Com Diag

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the BSN II-A students, would like to thank first and foremost, our Almighty God for
giving us the strength and wisdom to accomplish our community case study.
Our sincere thanks to our beloved institution, Las Piñas College, for paving the way for
our future nursing careers.
Our deepest gratitude to our Dean of the Allied Health Department, Ms. Melinda M.
Anyayahan and to our Level Coordinator, Ms. Suzette A. Co for their unfailing support and
guidance to us.
To Ms. Norma Castillo, Ms. Lynn Lim, Ms. Rowenna Navarro, Ms. Lolita Ang, Ms.
Annabelle Panganiban, Mr. Val Ramilo and Ms. Jacqueline Ortiz, for their continuous support
and effort that led us to persevere in our studies.
Special thanks to the valued members of our faculty.
To Dr. Salatan and the entire staff of Almanza Health Center, for their cooperation and
assistance during our community diagnosis.
To the individual families of Factor Compound for their patience and willingness to
participate and cooperate in our studies.
The Office of the Barangay Almanza I for providing the necessary materials and
equipments needed for our Mother’s Class and Feeding Program.
To Ms. Elenita Mariano for sharing her knowledge and sacrificing her time for being the
guest speaker in our Mother’s Class.
1
Special thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Arnulfo Salcedo for generously supporting our financial
needs.
Our heartfelt thanks to our families and friends for their unconditional love and support,
and for their continuous encouragement in whatever we aspire to do in our lives. They have
always been our inspiration.
Our group would like to thank each other for the friendship, patience, cooperation and the
optimism that kept us through the difficulties we have encountered in our case study. We are so
thankful to the Lord God for bringing us together.
2
INTRODUCTION
Community is a group of interacting organisms sharing an environment. In communities,
intent, beliefs, resources, preferences, needs, risks and a number of other conditions may be
present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of cohesiveness.
The word comes from the French word “communite” which is derived from the Latin
communites [cum, “with together” + munus, “gift”], a broad term for fellow of organized
society.
As a part of our Related Learning Experience, with our Community Outreach
Participatory Action Research (COPAR) we conducted a community health survey at Factor
Compound, Almanza I, Las Piñas City which started on the 14th of December 2009 to 5th of
January 2010 with 179 families and a total population of 807.
Community Health Nursing is a field of nursing that is a blend of Primary Health Care
and nursing practice with Public Health Nursing. This field of nursing practice delivers health
services outside of purely curative institution but in community setting such as home, school,
health center and clinics. The community health nurse conducts a continuing and comprehensive
practice that is preventive, curative and rehabilitative. The health care is not restricted to a
particular age or diagnostic group. Participation of all consumers of health care is encouraged in
the development of community activities that contribute to the promotion of, education about,
and maintenance of good health.
Community Outreach Participatory Action Research (COPAR) is a social development
approach that aims to transform the apathetic, individualistic and voiceless poor into dynamic,
3
participatory and politically responsive community. It is an important tool for community
development and people empowerment as this helps the community workers to generate
community participation. COPAR prepares people to eventually take over the management of a
development program in the future. It maximizes community participation and involvement:
Community resources are mobilized for health development services. Its principles includes
people especially the most oppressed, exploited and derived sectors who are open to change, and
has the capacity to change; COPAR should be based on the interest of the poorest sector of the
community; COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community and society.
4
HISTORY OF BARANGAY ALMANZA UNO
The history of Barangay Almanza Uno began way back when the smallest government
units of every municipality were then called “barrios”. Like other barrios, Almanza Uno started
with just a handful population. It had one elementary school and most of the resident’s means of
livelihood was farming. The factories that started in 1956 were Good Year Tire Inc., Arco Pulp
and Paper Mills and Saniware (formerly Cabarros). The head of the barrio was then called
“Teniente Del Barrio”. Only a few vehicles were plying their routes and at 8:00 P.M. they could
no longer be seen along streets. The fields in Almanza Uno were converted into real estate
subdivisions. It was at this time when a big motor car plant called “General Motors, Phil’s.” was
erected. Because of the creation of real estate subdivision and the influx of some settlers from
various places in the community, it resulted to the growth in its population and eventually, the
increase of the number of residents’ earning due to the increase in constructions. It was at this
time when the place had been known as “Barangay Almanza”, was subdivided into three sectors
as Almanza Uno, Almanza Dos and Almanza Pilar of which the head was known as “Capitan
Del Barrio”.
In the 1980’s, a general change occurred in the lives of the citizenry. The number of
vehicles grew which resulted also to the widening of the roads and conversion on 2-way lane into
a 4-way lane as a sign of progress. The province of Rizal became Metro Manila or National
capital Region. The small elementary school then was enlarged and more rooms were
constructed in it named Almanza Elementary School.
For almost two decades, from 1990 to 2008, a lot of changes happened in Almanza Uno –
a big change of progress. The former place of General Motors, Phils., is now occupied by a
5
shopping center called ”SM Southmall” which attracted not only shoppers from Las Piñas City,
but plenty of others from nearby cities. Barangay Almanza Uno’s progress resulted to the joint
efforts of the following people namely: Joaquin Villanueva, Felipe De Castro, Atty. Rodolfo
Alejandro, Atty. Pedro Dela Cruz, Conrado Olaez, Regimio M. Ramos, Emilio De Guzman,
Reynaldo Monzon, Rogelio R. Gonzales Sr. and Rogelio M. Alejandro who are all part of the
Barangay Officials. Above heads were instrumental to the progress of Barangay Almanza Uno,
as it is today.
6
HISTORY OF FACTOR COMPOUND
Factor Compound is a small community with 179 families and a total population of 807
individuals.
Factor Compound name was derived from a man by the name of Enrique Factor who
claimed that he is the real and rightful owner of the compound. His ownership was allegedly
questionable because he doesn’t possess the Transfer Certificate of the Title. It was noted that he
also lived in Factor Compound for more than 50 years and assumed leadership of the
community.
In 1997, the compound was about to be demolished by the Municipal Government and
they will be relocated at St. Mary’s Subdivision located at the back of the compound. Some
residents refused and stayed at the compound. Some residents agreed and left the compound for
good.
Before he went abroad, Mr. Factor coordinated with Mr. Nang, who was said to be
holding the title. In a court trial, Mr. Nang was able to prove that he owns the compound.
Eventually, he sold half of the property to DMCI Properties, developer of Ohana Place.
7
Total Number of Families - 179 families
Total Population - 807 individuals
Total Number of Houses - 161 houses
SPOT MAP ANALYSIS
A map is a visual representation of an area. It includes the location site, facilities and
buildings surrounding the area. It also shows the vicinity of the area and its distances to different
facilities. The map is within the area of Brgy. Almanza I.
Brgy. Almanza I has a total land area of 247, 220 Hectares and a total population of 38,
272 as of 2008. It is one of the 20 Barangay in the Las Piñas City which is governed by Mayor
Vergel A. Aguilar. Brgy. Almanza I is a part of the District II of Las Piñas City. The Brgy.
Officials are listed as follows: Rogelio M. Alejandro as Brgy. Chairman, Amado S. Villanueva
as Secretary and Zosimo R. Llana as treasurer. Bonifacio M. Ramos, Benjamin M. Martin, Carlo
T. Francisco, Lito C. De Guzman, Ernesto C. Medina, Arlan A. Villanueva and Pepito C.
Monzon are the Brgy. Kagawad. Administrator of the Brgy. is Liberato P. Cordillon Sr.
Another valuable part of the community is the Brgy. Almanza I Health Center which is
located 513 meters from Factor Compound. The team is assigned to provide medical assistance
to the residents of the community. Members of the team are Dra. Lenny Salatan as doctor, Dra.
Leonila Fiecas as the dentist, Lanie Cinco as dental aid, Nenite S.P. Laure as nurse, Nerissa
Ando & Irene Durano as midwife I & II and Amalia Ranao as nutritionist. The Brgy. Health
Volunteers are Ailaria Y. Tadios, Ailyn J. Comon, Lolita Manalili, and Judith Magalso. Merian
8
Ramos, Aileen Umali, Myrna D. Medina, and Anthonette Apolinario are the health care
volunteers in the area. Carlito Fortuna is assigned to head the utility.
Our group is assigned to have our community diagnosis on Factor Compound. It is
located in the southeast part of Las Piñas City. It is one of the communities in the Barangay
Almanza I. It is bounded on the North by St. Mary, on the East by Ohana, on the West by Pilar
Executive Village and on the South by Alabang – Zapote Road in front of the gasoline station
(Shell).
Factor Compound has a total land area of 133, 335 square meters. It has an estimated
total population of 807 with 179 families or household. Each family is composed of 5-6 members
each.
It has a total of 19 sari- sari stores, 3 food stands (BBQ, hotcake, fruits), one bakery, one
chapel, three water stations, nine recreational areas including one basketball court, five videoke
areas, one videokarera, and two videogame areas, eight public comfort rooms and one water
station.
9
DESTINATION LOCATION DISTANCE ROUTES
Health Center Northwest 513 m. (1628 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.
Brgy. Hall of Almanza I Northwest 493 m. (1617 ft.) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.
Almanza Medical Clinic West 936 m (3070 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.
RITM Southeast 204 m (669 ft) Via Filinvest Circle
Alabang Medical Center East 4.2 km (2.6 miles) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.
Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

