CHAPTER 1

(week 1-3)
Strain Analysis

What is plane strain?

Perpendicular force applied on a
surface
With a very large z-axis dimension
plane strain

What is plane stress?

Thin plate loaded parallel to the plane
Uniform over the thickness
No stress along z-axis

GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE STRAIN

TRANSFORMATION
Transform normal & shear
strain
x, y component to x, y
SIGN CONVENTION!!
strain ex and ey are positive
if cause elongation along x
and y axis
Shear strain gxy is positive
if the interior angle AOB
become smaller than 900.
q0 will be positive
counterclockwise

Normal Strains,

ex , ey

In Fig a :
dx dx ' cos
dy dx ' sin

ex = dx/dx

Positive ex occur line dx

elongated ex dx
which cause line dx to
elongated
ex dx cos q.

Normal Strains,
Similiar for ey
ey = dy/dy
cause line dy to
elongated
ey dy sin q

ex , ey

Shear strain,

g xy

Shear strain, is angle in radian

For small angle tan g = g
Shear strain g xy ,since tan g = g
tan g xy = g xy = exy /dy
dy displaced g xy dy to the right.
Solve along x dx elongate
g xy dy cos q

Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

Adding all the elongations

x ' x dx cos y dy sin xy dy cos

dx dx ' cos

x '
dy dx ' sin
x' '
dx
x (dx ' cos ) cos y (dx ' sin ) sin xy (dx ' sin ) cos
x'
dx '
x ' x cos 2 y sin 2 xy sin cos

 

 
  

Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

x ' x cos y sin xy sin cos

2

cos 2 sin 2 1
cos 2 (1 cos 2 ) / 2
sin 2 2 sin cos
hence

x y x y
xy
x'
cos 2
sin 2

2
2
2
x y x y
xy
y'
cos 2
sin 2

2
2
2

Normal and Shear Strains (cont.)

Using trigonometric identities:
x'

'

x y
2

x ' y'

x y
2

x y

2
2

cos 2

cos 2

xy
2

xy

xy

sin 2
cos 2
2

sin 2

sin 2

 Principal Strains
Only normal strains
No shear strain

Direction axis of principle

strain:
Max in Plane shear strain
Ave shear strain
Direction axis of shear
strain

x y

1, 2

tan 2

max,in plane
2

ave
tan 2

x y xy

2 2

xy
( x y )
2

x y xy

2 2

x y
2
x y

xy

Construction of the Mohrs Circle

(horizontal) represents the
normal strain e, with positive to
the right
(vertical) represents half the
value of the shear strain, g/2,
with positive downward.
center of the circle C, is on
the e axis, e avg= (e x + e y)/2 from
the origin.
Plot point A = (e x, g xy/2).
Represents q = 0.
R = distance between A to C
Once R has been determined,
sketch the circle centred C

 Principal Strains
Only normal strains
No shear strain

Direction axis of principle

strain:
Max in Plane shear strain
Ave shear strain
Direction axis of shear
strain

x y

1, 2

tan 2

max,in plane
2

ave
tan 2

x y xy

2 2

xy
( x y )
2

x y xy

2 2

x y
2
x y

xy

Principal Strain

Principal strain = no shear

strain
B, D = e1 , e2
Angle on Mohrs circle = 2q
critical angle = (angle
between CA to horizantal
)/2
Direction of plane same as
circle
+ve value = elongate at plane

Maximum In Plane Shear Strain

At points E and F. i.e

= 2R
Angle is halves the
same direction as on
circle
E.g line CA to CE

Strains on Arbitrary Plane

Similar as value at arbitrary

plane (other plane angle)
Correspond normal and
shear strain at P & Q

Strain Rosettes
The axes of the three
gauges are arranged at the
angles of qa, qb, qc.
If the reading of a, b, c
taken, ex, ey, gxy can be
defined.
Value of ex, ey, gxy are
determined by solving
these equations.

Not
given

a x cos 2

y sin 2

xy sin

cos

b x cos 2

sin

b
y

xy sin

cos

c x cos 2

sin

c
y

xy sin

cos

45o or Rectangular Rosette

45

90

The equation become:

x a
y c
xy 2 b a c

Example of 45o strain rosette

600 Strain Rosette

00

60 0

1200

The equation become:

x a
1
y 2 b 2 c a
3
2
b c
xy
3

Example

Stress Strain Relationship

If a material subject to triaxial

stress (sx, sy, sz), associated
normal stress(ex, ey, ez)
developed in the material.

When sx is applied in xdirection, the element elongated

with ex in x direction.

Application on sy cause the

element to contract with a
strain e x in the x direction.

Application Of sz cause the

element to contract with a
strain e x in the x direction.

given

Not
given

'

''

'''

Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

The same result can be given

developed for the normal
strain in the y and z
direction.
Final results can be
Not
written as..
given

1
x x y

1
y y x

1
z z x

Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

Applying only shear stress,ty to the element.

If to apply shear stress,ty to the element.
txy will only cause deformation to gxy.
txy will not cause deformation to gyz.and gxz
yz and xz will only cause deformation to
gyz and gxz respectively.
Hooke Law for shear stress and shear
strain written as:
given

Not
given

G
1

G
1

G

xy

xy

yz

yz

xz

xz

Element subjected to normal

stresses only

Shear stress applied to the

elements

Stress Strain Relationship (cont.)

Modulus of elasticity, E is
related to shear modulus, G.
Dilatation (the change in
volume per unit volume or
volumetric strain, e.
Bulk Modulus (volume
modulus of elasticity), k.

given

E
G
2 1

1 2
x
e
E
Not
given

E
k
31 2

pressure=stress