Analysis of Social, Technological, and Environmental Factor concern to

Urban Flood : Case Study : Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence Makassar

Umar Diwarman Eisenring

Magister Programme of Urban and Regional Planning Bosowa University Makassar
E-mail: umardeisenring@gmail.com

Abstract
The main purpose of this research is to know the influence of social, technology, and environmental factor
concerning to Urban Flood . The location of this research is Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence, which is
one of many flooding spots at Makassar that is classified as High Flooding Area. Besides, this research
started from grand theory that was found by Mustafa at 2005 named Hazardscape Theory. Based on
Mustafas research at 2005 that was located at South of India,Hazardscape theory said that Urban flood is
caused by 3 (three) factors, social, technology, and environment. At this research, the researcher tried to
examine the enforceability of Hazardscape Theory at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence, Makassar.
There were also some indicators that was used to research those 3 (three) factors that was related to Urban
flooding at research location. Societys behaviour, Developers behaviour, Participation of society to
protect the environment, and also the role of goverment became the indicators of social factors. While, to
rate the technology factors, the researcher used the condition of drainage channels, and road as the
indicators. And for analyze the environmental factor, the researcher used the quantity of green open space,
and also elevation level as the indicators. Based on the research of those indicators, the condition of
drainage channels, Elevation Level, and the less quantity of green open space became the most influencial
factors concerning to Urban flood that was happened at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence.
Keywords:

Urban flood, Social factor, Technology factor, Environment Factor , Hazardscape, Bumi
Tamalanrea Permai

INTRODUCTION
The Excessive of regional exploiation caused the extraordinary environmental damage physically
(land or water) (Sri Legowo, 2010). At Rainy season many lands at Indonesia are stricken by flood,
avalanche, erotion. The rate of the victims and damages that were caused by those hazards reached trillions
of rupiahs and will be getting bigger than before. Many populations were getting poorer because of that. It
was hard to assess the prize of human soul that was gone as the victims of flood and avalance. (Syarifuddin,
2009).Besides, the quantitiy and quality of water was getting worse, that was caused by contaminated by
pollutans, and high salinity (Van Damme, 2001). Almost all major cities in Indonesia was also located on
floodplain. The flood which was happened at Indonesia is the new seasonal phenomenon in
Indonesia(Tatang, 2010). According to BMG, the rainfall in Indonesia was happened and reached the
hidhest intensity at February. Mustofa (2005) in Hazardscape theory said that urban flood is happened
caused by 3 (three) main factors, physical, technological, environmental factors.In Hazardscape theory also
explained that Local flood is happened caused by high rainfall, that was influenced by natural, political ,
societys behavior factor. Makasar was used as the location of the research based on consideration that the
were so many floodplains where located at Makassar. There were 19 (nineteen) floodplain spots in

Makassar and the reseacrh location, Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence was included as one of those
floodplain spots. The three factors that was mentioned at Hazardscape Theory, will be examined the
enforcabilty at research location, Bumi Tamalanrea Permai. Those 3 (three) factors also become the main
purpose of this research to show enforceability of Hazardscape theory. Societys behaviour, Developers
behaviour, Participation of society to protect the environment, and also the role of goverment became the
indicators of social factors. While, to rate the technology factors, the researcher used the condition of
drainage channels, and road as the indicators. And for analyze the environmental factor, the researcher used
the quantity of green open space, and also elevation level as the indicators. Based on the research of those
indicators, the condition of drainage channels, Elevation Level, and the less quantity of green open space
became the most influencial factors concerning to Urban flood that was happened at Bumi Tamalanrea
Permai Residence.
RESEARCH METODOLOGY
The type of research that was used on this research is quantitative research. Quantity research was used
because this research needs statistic analyzis to examine influence level between social, technological, and
environmental factors concerning to urban flood at research location, Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence
Makassar. This research was carried out since November until Desember.

