silversmith.

2. The mark of the Guild, warranting the standard.
3. The mark of the Farmer-general.
4. The mark of discharge of the Farmer-general.
The procedure was as follows:

The silversmith placed his mark upon a sheet of silver and sent
it to the "Maison Commune," where the mark of the Guild was
impressed after the standard had been verified. This punch,
called the "countermark," was impressed as close as possible to
that of the maker, who had chosen a location for his mark that
would bring it when completed as near as possible to the centre
Old French Silver 295
of the bottom of the
piece and on the under side. It was then
taken to the
Farmer-general, and he, or his representative, placed
the "charge" mark as near as
possible to the other two. The
piece was then carried away and finished, the workman taking
care not to obliterate the marks. If the bottom of the
piece was
"belled" out the marks would be deformed but not effaced.
After the work was completed it was again taken to the
Farmer-general who
placed upon it his little "punch of dis-
charge," after having collected the tax computed upon its weight.
This mark, unlike the others, was placed upon the edge or rim of
the piece. The was now ready for the market.
piece
Until 1784 the.date letter was the same for all of France. That
system was then superseded by one that gave to each town a

and provided for the use of date latters by all
distinctive letter
of them but Paris. That was allotted a crowned P with the date
between the crown and the P. 1785 would be represented by the
are so minute that they escape notice unless one
figures 85. They
exercises care or possesses extraordinary acuity of vision.
The marks of charge and discharge were employed until the

law of April, 1791, abolished all the taxes on silver. The law
November, 1797, re-imposed the duty but it was levied with the
imposition of the first stamp,
which denotes both the standard
and the payment of the duty.
There are two other marks besides those mentioned above that
find a place in the law of November 19, 1797:
1. The punch de hasard.
2. The punch variously called recense, verification, and recogni-
tion.
The punch de hasard was applied to ancient pieces that for
some reason (age would be one) had not been marked.

The recense mark was a confirmatory mark which testified to
the of the stamps already upon the piece and the
genuineness
296 Old French Silver
purported standard. It is not clear as to whether the recense

could or could not be demanded by a private individual uncertain
as to the genuineness of a recent purchase or to settle a dispute.
The ordinance of Louis Philippe (April, 1838), which required the
recense,) was a precautionary device against counterfeiting and was

employed under some secret system. There were a hundred and
thirty-eight of these devices used. They were struck on a bigorne
anvil in the manner I have described elsewhere. With the head of
Minerva we frequently find as an assay mark the head of a
woman, in full face with neck exposed; she looks to the right and
there is a letter P at the left side of the neck. The P is the Paris
mark. Boivin says that there is a variation of this mark with a
figure (denoting the higher standard) replacing the P. He is

i
clearly in error. Apart from the fact that I have never seen such
a mark, we know that the assay mark never, of itself, indicated
the standard. It only
guaranteed that the silver was of the quality
represented by the standard mark. In other words, the woman's
head just described would be the same on a piece
bearing the
Minerva head with the figure i as it would be on a piece
bearing
the lower standard mark, a head of Minerva with the numeral 2.
CHAPTER XXV
Marks on Pan's Plate
DATE LETTERS
297
298 Marks on Paris Plate
VINCENT FORTIER (Lorn xiv)

1672-1680
D 1672 I 1677
E 1673 K 1678
F 1674 K 1679
G 1675 K
H 1676
PAUL BRION DE SAUSSOY (Louis xrv)

1680 - 1684
K 1680 N 1682
L 1680
1683
M 1681 P 1684
ETIENNE RIDEREAU (Louis xiv)

1684 1687
P 1684
R 1686
Q 1685
S 1687
JACQUES LEGER (Loms xiv)

1687-1691
S 1687
X 1690
T
X 1691
V
Marks on Paris Plate 299
Marks on Paris Plate
300
&TIENNE DE BOURGES
1717-1722
A 1717 D 1720
B 1718 E 1721
C 1719 F 1722
CHARLES CORDIER.
1722-1726
(Louis xv ).
G 1723
(RgGENCB), H 1724
I 1725
F 1722
K 1726
JACQUES COTTIN (Louis xv).

1726-1732
1730
K 1726
L 1727
1728
1729
HUBERT LOUVET (Louis xv),

1732-1738
Q 1732
V 1736
R 1733
X 1736
S 1734
1738
1735
ROBIN (Louis xv).

1738-1744
A 1740
1738
8 1742
C 1743
1739
D 1744
ANTOINE L'ECHAUDEL (Louis xv)

1744-1750
D 1744
E 1745
1748
1746
1749
1750
1747
JULIEN BERTHE (Loins xv),

1750 1756
K 1750 1754
L 1751
1755
1752
1756
1753
ELOI BRICHARD (Louis xv).

1756-1762
1756 V 1760
X 1761
1757
Y 1762
'1758
1759
JEANJACQUES PREVOST (Louis xv).

1762 -1768
Y 1762
1766
1763
1764 1767
1765
1768
JULIEN ALATERRE (Louis xv).

1768-1774
1768 1771
I 1772
1769
K 1773
1770 1774
J.-B. FOUACHE (Louis xvi).

1774-1750
1774
1778
1775
1779
1776
1780
1777
HENRI CLAVEL (Louis xvi),

1780-1789
1784
178i 1785
1785
1782
1787
1783
1788
KALANDRIN (Louts xvi).
1788
DISTINCTION PARIS,
The Decree of 9 November, 1797, also Large,
for the verification of pieces of

provided
silver of foreign or of undetermined origin ;
Small,
in the, latter case the pieces were termed
de hazard, and the mark is so designated.

304 Marks on Paris Plate
TABLE OF PUNCHES,
Made in execution o'f the Decree of the nth Prairial, An XI.
(3ist May 1803).
DISTINCTION. PARIS, DEPARTMENTS. DISTINCTION. PARIS. DEPARTMENTS.
1st.
0.920.
La/ge,
o
z 2nd.
0.840
Medium,
3rd.
0.750 Small.
1st. Large.
0.950
Q
Ii Medium.
2nd.
0.800
Small.
Large.
Large.
Small.
Small,
At this epoch there were two small assay

marks for gold : the first for articles with
Small,
garniture ; the other without.
Not*. The use of these punches ceased on the 16th of August 1819. The same day
they were replaced by those of the Standard and Assay drawn in the following tables. The
punches of the Ingot* and the Argue; were not renewed.
Note. The above table is according to Markham & Chaffers.

DECREE OF 9TH NOVEMBER, 1797. DECREE OF 1ST SEPTEMBER,
Higher standard mark for silver.

Higher standard mark for silver (.950).
The numeral is also found on the left side
of the cock.
Lower standard mark

for silver (.800).
Lower standard mark for silver (.800).
The assay office

mark for large pieces
Assay office marks
of silver; sometimes for of
large pieces
the figures are in- silver,
verted.
Assay office mark for small

Assay office mark for small pieces
pieces of silver.
of silver.
Recense marks of the

assay office.
Confirmation (recense) mark of the

assay office on pieces of silver made dur-
ing the period current with the time of
stamping. Modern pieces. This head often appears
on silver marked with the
head of Minerva. See table
Confirmation mark for old of marks under the Decree
pieces of silver. of 1835.
Note. The above marks are according to Boivin.

It seems that the recense mark was originally designed to settle the question of authen-
ticity. It was affirmative. In England the procedure was different. There was no confir-
mation, but, if the marks were forged, or fraudulent (i.e. substituted) they would be erased.
At a later period the Paris Assay Office used the recense mark to check frauds upon the
revenue and compelled all silversmiths to re-submit thqir marked wares so that this mark
might be applied to those found genuine.
TABLE OF PUNCHES,
Made in execution of the Royal Ordinance of 22nd October 1817.
DISTINCTION. PARIS. DEEAUTMENTS. DISTINCTION, PAKIB. DEPABTMENTS.
1st.
0,920 I
Large.
2\
2nd.
0.&0
None for the
Medium.
Departments.
3rd.
See the Table
0.750
Small. of Divisional
Punches.
Large.
1st.
0.950
See the Table

Small. of Divisional
Punches.
2nd.
0.800
Large.
Large.
<\ Small.
I
o Small.
See the
Divisional
Punches.
,. REMARKS. 1. In the
figure of the large punch of Assay of gold and silver, and of Verifica-
engraved the numtfer of the Department us shown in the list of Assay Offices. 2. The
tion, is
numeral indicative of each standard is
engraved in the figure of the punches which serve to
standard the works of gold and silver.
Note.-The above table is

according to Markham & Chaffers.
TABLE OF STAMPS
Of STANDARD and ASSAY, and of VERIFICATION of Gold, and Silver for
Works,
PARIS and the DEPARTMENTS, as directed by the Act of
30th June 1835.
IÊ
T I
Stamp for Foreign Wares.
"HEAD OP A GREEK PHYSICIAN. HEAD OF AN EAGLE. A WEEVIL (Small),

Gold. Standard No. 0.920. Gold Assay Mark.
1. Guarantee of Standard.
Foreign Gold, and Silver.
PARIS.
PARIS AND DEPARTMENTS.
HEAD OF A HORSE. D between the legs.
PARIS AND DEPARTMENTS. (Sold Assay Mark.
D under the chin. A CHIMERA (Large).
Silver. Watches imported.
HEAD OF A GREEK PHYSICIAN.
Gold. Standard No. 21 0.840.
DEPARTMENTS.
D on the cheek.
HEAD OF A WILD BOAR.
Silver Assay Mark.
PARTS AND DEPARTMENTS.

D behind the Beck.
PARIS AND DEPARTMENTS.
HEAD OF A GREEK PHYSICIAN. D between the wings and back.
Cold. Standard No. 3. 0.750. PARIS.
A CHIMERA (Small).
A CRAB. Gold. Watches imported.
Silver Assay Mark.
PARTS AND DEPARTMENTS.

D behind the neck. DEPARTMENTS.
HEAD OF MINERVA. D between the claws.
.
Silver. Standard No. PARIS AND DEPARTMENTS.

1. 0.9$0.
HEAD OF A RHINOCEROS. D between the wings and back.
Re-mark or mark < f repetition for
Gold Chains. HEAD OF A GIRAFFE.
Void, and Silver,
Stamp of Verification.
PARIS AND DEPARTMENTS. PARIS AND DEPARTMENTS.

D under the chin.
D between the horn and forehead, Jf ARIS AND DEPARTMENTS.
HEAD OF MINERVA, D below the lower jaw.
Silver. Standard No. 2. 0-800. A WEEVIL (Large).
Guarantee of Standard HEAD OF A BULLDOG.
Gold and Silver.
Foreign Gold and Silver.
Stamp of Verification.
DEPARTMENTS. PARIS AND DEPARTMENTS. PARIS AND DEPARTMENTS.

D before the forehead. D between the- legs. D on the collar.
Note. The above table is according to Markham and Chaffers. The dotted lines indicate the Paris punches*
CHAPTER XXVI
Marks on French Provincial Plate
AIX AMIENS AND SOISSONS

Punch of Punch of Punch of Punch of
Period Period
Charge Discharge Charge Discharge
1774-1780
1774-1780
(Large articles)
(Large articles)
1
774-1 7 80^
(Small articles)
01774-1780
(Small articles)
1780-1789
1780-1789
(Large articles)
(Large articles,)
1780-1789 1780-1789
(Small articles) (Small articles)
The above were state stamps; the The guild mark (punch of guaranty)
stamps of the guild which guaranteed the for Amiens 1784-1789 was a crossbow
standard (.958) during the above periods ready for discharge. After May i, 1838, a
was a single extended wing, the top point- dx-pointed star was used for Amiens
ing to right. silver.
ALENÔN AND CAEN ARRAS

Punch of Punch of Guild Mark Period
Period
Charge Discharge
i774-l 7 8o_
(Large articles)
1774-1780
(Small articles)
1
5th Century
1780-1789
(Large articles)
1780-1789
i 6th Century
(Small articles)
The guild mark during the above

periods was a potato bug viewed from A chair was the guild mark for 1784-
above. 1789.
308
Marks on French Provincial Plate 39
3 10
CH iLONS-SUR-MARNE GRENOBLE
Period Period
1774-1780 1774-1 780^

(Large articles) (Large articles)
1774-1780
(Small articles of
lower standard. A 1774-1780
hand for the higher (Small articles)
standard.)
1780-1789 1780-1789
(Large articles) (Large articles)
1780-1789 - 1780-1789
(Small articles) V (Small articles)
DIJON LA ROCHELLE
Punch of Punch of Punch of Punch of p
. ,
Period rmoa
1774-1780^ 1774-1780
(Large articles)
1774-1780
(Small articles)
1780-1789 1780-1789
(Large articles)
1780-1789
1780-1789
(Small articles)
LIMOGES MARSEILLES
Punch of Punch of Guild Mark Period
Charge Discharge
tfft)
1774-1780 1760
1774-1780
MONTPELLIER
Guild Mark Period
1780-1789
mop] i4th Century
O 1780-1789
Pffl) j '5* Century
LYON 1 8th Century

Punch of Punch of
Charge Discharge
Cripps
Punch of Punch of r> j

1774-1780 x>7 T>- T Jrsnod
Charge Discharge
1774-1780
1774-1780
I774-I? 80
1780-1789
1780-1789
1780-1789 1780-1789
MOULINS AND ORLEANS RENNES

