ABSTRACT

Electric-Drive Vehicles have gained attention, especially in the control of growing concerns
about global warming and energy security aspects associated with road transport. The main
characteristic of EDVs is that the torque is supplied to the wheels by and electric engine. This
covers hybrid electric vehicle (HEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles (PHEVs), but also photo voltaic electric vehicles (PHEVs) and fuel cell vehicles
(FCVs). Electric vehicles are propelled by an electric motor (or motors) powered by rechargeable
battery packs, instead of a gasoline engine. Electric cars are able to produce an approximate
driving range of 100 miles before needing to be to be recharged and produce no tailpipe
emissions. They also have substantially lower energy costs, while gasoline costs about 12 cents
or more per mile driven, electric vehicles may have an energy cost as low as 2 cents per mile
driven.
Electric cars are now on the road in very limited quantities. By taking gasoline out of the
equation all together, many people assume the electric cars must be zero emission vehicles.
While their tailpipe emissions are close to zero, we should remember that their source of power,
electricity, is generated by power plants.
Moreover, leading analysts have commented that the benefits of electric cars will increase as the
use of renewable power grows. Even if the grid is not as clean as we would like now, it is
expected to get cleaner over time allowing for less emissions. Electric vehicles are a necessary
part of an overall strategy to reduce GHG emissions.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Urbanization has paved the way for higher levels of comfort and standard of living. Rapid
urbanization has thus caused an increase in the number of vehicles and this, on the other hand, is
causing another set of problems including lack of space, reduction in natural resources,
environmental pollution, etc. Air pollution has become a major concern in most of the countries
of the world. It is responsible for causing respiratory diseases, cancers and serious other
ailments. Poor ambient air quality is a major concern, mostly in urban areas. Air pollution is also
responsible for serious phenomenon such as acid rain & global warming and still significantly
reduces average life expectancy causes many extra admissions to hospitals and damages the
natural environment. It is reported that vehicles emission accounts for 39.2 % of the total
emission in 2007 in the world. Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs) i.e. commercial vehicles and buses
together comprise only 8 percent of total vehicle fleet in India but consume about 40 percent of
the total diesel used in the country and contribute to 70 percent of the total carbon dioxide
emissions from the transport sector. In spite of the immense carbon abatement and fuel saving
potential, there are no fuel efficiency improvements of Vehicles in India. India needs to establish
fuel efficient measures for HDVs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the road transport
sector.
From decades, Air pollution has been an important issue. Many researchers have proposed a road
map for the adoption of low cost fuel efficiency technologies and design of low emission
vehicles. HEVs powered by electric machines and an internal combustion engine (ICE) are a
promising mean of reducing emissions and fuel consumption without compromising vehicle
functionality and driving performances. Reducing emission of harmful gases from the vehicle
will thereby reduces the air pollution caused by the vehicle.
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle that combines a
conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system with an electric propulsion
system (hybrid vehicle drive train). The presence of the electric power train is intended to
achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. There are a
variety of HEV types, and the degree to which each functions as and electric vehicle (EV) varies

as well. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks
(pickups and tractors) and buses also exist.
Modern HEVs make use of efficiency improving technologies such as regenerative brakes,
which convert the vehicle's kinetic energy into electric energy to charge the battery, rather than
wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do. Some varieties of HEVs use their internal
combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator (this combination is
known as a motorgenerator), to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric
drive motors.
Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the ICE at idle and restarting it when
needed This is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid electric produces less emission from its
ICE than a comparably sized gasoline car, since an HEV's gasoline engine is usually smaller than
a comparably sized pure gasoline burning vehicle (natural gas and propane fuels produce lower
emissions) and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency,
further improving fuel economy.

1.2 Literature Review

A well functioning and efficient transport sector is a requirement for economic and social
development, bringing people together and enabling the trade and exchange of goods and ideas.
However, the transport sector is also responsible for a number of negative social and
environmental effects, including a significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions
and air pollution. A global shift to a greener, low carbon economy will require significant
improvement in the ways in which energy is produced and used. The transport sector uses over a
quarter of the worlds energy and is responsible for a comparable share of global CO2 emissions
from fossil fuel combustion. This will require both systemic and more specific technological
solutions, such as: smart growth urban planning for fewer motorized trips, increased modal share
of non-motorized and public transport, shifting incentives to more efficient and less polluting
modes and technologies, and taking advantage of best available and most fuel and energy
efficient technologies.