Dental Clinic West 258 m (846 ft) going to CRM Avenue in
BF Homes Almanza
Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

San Isidro Labrador
Northwest 665 m (2183 ft) going to Zodiac Avenue in
Church Veraville Homes
Wet Markets
BF West 196 m (644 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.
going to CRM Avenue in
BF Homes Almanza
Pilar Northwest 366 m (1201 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

going to Pilar Road in
Pilar Village
Drugstore/ Botika
BF Botika Northwest 165 m (540 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.
going to CRM Avenue in
BF Homes Almanza
Mercury Drug South 36 m (118 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

Northwest Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.
Generika 356 m (1167 ft)
going to Pilar Road in
Pilar Village
SM Southmall Northwest 740 m (2428 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.
Almanza Elementary Northwest 440 m (1445 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

School 10
DFCAM Northwest 1.6 km (1.0 miles) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

LANDMARKS:
FROM ALABANG – MADRIGAL
T.S. CRUZ SUBDIVISION
DBP VILLAGE
OHANA PLACE
SHELL (GASOLINE STATION)
FROM BACLARAN/ ZAPOTE- SM SOUTHMALL
EUROTEL
11
12
POPULATION ANALYSIS
Population refers to the whole number of inhabitants in a region. It is also a total number
of individuals occupying an area or making up a whole. The following factors considered in a
population analysis are the sex (male and female), the stages of development according to age
grouping and the special age group.
A. SEX (MALE AND FEMALE)
13
Sex Distribution is the number of males and females in a given population. The
distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. It
shows the difference in number of men and women and how it may affect the whole community
in general.
Category Frequency Percentage Ranking

MALE 405 50.19% 1
FEMALE 402 49.82% 2
TOTAL 807 100%

SEX DISTRIBUTION (MALE AND FEMALE)
14
Formula:
Male: Female:
405 402
X 100 x 100
807 807
=50.19% = 49.82%
TOTAL = 100%
15
B. AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION
Age is the period of time during which someone exists whereas, sex is the property or
quality by which organisms are classified according to their reproductive functions. Our group
assessed the relationship between the two within the Factor Compound. Our findings are as
follows.
Frequency Frequency
Ranking Percentage AGE Percentage Ranking
(Male) (Female)
0 to 11
7 3.59% 29 15 1.86% 7
months old
1 to 3 years
4 5.45% 44 35 4.34% 6
old
4 to 6 years
6 4.71% 38 38 4.71% 5
old
7 to 12
2 7.31% 59 64 7.93% 2
years old
13 to 19
5 5.33% 43 53 6.57% 3
years old
20 to 40
1 17.35% 140 152 18.84% 1
years old
41 to 65
3 6.20% 50 42 5.20% 4
years old
66 to 74
8 0.25% 2 2 0.25% 8
years old
75 to 84
9 0% 0 1 0.12% 9
years old
85 and
10 0% 0 0 0% 10
above
50.19% 405 TOTAL 402 49.82%
16
AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION
17
Formula:
Population at Specific Age Group
X 100%
Total Number of Population
The table shows that 0.12% of the whole population is females within the age of 75 to 84
years old, both male and female contribute 0.25% each at the ages 66 to 74 years old. It is also
shown that 6.20% of the population is made up of men within the 41 to 65 age bracket while
only 5.20% of women are within the same age bracket. However, an overwhelming 18.47% of
the population is females of the ages 20 to 40 while the males within the same age bracket
contributes 17.57%. Males and females between the ages of 13 to 19 contribute 5.33% and
6.57% to the population respectively. As for the ages 7 to 12, 7.93% is made up of females and
only 7.31% of males are within the same age bracket. Within the age bracket of 4 to 6, both male
and female were estimated at 4.71% each. Young boys of the ages 1 to 3 contribute 5.45% while
only 4.34% of girls. And finally, infants from the age bracket of 0 to 11 months which contribute
3.59% and 1.86% to the population respectively.
In conclusion, the age brackets of 20 to 40 make-up the most to the population in Factor
Compound or which is commonly generalized as a young population. It shows that it may be one
of the cause of a growth in population in the next few years.
18
C. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT ACCORDING TO AGE GROUP
Development essentially refers to the progressive series of changes of an orderly and
coherent type leading to the individual’s motivation in many instances, people of varying ages
display different yet significant characteristics. The stages of development according to age
group precisely points and correlates with physical observations.
The knowledge of the pattern of development based on chronological age helps approximate
certain signs of behavior that appear or are expected to appear. Corresponding to each stage and
characteristics often achieved by individuals within each specified age group. Studies and
theories of renowned developmental psychologists namely Erikson, Freud, Piaget, Kohlberg and
Havighurst are utilized for the analysis of this study.
I. INFANCY: Birth to 11 months
The world of an infant needs to be dependable and consistent in order to develop trust
and hope. Erik Erikson defined the ego development outcome of this stage as Trust vs. Mistrust.
If an infant passes successfully through this period of life, he will learn that life is basically okay
and have basic confidence in the future and if not, he may grow up mistrusting the world and
people in general.
The total number of infants in Factor Compound is 44 or 5.45%. Among these, 29 or
3.59% are males and 15 or 1.86% are females. An infant who experiences physical and
physiological care develops the virtue of hope and optimism and generalizes this later on his or
her relationships.
19
Infants should be guided from accidents such as aspirations. Not surprisingly, the most
significant relationship for an infant is with the maternal parent. Infants fear strangers and their
play is described as solitary. This is also a stage where developments both internal and external
are evident and essential. Although there are a minimum number of infants at Factor Compound,
their needs should be properly addressed. Quality healthcare should be always at reach. From the
survey, it was noted that most families are living below the standard cost of living. Therefore,
they would need assistance from the health center.
II. TODDLER: 1 to 3 years old
This is the stage where there is a need to allow the child to do what he is capable of in a
safe environment. The toddler needs to learn to master skills for themselves. Not only do they
learn to walk, talk and feed themselves, they are also learning finer motor development as well as
the much appreciated toilet training. Here they have the opportunity to build self-esteem and
autonomy as they gain more control over their bodies and acquire new skills, learning right from
wrong. One of the skills during this stage is the ability to use the powerful word "NO!” It may
be pain for parents, but it develops important skills of the will.
There are 79 or 9.79% of toddlers in Factor Compound. Most of them are males, 44 or
5.45%, while females comprise 35 or 4.34%.
Since toddlers are explorers at this stage, a safe and secure environment is important. The
numbers of toddlers at Factor Compound is almost 10% of the population. Yet it is only
cooperative that they be guided at this point of their lives. It is only through the joint effort and
cooperation of the community and the parents that their safety can be assumed. Precautionary
20
measures should be observed at all times in the compound. The health center should always be
prepared for emergencies. Families should also be taught about the first aid.
III. PRE SCHOOLER: 4 to 6 years old
This is the stage where the child needs to learn skills and to get along with age mates.
Growth characteristics accelerate into self-help skills, social-help skills, school skills, and play
skills. Self-help skills is seen when they start to manage things on their own. They want to do
things on their own and seldom seek adult’s support. Social-help skills begin by imitating
household chores done by adults. They can easily be commanded or asked to do something or
run errands. They are very eager to help others in order to learn from it. This is the start of the
win-lose concept. Competition inspires challenges.
In Factor Compound, there are 76 or 9.42% preschoolers; among these 38 or 4.71% are
females and also 38 or 4.71 are males.
The number of toddlers and preschoolers in Factor Compound are closely resembled in
statistics. Care and support should also be given to preschoolers. Since at this age, children are
introduced to formal training or school, they should be properly monitored and guided.
Accidents cannot be avoided but can be prevented through the efforts of the community.
IV. SCHOOL AGE: 7 to 12 years old
This is often called Latency Stage where children are capable of learning, creating and
accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry. The
environment of a school aged child needs to promote industriousness.
21
As the world expands a bit, their most significant relationship is with the school and
neighborhood. Parents are no longer the complete authorities they once were, although they are
still important. Their common fears include lack of belongingness and death while their kind of
play is cooperative.
There are 123 or 15.24% of school aged children in Factor Compound, 64 or 7.93% are
females while 59 or 7.31% are males. According to the data gathered, this age group ranks
second in terms of population.
Since the school aged ranks second in terms of population, it is important to guard their
growth in a safe environment. Children of this age grasp their independence and therefore not
under the direct supervision of their parents. They can come in contact with various agents that
may affect them physically, mentally and emotionally. This age is a very crucial stage in their
development. Moreover, the neighborhoods should serve as a good example and authority to
them.
V. ADOLESCENT: 13 to 19 years old
Their task is to discover who they are as individuals separate from their family of origin
and as members of a wider society. As stated by Sigmund Freud in his Psychosexual
Development, this is called the Genital Stage wherein this period is narcissistic in nature. This
means that the individual obtains gratification from the stimulation and manipulation of his or
her own body. In this stage, some of this self-love becomes channeled into genuine object
choices. The adolescent begins to love others for altruistic motives and not simply for selfish or
narcissistic reasons. Sexual attraction, socialization, group activities, vocational planning, and
preparations for marrying and raising a family begin to manifest in themselves.
22
. However, they can also develop strong devotion to friends and causes. It is no surprise
that their most significant relationships are with peer groups. Safety issues in adolescents include
accidents and their biggest fears are loss of control, independence and identity crisis. Their kind
of play is competitive.
From our data gathered, the total number of adolescents in Factor Compound is 96 or
11.90%. Among these, 53 or 6.57% are females while 43 or 5.33 are males.
Adolescents rank as third in terms of population. At this early stage, teenagers should be
properly educated regarding intellectual, moral, physical, emotional, social and psychological
issues. It is the task of the parents and community to raise awareness about actions and
consequences of teenage life accordance to taking and fulfilling responsibilities because at this
age most of them take risks in life.
VI. YOUNG ADULTHOOD: 20 to 40 years old
In the initial stage of being an adult they seek one or more companions and love. As they
try to find mutually satisfying relationships, primarily through marriage and friends, new roles
and responsibilities at home and work are assumed.
If they're not successful, isolation and distance from others may occur. And when they
don't find it easy to create satisfying relationships, their world can begin to shrink as, in defense,
they can feel superior to others.
This age group is challenged with realistic, practical, and logical views related to life, the
world, job skills, and their chosen careers. Their significant relationships are with marital
partners and friends.
23
In Factor Compound there are 292 or 36.18% young adults, 152 or 18.84% are females while
140 or 17.35% are males. This age group is the biggest in number.
Young adults rank as the first in terms of population. Programs and workshops regarding
relationships, career and family life should be promoted by the Barangay, since it is in this stage
where individuals are prone to taking risks and making mistakes. Thus they should be properly
guided. Especially nowadays, in the advent of the alarming rise of HIV/ Sexually Transmitted
Diseases, it is an advantage if they are sufficiently educated with its deadly causes and effects,
same as well for unwanted pregnancies. Since this age bracket yearns us more intimacy from the
opposite sex.
VII. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD: 41 to 65 years old
Middle adulthood is when they can expect to "be in charge" the role they've longer
envied. They should be assisted in planning for changes in their lives, and in recognizing risk
factors related to health and in focusing in strengths rather than on weaknesses because of
different lifestyle changes that are brought about by children leaving home, death of loved ones,
and retirement.
As their children leave home, or their relationships or goals change, they may be faced
with major life changes—the mid-life crisis—and struggle with finding new meanings and
purposes. If they don't get through this stage successfully, they can become self-absorbed and
stagnate. This is where civic and social responsibilities are cultivated; economic standards of
living are established and maintained, assist teenage children to become responsible and happy
adults, leisure activities are developed, adjustment and acceptance of aging parents are done.
24
The total number of middle adults in Factor Compound is 92 or 11.4%. Males comprise
50 or 6.20% of the population while 42 or 5.20% falls to females.
The number of middle age adults in Factor Compound average and ranks fourth. At this
age, the human body slowly loses strength and vigor and therefore becoming more prone to
illnesses. Its resistance and stamina slowly declines due to the stress and impending aging. Signs
and symptoms of diseases start appearing such as Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis and diabetes.
Although some of them are hereditary, most of them can be prevented. Adults should be advice
on proper nutrition, diet and exercise to compliment their health and lifestyle.
VIII. YOUNG OLD: 66 to 74 years old
This stage brings about adaptation to retirement, changes in physical abilities,
development of certain diseases, adaptation to decline in speed, movement, reaction and
increasing dependence to others. This is the stage where an individual looks back to the years of
adapting to the disappointments, and reaping the triumphs of life. This stage shows adjustments
to decreasing physical strengths and health, retirement and diminishing income, death of a
spouse, establishing affiliation with one’s age group and satisfactory living arrangement and
meeting social and civil obligations.
In Factor Compound, there are 4 or 0.50% of individuals that falls in this stage. Females
comprise 2 or 0.25%, while males are also 2 or 0.25%.
25
The least number of residents at Factor compound are between the ages of 75 to 84 years
old. Individuals of this age are under geriatrics. They are more likely to fall ill and sick.
Although minimal, there should be programs designed for the elderly as well as. They should
still function and be appreciated as part of the community and not to be disregarded or neglected.
IX. MIDDLE OLD: 75 to 84 years old
In this stage, older adults can often look back on their lives with happiness and are
content, feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and they've made a contribution
to life. Their strength comes from a wisdom that the world is very large and they now have a
detached concern for the whole of life, accepting death as the completion of life.
There is only 1 or 0.12% female that falls in this age group in Factor Compound.
They may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives, wondering "Was the
trip worth it?" Alternatively, they may feel they have all the answers (not unlike going back to
adolescence) and end with a strong dogmatism that only their view has been correct.
The significant relationship is with all of mankind—"my-kind."
D. FUSED MALE AND FEMALE
This table shows the combined statistics for both men and women from Factor Compound.
AGE Frequency Rate Ranking
26
0 to 11 months old 44 5.45% 7
1 to 3 years old 79 9.79% 5
4 to 6 years old 76 9.42% 6
7 to 12 years old 123 15.24% 2
13 to 19 years old 96 11.9% 3
20 to 40 years old 292 36.18% 1
41 to 65 years old 92 11.4% 4
66 to 74 years old 4 0.5% 8
75 to 84 years old 1 0.12% 9
85 and above 0 0% 10
TOTAL 807 100%