1774-1780 1774-1780
Ob 1774-1780
G3 1774-1780
1780-178 1780-1789
1780-1789 1780-1789
POITIERS RIOM
Jft,
1774-1780
tw)
A>J 1774-178
sS^ ^^
1774-1780 1774-1780
1780-1789
1780-1789
1780-1789 Q 1780-1789
Marks on French Provincial Plate 313
ROUEN ST. GERMAIN

Punch of Punch of Punch of
Period
Charge Charge Discharge Period
1780-1789
(Large articles)
1780-1789
1408 (Small articles)
SOISSONS
Period
circa 1715
1 6th Century TOULOUSE

Period
Punch of i8th (?) Century

Discharge
1774-1780
TOULOUSE AND MONTAUBAN
Punch of Punch of
Charge Discharge Period
1774-1780 1774-1780
O 1774-1780
1780-1789
1780-1789
1780-1789 1780-1789
TOURS VERSAILLES
Punch of Punch of . ,
Punches Period
p
rertod
Charge -Discharge
Two large Roman
"L"s one reversed;
1774-1780 oak leaves inter- 1780-1789
twined, surmounted (Large articles)
by a crown, all in a
shaped cartouche
1774-1780 P. L. in ornamented
script capitals in 1780-1789
monogram, all in a (Small articles)
shaped cartouche
1780-1789
1780-1789
CHAPTER XXVII
Marks on German Plate
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE ALTENBURG
Inspection Inspection
Mark Period Period
Mark
1639
1
5th and i6th Century
1684
1
5th and i6th Century
1 6th Century
1 6th Century
I7th-i8th Century
1573-16:24 and later
Aachenes 1705
1705
The numerals 12, 13, 14, appearing
M withGerman marks on silver indicate the
ACH 1723 number of sixteenths of pure silver con-
tained in the article, ia being equivalent
to .750 fine; 13, .8125, etc.
In modern times the standard of the
1808 German Empire has been .800. Goods
(The G may be a destined for abroad are made of higher
warden's mark.)
standards and are appropriately marked:
etc.
.925 "Sterling," .950,
AACHEN Second Half of the

I9th Century
315
ALTONA AUGSBURG
Inspection
Mark Period Inspection
Mark
p w Inspection
Mark
1703
Middle of the
i 6th Century
1748
Middle of i7th
1761
Century
1782
Cen-
'797
Middle of the igth

Century
ANSBACH
Early i8th Cen-

tury
i6th-i7th Century
1
7th Century
i6th-i7th Cen-
tury
I7th-i8th Century
I7th-i8th Century
1 8th Century
1 8th Century
AUGSBURG Continued.
Inspection Inspection . . Inspection .

7
Mark Period Perwd Period

Mark Mark
1765-1767
I ~I
75 I 753
1767-1769
1753-1755
J737-I739
1769-1771
1739-1741
'757-1759
1771-1773
1741-1743
1759-1761
I
773~ I 775
,
1761-1763
1745-1747 1775-1777
1777-1779
1747-1749
1763-1765
1779-1780
I749-I75I
318 Marks on German Plate
AURICH BAMBERG Continued.
Inspection . ,
Inspection D
Pmod
.
Period Mark
Mark
wsf 1 6th Century
iyth and early i8th

Century
Century
1 8th Century
BADEN-BADEN
Inspection
Period
Mark
^^ l6th Century First

Century
half of i8th
i6th-iyth Century
lyth Century
Middle of i8th Cen-

tury
BAMBERG
Inspection
Period
Mark
End of 1 8th Century
I5th and early i6th
Century
1618
1626
1 8th and first half of

1639 1
9th Century
ryth and early i8th

Century
Marks on German Plate 3*9
BERLIN BIBERACH
Period Period
Mark Mark
Second half of I7th 1 8th and igth Cen-
Century tury
BREMEN
First half of i8th
Inspection
Century Period
Mark
1
9th Century
1 7th and i8th Cen-

tury
1735 or earlier
1 7th Century
BRESLAU
Inspection
Period
Mark
Second half of i8th
From 1539 to 1553
Century
i6th and early

Century
Early iyth Century
1 8th Century to its

Middle lyth Cen-
close tury
Second half I7th

Century and to
1721
1
9th Century
-
-1730-1740
Marks on German Plate, 321
CASSEL COLMAR
Period Period
Mark Mark
1 6th and ijth Cen-
1658 turv
COLOGNE
iyth Century
Inspection
Period
Mark
1
7th and i8th Cen- pro
turv
1 6th Century
1 8th Centurv
i6th and iyth Cen-

tury
1 8th and igth Cen The last of these marks combined

tury throughout the second half of the iyth
Century but surmounted by date letters
A, B, etc.
Inspection Period
Mark
COBLENZ
Latter half of
Inspection Period Century
Mark
1 8th Century
COLOGNE Continued. DAGEBULL

Inspection Inspection Period
Period Mark
Mark
1
7th Century
1
7th and i8th Cen-
First half of i8th tury
Century
DANZIG
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 6th and iyth Cen-

tury
1
7th Century
Second half of I7th

Century
Middle of i8th Cen-

1
7th and early i8th
tury
Century
DARMSTADT
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 6th and I7th Cen-

tury
Close of 1 8th Cen-

17th and i8th Cen-
tury
tury
1 8th and igth Cen-

tury
The numerals indicate the number of 1

9th Century
sixteenths of pure silver, i.e., .8125 or .75.
Marks on German Plate 3*3
DAVENSTADT DRESDEN
Period Period
Mark Mark
i6th-i7th Century
1
7th Century
Uncertain
First quarter of 1 8th

Century
DESSAU
Inspection
Period
Mark
\wj 1
7th Century
1730
II)
Century
1737
1
9th Century
DILLINGEN
Inspection
Period
Mark
First half 1 8th Cen- Middle of i8th Cen-
tury tury
Second half i8th

Century
The significance of the numerals 12, 13, 14 is explained in note on p. 315.

3 24 Marks on German Plate
DRESDEN Continued.
Period **
Middle of 1 8th Cen-

tury
Close of 1 8th
Century
loth Century
ini( Third quarter of _
1 8th Century
V>.
Third quarter of
i8th Century
1
9th Century
DRESDEN
Late in the i9th Century the crossed swords instead of being in relief were encised (the
field being in relief). The word DRESDEN also appears in some instances.
Date letters were also used as follows:
A 1702 Y 1748 M (small Gothic) 1785

G 1708 A (script) 1750 N (small Gothic) 1793
N 1714 J 1757
Q 1717 I i? 60 Note. No doubt this alphabet was
T 1720 M 1761 used from 1775 to 1800.
W 1722 N 1762
X 1747 S (in a form re- K 1808
A 1726 sembling the V 1818
C 1728 Roman G) Z 1822
F 1731 1767 t (small black letter) 1823
M 1737 T 1768 d (
" " "
)
1826
M 1738 X 1771 f (
" "
)
1828
O 1739 Y 1773 g ( ) 1830
Q 1741 & 1773
X 1747 Z 1774
DUSSELDORF DUSSELDORF Continued.
Period Period
Mark Mark
1
7th Century
1 8th Century
1
7th and i8th Cen-
tury
ELBERFELD
Inspection
Period
Mark
1
7th Century
I7th and i8th Cen- ELBING

tury
Inspection _, . ,
Pertod
Mark
1657
1693-1753
1 8th Century
1705
1742
*The significance c-f the numerals 12, 13 is

explained in the note on p. 315
EMDEN ERFURT Continued.

Period Mark
Mark
1474 (?)
First half of iyth
1 6th Century Century
1601
1603 Second half iyth

Century
1612
iyth and i8th Cen-

tury
1632
First half of i8th
Century
3B3 1634
Second half i8th

1645 Century
ESSEN
1820
Inspection
Period
Mark
ENGEN Early lyth Century

Inspection Period
Mark
1 7th and i8th Cen-
tury
lyth Century
EUTIN
Inspection
ERFURT Mark
Period
Inspection Period
Mark 1623
CJ
i6th Century
FRANKENSTEIN
Inspection
Period
Mark
i6th-i7th Century
Commencement of
1 8th Century
Marks on German Plate 327
FRANKFORT-ON-MAIN
Period Period
Mark Mark
Up to 1614

tury
I
yth Century
iyth-i8th Century
tury
Early i8th Century
Middle of 1 8th Cen- End of 1 8th Century

tury
FRANKFORT-ON-ODER FREIBURG Continued.
(Baden)
In Ct n
f! [ Period
Mark
lyth-iSth Century LI iyth Century
iSth Century
FRAUSTADT r J 1 8th Century
iyth and i8th

Cen- FREIBURG
tury (Saxony)
Inspection
A
Mark z.
FREIBURG
(Baden)
Inspection n . , End of 1 6th and
n* L Period
Mark beginning of lyth
Century
1466
1654
1658
1660-1667
1668
1 6th Century
1 8th Century
1607
i8th-i9th Century
n l6 9
GORLITZ GUSTROW
Period Period
Mark Mark
End of 1
7th to
1 6th Century middle of iSth
Century
Second half of i8th

Century
i
yth Century
HALBERSTADT
Inspection
Period
Mark
tury
j 8th Century
1697
GOTHA
Inspection . ,
Mark
Pmod
I yth Century
Early iSth Century
1688
1699 Early iSth Century
GRABOW
Inspection
Period
Mark
Middle i8tn Cen-
Three
tury
stars above a
Uncertain
crescent in a
shield.
HALL HAMBURG
(Swabia) Inspection
Period
Mark
Inspection
Mark Period
Second half of i6th
Century
i6th-i7th Century
1
7th Century
1
7th Century
1 8th Century
HALLE
(Saxony)
Inspection *
Mark
.
Pmod j
1 6th Century
1
7th Century
1
7th Century
I7th-i8th Century
B
1 8th Century
33^ Marks on German Plate
HAMBURG Continued.

Period
Mark Mark
1
7th and i8th Cen-
tury
1
7th Century
I7II
1700
1743
The years continued to be represented

by date letters.
Inspection
Period
Mark
1762
1
7th and i8th Cen-
tury
1785
1800
1820
1821
HANAU HANOVER Continued.
Mark Period Period
Mark
I
7th Century
1
7th and early i8th Earlv 1 8th Centurv
Century
Middle i8th Centurv

1 8th Centurv turv
HANOVER HANOVER-NEUSTADT
Inspection ^ Inspection
. ,
Period
Mark
Pmod Mark
1
7th and i8th Cen-
tury
1644
1726
1663
HEIDELBERG
Inspection -, . ,
1665 Penod
Mark
I7th and i8th Cen-

tury
A 167
i 8th Century
1686
HEILBRONN JAUER
.
Identification .
Identification . ,
Period
Mark
JK 1 8th Century
1
9th Century
HILDESHEIM KARLSRUHE
Identification
Period Identification
Mark
i6th Century
Until 1806
1 7th Century
KAUFBEUREN
1 8th Century Identification
JUfori
i6th Century
ILMENAU
KIEL
Identification
"700 Period
Mark
INGOLSTADT i6th-iyth Century
Identification
1
5th and i6th Cen-
iyth Century
iyth Century
1 8th Century
KIEL Continued. KONIGSBERG Continued.
Identification Identification . ,
Mark Period Pertod

Mark
J
7th Century
'754-1761
i 8th Century
1760-1770
1780-1790
% J 1
9th Century
KITZINGEN 1784-1786
Identification . ,
Pmod
1595
1788-1800
l^K i8th-i9th Century
KONIGSBERG
Identification n . ,
% * L "ertoa
Mark
1684-1703
1830-1860
^T
@ 1704-1716
1714 and later
*See note on p. 315.

KONIGSBERG Continued.
KONSTANZ
'
Letters Identification
Mark
^
i6th Century
!
M1 74
f I
74 2
I747
i6th and ijth Cen-
tury
i 7th Century
I7 66
Early I7th Century
I773
Middle i yth Century
1843
KONSTANZ C0w*/. LANDSHUT Continued.
Identification . Identification
Perzod Period
Mark Mark
1 8th Century
LEER
Identification . ,
Mark Pmod
i
i
Century
mm LEIPZIG
HIT Identification _ . .
Pmod
LANDSBERG i 6th Century
Inspection
i7th and i8th Cen-

tury A A End of 1 6th Century
LANDSHUT
Identification
(3
1 6th Century
iyth Century and
_ early i8th Cen-
f^ tury
15
*Se<; note on p. 315.