In 1900, steam technology was advanced. The advantages of steam-powered cars included high
performance in terms of power and speed. However, the disadvantages of steam-powered cars
included poor fuel economy and the need to fire up the boiler before driving. Feed water was a
necessary input for steam engine, therefore could not tolerate the loss of fresh water. Later,
Steam condensers were applied to the steam car to solve the feed water problem. However, by
that time Gasoline cars had won the marketing battle. Lead acid batteries were used in 1900 and
are still used in modern cars. Hence lead acid batteries have a long history (since 1881) of use as
a viable energy storage device.
Gasoline cars of 1900 were noisy, dirty, smelly, cantankerous, and unreliable. In comparison,
electric cars were comfortable, quiet, clean, and fashionable. Ease of control was also a desirable
feature. Golden age of Electrical vehicle marked from 1890 to 1924 with peak production of
electric vehicles in 1912. However, the range was limited by energy storage in the battery. After
every trip, the battery required recharging. At the 1924 automobile show, no electric cars were on
display. This announced the end of the Golden Age of electric-powered cars.
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) technology and its various applications, the subject of this paper,
have made significant market gains in recent years and form an important part of the fuel
economy equation. Initially only introduced in North American, European and Japanese markets
in the mid-1990, HEVs are now starting to gain markets in developing and transitional countries,
including China and Brazil. The export and import of second-hand vehicles also ensures that new
markets are gaining exposure to hybrids. Hybrid electric vehicle technology is already mature
enough for large scale deployment worldwide today however, cost, limited production capacity,
and various market barriers hinder their wide scale use.
Various Thesis reports and Researches have been done on the subject to enable greater vehicle
fuel efficiency for improved air quality, lower CO 2 and non- CO2 emissions, lower fuel import
costs and improve energy security. A review of the works done is presented as following.
Sreedhar [2006] presents paper that describes parallel hybrid electric vehicles that are battery
dominant and have the ability to externally recharge from the wall socket. Both component
selection and control is discussed in the paper. Additionally, a definition of the degree of
hybridization or a description of the relative size of the electric motor to the internal combustion

engine is presented. Finally the discussion will illustrate that an increasing degree of
hybridization leads to higher overall vehicle efficiency, namely fuel and energy economy.
Momoh, Omoigui [2009] presents an overview of hybrid electric vehicle technology. This
encapsulates factors that necessitate the development of hybrid electric vehicles, classification of
hybrid electric vehicles based on the arrangement of the internal combustion engine and the
electric motor for traction. This paper also presents the strengths and weaknesses of various types
of specialized electrical motors for traction drive in hybrid electric vehicles.
Habib Ullah, Gunawan, Sharif, Muhida[2009] presents the design of an environmental
friendly hybrid car that feature the gasoline engine and batteries pack. The fuel consumption
benefited by hybridization is benchmarked to conventional gasoline and Diesel fueled vehicles.
It proposed design of HEV intelligently and their studies.
Rask, Duoba, Lohse- Busch [2011] presents recently observed trends in hybrid electric vehicle
technologies, discussing both overall vehicle trends. This work discusses both full hybrids with
a significant amount of electric or engine off operation and more mild hybrids with a lesser
amount of electric operation capability. This paper also seeks to summarize some of the high
level operation trends that have been appearing in recent hybrid electric vehicles.
Freske, Kloetzke, Mauser [2013] presents examines the state of the art and trends in vehicle
concept as well as key technology development in the context of electric mobility in a time frame
from 2002 until 2012. This paper also point out two electric mobility key technologies: Batteries
and electric machines. Statements are made for developments in terms of battery and electric
machine technology, installation place, as well as technical parameters like energy capacity and
power density.

1.3 Importance of work

As modern culture and technology continue to develop, the growing presence of global warming
and irreversible climate change draws increasing amounts of concern from the worlds

population. It has only been recently, when modern society has actually taken notice of these
changes and decided that something needs to change if the global warming process is to be
stopped. Hybrid vehicles have been hailed as an exciting green advancement for the vehicle and
transport industry. Using dual electric and petrol engines, models such as the Prius and the Civic
hybrid work are more fuel efficient and produce less CO2 emissions than regular engine cars.
This paper encapsulates factors that necessitate the development of hybrid electric vehicles,
classification of hybrid electric vehicles based on the arrangement of the internal combustion
engine and the electric motor for traction and various topologies. This paper also discusses the
various components of the hybrid electric vehicle including battery, power electronics module,
inverter and converter. This paper also presents the strengths and weaknesses of various types of
specialized electrical motors for traction drive in hybrid electric vehicles.

1.4 Organization of Seminar Report

Chapter-1 gives the introduction of the thesis work and problem statement and describes the
previous work already done. The scope of the research work and the organization of the thesis
have also been included.
Chapter-2 describes the detail of hybrid electric vehicle and architecture of hybrid vehicle,
applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Chapter-3 presents the whole detail of various components of hybrid electric vehicle, its
operation and design of various hybrid electric vehicles.
Chapter-4 includes the study of plug- in hybrid electric vehicle, Indian hybrid car model and
comparison between various available hybrid car models.
Chapter-5 presents the conclusion of the whole research work.

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