FUSED MALE AND FEMALE
27
As for the data gathered, it shows that the ages 20-40 got the most population which is
292 or 36.18%. This age bracket is those who plan to establish a career and make his /her own
family. It is followed by the age 7 to 12 yrs old which is 123 or 15.24% who are the school age
28
children. The least are those of ages 66 years old above. This only shows that there are small
number of old age persons in Factor Compound which may be a result of a poor lifestyle and
diet.
29
E. SPECIAL AGE GROUPING
Age group is segment of a population that is of approximately the same age or within a
specified range of ages. Dependency Group is consisting of both male and female ages 0 to 19
years old and 65 and above. This people are those who rely on or require the aid of another for
support. Independency Group is consists of both male and female ages 20 to 45years old. They
are those who are not relying on others for support, care, or funds; self-supporting. They are also
those who can Provide or have sufficient income to enable one to live. Fertility Group is females
with an age of 15 to 45 years old. They are those who have condition, quality, or degree of being
30
fertile. Immunization Group belongs the children age of 0 to 5 years old. Children who should
have receive vaccination for complete immunity against sickness.
Based on our survey, the populations who belong to the special age group are as follows:

Dependency Group (0-19) 418 51.80% 1
(65 and above)
Independency Group ( 20-45) 389 48.20% 2
Fertility Group (Female) 213 26.39% 3
(15-45)
Immunization Group (0-5) 167 20.69% 4

SPECIAL AGE GROUP
31
Formula:
Number of Identified Group
X 100%
Total Number of Population
The Immunization Group ranges from 0-5 years old. This group needs the help and
supervision of their parents or guardian. Based on our survey, 20.69% of the population belongs
to the group. Immunization is important to this group in order for them to prevent catching
32
diseases. Infants and newborns need to be vaccinated at an early age since they belong to
vulnerable age group who are susceptible to childhood disease. The child is considered fully
immunized at the age of 9 months once he/she completed the vaccines such as Hepa B, BCG,
DPT, OPV and AMV. Dependency Group are divided into two age groups that are from 0-9
years old which compromises of infants, toddlers, pre-school children and adolescence and 65
years old and above (elderly). This group depends on members of the family who can provide
their basic needs. It covers 51.80% of the population and has the highest percentage among age
group. Independency Group is those who have the capacity to stand alone in earn for living. This
group has age bracket of 20-64 years old. Based on our survey, it has 48.20% of the total
population. Fertility Group is the natural capability of giving life. These groups range from 15-45
years old and have a 26.39% of the total population.
Based from the data regarding age, it can be inferred that Factor Compound is generally
composed of people from all walks of life. Their numbers may vary nevertheless they have needs
that should be addressed and maintained.