LEIPZIG Continued. LIEGNITZ

Identification Identification
Period Period
Mark Mark
1
7th and i8th Cen-
tury \lfjf 1 6th and ijth Cen-
tury
Early i8th Century

End of iyth Cen-
tury
LISSA
Identification D .
Perwd
,
Mark
1 8th Century
1741
LUBECK
Identification
Period
Mark
1
5th Century
1 8th Century
1501
1507
1775 Early i6th Century

LUBEC K Continued. LUDWIGSBURG

Identification Identification ^ . .
Period Pertod
Mark Mark
1540
Middle i6th Cen- 1 9th Century

tury
Second half i6th

Century
1 6th and iyth Cen-

tury LUNEBURG
Inspection
Period
Mark
1622
1631
1
5 th-i 6th Century
Middle iyth Cen-

tury
First half of i6th

Century
1 8th Century
LUNEBURG Continued. LUNEBURG Continued.
Inspection . ,
Inspection Period
Perlod Mark
Mark
Early iyth Century
Second half of i6th Beginning of

Century
Century
MAGDEBURG
Inspection D
Period
. ,
vr L
Mark
isea 1622
1666
i6th-i7th Century 1667
Early i8th Century
1650
Century
Marks on German Plate 34 1
MAINZ MARIENBURG
Period
Mark
I7th Century
i 6th Century
I7th-i8th Century
MARIENWERDER
1
7th Century Inspection
Period
Mark
1 8th Century
i
7th Century
MARKDORF
1719 Inspection
1761
MEMEL
1
9th Century Inspection D .
Penod
i8th Century
MANNHEIM
Inspection
Period
Mark
MEMMINGEN
I7th and i8th Cen-
Inspection
tury Mark Period
1717 1 6th Century
Same device but mh Centurv

1727 in circle
MERGENTHEIM
1737 Inspection
Period
Mark
1 8th Century
1775

METZ
Inspection Inspection ^ . ,
Mark Period
Mark
Pmod
1714
MULHAUSEN
(Alsace)
Inspection
1700
Period
Mark
1
7th Century
1
7th-i 8th Century
1 8th Century
MULHAUSEN 1 8th Century

(Saxony)
Inspection .
,
Mark
Pmod
<>n( 1618
MUNICH
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 6th and I7th Cen-

tury
1742
1752
Second half of zyth
Century
1754
MUNICH Co//a/. NAUM BURG Continued.
Period Period
Mark Mark
1760
i 8th Century
1762
1769
i 8th Century
1773
NEISSE
1784
Inspection
Period
Mark
1795
1604
MONSTER
Inspection
Mark
Period 1
7th and beginning
of 1 8th Century
1 6th Century
1
7th Century 1742
NAUMBURG NORDEN
Period Period
Mark Mark
i6th and I7th Cen-

tury 1 8th and i9th Cen-
I7th Century * tury
I7th Century
1684
A 1 9th Century
1
9th Century
NORDLINGEN NUREMBERG Continued.
Inspection Date Letters

Mark
Q 1766-69
h? .1 Centrfry
Q 17^9-73
m
NUREMBERG
Period
@ 1773-76
^7) 1776-80
Early i6th Century
\y 1780-83
N Second half of i6th

Century
1787-90
1790-94
1 6th and iSth Cen-

1
794-97
tury
1797-1800
1
9th Century
i6th and i8th Cen-
OBERGLOGAU
Identification
Mark Period
Century
8th Century
WjOT 1
OCHSENFURT PADENBORN
Period Period
Mark Mark
1625 I7th and i8th Cen-

tury
OFFENBURG
Identification i
9th Century
Period
Mark
PASSAU
Identification
Period
Mark
OSNABRUCK
I7th and i8th Cen
Identification turv
Mark Period
i 8th Century
1692
1700
Century
1716 PFORZHEIM
Identification
Period
Mark
OSTERODE
Identification i8th-i9th Century
Period
Mark
Gold standard I9th
Century
I7th Century
1 9th Century
1649 Gold standard late

1
9th Century
1
7th and i8th Cen-
tury
POSEN
Identification
1
9th Century Mark Period
OOTTINGEN
Identification
Period I7th-i8th Century
Mark
1 8th Century

POTSDAM RAPPOLTSWEILER
Identification Inspection
Period Period
Mark Stamp
1615
1 8th Century
RATIBOR
Inspection
Period
Mark
l6 53
PRUSSIA
Period
REGENSBURG
Inspection
Period
Stamp
i6th-iyth Century
Law of February 12,
1809
1 7th Century
Law of April 25,

1 8th Century
1809
RITZEBUTTEL
From September 10, Inspection
Period
1809, this stamp Mark
was used on tax-
free church silver
1 8th Century
ROSENHEIM SCHWEINFURT
Inspection ^ . ,
Identification
Period
Mark
Century End of 1 6th Century
Middle of I7th Cen-

ROSTOCK
tury
Inspection
Period
Mark
1681
1593
1730-1740
First half of iyth

Century SCHWERIN
s
SCHORNDORF in circle
1
7th and i8th Cen-
Identification
s
in shield
i6th Century
SPEIER
Identification . ..
Pertod
Mark
SCHWEIDNITZ
t
Identification line i
fth Century
i?th Century
i<th-i6th Century
M
f
1 8th Century Century

34* Marks on German Plate
STADTAMHOF STRASBURG Continued.
Identification D . , Identification ~ . ,
Pertod Pertod
Mark
1767
STETTIN
Identification
Period
Mark
1567-1616
i6th-i7th Century
STOLBERG-WERNIGERODE
Identification n . ,
* f L Pertod
Mark
1 8th Centurv
1616-1639
STRALSUND
Identification . ,
Mark
Pmod
1639-1643
i
7th Century
1643-1644
STRASBURG
Identification
Period
Mark
1534-1567
1654
1567-1616
*See note on p.
STRASBURG Continued.
Identification ~ Identification ^ Identification .
Mark P . ,
d
Mark
P
.
,
d
Mark
Pertod
,
Date Letters
1655
1731
^733
1656
1690
1659
1659
X
755
1690-1725 1739
1662
1761
1749-1751
1725
1665
1769
1725
1672-1674
1750-1796
1780
1728
1674-1690

STRAUBING STUTTGART Continued.
Period
Mark Period Mark
if it
IP Second half i6th

Century
Century
STUTTGART
Identification
Period
Mark
End of 1 6th Century Century
1600
SUHL
1 7th Century
Identification .
Mark
Pmod ,
I7th Century
1
7th Century to
1700 1750 circa
THORN
Identification D
Pmod
. .
1700-1760
o
I7th Century
i 8th Century
i8th-i9th Century
1760-1780
TILSIT UBERLINGEN
Mark Period
1 8th Century
Early I9th Century
TITTMONING
Identification
Period
Mark ,
1
7th Century
TORGAU
i6th~i7th Century
Identification
Period
Mark
MM i6th-i7th Century
1 7th Century
TREBNITZ
Identification
Mark
I7th Century
iyth Century
TUBINGEN
Identification
Period
Mark
1600
TUTTLINGEN
Identification * . , 1 8th Century
Peri d
Mark
1660
ULM ULM Continued.
Identification Identification Period

Period Mark
Mark
17th and i8th Cen-

i6th Century tury
i6th-i7th Century
1 8th Century
iyth Century
VELBURG
Inspection Period
Mark
i8th-i9th Century
iyth and i8th Cen-

tury VERDEN
Inspection
Period
Mark
Century
VILLIXGEN WERTHEIM
Inspection T> .
Inspection
Ieriod
Mark
!5th an ^ 1 6th Cen-

turv
1 8th Century
WESEL
Inspection -. . ,
Pencd
WAREX Mark
Inspection
4r* 1 6th Century
1 8th Century
in shield
WARTHA WISMAR
l8th (?) Century

1 6th Century
WEILHEIM
Inspection .
Mark Pmod i
yth Century
WOLFENBUTTEL
Inspection ~. . T
1 8th Century
WEIMAR
Inspection . .
lcrtod
Mark
Beginning of iyth
Century
1
7th and i8th Cen-
End cf iyth Century
WORMS ZERBST Continued.

Period Mark
Mark
i6th and iyth Cen-
1773
tury
lyth Century 1752
ZITTAU
173- Inspection
Period
Mark
WURZBURG 1710
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 8th Century
1750
Early I9th Century
ZWEIBRUCKEN
WURZEN Inspection
Period
Mark
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 8th Century 1 8th Century
ZERBST
ZWICKAU
Inspection Period
Mark Inspection
Period
Mark
1696 i6th and Cen-

tury
1700
'
I7th Century
CHAPTER XXVIII
Marks on Other Continental Plate
AUSTRIA
BOZEN CRACOW
Inspection _ . , Inspection
Period Period
Mark Mark
1807-1809
1708

tury
El 1824-1866
1809-1835
H2 1866-1872 Gold
H2 1872
BRUNN 1835-1866
Inspection
Period
Mark
1859
* the period. Each

1646 1835-1866 etc., indicate
mark is dated. One shown is 1845; the other
is
1859. For numerals ia and 13 shown in
Briinn and Cracow marks see p. 315.
EGER
Inspection
1683 Period
Mark
1 7th-i 8th Century

1769
Beginning of i8th
Century
1806
C7 1868-1872
355
356 Marks on Other Continental Plate
GRAZ INNSBRUCK
Period Period
Mark Mark
Late 1 6th
RSSa Late i7th Century
Century
1
7th and i8th Cen-
tury
KLAGENFURT
Inspection . ,
Perlod
1778
Mark
1801
1800
I I8o6~l866
HALL
Inspection Period
Mark K 1866-1867
Form used from
1824 to 1866.
Each year is given. G2 1868-1872
See footnote under
Cracow, p. 355.
Ga 1872
H 1866-1868
HOTZENPLOTZ KREMSIER
Inspection
Period Inspection
Mark Mark Period
1769
1769
IGLAU
Inspection
Period
Mark
1769 (-1776) 1769

Marks on Other Continental Plate 357
LAIBACH OLMUTZ
Period Period
Mark Mark
1 8th Century
1
593-1 599
1802
1
7th Century
1806
1755
LEMBERG
Inspection . .
Mark Perwd
1769-1776
1694
PRAGUE
Inspection
Period
Mark
1787-1806
i 6th Century
MAHRISCH-TRUBAU
Middle of I7th Cen-
Inspection
Period tury
Mark
1 6th Century
1673
1736
1795
NICOLSBURG 1800
Inspection
Period
Mark
1807-1813
1769
1814-1866
35* Marks on Other Continental Plate
RAGUSA TRIESTE Continued.

Period Mark
Mark
1
7th or 1 8th Cen- 1803
tury
1805
SALZBURG
Inspector
Mark TROPPAU
Inspection Period
Mark
1 6th Cent
i6th-i7th Century
Close of i6th Cen-

tury
1674
Century
SCHARDING
VIENNA
1
7th Century
Inspection Period
Mark
TRIESTE
1524
Inspection n
Penod
. ,
Mark

tury
From the end of 1 6th

1 8th Century Century to 1674
for silver of .875
standard
1675
*See note, p. 355.

VIENNA Continued. VI ENN A Continued.

Period
Mark Mark
1687 1812-1813 .
1814 for silver of

1692 for silver of
.8125 standard
.8125 standard
1819-1866 for silver

1737 for silver of
of .9375 standard
.8125 standard
1737 for silver of

9375 standard ZNAIM
Inspection Period
1764 for silver of Mark
9375 standard
1769
1807-1812
HUNGARY
BUDAPEST BUDAPEST Continued.
Inspection Inspection ^ . ,
Period i^r L Period

Mark Mark
I7th-i8th Century 1818
1854
1 8th Century
GRAN
Inspection Period
Mark
i8th-i9th Century
i8th-i9th Century
*See note on p. 31 5.
KASCHAU LEUTSCHAU
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 6th Century 1664
i
yth and i8th Cen-
turies
Century
1800-1866
NEUSATZ
Inspection
Period
Mark
KECSKEMET
Unknown
Inspection
-T,
D .
Period
,
,
Mark
1 6th Century NEUSOHL

Inspection
Period
Mark
i
7th Century
1657
1813
KLAUSENBURG PRESSBURG
Period
Mark Mark Period
1 6th and I7th Cen-

1 6th
I i% 1 turies Century
1841
1833
1864
Marks on Other Continental Plate 3 6r
SCHEMNITZ TEMESVAR
Inspection Inspection ^ .
Period Fmod ^
Mark Mark
1576
1838
iyth Century
lyth-iSth Century
1 8th Century
BELGIUM
Following are the State Assay Office punches, denoting
quality for modern silver and gold in Belgium under the law
of 1868.
for
For large pieces of
.900 fine large
pieces of silver
gold .800 fine
(19- aK)
For large pieces of

gold .750 fine
(i8K)
.800 fine for large
pieces of silver
For small pieces of

gold .800 fine
.900 fine for small

pieces of silver
For small pieces of
gold .750 fine
.800 fine for small

Foreign silver
pieces of silver
ANTWERP
Hall Hall Hall
Period Period Period
Mark Mark Mark
iyth Century 1663

Early i6th Century
I7th Century
Century
1664
1619
Circa 1670
1 6th
Century
1
7th Century
I7th Century
1738
1 8th Century
1 7th Century
1609 1767
7772
i6th-i7th Century 1661

1783
363
ANTWERP- Continued.
Date Letters
Early i6th Century 1664
i
7th Century
1558-1559 1669
1619
lyth Century
1
7th Century
1680
1 6th Century
1
7th Century
iyth Century
1565-1568 1738
1581
1765
1662-1663
1609 1772
i6th-: 7 th Centu,y
I7 8 4
BRUGES BRUSSELS Cto'wzW.