Figure 1. Map of Makassar City and Research Location

(Source : Departement of state for Public Works)
Bumi Tamalanrea Permai is choosen as research location, based on consideration that Bumi Tamalanrea
Permai is one of floodplains that is categorized as highest flood intensity area.
On this research there was some data that was needed to analyze the factors that is mentioned before.
Flood intensity data will be the dependent variable of this research. Flood Intensity data was taken from the
spreading of quetioner that aimed to population of Bumi Tamalanrea Residence. The data of populations
perception concerning to their behavior to the environmental hygiene, the data of developments behavior,
the data of populations perception concerning to the role of the government and also the participation level

of the regional population to clean up the environment become the independent variables that would be
related with the dependent variable. To process each data that were taken, the researcher used likert scale to
rate the level for each data. After that, to relate the influence between dependent variable and independent
variable that was mentioned before, the researcher used Spearmans Corelation Test.
This table below shows the collection of Dependents Variable and Independent Variable Data.
Table 1 Collection of Research Data
DATA
Block
Flood
Intensity

Population
Behavior

Developer
Behavior

Participation of
society

Drainage
Condition

Road
Condition

Quantity of
G.O.S

Elevat
ion
Level

Blok A

0,53

0,67

0,86

0,7

0,727

0,650

50%

0,00

Blok B

0,50

0,83

0,9

0,833333333

0,833

0,740

50%

0,00

Blok C

0,56

0,9

0,8

0,866666667

0,827

0,720

57%

0,50

Blok D

0,57

0,85

0,91

0,828571429

0,820

0,810

77%

0,00

Blok E

0,32

0,88

0,88

0,813

0,790

13%

0,50

Blok F

0,48

0,84

0,92

0,92

0,787

0,850

14%

0,00

Blok G

0,63

0,9

0,83

0,9

0,777

0,470

10%

0,25

Blok H

0,65

0,85

0,82

0,885714286

0,760

0,650

13%

0,00

Blok I

0,63

0,9

0,76

0,933333333

0,790

0,720

7%

0,00

Blok J

0,63

0,93

0,73

0,966666667

0,697

0,300

17%

0,00

Blok K

0,80

0,92

0,8

0,9

0,770

0,540

13%

0,00

Blok L

0,74

0,88

0,8

0,857142857

0,770

0,750

10%

0,00

Blok M

0,83

0,93

0,8

0,866666667

0,593

0,340

7%

-0,50

Blok AA

0,76

0,9

0,8

0,9

0,583

0,870

3%

-0,50

Blok AB

0,84

0,96

0,82

0,92

0,483

0,720

30%

-0,50

Blok AC

0,88

0,88

0,82

0,885714286

0,483

0,450

7%

-0,50

Blok AD

0,83

0,93

0,86

0,766666667

0,483

0,430

13%

-1,50

Blok AE

0,93

0,86

0,83

0,833333333

0,470

0,570

3%

-1,50

Blok AF

0,90

0,9

0,8

0,833333333

0,473

0,840

3%

-1,50

Table 2. Data Source and Data Analyzis

Flood
Intensity

Population
Behavior

Developer
Behavior

Participation of
society

Drainage
Condition

Road
Condition

Quantity of
G.O.S

Elevation
Level
Marketing
office of
BTP
Residence

Source

Quitioner

Quitioner

Quitioner

Quitioner

Observation

Obseravtion

Departement
of state for
Public Works

Data
Analyze

Likert
Scale

Likert Scale

Likert Scale

Likert Scale

Departement
of state for
Public Works
Rate Standard

Road
Condition
Index

Autocad

RESEARCH RESULT AND ANALYSIS

The Condition of Bumi Tamalanrea concern to Urban flood problem has become the serious probelm that
has to be handled by the government. There are 3(three) main factors that caused the urban flood according
to Hazardscape Theory. Every factors that had been mentioned before, had its own way and influence to

concern Urban flood. The behaviour of its own society, developer, participation, and role of government
became the indicators to show that social factor was the cause flooding. The condition of drainage channel
and also road became the indicators to prove that technological factor was the cause flooding. While, to rate
the environmental factors, researcher used elvation level, and quantity of green open space as the
indicators. After all od data were collected, it could be connected with the independent variable. To show
the level of influence of those 3 factors concern to Flood Intensity, Spearman Coreelation Test will be used
to see the level of influence for every indicators .