33
TYPE OF FAMILY STRUCTURE
Family may be defined as a group of persons united by ties of blood or adoption which
provides for the rearing of the children and supplying their needs. This group of people is usually
composed of father, mother and their children interacting and communicating with each other. It
is the basic unit of society, a primary group with an interlocking network of interpersonal and
interdependent relationships.
There are two structures of family the nuclear and extended. Nuclear Family is so called
primary or elementary family composed of the father (husband), mother (wife) and their
children. It is a group of persons affiliated by consanguinity, affinity or co-residence. Extended
Family is generally composed of grandparents, married sons, their wives and children, and
unmarried sons and daughters living together in one household. It is a family that emphasizes the
importance of blood relationships (kinship).
Category Frequency Rate Ranking

Nuclear 154 86% 1
25 14% 2
Extended
179 100%
TOTAL
34
Formula:
Type of Family
X 100%
Total Number of Families
Nuclear: Extended:
35
154 35
X 100 x 100
179 179
=81% = 19%
TOTAL = 100%
Based on our survey, there are 154 or 86.3% nuclear families in Factor Compound and
14% or 25 families are classified as extended families.
There are two (2) forms of family, the Patriarchal and Matriarchal Family. The
Patriarchal Family is a family dominated by the father or elderly male. Matriarchal Family is a
family wherein the mother is the recognized authority. The mother is the one who works because
of some reasons; deceased and imprisoned husband.
Type of Family Frequency Rate Ranking

Patriarchal 155 87% 1
Matriarchal 24 13% 2
TOTAL 179 100%
36
37
Formula:
Type of Family
X 100%
Total Number of Families
Formula:
Patriarchal: Matriarchal:
155 24
X 100 x 100
179 179
=87% = 13%
38
TOTAL = 100%
There are 155 (187%) patriarchal families. The father is the head and the one who
worked in order to give a better life for the family. Factor Compound has a total of 24
matriarchal families or 13% of the entire population.
Based from the figures tabulated, it generally shows that most families at the Factor
Compound are nuclear and patriarchal families. Majority of them, live separately without the
interference of in-laws and distant relatives. As a nuclear family, they tend to live and bond on
their own ways and means. The same percentage was accounted as patriarchal families where
fathers are deemed authorities.
On the other hand, around 15% are classified as extended and matriarchal families. These
families may be exposed to certain problems involving financial and emotional matters. Same as
well goes for matriarchal families which may experience hardships as well in dealing the loss of
a father figure.
39
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINTMENT
Education is a process of teaching and learning expected patterns of human conduct. It is
concerned with teaching certain forms of behavior from expected members of society. Much of
education involves the transmission of skills, attitudes, values, beliefs, and moral and social
standards to new members of the group.
Most of the people in Factor Compound have undergone training in formal education
although varying in degree/ attainment. Educational Attainment is a term commonly used by
statisticians to refer to the highest degree of education an individual has completed.
40
College Graduate 7 4% 6
College Level 24 13.4% 3
High School Graduate 74 41.3% 1
High School Level 33 18.4% 2
Elementary Graduate 22 12.3% 4
Elementary Level 16 8.9% 5
Vocational 3 1.6% 7
TOTAL 179 100%

41
Formula:
Type of Educational Attainment

X 100%
Total Number of Head of Families
Out of 179 residents in Factor Compound, 74 heads of the families or 41.3% finished
High School (Secondary Education), 33 residents or 18.4% of them attained High School Level,
42
24 residents or 13.4% of them attended College Level, 22 residents or 12.3% of them graduated
from Elementary, 16 residents or 8.9% of them attended Elementary Level, 7 residents or 4%
only finished College (Tertiary Level) and 3 residents or 1.6% of them attended Vocational
Education.
From the given data, it can be inferred that only few residents of Factor Compound are
eligible to qualify for a white collar job since educational attainment is a major consideration of
employers. It would be most likely that a number of them can apply for a minimum wage job.
Since educational attainment plays a vital role in securing modest jobs, residents need to resort to
livelihood programs to further argument their cost of living.

43
OCCUPATION
Occupation is an activity that serves as one’s regular source of livelihood. It is an
activity engaged in especially as a means of passing time; an avocation. Family income depends
on the breadwinner’s occupation. Occupation directly affects the cost of living of families.

Employed 106 59.2% 1
Self-employed 59 32.9% 2
Unemployed 14 7.8% 3
TOTAL 179 100%
44
Formula:
Types of Occupation
X 100%
45
Most of the head of families at Factor Compound are employed with the total number of
106 residents or 59.2%. Most of their jobs are construction workers, drivers, service crew and
security guards.
Self-employed is the one who works for one’s self rather than another person or
company. There are 32.9% or 59 self-employed people in Factor Compound. They make their
own business in order for them to survive. They are the street vendors, sari-sari store and
junkshop owners and garbage collectors (nangangalakal).
Unemployed is a person that is available and willing to work but currently without work.
There are 14 residents or 7.8% unemployment rate in Factor Compound. They borrow or get
their money from their parents, siblings or relatives to provide the basic needs of their family..
There are two classifications of jobs, the white collar and the blue collar.
Classification Of Job Frequency Percentage Ranking

White Collar Job 1
Blue Collar Job 2
TOTAL
46
47
The term white-collar worker refers to a salaried professional or an educated worker who
performs semi-professional office, administrative. The examples of this job are the computer
installers, merchandisers, supervisor, banker, government officers and call center agents.
The term blue collar job requires manual labor. The example of this are the street
vendors, garbage collectors (nangangalakal) vulcanizing shop and sari-sari store owners.
Majority of residents of Factor Compound are employed but most of them work blue
collar jobs. It shows that although they are employed they are still considered as minimum wage
earners.
About 30% of the population resort to self-employment which proves to be a reliable
source of income these days. The remaining 8% of the residents are currently unemployed. This
fact proves that some residents are also affected by the economic crisis and thus are unable to
secure jobs.
48
MONTHLY FAMILY INCOME
Income is the flow of cash or cash equivalents received from work (wage or salary),
capital (interest or profit) or land (rent). Inadequate family income affects the family’s health and
their lifestyle.

Below 3,000.00 Php
(Including the 33 18% 4
Unemployed)
3,001.00 – 5,000.000
40 22% 3
Php
49
5,001.00 – 10,000 Php 64 37% 1
More than 10,000 Php 42 23% 2
TOTAL 179 100%

50
Formula:
Type Income Bracket
X 100%
Based on our survey, there are 64 heads or 35.7% of that families can provide an income
of 10,000 pesos a month and 42 (23.4%) families that can earn more than 10,000 pesos a month,
51
some of the families earn 5,000 pesos with the total and number of 40 families (22.3%) and the
rest of 33 (18.4%) families earned below 3,000 pesos.
About 40% of the families are living below the poverty line. Lack of resources can lead
to severe consequences. Families can only provide for their basic needs. The downside is that
they do not have excess or extra money for emergency purposes such as sudden illness or
calamities. Those that earn 10, 000 pesos are those who work as a call center agent, banker,
painter, messenger, OFW and government employee. The 14 unemployed head of the family
belongs to the bracket of below 3,000 pesos which they usually get it from their parents or
relatives which does not ensure the hand out of cash. The lowest salary noted was of 1,300 pesos
of whose work is a computer shop staff.
52
IMMUNIZATION
Immunization, or vaccination, is the process by which an individual's immune system
becomes fortified against an agent (known as the immunogen). Immunity is the resistance that is
usually associated with the possession of anti-bodies having a specific action on the
microorganisms concerned with a specific or particular disease.
There are two types of immunity – Passive and Active Immunity. Passive Immunity is
where the immunity is transferred maternally at six months at the most. Active Immunity is a
type of immunity that is certain to disease.
Vaccine Minimum No. Dose Minimum Route Site Reason

Age of Interval
at 1st Doses Between
Dose Doses
Bacillus Birth or 1 0.05 -- Intradermal Right BCG given at earliest

Calmette- anytime mL deltoid possible age protects the
Guérin after birth region of possibility of TB
the arm meningitis and other TB
infections in which
infants are prone
53
Diphtheria 6 weeks 3 0.5 4 weeks Intramuscular Upper outer portion of
-Pertussis- mL the thigh An early start
Tetanus with DPT reduces the
Vaccine chance of severe
pertussis
Oral Polio 6 weeks 3 2-3 4 weeks Oral Mouth The extent of protection
Vaccine drop against polio is increased
s the earlier the OPV is
given.
Hepatitis At birth 3 0.5 6 weeks Intramuscular Upper An early start of

B Vaccine mL interval outer Hepatitis B vaccine
from portion of reduces the chance of
1st dose to the thigh being infected and
2nd dose, becoming a carrier
8 weeks
interval
from
2nd dose
to third
dose.
Anti 9 months 3 0.5 -- Subcutaneous Upper At least 85% of measles

Measles mL outer can be prevented by
Vaccine portion of immunization at this
the arms age[10].
All the vaccines written on the table above should all be given to the child before his first
birthday for him to consider fully immunized. Those that are classified not fully immunized are
infant or child who does not complete all the vaccines. And lastly, the infant or child that does
not receive any of the mentioned vaccine is considered not immunized or no immunization.

