Nicholas Scown

* In England and Wales, "lawyer" is used loosely to refer to a broad variety of law-
trained persons. It includes practitioners such as barristers, solicitors, legal executives and
licensed conveyancers; and people who are involved with the law but do not practise it on
behalf of individual clients, such as judges, court clerks, and drafters of legislation.
* In India, the term "lawyer" is often colloquially used, but the official term is "advocate"
as prescribed under the Advocates Act, 1961.
* In Scotland, the word "lawyer" refers to a more specific group of legally trained people.
It specifically includes advocates and solicitors. In a generic sense, it may also include
judges and law-trained support staff.
* In the United States, the term generally refers to attorneys who may practice law; it is
never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals.
* Other nations tend to have comparable terms for the analogous concept.

Nicholas Scown :In virtually all countries, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and
other forms of intellectual property must be formally registered with a government
agency in order to receive maximum protection under the law. The division of such work
among lawyers, licensed non-lawyer jurists/agents, and ordinary clerks or scriveners
varies greatly from one country to the next

Nicholas Scown

In most common law countries, especially those with fused professions, lawyers have
many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can become a
prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, administrative law judge,
judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician. There are also many non-legal jobs which
legal training is good preparation for, such as corporate executive, government
administrator, investment banker, entrepreneur, or journalist. In developing countries like
India, a large majority of law students never actually practice, but simply use their law
degree as a foundation for careers in other fields

Nicholas Scown : The legal profession's return was marked by the renewed efforts of
church and state to regulate it. In 1231 two French councils mandated that lawyers had to
swear an oath of admission before practicing before the bishop's courts in their regions,
and a similar oath was promulgated by the papal legate in London in 1237. During the
same decade, Frederick II, the emperor of the Kingdom of Sicily, imposed a similar oath
in his civil courts. By 1250 the nucleus of a new legal profession had clearly formed. The
new trend towards professionalization culminated in a controversial proposal at the
Second Council of Lyon in 1275 that all ecclesiastical courts should require an oath of
admission. Although not adopted by the council, it was highly influential in many such
courts throughout Europe. The civil courts in England also joined the trend towards
professionalization; in 1275 a statute was enacted that prescribed punishment for
professional lawyers guilty of deceit, and in 1280 the mayor's court of the city of London
promulgated regulations concerning admission procedures, including the administering of
an oath
Nicholas Scown In some jurisdictions, either the judiciary or the Ministry of Justice
directly supervises the admission, licensing, and regulation of lawyers.

Other jurisdictions, by statute, tradition, or court order, have granted such powers to a
professional association which all lawyers must belong to.[110] In the U.S., such
associations are known as mandatory, integrated, or unified bar associations. In the
Commonwealth of Nations, similar organizations are known as Inns of Court, bar
councils or law societies. In civil law countries, comparable organizations are known as
Orders of Advocates, Chambers of Advocates, Colleges of Advocates, Faculties of
Advocates, or similar names. Generally, a nonmember caught practicing law may be
liable for the crime of unauthorized practice of law

Nicholas Scown In most common law countries, especially those with fused professions,
lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they
can become a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, administrative
law judge, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician. There are also many non-legal
jobs which legal training is good preparation for, such as corporate executive,
government administrator, investment banker, entrepreneur, or journalist. In developing
countries like India, a large majority of law students never actually practice, but simply
use their law degree as a foundation for careers in other fields

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