Hall Year Date Period
Period
Mark
1751
GHENT
lyth Century Hall D . ,
Mark
Pmod
1 8th Century
BRUSSELS
Hall The helmet, crowned, was used as guild
Period
Mark mark in the early i6th Century. In the
latter half of that period it was uncrowned.
These marks were all in
profile and looked
1618
to the left. In the first half of the i8th
Century the helmet (or casque) was

uncrowned and full face and continued
so throughout the century.
1 8th Century
JOURNAY
State-Control
Mark Hall
Period
Mark
1618 1 6th Century
1 8th Centurv
'Date Letter
1627
1618
LlfeGE LlfeGE Continued.
Hall Hall
Period Period
Mark Mark
1772-1784
1650-1689
1784-1792
1724-1763
LOUVAIN
Hall -
Period
Mark
1744-1763
1 8th Century
MECHELEN
Hall
1764-1771 Period
Mark
1691
3 66 Marks on Other Continental Plate
MONS YPRES
Hall Hah
Period Period
Mark Mark
1 7th Century
Second half of
1766
Century
Second half of 1 8th

Century
DENMARK
AALBORG COPENHAGEN Continued.
Hall Hall
Period Period
Mark Mark
1686 1645
1663
COPENHAGEN
Hall
Period
Mark
1707
1608
1721
1610
1725
1639
COPENHAGEN Continued. COPENHAGEN Continued.

Hall _ .
Hall
Mark Perwd Period
Mark
1769
'733
1783
1736
1841
1851
ODENSE
Hall
Period
Mark
1747
1763
HOLLAND
State State
Period êriod
Stamp Stamp
For silver less than .833

Law of 1852, silver
standard
For large pieces of gold .916

Gold standard
Large silver pieces .934 Mark for imported silverware

standard
Mark for imported goldware

Large silver pieces .833
standard For small foreign pieces (gold
and silver)
Small pieces of silver both for silver and

Export stamp
standards
gold
3 68
AMSTERDAM BREDA
Guild Guild
Period Period
Stamp Stamp
I5th-i6th Century
1556
i6th-i7th Century
i6th-iyth Century
DOKKUM
1606 Guild
Period
Stamp
1648
1608
DORDRECHT
Guild
Period
Siamp
1655
1603
ENKHUIZEN
1694
Guild
Period
Stamp
Latter part of
Century
GOUDA
1 8th Century with
Guild
date letters Period
Stamp
1 6th Century
369
THE HAGUE LEEUWARDEN

Guild
Period Guild
Mark Period
Mark
1
7th Century
I7th-i8th Century
MAESTRICHT
iyth Century with
Guild
date letter
Mark Period
i
Latter part of i8th
yth Century state
Centurv
assay mark
1700
ROTTERDAM
Guild
Mark Period
1 8th Century
1 8th Century
HERZOGENBUSCH'S
Guild
Period
Mark UTRECHT
Guild
Period
Mark
J7th Century
1614
HOORN
Guild
Period 1
7th Century
Mark
1640
1710
UTRECHT Continued. ZWOLLE

Guild
Period Period
Mark Mark
EJ [I
m 1 8th Century
iyth Century
1721
VLISSENGEN
Guild
Period
Mark
i6th-i7th Century 1726 and later
ITALY
AQUILA FERRARA
Inspection Period
Mark
1 8th Century
[^ Cfi J 3 E^ly 1
5 tn Century
FLORENCE
Inspection ^ . ,
Per""e
Mark
Early i6th Century
7\O.L I7th-i8th Century
BOLOGNA 1 8th Century
Inspection D .
Period
,
\JF L
Mark
8th Century
/kO ^d 1 Century
i
37-t
GENOA MODENA
Mark Parted Period
Mark
1 8th Century
1 6th
Century
I 8th Century
NAPLES
State
Stam Period
1400
Century
LUCCA
Inspection
Period (?)
Mark
1 8th Century
NAP 1702
MAILAND
Inspection
Period
Mark
1810
1716
Control-stamp of
1810
MANTUA NAP 1720
.1 20
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 8th Century 1736

NAPLES Continued.
PARMA
State
State Period
Period
Stamp Stamp
Middle of 1 8th Cen- i 8th Century

tury
ROME
1782
State
Period
Stamp
Guild
1
7th Century
Mark
1700 (?)
Late 1
7th Century
1702
1716
1 8th Century
1720
1 8th and I9th Cen-

turies
SOLMONA
NSC State
Period
Stamp
and Cen-
State
PALERMO sat 13
turies
1 4th
Period
Stamp
Century and to
1 8th Century
sut 1 4th
1406
SOLMONA Continued. VENICE

State State
Period Period
Stamp Stamp
1406 to middle of
SHE 1
5th Century I7th-i8th Century
Middle of i fth Cen-

SUL. tury
i 6th- i 8th Century
1
5th or 1 6th Cen-
tury
1805. Stamp for
.8125 standard of
TURIN silver
State
Period
Stamp
1805. Stamp for
iSth Cenrjuiy 9375 standard of
silver
i 8th Century 1810
PORTUGAL
EVORA LISBON
Period Period
Mark Mark
1740
I7th-i8th Century
i 8th Century
GUIMARAES OPORTO
Period Period
Mark Mark
Of! 1
7th Century
1790
NORWAY
BERGEN BERGEN Continued.
Inspection n . , Inspection Period

Pertod Mark
Mark
circa 1800
1787
1799
1799
1812 1799
r r 1820 circa 1815
CHRISTIANIA
Inspection Period
Mark
1 8th Century
1812
1820
OD
RUSSIA
The marks on the following pages might lead the reader to
believe that 84 in an oblong cartouche was a mark pe-
culiar to the
city of Tula.
The distinctive town mark is often
placed with 84 which designates the Russian standard of
silver .903 fine, the unit
being divided into ninety parts.
For approximately two centuries Russian silver has been
dated, the year being represented by numerals in a straight
line, e.g., 1746.
ASTRAKHAN IRKUTSK or TOBOLSK

Period
Mark Mark
1771
1774
BAUSK
Inspection D .
Period
,
YAROSLAF
jut L
Mark
Inspection Period
Mark
I 8th Century
1767
DORPAT
Inspection . , KALUGA
/, , Period
Mark
Inspection Period
Mark
1
7th Century
Close of 1 8th Cen-
tury
GOLDINGEN
KAMENETZ-PODOLSKI
Inspection Period
Mark Inspection Period
Mark
1 8th Century
1858
KAZAN MOSCOW
Period
Mark Mark
1797
1734-1741
KIEV
Inspection
Period
Mark
1747
1778
I
9th Century
1780
KOSTROMA
Inspection
Period
Mark
PERM
Found on i8th Cen- Inspection ^ . ,
Per>oJ
tury silver Mark
Inspection
LOMZA I I 8th Century
Period
Mark
MITAU PSKOF
Inspection n . .
Inspection
Period Mark Pmod
Mark
1
7th Century Unknown
REVA'L ST. PETERSBURG

Period Period
Mark Mark
1 6th Century
M
Mm iyth Century
1736
**
* m 1 8th Century
1746
Cp 1 8th Century
1760
RIGA
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 6th Century 1796
1801
1600
18-
lyth-iSth Century
1829-1880
TULA
1 8th Century
J
Xf **<
ClfFJ i^th Century
TVER VOLOGDA
Period Period
Mark Mark
1 8th Century
1 8th Century
WALK
Inspection
VILNA Period
Mark
Inspection
Period
Mark Close of 1 8th Cen-
i6th-i7th Century
WIBORG
Inspection
Period
Mark
VLADIMIR
Inspection 1 8th Century
Period
Mark
1 8th Century
i* Century
SWEDEN
ARBOGA or OREBRO BORAS
Inspection nspe
Inspection
Period
Mark J^
I7th and i8th Cen-

furies After 1 860
V 1771
CHRISTIANSTAD GEFLE
Period Period
Mark Mark
Cr 1 8th Century
1647
1810
1
7th and i8th Cen-
turies
GOTHENBURG
Inspection Period
Mark
1727
Last half of i8th

Century
1 8th and I9th Cen-
turies
LINDESBERG
Inspection Period
Mark
EKSJO, HEDEMORA, and
LINDESBERG
Inspection Close of the i8th
Period
Mark Century
1 7th Century
LULEA
1 8th Century
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 8th Century M tury
Guild Masters*
Marks Beginning pf
Century
DH I 8th Century
Inspection
Mark
NORRTELJE
Period
Early 1 9th Century

3 8o Marks on Other Continental Plate
OREBRO STOCKHOLM Continued.
Period
Mark Mark Period
1 8th Century 1700
1707
SODERHAMN
Inspection
Mark Period
1 8th Century
1716
STOCKHOLM 1720
Inspection
Mark Period
1723
1600
1724
1647
1650
1650
1752
1674
1756
1692
Close of 1
7th Cen-
tury and first half
o ^797
of 1 8th Century
STOCK I850
HOLM
TABLE OF DATE LETTERS FOR

STOCKHOLM, 1689 TO 1759,
AND FROM THAT YEAR FOR ALL OF SWEDEN.
Marks on* Other Continental Plate
TORSHALLA YSTAD Continued.

Period Mark
Mark
1 8th Century
tt
i 8th Century
ULRICEIIAMN
Inspection
Period
Mark
Early i9th Century
VASTERAS
i 8th Century
Inspection
Mark Period
1 8th Century
YSTAD
Inspection
Period
Mark
Century
|U i8th Century
I9th Century
1 6th and iyth Cen-

turies
Close of 1 8th Cen-

tury
SWITZERLAND
BADEN BADEN Continued.
Inspection n . .
Inspection
Pertod Period
Mark Mark
o Early lyth Century
1 8th Century
lyth-iSth Century
1 6th Century and

BERN
Inspection
Mark
Middle of iyth Cen

4*
1 6th Century
1 7th Century
1678
1
7th Century
1690
1800
I7th-i8th Century ES
BIENNE
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 8th Century
1 8th Century
COIRE LUZERN
Period Mark
Mark
i6th Century
1 8th Century
i6th-i7th Century
NEUCHATEL
Inspection Period
Mark
EINSIEDELN
Inspection
Mark Period
lyth-iSth Century
lyth-iSth Century
1 8th Century
GENEVA NEUVEVILLE
Period
Mark Mark
1 8th Century
PAYERNE
Inspection
Period
Mark
LAUSANNE
Inspection
Period 6th and iyth Cen-
Mark 1
turies
8 1 8th Century
RAPPERSWIL SURSEE
Period Period
Mark Mark
1 6th and lyth Cen-

1 6th and iyth Cen-
turies
turies
1
7th and i8th Cen-
1 8th Century
turies
THUN
SCHAFFHAUSEN
Inspection ~ .
Inspection n . .
Mark
Pmod ,
Perwd
Mark
C'S 1 6th Century

i
yth Century
lyth-iSth Century
VEVEY
Inspection ^ .
,
Mark
Pmod
1 8th Century
1 6th and I yth Cen-
turies
SIGN
Inspection
1 8th Century
Mark
1 6th Century
WINTERTHUR
i
yth Century
Inspection
Period
Mark
1 8th Century i 8th Century

ZUG ZURICH Continued.
Period Period
Mark Mark
1584
Early i7th Century
1620
1629
Century
3 1 8th Century
1631
ZURICH
Inspection
Period
Mark
1
7th and i8th Cen-
turies
1545
1563, 1564, 1565
1667
1608
1621
1779
387
SPAIN
BARCELONA CORDOVA
Mark Period
Mark Period
BARK i
^th Century
NONA I5th and i6th Cen-
turies
LA CORURA
1 6th and i^th Cen-
tury Inspection
Mark Period
1 6th
Century
BHI
1 6th
LEON
Century
Inspection
Mark Period
1732
BURGOS
Inspection
Period
Mark
MADRID
Inspection
Period
Mark
Unknown
1 8th Century
CALATAYUD MUNOZ
Inspection Period Inspection
Mark Period
Mark
I5th-i6th Century Unknown

3 88 Marks on Other Continental Plate
SARAGOSSA TOLEDO
Period Mark
Mark
TOL 1 6th Century
1
5th Century
1600
G02 1 6th Century

I7th Century
3CIGS
CHAPTER XXIX
Old Sheffield Plate
1743, Thomas Boulsover, of Sheffield, discovered a

T *$ process of plating silver on copper.
This was ninety
^ $* <$ years before electroplating was invented,