Fully Immunized 121 72.46% 1
Not Fully Immunized 39 23.35% 2
No Immunization 7 4.19% 3
TOTAL 167 100%
54
Formula:
55
Classification of child/ infant
X 100
Total No. of children Age 0 to 5 years old
Based on the data gathered 121 children age 0-5 yrs. Old or 72.46% are fully immunized.
39 children or 23.35% are not fully immunized because of the fact that their mothers does not
consult the health center because they do not have any time, busy at work or they just are too
lazy to go to the health center. And seven children or 4.19% are not immunized or those who
does not receive any vaccine. The reason for this is that the parents of these children are unaware
of the possible diseases and they stated that it does not contribute to their child’s health condition
whether they did not have been vaccinated.
Category Frequency
BCG 160
DPT 151
OPV 142
Hepatitis B Vaccine 135
AMV 121
56
Fully Immunized – 121
Not Fully Immunized - 39
No Immunization - 7
57
58
The table shows that most of the children in Factor Compound received the complete
vaccination. It also shows the number of doses and the type of vaccine the child does not receive.
It should be a huge responsibility of the parents to ensure the health of their children’s because at
a young age they are more prone to diseases such as tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, Hepatitis B,
measles, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus which can be avoided by giving them the complete
vaccination which is given by the health center.
Incomplete immunization poses threats to an infant’s health. Protection given by the
mother to an infant only lasts for three to six months. Almost 30% of infants in Factor
Compound are prone to catching illnesses which could be prevented by being fully immunized.
It is the task of the parents to assure their child’s safety and well being in an early age. The
health center should also raise awareness regarding the availability of free immunization and its
benefits.
59
FERTILITY AWARENESS
Fertility awareness (FA) refers to a set of practices used to determine the fertile and
infertile phases of a woman's menstrual cycle. Fertility awareness methods may be used to avoid
pregnancy, to achieve pregnancy, or as a way to monitor gynecological health.
Fertility awareness is a collection of methods using the body's natural and normal
functioning to determine the days of the month are most likely to achieve pregnancy. It combines
the calendar/rhythm method, the basal body temperature method, and the cervical mucus
method.
Family planning is of when to have children, and the use of birth control and other
techniques to implement such plans.
Family planning services are defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social
activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and
spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved."
KINDS OF FAMILY PLANNING
60
Natural Family Planning (NFP) refers to a variety of methods used to plan or prevent
pregnancy, based on identifying the woman's fertile days.
Natural
Natural Family Planning is also called the Rhythm Method. It involves tracking the
women's ovulation and avoiding sex when she is fertile. Natural Family Planning has a success
rate ranging from 78 to 88 percent.
Barrier
Barrier methods include the condom, which is placed over the man's penis, and the
diaphragm, which is inserted in the women’s vagina. The diaphragm covers the entrance to the
uterus, thereby blocking the sperm's access. The cervical cap does the same thing, but can be left
in longer. The condom holds the sperm inside it. In general, barrier methods have an
effectiveness rating of 71 percent to 85 percent, but using a spermicidal along with a barrier
increases its effectiveness.
Oral / Topical
Some women take pills or wear a patch to control their hormones. If used correctly, these
drugs prevent pregnancy. If the woman wants to become pregnant, she can simply stop taking
the pill or remove the patch. The effectiveness of these methods is rated at 92 percent.
61
Injection
Depo-Provera is an injection given to women as birth control. Women must get the shot
four times per year, and it has an effectiveness rating of 97 percent to 99 percent.
Internal
IUD stands for Internal Uterine Device. An IUD is inserted into a woman's uterus by to
prevent pregnancy. When the woman is ready to become pregnant, her doctor removes the
device. Effectiveness is rated at 97 percent to 99 percent.
Sterilization
A vasectomy is a form of out-patient surgery given to men. In a vasectomy, the vas
deferens is cut, so that the sperms never flow during ejaculation. Women can be sterilized by
cutting the tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. This, however, requires hospitalization
and recovery. Effectiveness for sterilization for both men and women is rated at 99% or more,
but not 100% due to extremely rare medical flukes.
Abstinence
Abstinence is simply not having sex. It is the only 100% successful method of avoiding
pregnancy.

Acceptor 44 34.9% 2
Non- Acceptor 82 65.1% 1
TOTAL 126 100%
62
Formula:
63
Number of Couples
__________________________ x 100
Total of Number of Couples
At Factor Compound 82 couples or 65.1 % are not using contraceptives, they are also known
as non-acceptors, then 44 or 34.9% couples are acceptor or they are using contraceptives and
23(12.8%) families were using withdrawal.
Most of them are using artificial methods, 14 % couples are using pills, 4%couples are using
condoms and the remaining 2% are using IUD. Some couples practice the natural method, 8%
couples use rhythm or calendar method and few of them have undergone using surgical or
permanent method and the rest couple or 7% used ligation as a means of birth control. The lack
of family planning programs affects the stability of a family. Ignorance of these modern methods
has drastic consequences including the early parenthood and unexpected increase in population.
Each couple should determine what method best suits them and proves to be effective. Older
methods pose a threat with lower effective rates.
Many of the families in Factor compound are not aware of what a contraceptive are. They do
not have any idea about basic family planning; therefore most of the women there experience or
undergo unwanted pregnancy.
64
HOME
A. OWNNERSHIP
A house is a structure which serves as a home. It is a place where a person can find
privacy, protection and comfort for themselves. A house, which serves as a shelter for families,
is one of the basic needs of man.
Ownership refers to the ultimate and exclusive right to occupy, possess, enjoy, rent, sell
(fully or partially), use, give away, or even destroy an item of property. There are four categories
of ownership; owned, rented, rented-free and shared. Owned is defined when a person rightfully
owns a thing or an object. Rented is an agreement where a payment is made for temporary use of
house or property. An individual or family occupying a house without paying rent is called rent-
free while the shared type of ownership is defined when a group of people or family resides
together in one house.
65
Owned 126 70.4% 1
Rented 37 20.7% 2
Rented Free 5 2.8% 4
Shared 11 6.1 3
TOTAL 179 100%

Formula:
66
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
Total of number of Families
Based on our data gathered, 70.40% or 126 of the houses in Factor Compound are owned.
People who own their houses are responsible for their homes. 37 houses or 20.7% are rented.
The major concern with families renting houses is that the other basic needs will not be met. It
may be possible that the education of children can be affected for the parents will have to pay
rent first rather than spending that money for other important expenses. 11 houses or 6.10% are
shared while 2.80% or 5 houses are rented free. People in Factor Compound who fall in the
shared category fear that one of these days the real and rightful owner of the house will ask them
to move out and that there is no place for them to stay.
B. RESIDENCY
Residency refers to the establishment where it is originally or currently being used by a
host as their main place for their home.
There are 2 categories of residency: Permanent and Transient. Permanent refers to the
continuous stay in the same address for more than 6 months while transient is defined as
residency stay for less than 6 months.
67
Permanent 0 0% 2
Transient 179 100% 1
Total 179 100%

68
Formula:
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
69
Based on our data gathered, 145 families or 81% are permanent. While 34 residents or
19% are considered transient.
Majority of them are staying in Factor Compound for more than six months. It can be
concluded that most are long-time residents and are already familiar and used to the locality.
About 20% of residents can be considered as new member of the community. Those transient
residents face a greater challenge of familiarizing themselves with the location and acquainting
with the other members of the community. They also have limited access and awareness about
basic facilities and programs essential to their stay in the neighborhood.
70
C. HOUSING MATERIALS
House is a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families. It is also a
building that provides cover, safety and protection.
There are four types of houses in the community. First type is the concrete is a mixture of
cement, water, sand, hollow blocks and gravel (stones, crushed rock). Second, wood is a type of
house where the materials are made of plywood or bamboo. Third, mixed is made of concrete
and wooden materials. The roof is mostly made of galvanized iron sheets. Lastly, makeshift is
something made to use for a time instead of the right thing, temporarily substitute.

Wood 32 19.88% 3
Concrete 6 3.73% 4
Mixed 73 45.34% 1
71
Makeshift 50 31.06% 2
Total 161 100%

72
Formula:
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
Total of number of Houses
The data indicates that most of the families in the Factor Compound can afford mixed
type of houses. This type of house comprises the highest percentage of housing which is 47% out
73
of 179 families. Followed by makeshift which is composed of 28%, then wood type garnered
21%, concrete type has the lowest percentage of 4% or just 7 houses.
Overall, the data shows the most of the family in Factor Compound have better shelter for
protection compared to those who cannot manage to pay or come up with the money to build
stable homes.
It is important to consider the sturdiness of housing unit primarily because shelter is one
man’s basic needs. Almost most of the houses at Factor Compound are considered mixed type
and makeshift or made up of substandard materials. These houses are prone to artificial/ natural
disasters. One example of an artificial disaster is a fire accident. Natural disasters are
catastrophic and unstoppable such as floods and earthquakes. Therefore, some of them may be in
grave danger since these disasters come unexpectedly.
D. LIGHTING FACILITIES
74
Electricity allows people to enjoy many of the conveniences of modern life but this is also
dangerous because if it is used incorrectly, it can start a house fire. There are four types of
lighting facilities:
Electricity – electric current as a public utility for lighting. It allows the residents to use
various types of home appliances.
Kerosene – flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel in lamps and heaters.
Candle – a stick of wax with a wick in the middle which gives light when burned.
Flashlight – is a battery-operated device which gives light.

Electric 135 79% 1
Kerosene 30 17% 2
Candle 13 7% 3
Others 1 1% 4
Total 179 100%
75
Formula:
Number of Families
76
__________________________ x 100
Total of number of Houses
The table shows that most of the households in Factor Compound use electricity. It has
the highest amount of percentage compared to the other lighting facilities.
There are 135 families or 79% that use electricity out of one hundred seventy-nine (179)
families. 30 families or 17% use kerosene, 13 families or 7% use candles, and the remaining
family or 1% use flashlight as their lighting facility.
Most of the residents in Factor Compound manage to have proper lighting facilities and
enjoy using modern convenient appliances. 40% of families are exposed to danger with the use
of flammable materials as lighting facilities. Another imposing threat is that some families using
kerosene or candles may live in a makeshift shelter made up of lightweight and combustible
materials. It poses danger not only to the said families but to the entire compound as well. It has
been noted before that the Factor Compound had been in a huge fire that nearly burnt the half of
the community. The officials should conduct programs regarding fire prevention to all families.
It is the responsibility of the residents as well to look after everyone’s safety with the use of
lighting materials.
77
E. VENTILATION
The amount of air required for proper ventilation varies depending on the number of people
in a given place. Adequate ventilation means as much as needed for a particular purpose.
Inadequate ventilation means that there is not enough amount of air
Based on our gathered data, the number of inadequate ventilation is 52.51% and the adequate
ventilation is 47.49%.