Societys behaviour concern to garbage disposal

To understand the influence level of this indicator concern to flood intensity at Bumi Tamalanrea
Permai Residence, then used Spearman Correlation Test to decide the level of influence of this
indicator. This table below show about the result of Speaman Correlation Test beetween societys
behaviour concern to garbage disposal and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai
Residence.
Tabel 4. The Result of Spearman Corelation Test between societys behaviour concern to
garbage disposal and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence.

Bloc
k
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
AA
AB
AC
AD
AE
AF

Flood Intensity
0,53
0,50
0,56
0,57
0,32
0,48
0,63
0,65
0,63
0,63
0,80
0,74
0,83
0,76
0,84
0,88
0,83
0,93
0,90

Rate

Societys Behaviour
4
3
5
6
1
2
7
10
8
9
13
11
14
12
16
17
15
19
18
Amount

0,67
0,83
0,9
0,85
0,88
0,84
0,9
0,85
0,9
0,93
0,92
0,88
0,93
0,9
0,96
0,88
0,93
0,86
0,9

Rate

D2

D
1
2
10
4
7
3
11
5
12
16
15
8
17
13
19
9
18
6
14

3
1
-5
2
-6
-1
-4
5
-4
-7
-2
3
-3
-1
-3
8
-3
13
4

9
1
25
4
36
1
16
25
16
49
4
9
9
1
9
64
9
169
16
472

Based on the table above, total value of D2 is 472, base on the formula of Spearman Correlation Test, than:

Rs = 1-(6 x 472)
19(192-1)
Rs = 58, 6 %
Based on the result of Spearman Corelation above, the influence level of Societys behaviour concern to
garbage disposal and flood intensity were categorized strong enough

Developers Behaviour
To understand the influence level of this indicator concern to flood intensity at Bumi Tamalanrea
Permai Residence, then used Spearman Correlation Test to decide the level of influence beetween
Developers behaviour and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence. Like
Corelation Test which is used on the previous indicator, total value of D2 is 530, based on the formula of
Spearman Correlation Test, than:

Rs = 1-(6 x 530)
19(192-1)
Rs = 53,51%
Based on the result of Spearman Corelation above, the influence level of Developers behaviour and
intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence were categorized strong enough
The Participation Level of Society to Protect the Environment

To understand the influence level of this indicator concern to flood intensity at Bumi Tamalanrea
Permai Residence, then used Spearman Correlation Test to decide the level of influence beetween
the participation level of society to protect the environment and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea
Permai Residence. Like Corelation Test which is used on the previous indicator, total value of D2 is 1067,
based on the formula of Spearman Correlation Test, than:

Rs = 1-(6 x 1067)
19(192-1)
Rs = 6,40%
Based on the result of Spearman Corelation above, the influence level of the participation level of society to
protect the environment and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence were
categorized very weak
Government Involvement

To understand the influence level of this indicator concern to flood intensity at Bumi Tamalanrea
Permai Residence, then used Spearman Correlation Test to decide the level of influence beetween
Government involvement and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence. Like
Corelation Test which is used on the previous indicator, total value of D2 is 184, based on the formula of
Spearman Correlation Test, than:

Rs = 1-(6 x 184)
19(192-1)
Rs = 84%
Based on the result of Spearman Corelation above, the influence level of Government involvement and
intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence were categorized very strong
The Condition of Drainage Channel
After using observation and the analysis by using Departement of state for public works rate standard for
every drainage channel for each blocks. The Data that was found were connected with the data of flood
intensity by using Spearman Corelation Test. Like Corelation Test which is used on the previous indicator,
total value of D2 is 154, based on the formula of Spearman Correlation Test, than:

Rs = 1-(6 x 154)
19(192-1)
Rs = 86%
Based on the result of Spearman Corelation above, the influence level of the condition of drainage channel
and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence were categorized very strong.
Road Condition
After using observation and the analysis by using Road Condition Index (RCI) for every road for each
blocks. The Data that was found were connected with the data of flood intensity by using Spearman
Corelation Test. Like Corelation Test which is used on the previous indicator, total value of D2 is 760,
based on the formula of Spearman Correlation Test, than:

Rs = 1-(6 x 760)
19(192-1)
Rs = 33%
Based on the result of Spearman Corelation above, the influence level of the condition of road
intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence were categorized weak.

and

The Quantity of Green Open Space

To seize the influence level of this indicator concern to flood intensity at Bumi Tamalanrea
Permai Residence, then used Spearman Correlation Test to decide the level of influence beetween
the quantity of green open space and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence. Like
Corelation Test which is used on the previous indicator, total value of D2 is 362, based on the formula of
Spearman Correlation Test, than:
:

Rs = 1-(6 x 362)
19(192-1)
Rs = 68 %
Based on the result of Spearman Corelation above, the influence level of the quantity of green open space
and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence were categorized strong.

Elevation Level

To seize the influence level of this indicator concern to flood intensity at Bumi Tamalanrea
Permai Residence, then used Spearman Correlation Test to decide the level of influence beetween
the elevation level and intensity of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence. Like Corelation Test
which is used on the previous indicator, total value of D2 is 256, based on the formula of Spearman
Correlation Test, than:

Rs = 1-(6 x 256)
19(192-1)
Rs = 78 %
Based on the result of Spearman Corelation above, the influence level of the elevation level and intensity
of flood at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence were categorized strong.
Dari analisa ketiga faktor di atas beserta indikator-indikatornya maka dapat disimpulkan dalam
bentuk tabel berikut ini:
Tabel 5. The influence level of each indicators concern to Urban Flood at Bumi Tamalanrea
Residence, Makassar

Sosial

Technological

Variable
Societys behaviour
garbage disposal

Rate
concern

Spearman Influence Level

to
58,60%

Strong Enough

Developers Behaviour

53,51%

Strong Enough

The Participation of Society to protect

the environment

6,40%

Very Weak

Government Involvement

84,00%

Very Strong

Drainage Channel Condition

86,00%

Very Strong

Road Condition

33,00%

Weak

Environmenta
l

The Quantity of Green Open Space

68,00%

Strong

Elevation Level

78,00%

Strong

Based on the table above could be understood that Environmental factos, Elevation Level and the quantity
of green open space were the factors that had the strongest influence. Which is why it can be said that,
based on the result of this research, the less of green open space quantity that became the water catchment
area to decrease the overflow of water on land. Those things also caused the drainage channel at BTP
Residence ove flew and made Bumi Tamalanrea Permai Residence always experienced the puddle more
than eight hours.
CONCLUSION
Based on the research that is conducted, then it can be concluded :
1. Social Factor had influence concern to urban flood that was happened at Bumi Tamalanrea Permai
Residence. That was supported by the variable that was analyzed quantitavely. The societys
behavior concern to garbage disposal, developers behavior, the participation of society concern to
protect the environment, and government involvement had their own influence level. Government
Involvement, based on Spearman Correlation Test had a stronger influence than the others.
2. Technology Factor also had influenced concern to urban flood of BTP Residence. That was
supported by the variable that was analyzed quantitavely. The condition of drainage channel and
condition of road had their own influence level. Based on, the Spearman Corelation Test,
Condition of Drainage Channel had the strongest influence
3. Environmental Factor also had influenced concern to urban flood of BTP Residence. That was
supported by the variable that was analyzed quantitavely. The quantity of green open space and
elevation level had their own influence level. Both of them were categorized as strong influence.
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