It is important that Boulsover's method and his method was
followed for nearly a century of making silver plate should be
understood in order to be able to distinguish real "Old Sheffield
Plate" from the imitation.
An of copper were filed and scraped
ingot of silver and an ingot
until two smooth surfaces were obtained. The size of the ingots
would depend upon the size of the plate required, which would
constitute the raw material for the subsequent processes. The
two prepared surfaces, after having been made chemically clean
of nitric acid, were firmly
by washing them in a weak solution
so that they fitted quite evenly. In order thor-
pressed together
were put under a powerful
oughly to unite the two faces, they
was then placed on
hydraulic press. An additional copper plate
the silver side of the ingot, but before doing so, either the silver or
with a preparation of chalk to keep the
copper face was painted
third piece of metal from fusing to the silver piece the protection
of
of the latter from the fire being the object of the introduction
over
the cover piece of copper, which, of course, would be used
and over again.
with
If it was intended to produce a piece of plated metal
silver upon both sides, the ingot of copper

would be placed be-
389
Old Plate
39 o Sheffield
tween two pieces of silver, in which case the middle piece would
have to be cleaned upon both faces, while the two pieces of silver
would only have to be prepared on their opposing faces. In that
case, two protecting pieces of copper
would have to be employed,
each separated from the silver plates it was designed to protect
was necessary in order to
by coating of chalk. This precaution
a
"
or in the case of single plate/' all three
prevent all five plates,
plates,
from fusing together.
Where two plates of silver and one
plate
of copper in between were employed, the resulting product
"
would be double plate/' Where a single ingot of copper and a
single ingot of
were fused together, the product was "single
silver
'
plate." The metal plates

were then bound together with iron wire,
and the edges where the silver and copper came in contact were
treated with a fluxing solution, usually borax. The composite
for the fusing process and was placed in
ingot was now ready
a coke furnace and subjected to great heat until the sheet of silver
showed its molten condition to trickle down the
by commencing
sides of the ingot. It was then removed from the furnace, cooled
and cleansed. It was then placed between rollers and rolled out
into a sheet of the thickness of the walls of the vessel for the manu-
facture of which it was to be used. If the finished article was in-
tended to be a coffee pot, a portion of which would have to be

thinned by being subjected to a belling-out process, that circum-
stance would have to be considered in determining the thickness
of the silver and copper plate.
This plated sheet of metal would now be used in precisely ,
the same way that a sheet of solid silver, or solid copper, would be
production of the
in the finished article. It is important
employed
to note that, when it became necessary to shear off the edges of
the metal, a uniform appearance of surface would not be exposed
a red line of
along the cut edge. In the case of double plate,
white lines of silver. It would be
copper would show between two
Old Sheffield Plate 391
necessary to mask this cut and this
edge, necessity affords us the
first and most important test for "Old
distinguishing genuine
Sheffield Plate" from a piece of
electroplate. At the present time,
this situation could be met by either the entire article in
placing
a and by
silver-plating solution electrical action
put in a slight
covering of silver over the entire piece, including the exposed edge,
"
or by the process of
sponging" silver on the exposed edge by the
use of a silver anode covered with a cloth saturated with a silver
solution and the use of the electric current. In the
days of Old
Sheffield, however, electroplating being unknown, the maker of
rolled plate had to employ another method. He met the situation
in the
very old days by making his silver ingot a trifle larger
than the copper one. This would
give him a projecting silver flap,
which could be folded over the
copper edge. This method, how-
ever, would only be practicable where the size of the ingot cor-
responded with the size of the finished article, for instance, a flat
dish, and was soon abandoned. Where the plate had to be cut in
irregular forms, the exposed edges were covered by a piece of

silver wire, which was soldered in
place. In this silver
many cases,
edge, called the"edge of poverty," is
plainly perceptible to the
eye and can be felt with the fingers.
Unfortunately, this "edge of poverty," which we now look for
as desirable evidence of the
genuine character of the article under
examination, was, before the days of silver plating, regarded as an
objectionable feature. Remember that "Old Sheffield Plate" was
supposed to take the place of and any feature that

solid silver,
served to distinguish the substitute from the original was deemed
objectionable. The result was that, in the first quarter of the

Nineteenth Century, a process was invented which rendered the
"edge of poverty" almost invisible, so that the test suggested by

the foregoing rather difficult of application to pieces of genuine
is
plate when produced at that late period. The use of a reading

392 Old Sheffield Plate
glass or microscope will, however, enable one to discover the point
of union between the edge covering and the body of the article.
When it is attempted to take a sheet made of two separate
pieces of metal and work it into a very ornate and convoluted
surface, or a surface with sharp edges, it will be found that the
outer covering, which in this case would be the silver, would be
apt to crack and pull away from the metal below because the
superficies of the outer pieces
of metal, where covering the curve,
or the angle, would be greater than the piece below. The makers
of Sheffield Plate, therefore, found it more economical to take
thin sheets of silver and either hammer or stamp them into the
shapes desired. In the case of ornamentation, these pieces could
be soldered immediately upon the sides of the vessel to be deco-
rated. When decorated handles had to be applied, a piece of Shef-
field Plate could be used for the lower, plain surface section of
the handle, while the ornamented upper portion would be made
of silver. When put together, the hollow between the silver and
Sheffield Plate would be with a composition resembling
filled
solder. In the case of an

electroplated article, the ornamental
handles would be cast of a solid piece of brass and then electro-
plated after having been attached to the body.

This provides us with a second method of distinguishing "Old
Sheffield Plate" from a modern
plated article. The ornamentation
upon the electroplated article, when scratched with a file, will
show a hard base metal underneath. In the case of Old Sheffield,
the ornamentation,
being of silver, will be cut through with
much more difficulty and a soft metal backing will be disclosed
copper. The handle of genuine Sheffield
instead of hard brass or
will disclose a line of union
running along the middle from one
terminal of the handle to the other, and the
upper or ornamented
portion will respond to the same tests as the decoration on the
body of the article. This line of union, of course, will be absent
in the case of a
piece of electroplate, and a test with the file will
show the same inner body on the top and bottom of the handle.
Everything I have said about the handle will apply to other pro-
jecting parts of the article, for example, the feet and the finial
(knob) of a coffee-pot lid.

Boulsover's invention was applied to such articles as
first
harness buckles, and it was not until about the commencement

of the reign of George III (1760) that domestic articles were
manufactured in any quantity.
It was just at this period that the
beauty of English solid silver
had reached its zenith, and for a number of years Old Sheffield
tea and coffee sets, candelabra, candlesticks, and trays, showed the
same beautiful simplicity and grace of outline. The Adam Broth-
ers influenced the
designs in Sheffield as they did in silver, and
when the "Empire" fashions came into vogue (1800), both solid
silver and Sheffield Plate followed the ornate fashions set in
furniture. The worst examples of this period were produced in

the reign of George IV (1820-1830). As soon as Sheffield plating
showed that could be adapted to the production of articles for
it
the table and for decoration, Sheffield Plate became fashionable

and popular. Enormous quantities were produced in the last
forty years of the Eighteenth Century. This means that a great
number of people were engaged in the industry. The manufacture
soon spread beyond Sheffield; in fact, the largest single factory,
the Soho Works, was located
Birmingham, under the man-
in
agement of Matthew Boulton, whose work is now valued as of

the highest quality.
As might be expected, there" were a number of black sheep
among the makers of Old Sheffield Plate. The obvious way for
them gouge the public was to reduce the thickness of the silver
to
ingot. This was done to

such an extent that some of the rolled
is now obtained
plate was no thicker in silver than by electrical
394 Old Sheffield
Plate
deposition. This accounts

for the number of articles on the market
in an almost naked condition, which undoubtedly were at one
time Sheffield Plate. The idea that these pieces, now denuded
of their have any

silver, value is a mistaken one. If the basic
work and the design were good, they might be silver plated and
be made of some value as electroplated silver.
Even the best pieces of Old Sheffield copper where

may show
or the piece has
they have been subjected to extraordinary wear,
been battered, in which case the silver will peel off as it would
have done had the manufacturer attempted to turn the plain
surface into a highly ornate one. The exposure of the copper is

"
is not detrimental to the
called bleeding/' and if very slight,
article. If it is so great as to militate against the appearance of
the piece, should be taken to an expert and silver sponged on

it
the bare places. The reason I say it should be taken to an expert

is that the ordinary silver-plating plants employ a solution of
pure silver and use a fure silver anode.
Old Sheffield, to be
a solution made of
sponged properly, should be treated with
sterling silver (i.e.,
a solution containing about 8 per cent, of
anode.
copper to 92 per cent, of silver) and a sterling silver
The reason for employing this method is that pure silver would
make a glaring white patch on the gray surface of the Sheffield.
The ingot of silver employed in the making of the sheet metal
contained only about 92 per cent, of silver, and this, with the
repeated annealing to which it is subjected while being hammered

into shape, accounts for the soft gray colour of the finished prod-
uct. This colour is
approximated when a sterling silver bath
and anode are used. The Sheffield process, or rolled-plate process,
as it was then called, speedily became known in France, and in
a very short time the industry was established there, entirely
superseding the method known as "French plating," which had

been in use since 1700.
In England, of the rolled-plate makers had been cutlers;
many
in France, the manufacture of rolled
plate was taken up, not by
the ordinary manufacturer, but
by silversmiths, and their prod-
ucts were taken cognizance of by the authorities of the Gold-
smiths' Guild (St. Eloi), who threw about the product the same
protection that they did about solid silver. The rules of the guild
provided that each piece must be stamped with the mark denoting
its
quality; for instance,the basic sheet were composed of nine
if
kilos of copper and one kilo of silver, it would be marked dixtime y
but this term was abbreviated and represented by loe, lome, or

lorn. Lower grades, or inferior
grades, were marked 2ome, 3ome,
and 40 me. very doubtful if any manufacturer took advan-
It is
tage of the provisions that enabled him to make the two lower
grades of rolled plate. Personally, the author has never seen
anything but dixieme and vigntieme. The consequence of this
genesis of French rolled plate was that the product was much
more uniformly beautiful in design than that produced in England
by manufacturers without the aesthetic training of the French
silversmiths, and was of more uniform good quality. It is very
even of vingtieme showing the copper,
rare, indeed, to see a piece
unless it be a piece that has been badly dented. Unfortunately,
French Sheffield is very rare. The pieces that have most often
come under my observation were made by the firm of Balain,
whose mark is a grasshopper or locust impaled upon a pin.
There are widespread misapprehensions concerning Old Shef-
field. These are due in a large measure to perusal of a number of
books that have been written by amateurs without any proper

or adequate basis of knowledge. They are also held by people
who think that knowledge upon a subject of this sort may be a
matter of intuition, and it is indeed difficult to eradicate views
that, no matter how erroneous, are regarded as a birthright.
A flagrant error in belief is that Old Sheffield Plate is "hall-

Old Plate
396 Sheffield
marked/' Of course, a "hallmark" can only be affixed to solid

silver. A more excusable error is that all Sheffield
markers put
their mark upon their products. As a matter of fact, a very large

of Old Sheffield Plate are
proportion of the very
finest pieces
marks. On the other hand, "fakes" are
absolutely devoid of
with copies of two or more old
abundantly marked, frequently
marks. One woman collector told the author that in her collec-
tion of Old Sheffield she had a number of pieces manufactured by
E. P. N. S. This one had said her favourite author was

is as if
"Mr. Anonymous," E, P. N. S. means electroplate on nickel

silver. It was and is a number of manufactur-
employed by great
ers in order to give the public an honest and an accurate descrip-
tion of their wares.
Another misconception concerns the presence or absence of the

silver inset plate or shield so often found on the sides of wine
coolers, dish covers, in the centre of trays,

and on the margins of
The belief is that these pure silver shields (the
platters. popular
fact that these are pure silver makes them conspicuous against
the darker background of Sheffield Plate) denote an extra fine
'
in fact, some collectors refuse to pur-

quality of Old Sheffield;
chase pieces that are not so distinguished. A brief consideration
of the reason for this innovation (the first inset shield was about
1810) will lead one to a different conclusion. The

earlier Sheffield
Plate waspurposely made with a silver skin so thick that a careful

of arms, monogram, or in-
engraver could put on a crest, coat
scription
without cutting through to the copper. It occurred to
some genius that the old process was an extravagant one, as the
piece would
be engraved only in one or two places, and in order
to provide for that, the silver plate was devised. The only reason
for its is that the article, except where the plate

employment
appears, is too thinly covered with silver to stand engraving.
Fortunately, the situation is saved in some measure by the fact

that manufacturers of
very fine Sheffield found thatsome of their
customers considered the inset decorative and followed the
plate
fashion without noticeable in the of
any depreciation quality
their
output. As a rule,, however, the silver inset plate must be
regarded as evidence of inferior quality of plating but not of
workmanship. People without the knowledge requisite to identify
Old Sheffield Plate find the inset
plate a convenient signpost.
Those who restrict their collections to articles thus made will
voluntarily shut themselves out of the best market.

in the
Very early history of the manufacture of rolled plate,
a number of manufacturers
applied the process, with suitable
changes, to the coating of articles of steel, such as knives and
forks. In some cases,
large spoons and skewers made of pot metal
or britannia ware were
"close-plated."
Britannia metal was an
alloy, used, notably, by the great
Sheffield firm of Thomas Dixon & Sons. Dixon & Sons came late
on the scene. They were established in 1810 and later

thirty years
were among the first to adopt the new process of
electroplating.
They used as a base an alloy which they stamped "Britannia."
Unfortunately, this was not a stable or static compound. For
some reason, probably galvanic action set up by the proximity
of different metallic elements, or
perhaps merely oxidation, this
metal has with the effluxion of time become porous and rotten.
When the mutable character of the alloy became apparent, it was
abandoned, and bell-metal, called "nickel silver," was, employed
an alloy of nickel, copper, and tin and a very small proportion
of zinc or antimony; the formula is variable but always adapted
to produce a hard
yellow metal. This makes such an admirable
base that in England ithas almost entirely superseded copper, and
it is this metal, when plated, that is properly stamped E. P. N. S.
Old Sheffield is
nearly always upon copper. Brass, however,
has sometimes been employed. Many of the pieces of so-called
398 Old Sheffield Plate
"Sheffield" on the market consist of a cast base electroplated.