Adequate 85 47.49% 2
Inadequate 94 52.51% 1
Total 179 100%
78
79
Formula:
Total Window Output (TWO)
Total Floor Area (TFA)
Based on the place surveyed, 94 families or 52.51% have inadequate ventilation because
most of the houses have only one window, small sized window or no window at all. Sometimes
80
only the air passes in and out from the door. The percentage of the houses with adequate
ventilation is 47.49%; therefore, several families can prevent transmission of certain airborne
diseases.
Inadequate ventilation lessens the conduciveness of a home in relation to health and well
being. People need clean air in order to live and ample space is required as well to exhale carbon
dioxide. Plants, food and other living conditions such as sunlight are also affected when there is
limited ventilation circulating in a house.
F. LIVING SPACE
81
The total floor area of a house where in the members of the family can move freely and do
their daily routine is considered as living space. Sufficient means to meet once obligation or
satisfy one’s needs. Insufficient means not enough or less than is needed.
Based on our gathered data, 83.80% or 150 houses have an insufficient living space and
16.20% or 29 homes have sufficient living space.

Sufficient 29 16.20% 2
Insufficient 150 83.80% 1
Total 179 100%
82
83
Formula:
Space Required Per Family Member
Total Floor Area

More than half of the residents in Factor Compound which are 150 families or 83.80%
have insufficient living space. Therefore, the area is prone from all the communicable diseases
and the family is having less privacy. And the sum up of the sufficient living space is only
available to 29 families or 16.20%. It means only few families will enjoy the wellness of having
sufficient floor area.
Adequate living space is essential especially with regards to floor planning. The house
should be properly divided into its fundamental parts. There should be enough space for the
kitchen, bedroom and bathroom. These areas are often used and therefore should have enough
space, maintained and strategically placed in the house. Insufficient space would trigger the
transmission and contamination of bacteria around the house.
84
WATER SUPPLY
A. DRINKING WATER
A.1. SOURCES
Water is vital in our lives. Our body is composed of 75% of water and no one can last for
more than four days without water. Aside from drinking, it may be utilized for bathing, cooking
and for daily living.
Purified Water – is the water from any source that is physically processed to remove
impurities.
Deep well – a well in which the water level is at depth and pumped.
NAWASA – the use of potable water.
85
Purified 114 63.7% 1
Deep well 63 35.2% 2
NAWASA 2 1.1% 3
TOTAL 179 100%

86
Formula:
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
The table above presents the sources of water in Factor Compound. The data shows that
114 families or 63.7% of the residents are using Purified Water, 63 families or 35.2% uses deep
well and two families or 1.1% uses NAWASA.
87
Based on the survey, majority of the population prefer to use purified water. It can be
inferred that most residents are aware of the importance of safe and potable drinking water.
Several families avail of deep well water for the reason that it costs less compared to purified
water. Only two families have NAWASA as their source of water supply. It is important that
families in Factor Compound, especially those who have deep well or NAWASA as their source,
know how to prepare safe drinking water by boiling or filtration to avoid acquiring different
water-borne diseases.
A.2. STORAGE
88
Water storage is one of the important things that the people in the community should be
emphasized. There are many ways to properly store water. The container should be clean and
disinfected, has a tight-fitting lid, and has a narrow mouth.
Covered – a water container which is provided with cover.
Refrigerated –a tool box used to keep food and water for cooling.
Uncovered – a water container that does not have any cover such as basins and pales.

Covered 157 87.7% 1
Refrigerated 17 9.5% 2
Uncovered 5 2.8% 3
TOTAL 179 100%
89
Formula:
90
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
The table above presents the storage of water. From the information gathered, 87.7% used
covered containers, 9.5% uses refrigeration and 2.8% uses uncovered containers.
Based on the survey, majority of the population uses covered containers. This implies that
they are aware about proper storage of water. 17 families use refrigeration and 5 families use
uncovered containers which can be a threat to the health of each family.
Proper storage must be prioritized to avoid water-borne diseases such as diarrhea,
cholera, dengue, typhoid fever and other diseases that may be acquired from improper storage of
water.
A.3. CONTAINERS USED
The container that is used for storing water is a big concern because it affects the quality
of water stored in it.
Plastic pitchers – a relatively large container for holding and pouring out liquids.
Bottles – a rigid or semi-rigid container made typically of glass or plastic.
Jars – a rigid container having a wide mouth and often has no neck.
91
Plastic pitchers 87 48.6% 1
Bottles 24 13.4% 3
Jars 68 38% 2
TOTAL 179 100%

92
Formula:
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
The table above shows that 48.6% of the population in Factor Compound use plastic
pitchers, 38% uses jars, and 13.4% use bottles.
93
Based on the gathered data, majority of the residents in Factor Compound use plastic
pitchers. They are not aware that plastic containers contain harmful chemicals such as BPA
(Bisphenol-A). It increases the growth of cancerous tumors in the human body and can result to
cancer. 68 families or 38% of the population use jars and 24 families or 13.4% use glass
containers which are safe to use as long as it is properly cleaned and maintained.
94
Total Number of Families = 179 families
Total Population = 807 individuals
Total Number of Households = 161 houses
KITCHEN
A. COOKING FACILITY
Various cooking facilities ensure that food is cooked and prepared properly. The different
cooking facilities are as follows:
Fire wood - is the use of wood in cooking.
LPG - is a gas liquefied by compression consisting of flammable hydrocarbons obtained as
by product from the refining of petroleum or natural gas.
Charcoal - is black porous foam of carbon made by partially burning wood.
95
Kerosene - is a coal oil used to produce fire.
Electric stove - is a kitchen range in which the heat of cooking is provided by electricity.

Electric Stove 3 1. 7% 5
LPG 60 33.5% 2
Kerosene 12 6.7% 4
Firewood 69 38.5% 1
Charcoal 35 19.6% 3
TOTAL 179

96
Formula:
Number of Family who uses certain cooking facilities

X 100%
Total number of families
Most of the families in Factor Compound which are 69 households or 38.5% are using
firewoods as their cooking facility. This may be due to the fact that firewood can be easily
availed and requires less money or expense. LPG is the second most used facility by the people
97
in Factor Compound, 33.5% or 60 of the surveyed families uses LPG as that it only costs
Php650.00-Php750.00 per 11 kilogram tank which can be afforded by families whose monthly
income is ranging Php5, 000.00-Php10, 000.00. It is also convenient and is safe to use. 35
families or 19.6% of the families in Factor Compound are using charcoal since it is affordable
despite the reasons that it may also be inconvenient, difficult to use and time consuming.
Kerosene is used by 12 families or 6.7% since it is cheaper and can easily be purchased. Electric
stove has the least percentage which is only used by three families or 1.7% in Factor Compound
for the reason that it is expensive.
The data gathered on cooking facilities have different implications on the residents of
Factor Compound.
The fact that majority of the residents use firewood makes the compound prone to fires
since there are families who live in makeshift and mixed shelters. The use of firewood is
tolerable as long as respective families are responsible with it.
LPG is also widely used in the compound. Although it is convenient and affordable, it
may also pose threats. Substandard LPGs are prevalent nowadays. Residents should check the
quality over the affordability of such.
In general, all of these may cause accidents if not properly used. People should not leave
the kitchen unattended to avoid the cause of fire. For safety purposes, people in Factor
Compound should always be alert and responsible at all times.
98
DRAINAGE FACILITY
Drainage is a system of channels or pipes for carrying off water or waste of any
kind. It is also the act or processing of draining and flowing off of water. This is the piping
network within a structure which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other wastes from their point of
origin to a point of disposal, such as a public sewer or a private treatment facility.
For the purpose of our survey, we have classified three types of drainage. First is
the Open drainage, which is exposed and having spaces and holes. Second is Closed drainage,
which is closed that maintain the good environment and also to prevent bad odour or foul air and
which is hidden and not visible for the human eyes.

Open Drainage 172 96.09% 1
Closed Drainage 7 3.91%% 2
TOTAL 179 0%
99
Formula:
100
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
Open drainage is use by 172 families or 96.01% is because most of the families in Factor
Compound cannot afford to make a proper drainage line because it is expensive. It means that
thecommunity is very prone to any possible diseases. Because foul air or the unpleasant odour
that comes from the open drainage can cause Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) and may
cause diarrheal diseases which may infect the water that they drink. It is also one of the reasons
of flood because of the blockage of the garbage in the drainage line. It also may impose danger
or accidents on the residents in the community. The remaining 3.91% of the families have closed
drainage. It prevents the breeding sites of insects of mosquitoes. It also lessens the unpleasant
odour that may cause certain diseases. Overall, the community is in danger of the diseases that is
caused by open drainage lines. The community and the Barangay should take proper action
regarding this matter to prevent the occurrence of diseases.
101
GARBAGE DISPOSAL
A. RECEPTACLE
One of the major problems not only in a community but in our whole country is garbage
disposal. Proper garbage disposal will prevent many different diseases and it will make our
environment a healthy place to live on.
102
Receptacles refer to a container that is used to put or keep things in. it is very important
that garbage receptacles are kept with covers

With cover 5 2.8% 2
Without cover 4 2.2% 3
Plastic Bag 168 93.9% 1
No receptacle 2 1.1% 4
TOTAL 179 100%

103
Formula:
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
104
It shows that most of the families in Factor Compound are using plastic bags for
disposing their garbage which is collected every Tuesday night by Municipal Garbage Collector.
1.1% of the community doesn’t use any receptacle for their garbage.
The table shown above indicates that the most common receptacle used is plastic bags.
Some of them also use a receptacle with cover, without cover and no receptacle at all. But
residents have to be aware about the importance of garbage disposal, proper sanitation, and how
to maintain the cleanliness of their surroundings.
Using plastic bags as receptacles for garbage may be a health hazard in the household. It
accounts for the improper segregation of garbage. Plastics are available anywhere thus garbage
can easily readily disposed. But as there is more garbage residents would tend not to segregate
their waste. Another fact about plastic bag is that most of it is not biodegradable. Therefore, it is
not safe for the environment as well. It is good that some companies have started using
biodegradable plastic bags. What’s important is garbage should be disposed and segregated
properly.
105
B. DISPOSAL SYSTEM
Disposal system is the process of segregating the garbage in a certain order to minimize bad
odor and to prevent communicable diseases that can affect the entire community.
Garbage is a matter that is thrown away like scraps of food, animal wastes and other kinds of
waste materials.
Garbage collection 133 74.3% 1
Open dumping 2 1.1% 4
Throwing in the River 5 2.8% 3
Burning 38 21.2% 2
Burying/Composting 1 .6% 5
TOTAL 179 100%
106
107
Formula:
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
The data shows that the disposal system that is commonly used in Factor Compound is by
garbage collection. They place their garbage outside their households and the garbage collector
will come and pick them up every night. 133 families or 74.3% falls in this category. 38
families or 21.2% burn their garbage, 5 families or 2.8% throw away their garbage anywhere but
oftentimes they throw them in the creek, 2 or 1.1% of the families use open dumping and there is
only 1 or .6% family that buries their garbage.
Proper waste disposal is very important in keeping the community safe and healthy. Most
of the residents are aware of this fact since they dispose their garbage by means of garbage
collection. By this, even though families do not segregate their garbage/ waste at home, garbage
collectors do this. The consistent rounds of garbage collection in the community also help in
maintaining the cleanliness in the place.
Other means of waste disposal such as burning, throwing in the river and open dumping
results to danger in the people and the environment. Carbon dioxide from fires harms nature and
residents by contributing air pollution. Open dumping can cause the spread of communicable
diseases in the community. Throwing in the river may result to breeding sites of insects and may
cause stagnancy of water.
108
WASTE AND EXCRETA DISPOSAL
Sanitary means of excreta disposal are scarce over the country. Human excreta are more
likely to transmit disease than animal waste. Safe disposal of human excreta creates the first
barrier to excreta-related disease, helping to reduce transmission through direct and indirect
routes. Safe excreta disposal is therefore a major priority. An appropriate facility for defecation
is one of a number of emerging responses essential for people’s safety, health and well-being.

Flush 8 4% 5
Water Sealed 133 74% 1
Pit Privy 9 5% 4
Wrap and Throw 10 6% 3
Public Comfort Room 19 11% 2
Total 179 100%
109
110
Formula:
Number of Families
__________________________ x 100
74% of the families in Factor Compound use a water sealed type of comfort room.
Moreover, majority of the studied population have their own toilet. 19 families or 11% use
Public Comfort Room, ten families or 6% uses Wrap and Throw, nine families or 5% uses Pit
111
Privy type of toilet and eight families or 4% uses a Flush type. This implies that most of the
people have high chances of acquiring certain disease. This 11% who have shared toilet in a
public comfort room should be educated about performing hand washing and of having hygienic
lifestyle. The second findings imply that unsanitary disposal of excreta contributes to
transmission of numerous diseases (which can be combined with low levels of nutrition) and can
also be a breeding ground for flies and other insects.
Fecal-borne diseases are uncontrollable and prevailing. This may be an alarming factor,
that toilet use is indeed unavoidable. Everyday community residents, without doubt utilize it as a
part of man’s normal psychologic function.
It is essential to mans well being. The Brgy. Officials should apply strict measures in
ensuring the cleanliness of waste disposal systems specially that of public comfort rooms. It is
also their job to enforce laws against unsanitary waste disposal such as wrap and throw and pit
privy since it the entire factory at risks because of its unsanitary disposal that may cause
diseases.

112
PETS AND ANIMAL RAISED
Domestic animals are kept by the families by a variety of reasons. Most of the families
kept these animals as their pets, to look after their households and some of them are grown as
their sources of income and food.
Below is a table showing a list of the animals raised in Factor Compound.

Dogs 78 50.6% 1
Cats 38 24.6% 2
Chickens 37 24% 3
Dove 1 .6% 4
Total 154 100%
113
Factor Compound has 179 families and 50.6% have dogs as their pets. Cats are in 2nd
place with 24.6%, livelihood animals are in 3rd place while 4th place are chickens and dove.
In Factor Compound, most people raise their animals as pets. It shows that they are fond
of keeping animals especially dogs at home. However, there are instances that animals can pose
danger to the pet owners and residents. Owners should be responsible in taking care of their pets
needs. They should also see to it that they look after their animals since it may cause accidents as
well if not guarded at all times.
114
Animal Vaccination
Category Frequency Rate

With vaccine 0 0%
Without vaccine 116 100%
115
Dogs in Factor Compound are everywhere and based on our gathered data, none are
vaccinated. The families/owners are not aware of the danger that unvaccinated dogs can bring.
Owners/families are not educated of the importance of pet vaccination. Pets and families should
be protected from rabies for it can truly kill.
The fact that the owners do not have the initiative to have their dogs vaccinated is a
serious problem of the community. Rabies is a deadly disease. Even though there are minimal
reports of accident of dog bite, prevention is still better than cure.
The Brgy. Officials should act quickly to prevent and promote awareness of rabies and its
effects so that the owners will realize its importance not only to their families but also to the
entire community as well.
116
GENERAL SANITARY CONDITION
A. HEALTH ENVIRONMENT
Proper environmental management is the key factor to avoid and prevent illnesses which
are directly caused by environmental factors. A community composed of a physical environment
that includes the types of dwellings the people live in, the animals present in their households
and other factors. There is a great possibility that we may be able to save lives, prevent deaths
and minimize sickness.
Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health means of promoting health through
prevention of human contact with the hazards waste. Poor sanitation practice is considered as
one of the major problem that needs priority in the community.
The general sanitation of Factor compound is unsanitary. The alleys of the area are
narrow, dirty and unpleasant. Alongside of the alleys are open canals where laundry and bath
water flows that attract flies and mosquitoes. Most of the residents do not observe proper water
storage, sanitation and disposal. The creek is filled with garbage. Moreover, it is a fact that some
of the families dispose their waste and excreta directly to the river. The residents are not able to
practice proper hygiene because of lack of resources and education.
117
B. HOUSING CONGESTION
The quality of our residential environment is very vital because the family spends so much
time in their households. The quality of residential environment is a serious matter that every
family should be concerned of. Every member of the family is at risk when this is taken for
granted.
There are many factors that define a healthy residential home such as sufficient living space,
cleanliness of household and most especially adequate ventilation. When ventilation is
inadequate, members of the family especially the children, are at risk from different illnesses
especially from viral infections.
The transmission of diseases from one person to another is very rapid and easy when
ventilation is inadequate. Housing congestion is very important that it definitely relates to higher
morbidity and mortality rate.
118
MORBIDITY
Morbidity rate of incidence of a disease refers to a diseased state,
disability or poor health due to any cause. The term may be used to refer to the
existence of any form of disease, or to the degree that the health condition affects the
patient.
It is important to know about diseases that are endemic to the community
determine the probable cause and susceptibility so that we can find possible ways to
prevent and lessen the occurrence of the disease.
Morbidity No. of Cases Percentage
1. URTI(Upper Respiratory
Tract Infection) 222 58.88%
2. Influenza 86 22.81%
3. AGE (Acute Gastro