The old Sheffield pieces, of course, were hammered out by hand,
except as to the mounts and handles, which

were stamped and
backed as I have described. Where a casting is
employed, the
use of a microscope will disclose a rather porous-looking sur-
face a feature, of course, that is entirely absent from a piece of
metal that has been subjected to much hammering in the course
of manufacture.
The reader who
wishes to learn every detail of the manufacture
of Old English Sheffield should peruse Mr. Frederick Bradbury's
masterly work, History of Old Sheffield Plate. It is the only authori-

tativebook upon that subject. Mr. Bradbury's ancestors were
prominent makers of rolled plate in the Eighteenth Century, and
the firm has had a continued existence from then until the present
day, when it still
occupies the foremost position among Sheffield
silversmiths.
I have said that many of the handsomest and most valuable
pieces of Old Sheffield are unmarked. That is not the result of

chance alone. Prior to 1773, some eighteen makers of rolled plate
in Sheffield and
Birmingham by no means all of the manufac-
turers in those cities used marks. In that year, the law establish-
ing an assay office in Sheffield struck at certain manufacturers of
plated ware whose marks resembled hall marks, by prohibiting

the striking of a letter or letters on articles made of metal,
plated
or covered with silver. Ten later, in 1784, a law was
years passed
which enabled the platers who were engaged in trade in Sheffield,
or within a hundred miles thereof, to
impress their goods with
"
their names
together with any mark, figure, or device at the end
of the name, such not being an assay office device for ster-
figure
ling silver or in imitation thereof." Such mark or marks must be
approved and registered by the assay authorities.

During the intervening decade, no marks had been affixed to
Old Sheffield Plate, and that happens to have been the most
prolific decade in the history of the
industry. It was also the best
period from an artistic standpoint.

It should be noted that, under the law of 1784, it was not obliga-
tory for the maker to mark his wares, and he must not do so
without registration. There was a penalty of 100 for any viola-
tion of the statute.
Sixteen makers registered their marks in 1784, and many did
not; so that we cannot say with certainty that any unmarked
with the
piece was made before 1784. However, that fact, coupled
design of the piece fashions were closely followed by silversmiths
and Sheffield Plate makers does enable one very often to fix
the period of manufacture with reasonable certainty.
In 1785, seven Sheffield makers registered. One or two each
year added their marks and names to

the official list until 1807,
when, some reason, eighteen Birmingham manufacturers of

for
rolled plate recorded their marks at the Sheffield assay office.

Between 1808 and 1836 (both years inclusive), fifty-five Birming-
ham and nineteen Sheffield firms or individuals recorded their
marks. No marks have been entered since.

Itshould be carefully noted that some of the marks put on old
Sheffield have been used upon electroplate after the rolled-plate
maker had changed his product as the result of the invention of
electroplating.
The crossed arrows (T, & J. Creswick) is a&
example. It is now used by Hutton
& Company, successors to the
old firm, on electroplate.
of Old Sheffield, one will find marks
Frequently, on a piece
other than a maker's mark. It may be of one or more letters,
or a symbol, such as a sun or two concentric circles. These
figures,
are workmen's marks. Sometimes workmen would leave one fac-
and to another, so that we find the identical workmen's
go
tory
mark upon different makers.
pieces of
CHAPTER XXX
Sheffield Platers and Their Marks
APPROXIMATE DATES OF THE MANUFACTURERS' EARLIEST CONNECTION WITH
THE FUSED PLATE INDUSTRY PREVIOUS TO 1773
t It is only presumed that these marks were used by this firm.

Sheffield Platers and Their Marks 401
EXTRACTS FROM LISTS OF MANUFACTURERS FROM "SKETCHLEY'S SHEFFIELD

DIRECTORY," 1774
NO MARKS LEGALISED ON PLATED ARTICLES, ACCORDING TO THE ACT 1773
(FROM BIRMINGHAM DIRECTORY FOR THE YEAR 1777.)

402 Sheffield
Platers and Their Marks
EXTRACTS FROM LISTS OF MANUFACTURERS FROM "BAILEY'S NORTHERN DIRECTORY,

AND OTHER SOURCES. 1781
Sheffield
Platers and Their Marks 403
LIST OF MAKERS AND MARKS USED BY MANUFACTURERS OF FUSED PLATED AND CLOSE
PLATED ARTICLES AFTER THE PASSING OF THE ACT OF 1784.
The words "close plater," given in this list, signify that the makers so described made articles plated on
iron or steel. Marks struck on close plated articles can usually be identified by the splitting up or duplicating
in various ways of the makers' names, initials, and devices, forming separate shields as -00193 and
Q3 QS $ Different forms of the letters s and p. s. were used to denote steel, or plated steel.
The dates re-
corded are the earliest that can be traced of firms using their marks. The trade descriptions are taken from old
Where a fixed against a device signifies that this

mark was not
manuscripts, ledgers and
directories. is it
"
The abbreviation M." trade description) signifies Britannia
registered at the Sheffield
Office. B.
Assay (in
Metal.
Unregistered marks.
44 Sheffield
Name of Firm. Maker's Marks. Date. Location. Trade Description.
Beldon, Hoyland & Co... Sheffield Platers and Silversmiths
Brit tain, Wilkinson & Do Do. do.

Brownill
Deakin, Smith & Co. ... Do. Hawley Croft .. Do. do.
LoveJ. & Co Do. Pea Croft Do. do.

(Love, Silverside,
Darby & Co.)
Morton R. & Co. Do. Brinsworth Do. do.
Orchard
Cadman &
1
Roberts, Co. Do. Eyre Street ... Do. do .
Roberts]. &S Do. Union Street Do. do.
Sutcliffe R. & Co. Do. King Street Do. do.
Bingley W Birmingham Plater
MadinF, & Co Sheffield, Far Field Platers and Silversmiths
Jervis W Do. White Croft ... Plater and Silversmith
Colmore S, Birmingham ... Plater
Goodwin E Sheffield, The Park Plater and Silversmith
Watson, Fen ton & Brad- Do. .

Mulberry Street Platers and Silversmiths
bury
Froggatt, Coldwell & Do. Eyre Street, ... Platers, Silversmiths, &
Lean B.M. manufacturers
Green J. & Co Do. Marketplace ... Platers an,d Silversmiths
Goodman, Gainsford & Do. . 1 8, Hawley Croft Platers, Silversmiths and

Fairbairn Factors
EUerbyW. London Close Plater
Garnett W. ... Sheffield, Bridge Houses... Fater
Holy D., Parker & Co. ... 1804 Do, Mulberry Street Platers and Silversmiths
*
Green,, Roberts; Moseley & Co, This 'firm commenced from this date to use the mark formerly struck
by their predecessors J. Parsons & Co.

{Unregistered marks.
Name of Firm. Maker's Marks. Date Location Trade Description,
Newbould VV. & Son 1804 Sheffield. The Moor Platers
Drabble I. & Co.

1805 Do. Eyre Street Platers g.nd Silversmiths
Coldwell W, ... 1806 Do. do. Plater, &c.
Hill D. & Co 'GHOSH 1806 Close Platers

Birmingham
Law J. & Son ...

1807 Sheffield ... Platers
Butts T. Close Plater

1807 Birmingham
Green J. Do. Do.

1807
Hutton W 1807 Do. Do.
Law R 1807 Do. Do.
Linwood J 1807 Do. Do.
Linwood W 1807 Do. Do.
Meredith H 1807 Do. Do.
Peake 1807 Do. Do.
Ryland W. & Son 1807 Do, P'laters, Clqse Platers

and ^Silversmiths
Soot W 1807 Do. Close Plater
Silkirk W ,
1807 Do. Do,
Thomason E, & Dowler., Do. Close Platers, &c.
Tonks Samuel ...

1807 I Do. Bromsgrove Rd. Plater
*
Previous to this date this mark was used by D, Holy, Wilkinson & Co.
tTudor & Co. having retired from business in 1804, this would appear to be a re-registration of their mark
by J Law & Son at the Sheffield Assay Office in 1807.
J See also 1831, 1837,
l8 39> l8 49-
||
These marks were probably used at a later date,
$ Unregistered marks.
406 Sheffield
Unregistered marks.
Sheffield
Platers and Their Marks 407
close plated goods, the initials are also found

on silver
Found on g
Found on close plated goods. Unregistered marks.

|
408 Sheffield
* a
These marks were probably used at later date. | Unregistered marks,
"
* Mark used on plated handled cutlery on steel blade is stamped
S
Unregistered marks,
410 Sheffield Platers
and Their Marks
*ee also 1807, ^37, 1839, 1849.
t The cross keys mark is

registered this year at the Sheffield Assay Office for the third time,
J This mark w a3 originally registered
'
by Scot in 1807 for previous marks used by Hutton see

;
1807, * 8 3<-
||
The same firm as above, and in 1831 but with the m
ark reversed.
1807
Unregistered marks/
* See note (||J on previous page.

t Possibly this mark was purchased from M. Boulton & Co., of Birmingham, at their dissolution in 1848.
t Since 1863 Roberts & Belk.
Unregistered marks.
MISCELLANEOUS MARKS WHICH HAVE NOT BERN TRACED.
Maker's Marks. Approximate date of

Description of article from which marks are taken. manufacture.
Fused Plated i-pint Tankard 1780-1700
Do. Sugar Tongs ...

1750
Do. Sauce Boat ...

1790
una on (Dam Do, Pierced Fish Slice, with Plated Handle... 1790-1800
Do. Do. Wine Coolers, with Lion Mask Handles 1790-1800
mmm Do. Tankard 1800-1810
Do. Folding Ear Trumpet, with 'Silver Filled Floral 1815-1825

Mounts (see page 390.)
Do, Salt Cellar, with Wire Supports for Glass 1815 1825
Fused Plated 5-light Candelabra, 29 m. high. 1815-1825
GILBERT
Fused Plated small Telescope page 390) 1840
LONDON (see
Fused Plated -pointed end Snuffer Tray (see page 328.) 1840
D323 E9 E9 Close Plated Dessert Knife... 1840
m CD m Close Plated Article 1840
Snuffers, made of Argentine Metal, with Filled Silver Mounts., 1850
Close Plated Dessert Knife 1850
Do. Marrow Scoop 1850
Ivory Handled Dessert Knife, Close Plated Blade
* T.
Middleton, Rd. Jewesson, G, Ashford and G, Frost are registered, as a firm of silver plate workers, at the
SheffieldAssay Office, 2/4/1798.
JB ix:
General Index
Makers' marks and date letters are nor indexed in the following pages. A comprehensive index
to the marks of English, Scotch, Irish, and British colonial silversmiths will be found at p. 2,11. See
also the alphabetical list of American silversmiths and their marks, pp. 239-292.
Aalborg, mark used at, 366. Belgium, State stamps of, on silver, 361; marks
Abercrombie, Robert, English silversmith, 9. on silver of, 361-367.
Aberdeen, marks used at, 182, 183. Berlin, marks used at, 3 19.
Adam brothers, their influence upon designing Bern, marks used at, 383.
of English silver, 8. Besancon, marks used at, 309.
Aix, marks used at, 308. Biberach, mark used at, 319.
marks used at, 315.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Bienne, mark used at, 383.
Alencpn and Caen, marks used at, 308. Bigorne marks in France, 296.
Altenburg, marks used at, 315. Birmingham, marks used at, 141-146; Sheffield
Altona, marks used at, 316. plate made at, 398.
American silver, early, 235-292. Boivin, his book on old Paris marks, 296.
American silversmiths, names and marks of, Bologna, mark used at, 370.
239-292, Boroas, marks used at, 378.

Amiens and Sotssons, marks used ar, 308. Bordeaux, marks used at, 309.
Amsterdam, marks used at, 368. Boulsover, Thomas, inventor of Sheffield plate,
Anne, Queen, period of silversmithing, 8. 389-

Ansbach, marks used at, 316. Bourges, marks used at, 309.
Antwerp, marks used at, 362, 363. Boxen, marks used at, 355.
made in Bradbury, Frederick, his History of Old
Apostle spoons England, 5.
Aquila, marks used at, 370. Sheffield Plate, 398.
Artwga or Orebro, marks used at, 378. Breda, marks used at, 368.
Arbroath, marks used at, 183. Bremen, marks used at, 319.
Breslau, marks used at, 319.
Archambo, Peter, English silversmith, <;.
marks used at, 1 59.