Enteritis) 16 4.24%
119
4. Hypertension 9 2.39%
5. UTI 6 1.59%
6. Skin Allergy 6 1.59%
7. Asthma 6 1.59%
8. Goiter 3 0.796%
9. Chicken Pox 3 0.796%
10. Boils 3 0.796%
11. Measles 2 0.531%
12. Appendicitis 2 0.531%
13. Cholera 2 0.531%
14. Body Malaise 2 0.531%
15. Ulcer 2 0.531%
16.Sepsis 1 0.265%
17. Migraine 1 0.265%
18. Tonsillitis 1 0.265%
19. Mayoma 1 0.265%
20. Dog Bite 1 0.265%
21. Bronchitis 1 0.265%
22. Ovarian cyst 1 0.265%
Total: 377 100%
120
121
Based on the data gathered, 58% or 222 of the morbidity cases falls under
URTI (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection). This URTI involves the upper respiratory tract,
nose, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx. It includes rhinitis (common colds), sinusitis,
pharyngitis, tonsillitis, ear infection, laryngitis. It has the highest percentage on the data
gathered. It can be acquired through bacteria or viral transmission.
The second highest percentage is the Influenza which is caused by virus that
accounts for 86 or 22.81% of the morbidity case. Influenza is caused by a virus
transmitted from one person to another in droplets coughed or sneezed into the air. It is
characterized by cold like symptoms plus chills, fever, headaches, muscle aches, and
fatigue.
Acute Gastroenteritis accounts for 16 cases or 4.24%. Bacterial infection is frequently
a factor and infections of parasites. Viruses can also cause lengthy stomach flu; accidental
poisoning or exposure to toxins may also instigate acute gastroenteritis as well.
Hypertension is the fourth leading cause of morbidity. It has 9 or 2.39% of morbidity
cases. Hypertension is a medical condition in which constricted arterial blood vessels
increase the resistance to blood flow, causing an increase in blood pressure against vessel
walls. The heart must work harder to pump blood through the narrowed arteries. If the
condition persists, damage to the heart and blood vessels is likely, increasing the risk for
stroke, heart attack, and kidney or heart failure. Often called the “silent killer,” hypertension
usually causes no symptoms until it reaches a life-threatening stage.
122
Asthma which accounts for 6 or 1.59% of the morbidity cases is caused by
inflammation of the airways. Asthma is also caused genetic factors that may increase the risk
of developing the disorder.
URTI, INFLUENZA, AGE and Asthma are very common in Factor Compound
mainly because of the improper waste disposal. They throw their garbage on the river. The
air becomes polluted that affects the people living in Factor Compound since most of
these are airborne. They also lacked proper hygiene. Mostly children walked barefooted and
not taking a bath everyday thus, increasing the risk of acquiring micro-organisms.
Insufficient living space also account for the easy transmission of micro-organisms among
family members.
123
MORTALITY
Mortality is a measure of the number of deaths (in general or due to a specific cause) or
total number of death in some population, scale to the size of a population. It is distinct from
morbidity rate, which refers to the number of individuals in poor health during a given time
period or number who currently hale that disease (the incidence rate). The data shows that 50%
of the mortality rate of the community is caused by hypertension. Hypertension is a chronic
medical condition in which the blood pressure is elevated. It is also one of the most common
complex disorders. That may lead to stroke and cerebro vascular accidents. The common factors
of hypertension are lifestyle, hereditary, diet and stress. Next is pneumonia and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which is 14.28%. Pneumonia is an abnormal
inflammatory condition of the lungs. It is a common illness which occurs in all age group and is
a leading cause of death among the elderly and people who are chronically and terminally ill.
Pneumonia can be caused by microorganism's irritants and unknown causes in other cases
pneumonia is caused when bacteria or viruses are present especially in congested area. However,
if a person is in a weakened condition from another illness, severe pneumonia can develop from
whooping cough due to unsanitary conditions. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a
124
progressive disease that makes the ill / infected person experience difficulty in breathing as
“progressive” means the disease gets worse over time. Cigarette smoking is leading cause of
COPD since most people who have the disease smoke or used to. Long term exposure to other
lung irritants such as pollution, chemical fumes, or dust, also may contribute to COPD. Most of
the time, COPD is diagnosed in middle aged or older people. The disease is not communicable or
hereditary. Severe dehydration, sepsis and old age got 7.14%. Sepsis is a serious medical
condition that is characterized by a whole body inflammatory state called presence of unknown
suspected infection. The body may develop this inflammatory response to microbes in the blood,
urine, lings, skin or other tissues. Aging is the process of physical, psychological and social
change wherein it could lead to death due to sickness because the person’s body does not
properly function to fight diseases.
The list of the causes of human deaths or mortality as discussed above shows that
hypertension ranked as the most common cause of death in Factor Compound.
DISEASES NO. OF CASES PERCENTAGE
1. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) 7 50%
2. Diarrhea 1 7.14%
3. Severe Dehydration 1 7.14%
4.Pneumonia 2 14.28%
5. Old Age 1 7.14%
6. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary 2 14.28%
125
Disease (COPD)
TOTAL 14 100%
126
FAMILY CASE LOAD
FATHER: D.R.
AGE: 35 YEARS OLD
EDUCATION: ELEMENTARY GRADUATE
OCCUPATION: GARBAGE COLLECTOR
MOTHER: M.E.
AGE: 33 YEARS OLD
EDUCATION: ELEMENTARY GRADUATE
OCCUPATION: HOUSEWIFE
CHILDREN:
1) P.R.
AGE: 4 YEARS OLD
127
SEX: MALE
FULLY IMMUNIZED
2) E.R.
AGE: 1 YEAR OLD
SEX: MALE
FULLY IMMUNIZED
Mr. D.R. is the head of the family, who collects garbage everyday as their source of
living. He is a very hardworking father because he would not go back to their house if he does
not have any food to bring. His wife, M.E. is a housewife, who is good and loving mother
because she is responsible for taking care of their two children and the household chores. They
have two off springs, P.R. who is four years of age and the eldest child of the family. He is a
lovable and playful kid. The youngest is a one year old boy named E.R., who wants to eat snacks
all day. They are one of the nuclear families in the Factor Compound and Mr. D.R. always
makes the decision in the family.
They have been residents in Factor Compound for more than six years. They live in a five
square meters lot with a shelter made up of wood, metal, tire and tarpaulin. They live in a
congested and unsanitary environment. Their living space and the ventilation of their house are
inadequate, mostly for their children. They use firewood to cook their meals and they often eat
on the floor because they lack housing facilities such as permanent kitchen area, living room and
bedroom.
128
I noticed that they get their drinking water from deep well and they just leave the
uncovered pitchers with water on the floor that may lead to acquiring certain diseases such as
diarrhea, typhoid fever and other water-borne diseases.
They usually eat at least two to three times a day if they have enough money that is
collected from the garbage. During lunchtime, they always eat two to three cups of rice for the
day with noodles and egg. And sometimes, they will just eat noodles because of financial
problem. The youngest kid (E.R.) is malnourish.
They have open drainage that may contain mosquitoes and insects that may lead to
dengue and other possible diseases. As their usual waste disposal, they use plastic bags as their
receptacle, regarding to their excreta disposal they use Wrap and Throw system. They have a pet
dog that guards their home in times of Mr. D.R. is collecting garbage during the night.
129

Com Diag

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Com Diag

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

our future nursing careers.

and effort that led us to persevere in our studies.

Special thanks to the valued members of our faculty.

assistance during our community diagnosis.

participate and cooperate in our studies.

equipments needed for our Mother’s Class and Feeding Program.

guest speaker in our Mother’s Class.

always been our inspiration.

thankful to the Lord God for bringing us together.

Community is a group of interacting organisms sharing an environment. In communities,

As a part of our Related Learning Experience, with our Community Outreach

Participatory Action Research (COPAR) we conducted a community health survey at Factor

January 2010 with 179 families and a total population of 807.

and maintenance of good health.

Community Outreach Participatory Action Research (COPAR) is a social development

development program in the future. It maximizes community participation and involvement:

community; COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community and society.

constructed in it named Almanza Elementary School.

SPOT MAP ANALYSIS

facilities. The map is within the area of Brgy. Almanza I.

T. Francisco, Lito C. De Guzman, Ernesto C. Medina, Arlan A. Villanueva and Pepito C.

volunteers in the area. Carlito Fortuna is assigned to head the utility.

Our group is assigned to have our community diagnosis on Factor Compound. It is

Health Center Northwest 513 m. (1628 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

RITM Southeast 204 m (669 ft) Via Filinvest Circle

Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

Pilar Northwest 366 m (1201 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

Mercury Drug South 36 m (118 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

SM Southmall Northwest 740 m (2428 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

Almanza Elementary Northwest 440 m (1445 ft) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

DFCAM Northwest 1.6 km (1.0 miles) Via Alabang-Zapote Rd.

FROM ALABANG – MADRIGAL

T.S. CRUZ SUBDIVISION

SHELL (GASOLINE STATION)

FROM BACLARAN/ ZAPOTE- SM SOUTHMALL

of individuals occupying an area or making up a whole. The following factors considered in a

grouping and the special age group.

A. SEX (MALE AND FEMALE)

Category Frequency Percentage Ranking

FEMALE 402 49.82% 2

TOTAL 807 100%

Total Number of Families - 179 families

SEX DISTRIBUTION (MALE AND FEMALE)

AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION

3.59% and 1.86% to the population respectively.

of the cause of a growth in population in the next few years.

Development essentially refers to the progressive series of changes of an orderly and

group precisely points and correlates with physical observations.

Havighurst are utilized for the analysis of this study.

I. INFANCY: Birth to 11 months

The total number of infants in Factor Compound is 44 or 5.45%. Among these, 29 or

they would need assistance from the health center.

II. TODDLER: 1 to 3 years old

be pain for parents, but it develops important skills of the will.

5.45%, while females comprise 35 or 4.34%.

III. PRE SCHOOLER: 4 to 6 years old

win-lose concept. Competition inspires challenges.

females and also 38 or 4.71 are males.

IV. SCHOOL AGE: 7 to 12 years old

environment of a school aged child needs to promote industriousness.

second in terms of population.