Arras, marks used at, 308, Bristol,
Britannia standard of silver, in England,
Assaying silver, made compulsory
in England, 2,
10; France, 294; Baltimore, 267. 20, 28, 33; never enforced in Scotland, 169.
Assay Master's mark substituted for Deiu-on's Bruchsal, marks used at, 320.
mark in Edinburgh, 169. Bruges, marks used at, 364.
Astrakhan, mark used at, 375. Brunn, marks used at, 355.
Brunswick, marks used at, 320.
Augsburg, marks used at, 316, 3*7,
Brussels, marks used at, 360.
Aurich, marks used at, 318.
Austria, marks on silver of, 355-359- Budapest, marks used at, 359.
Ayr, marks used at, 184, Burgos, marks used at, 387.
Burgundy, early silversmiths in, 293.
* *
Baden, marks used at, 383,
Baden-Baden, marks used at, 318.
Caen and Alencpn, marks used at, 308.
brings silversmiths into Gaul,

Bamberg, marks used at, 318, Csesar, Julius,
2 93
Banff, marks used at, 185.
Barcelona, marks ased at, 387. Calatayud, marks used at, 387.
Calcutta, marks used at, 163.
Barnstaple, marks used at, 158,
Bausk, mark used at, 375. Canongate (Edinburgh), marks used at, 177.
Carlisle, marks used at,

162.
Bayonne, marks used at, 309,
used at, 208, Cassel, marks used at, 387.
Belfast, marks probably
4IS
General Index
416
Castle or castles, the town mark of Bristol, Duty marks on silver articles made in England,
Ireland,
Cork, Edinburgh, Exeter, Limerick, Newcas- 31; France, 294-296;
20, 30, 195
tle, Norwich, and Stirling, q.v. (footnote).

Edinburgh, marks used at, 169-177;
method of
Chalons-sur-marne, marks used at, 310.
Channel Islands, silver of the, 163. assaying and marking silver plate, 169.
"Charge" mark on French silver, 295. Eger, marks used at, 355.
Chester, marks used at, 132-140. Einsiedeln, marks used at, 384.
Christiania,marks used at, 374. Eksjo, Heclemora, and Lindesberg, marks used
Christianstad, marks used at, 379. *t> 379-
Church silver in
England, 4-6. Elberfeld,mark used at, 325.
Coinage, debasement of in England, 3, 4. Elbing, marks used at, 325.
Coire, marks used at, 384. Elgin, marks used at, 184.
Colchester, marks used at, 159. Elizabeth, Queen of England, imports of silver
household silver used in reign
Colmar, mark used at, 32,1. in reign of, 5;
8.
Cologne, marks used at, 321, 322. of, 6,
Commonwealth period in England, scarcity of Eloi, St., patron saint of French goldsmiths,
silver during, 7. 293; Guild of, 395.
Coney, John, American silversmith, 235. Emden, marks used at, 326.
Copenhagen, marks used at, 366, 367. Engen, mark used at, 326.
Cordova, mark used at, 387. England, silver of, 1-163.
Cork, marks used at, 204-207. Enkhuizen, mark used ar, 368.
Cornwall and Devon, marks used at, 160, 161. Ensko, Stephen G. C, his American Silver-
Coruna, La, mark used at, 387. smiths and Their Marks, 239.
Cracow, marks used at, 355. Erfurt, marks used at, 326.
Criminal prosecutions in England, 16, Essen, marks used at, 326.
Eutin, mark used at, 326.
Dagebull, marks used at, 322. Evora, mark used at, 373.
Danzig, marks used at, 322. Exeter, assay office established, nH; marks
Darmstadt, marks used at, 322. used at, 118-125.
Date letters, introduced in England, 11; in-
troduced in France, 294; varied for French F in an oval, a mark used in Great Britain to
provincial towns, 295. identify foreign silver, 33 (footnote).

Davenstadt, marks used at, 323. Farmer of the Revenue in France, 294, 295.
Decoration, added to old English silver, 10; Fawdery, William, London silversmith, 9,
applied to Philadelphia silver, 236. Ferrara, marks used at, 436.
Denmark, marks on silver of, 366, 367. Fish, tree, and bell, town mark of Glasgow, 178.
Description of England, by the Reverend Wil- Fleur-de-lis, "punch of guarantee" of early
liam Harrison, 5. French silver, 294; dimidiated, an early
Dessau, marks used at, 323. town mark of York, 106.
Devon and Cornwall, marks used at, 160,161. Florence, marks used at, 370.
Dijon, marks used at, 310. Forgeries of marks on silver, in England; n;
Dillingen,marks used at, 323 in America, 235.
"Discharge" mark on French silver, 295. Forks, introduced in England, 14; America, 15.
Dixwell, John, American silversmith, 235. France, silver of, 293-314.
Dokkum, mark used at, 368. Frankenstein, mark used at, 326.
Domestic of silver, use in England, 4,
articles 8. Frankfort-on-Main, marks used'ar, 327,
Dorchester, marks used at, 1 59. Frankfort-on-Oder, marks used at, 328.
Dordrecht, marks used at, 368. Fraustadt, marks used at, 328.
Dorpat, mark used at,
375. Freiburg (Baden), marks used at, 328.
"Double plate" Sheffield } its meaning, 390. Freiburg (Saxony), marks used at, 328,
Dresden, marks used at, 323, 324. Freising, marks used at, 329.
Dublin, marks used at, 191-203. Friedberg,mark used at, 329.
Dummer, Jeremiah, American silversmith, 235. Fulda, mark used at, 329.
Dundee, marks used at, 185. Furth, mark used at, 329.
Dunstan, St., patron saint of English goldsmiths,
3- Galway, marks used at, 008.
Dusseldorf, marks used at, 325. Gateshead, marks used at, 162,
General Index 417
Gebweiler, mark used at, 329. Huguenot silversmiths in England, 9.
Gefle, marks used at, 379. Hull, marks used at, 154.
Geislingen, mark used at, 329. Hull, John, "American" silversmith, 235.
silver of,
Geneva, marks used at, 384. Hungary, 359-361.
Genoa, marks used at, 371.
Iglau, mark used at, 356.
Germany, silver of, 315-354.
Ilmenau, mark used at, 334.
Ghent, marks used at, 364.
Index to the marks of English, Scotch, and Irish
Glasgow, marks used at, 178-181.
silversmiths, 211.
Glatz, mark used at, 329.
marks used at, 334.
Glogau, mark used at, 329.
Ingolstadt,
Innsbruck, marks used 356.
at,
Gmuncl, marks used at, 329.
Inset plate on Old Sheffield ware, its purpose and
Gnoien, mark used at, 329.
the popular exaggeration of its value, 396.
Crolii,hallmarking of in England, 31 (footnote).
Inverness, marks used ztf, 187.
Goldsmiths in England recognized as a corpo-
rate body, 3. Ireland, silver of, 191-210.
Irkutsk or Tobolsk, mark used at, 375.
Gorlitz, marks used at, 330.
Goth a, marks used at, 330. Italy, silver of, 370-373.
Gothenburg, marks used at, 379 Jamaica, mark used on the island of, 163.
Goudn, marks used at, 368.
Jauer, marks used at, 334.
Grabow, mark used at, 330.
Jesse, David, American silversmith, 235.
Gran, mark used at, 3^9.
Journay, marks used at, 364.
Gray,, marks used at, 356.
Greenock, marks used at, 184. Kaluga, mark used at, 375.
Grenoble, marks used at, 310. Kamenetz-Podolski, mark used at, 375.
Guimraes, Marks used at, 373- Karlsruhe, marks used at, 334.
Gustrow, marks used at, 330. Kasch.au,marks used at, 360.
Kaufbeuren, mark used at, 334.
Hague, The, marks used at, 369. Kazan, mark used at, 376.
Halberstadt, marks used at, 330. Kecskemet, marks used at, 360.
Hall (Austria), marks used at, 356. Kiel, marks used at, 334, 335-
Hall (Germany), marks used at, 331. Kiev, marks used at, 376.
Halle (Saxony), marks used at, 331. King's Lynn,
marks used at, 156.
Hallmarks, absence from English silver no marks used at, 335.

Kitzingen,
proof of fraud,16; popular misconception
Klagenfurt, marks used at, 356.
regarding Sheffield plate, 395. Klausenburg, marks used at, 360.
Hamburg, marks used at, 331, 332. Konigsberg, marks used at, 335, 336.
Hanau, marks used at, 333. Konstanz, marks used at, 336, 337.
1
lanover, marks used at, 333. Kostroma, mark used at, 376.
Ilunover-Neustudt, marks used at, 333. Kremsier, marks used at, 356.
Harrison, the Reverend William, his Description

La Coruna, mark used at, 387.
of England, 5.
mark of Dublin, 19:. Lai bach, marks used at, 357.
Harp, crowned, sterling 12.
Hedemora, Kksjo, and Lindesberg, marks used Lamerie, Paul, English silversmith,
at, 379-
Landsberg, mark used at, 337.
Heidelberg, marks used at, 333. Landshut, marks used at, 337.
I Icilbronn, marks used at, 334. Lausanne, mark used at, 384.
La Rochelle, mark used at, 310.
Henry VII, 3, 4.
Leeds, marks used at,
162.
Henry VIII, 4, 5.
used at, 369. mark used at, 337.
Her/ogenbusch's, marks
Leer,
Hibernia, figure of, duty and

their town mark Leeuwarden, mark used at, 369.
of Dublin, 193. Leicester, marks used at, 155.
used at, 337, 338.
Hildesheim, marks used at, 334. Leipzig, marks
his influence on the de- Lemberg, marks used at, 357.
Hogarth, William,
8. Leon, marks used at, 387.
signing of English silver, in a measure restricted
Holland, silver of, 3 6 7~37- Leopard's head crowned,
to articles made in London, I, 22, 30; used
in
Hoorn, mark used at, 369.
mark
with town in Exeter, 1721-
Hor/enplotz, mark used at, 356. conjunction
General Index
4 i8
1777, 120-122; used in conjunction with Mannheim, marks used at, 341.
town mark Newcastle, 1721-1845, 127-
in Mantua, marks used at, 371.
130; used in Chester in conjunction with Marienburg, marks used at, 341.
town mark, 1720-1823, 133-137. Marienwerder, mark used at, 341.
Leopard's head uncrowned,
town mark for Markdorf, mark used at, 341.
London after 1821-1822, 32; used in con- Marseilles, marks used at, 311.
junction with town mark of Exeter after Mechelen, marks used at, 365.
1845, I
3> use<^ * n conjunction with town Memel, mark used at, 341.
mark of Chester after 1823-1824, 132; used Memmingen, mark used at, 341.
in conjunction with town mark of Newcastle Mergentheim, mark used at, 341.
after 1845, *3 a Metz, mark used at, 342.
Leutschau, marks used at, 360.
Minor guilds of English silversmiths, marks of,
r54; of Irish silversmiths,
marks of, 208;
Lewes, marks used at, 155.
of Scotch silversmiths, marks of, 182.
Liege, marks used at, 365.
Liegnitz, marks used at, 338. Mitau, mark used at, 376.
Lilies, three growing in a pot, town mark for Modena, mark used at, 371.
Dundee, 185. Mons, marks used at, 366.
Limerick, marks used at, 209. Montpellier, marks used at, 311.
Limoges enamels sent to Byzantium, 293; Montrose, marks used at, 188.
marks used at, 311. Mortmain, statutes of, 4.
Lincoln, marks used at r $2, 1 53. Moulins and Orleans, marks used at, 312.
Lindesberg, Eksjo, and Hedemora, marks used Moscow, marks used at, 376.
Miilhausen (Alsace), marks used at, 342,
at, 379."
Lion erased, Britannia standard mark m Eng- Mulhausen (Saxony), marks used ut, 342.
land, 2, 28. Munich, marks used at, 342, 343,
Lion passant, English sterling mark, i, n. Munoz, mark used 387.

at,
Lion rampant, sterling mark for Glasgow, 179, Miinster, marks used at, 343.
Lions (five) passant in a cross, town mark for
York after 1700-1701, 109. Naples, marks used at, 371.
Lions (three) passant in a shield, town mark Naumburg, marks used at, 343,
for Chester, 133. Neisse, marks used at, 343.
Lisbon, marks used at, 373. Netherlands, The, silver of, 367-370.
Lissa,marks used at, 338. Neucha"tel,marks used at, 38^.
London, marks used at, 22-105. Neusatz, marks used at, 360.
Lomza, mark used at, 376. Neusohl, marks used at, 360.
Lotige, a measure of quality for silver in Ger- Neuveville, mark used at, 384.
many and Austria, 315. Newcastle, marks used at, 126-131,
Louvain, marks used at, 365. Nicolsburg, marks used at, 357.
Ltibeck, marks used at, 338, 339. Norden, marks used at, 343.
Lucca, marks used at, 371. Nordlingen, mark used at, 344.
Ludwigsburg, marks used at, 339. Norrtelje, marks used at, 379.
Lulea, marks used at, 379. Norway, silver of, 374.
Luneburg, marks used at, 339, 340. Norwich, marks used ut, 113-117.
Luzern, marks used at, 384. Nuremberg, marks used at, 344*
Lyon, marks used at, 311.
Oberglogau, mark used at, 344.
Madrid, marks used at, 387. Ochsenfurt, mark used at, 345.
Maestricht, marks used at, 369, Odense, mark used at, 367.
Magdeburg, marks used at, 340. Offenburg, mark used at, 345.
Mahrisch-Trubau, marks used at, 357. Olmutz, marks used at, 357.
Mailand, marks used at, 371. Oporto, mark used at, 373.
Mainz, marks used at, 341. Orebro, mark used at, 380.
Makers' marks, compulsory in England, I, 10; 6rebro, or Arboga, marks used at, 378.
compulsory in France, 294; form of regulated Orleans and Moulins, marks used at, 312.
by statute in England 19, 20, 28; on London Osnabriick, marks used at, 345.
plate, 35-105; in England, Ireland, and Scot- Osterode/lnarks used at, 345,
land, index to, 211; introduced in France, 293. Ottingen,mark used at, 345.
General Index 419
Padenborn, marks used at, 345. Salisbury, marks used at, 157.
Palermo, mark used at, 372. Salzburg, marks used at, 358.
Paris, marks used at, 297-307. Saragossa, marks used at, 388.
Parma, mark used at, 372. Scallop shell, mark of Poole, 18, 157.
Passau, marks used at, 345. Schaffhausen, marks used at, 385.
Payerne, marks used at, 384. Scharding, marks used at, 358.
Perm, marks used at, 376. Schemnitz, marks used at, 361.
Perth, marks used at, 186. Schorndorf, mark used at, 347.
Pforzheim, marks used at, 345. Schweidnitz, marks used at, 347.
Pig and pendant bell, mark used at Truro, Schweinfurt, marks used at, 347.
Cornwall, 160. Schwerin, marks used at, 347, 413.
Plates, silver dinner, introduced in England, Scotland, silver of, 169-190; See Table of
6; marks forged upon, 13. Contents.
Plymouth, marks used at, 159. Sheffield, marks used on silver of, 147-151.
Poitiers, marks used at, 312. Sheffield rolled plate, history of, 389, ff.;
Poole, marks used at, 157. identification of genuine, 391, 392; often
Portugal, silver of, 373. unmarked, 398; the term applied to "close
Posen, marks used at, 345. plated" articles of steel and britannia ware,
Potsdam, marks used at, 346. 397; makers of permitted to register names
Prague, marks used at, 357. and marks under statute of 1784, 399;
Pressburg, marks used at, 360. peculiarities of marking, 399; silver wire
Prussia, state stamps of, 346. used to mask copper edge, 391; restoration
Pskof, mark used at, 442. of, 394; made in France, marks upon, 395;
names and marks of makers, 400-411.
(jueen Anne period of silversmi thing, 8, Sherborne, marks used at, 1 57.
Shrewsbury,, marks used at, 156.
Ragusa, marks used at, 358. Single initial used as a mark by London silver-
Rapperswil, mark used at, 385. smiths, 2.
Rappoltsweiler, mark used at, 346. "Single plate" Sheffield, the term defined, 390.
Radnor, mark used at, 346. Sion, marks used at, 385.
Rat-tail spoons, 9. Skewers, fraudulent, 13.
Recense mark on French silver, 295. Soderhamn, 380.
Regensburg, marks used at, 346. Soissons, mark used at, 313.
Rennes, marks used at, 312. Soissons and Amiens, mark used at, 308.
Reval, marks used at, 377. Solmona, marks used at, 372.
Revere, Paul, his marks, 279. Spoons made in England, types of, 9.
Riga, marks used at, 377. Spain, silver of, 387, 388.
Riom, marks used at, 3 12 -
Speier, marks used at, 347.
Ritzebu ttel, mark used at, 34(1. Stadthamhof, mark used at, 348.
Rochester, marks used at, 155. Stag's head, town mark of Cannongate (Edin-
Rome, marks used at, 372. burgh), 177.
Rose crowned, the town mark of Norwich, 113; "Starling," an equivalent of "Sterling" used
both dimidiated, in Ireland, 204-209.
joined with a fleur-de-lis,
mark of York, 106,
the town "Sterling," used as a mark in England, 132.
RovSenheim, mark used at, 347. Sterling standard in England, 2, 28, 132.
Rostock, marks used at, 347, Stettin,mark used at, 348.
See "Star-
Rotterdam, marks used at, 369. "Stirling," a variation of "Sterling."
Rouen, marks used at, 313. ling."
marks used at, 183.
Rugg, Richard, his work and marks, 16. Stirling,
Russia, silver of, 375-378. Stockholm, marks used at, 380; date letters
used at, 381.
St. Andrews, marks used at, 187. Stolberg-Wernigerode, marks used at, 348.
his mark
St. Elol, patron saint of French silversmiths, Storr, Paul, English silversmith,
293- forged, 13, 20.

marks used at, 385.
St.Ciermain, marks used at, 313. Sursee,
St. Petersburg, marks used at, 377. Stralsund, marks used at, 348.
Salad servers (transformations), 14. Strasburg, marks used at, 348, 349.
420 General Index
mark used at, 382,

Straubing, marks used at, 350. Vaseterus,
Stuttgart, marks used at, 350. Velburg, mark used at, 352.
1
Sum marks used at, 350.

, Venice, marks used at, 373-
Sweden, silver of, 378-382. Verden, mark used at, 373.

Switzerland, silver of, 383-386, Versailles, mark used at, 314.
Symbols, used as marks in England, i. Vevey, marks used at, 385.
Vienna, marks used at, 358, 359.

T and a tun or barrel, the town mark of Taun- Villingen, marks used at, 353.
ton, 156. Vilna, marks used at, 378.
Tain, marks used at, 188. Vladimir, mark used at, 378.
Taunton, marks used at, 156. Vlissingen, mark used at, 370.
Tea and coffee sets introduced in England, 7. Vologda, mark used at, 378.
Tea-kettles, with lamps, used

in 6.
England,
Temesvar, marks used at, 361.
Walk, mark used at, 378,
The Hague, marks, used at, 369.
Waren, mark used at, 353*
Thistle, the sterling mark of Edinburgh, 169,
Wartha, mark used at, 353.
Thorn, marks used at, 350.
Weilheim, marks used at, 353.
Thun, marks used at, 385.
Weimar, marks used at, 353*
Tilsit, marks used at, 351.
Wertheim, marks used at, 353.
Tobolsk or Irkutsk, mark used at, 375.
Wesel, mark used at, 353.
Tittmoning, mark used at, 351. Wheatsheaves with a sword erect
(three),
Toledo, marks used at, 388.
between, town mark of Chester, 131*1*10.
Torgau, marks used at, 351.
Wiborg, marks used at, 353.
Torshalla, marks used at, 381.
Wick, marks used at, 184.
Toulouse, mark used at, 313.
Winterthur, marks used at, 385,
Toulouse and Montauban, marks used at,
Wismar, marks used at, 353.
3*3-
Wolfenbuttel, marks used at, 353.
Tours, marks used at, 314.
Worms, marks used at, 354.
Trebnitz, mark used at, 351.
Wiirzburg, marks used at, 354.
Tree, fish, and bell, town mark of Glasgow,
Wuraen, mark used at, 354.
i
7 8.
Trieste, marks used at, 358,
mark used
Troppau, marks used at, 358, Yaroslaf, at, 375.
Truro, marks used at, 160, Yawl, town mark of Youghal, 208.
Tubingen, marks used at, 351, York, marks used at, 106-112.
Tula, marks used at, 377. Ypres, marks used at, 366,
Turin, marks used at, 373,

Ystad, marks used at, 382,
Tuttlingen, mark used at, 351.
Tver, marks used at, 378. Zerbst, marks used at, 354.
Zittau, marks used at, 354,
Uberlingen, marks used at, 351. Znaim, mark used at, 359,
Ulrkehamn, marks used at, 382, Zug, marks used at, 386,
Ulm, marks used at, 352. Zurich, marks used at, 452,
Unascribed marks, British, 164-168; Irish, Zweirbrticken, mark used at, 354,
189, 190; Scotch, 210. Zwickau, marks used at, 354*
Utrecht, marks used at, 369, 370. Zwolle, marks used at, 370*
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* Ancient And Modern Gold And Silversmith’s Work, The South Kensington Museum, London, 1878
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* Art Work In Gold And Silver, Henry Wheatley, 1882 (83 Pages)
* Catalogue Of An Exhibition Of Silver Used In New York, New Jersey And The South, R.T. Haines
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* Catalogue Of The Silver Plate (Greek, Etruscan and Roman) In The British Museum, H.B. Walters,
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* Chats On Old Silver, Arthur Hayden, 1917 (432 Pages)
* College And Corporation Silver Plate, Wilfred Joseph Cripps, 1881 (176 Pages)
* Descriptive Catalogue Of The Collection Of Antique Silver Plate Of Lord Londesborough, Frederick
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* Electroplating: A Treatise On How To Do It, William Barclay, 1912 (416 Pages)
* Gold And Silver, John Hungerford Pollen, 1879 (189 Pages)
* Hall Marks On Gold And Silver Plate, W. Chaffers, 1883 (484 Pages)
* Handbook To French Hall Marks On Gold And Silver Plate (Containing 372 Stamps), Christopher
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* Historic Silver Of The Colonies And Its Makers, Francis Bigelow, 1917 (525 Pages)
* Iroquois Silverwork, An Anthropological Study Of Their Handicraft, M.R. Harrington, 1908 (48
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* Jewelry Making And Design: An Illustrated Textbook For Teachers, Students Of Design, And Craft
Workers In Jewelry, Augustus Rose, 1917 (527 Pages)
* Manual Of Assaying Gold, Silver, Copper And Lead Ores, Walter Lee Brown, 1889 (525 Pages)
* Meriden Silver Plate Company Catalogue of 1883, Meriden Company, 1883 (89 Pages)
* Old English Pattern Books Of The Metals Trade, 1913, (96 Pages)
* Old English Plate Decorative And Domestic (122 Illustrations, 2,500 Plate Marks), Wilfred Cripps,
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* Old French Plate, A Handbook For The Collector, Wilfred Cripps, 1880 (149 Pages)
* Old London Silver, Its History, Its Makers And Its Marks, Montague Howard, 1903 (446 Pages)
* Old Plate, Its Makers And Marks, J. Buck, 1913, (368 Pages)
* Old Silver And Old Sheffield Plate, Howard Okie, 1928 (469 Pages)
* Oriental Silverwork: Malay And Chinese (With Over 250 Illustrations), H. Ling Roth, 1910 (320
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* Sheffield Plate, Bertie Wyllie, 1920 (242 Pages)
* Silverwork And Jewelery: A Textbook For Students And Workers In Metal, John Hogg, 1903 (369
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OLD SILVER and

when used, of nearly all the countriesof Continental Europe,

WITH TWELVE FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS

By HOWARD PITCHER OKIE

DOUBLE-DAY, DO RAN W COMPANY, INC.

of Lexington and Washington*

have gone rather at length into the history of the silver

smith's art in England and the laws under which he worked,

Education in the directions indicated is essential to prevent self-

deception; there is no danger of wilful misrepresentation by a

ployed in the production of solid silver. Sheffield plate must,

if of average intelligence, mistake electroplate for the older

tomers, dealers will be compelled to educate themselves.

corresponding to the sheet of solid silver in the hands of the silver

British provincial silver. "Provincial" as used here includes

marks only of the European countries other than the British

Rynesson has given me what we believe to be the only existing

By following the British and Irish date letters as given by the

L OLD ENGLISH SILVER i

IL FRAUDS AND TRANSFORMATIONS .... 12

III. MARKS ON LONDON PLATE 22

IV. MAKERS' MARKS ON LONDON PLATE ... 35

V. MARKS ON YORK PLATE 106

VI. MARKS ON NORWICH PLATE 113

VII. MARKS ON EXETER PLATE 118

VITI. MARKS ON NEWCASTLE PLATE 126

IX. MARKS ON CHESTER PLATE 132

X. MARKS ON BIRMINGHAM PLATE .... 141

XL MARKS ON SHEFFIELD SILVER 147

XII. MARKS ON LINCOLN PLATE 152

XTTT. MARKS OF THE MINOR ENGLISH GUILDS . .

XIV. UNASCRIBED BRITISH MARKS 164

XV. MARKS ON EDINBURGH PLATE 169

XVI. MARKS ON GLASGOW PLATE 178

XVII. MARKS OF THE MINOR SCOTCH GUILDS . . 182

XVITL UNASCRIBED SCOTCH MARKS 189

XIX. MARKS ON DUBLIN PLATE I9 1

INDEX TO THE MARKS OF ENGLISH, SCOTCH,

XXII. EARLY AMERICAN SILVER 235

A Pair of Platter Covers by Paul Lamerie,

Early English Spoons 6

Old English Silver 10

Two Examples of "Transformations" 18

London Silver of the Reign of George II 74

Irish Silver of the Period 1755-1765 194

Examples of French Sheffield of the Empire Period . .

Old English Silver

<& <fy <& fore offering it for sale.

Edward I provided that "no manner of vessel of silver depart out

the goldsmith or silversmith should have a "mark by himself." In

though the use of the leopard's head was, with

in legal history, it is found on silver with the date letters for

I 543) an d Sir Charles was never absent "after

the English silversmiths to identify their work. In 1515, we find

money in the arts, It provided that the fineness of the silver

Troy (12 oz.) instead of n

he used some other mark which case he was,

subject in more detail hereafter-

The art of silversmi thing doubtless came into England through

during the four centuries of Roman occupation, though the cloth

true that, as early as 1238, in the

ordinance was passed that shows that goldsmiths were then

recognized as a body, but it would seem that only a negligible