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PLAN AND PREPARE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS ERRORS

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Personal Protective Equipment
Proper preparation is the key to a successful work. Before you begin, make sure that you have the tools you will need,
and secure a clear well-lit workplace. Gather all the components youll be using and unpack them at the same time.
Always keep in mind that personal protection is one of the traits of a good computer technician.
Types of personal protective devices
1. Anti-static devices - Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.
Example: Anti static wrist strap, Anti- static, Anti- static bag & Anti-static spray.
2. Power Surge Protectors - Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from intermittent
power sources.
Example : AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulators) and UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
3. Personal equipment
example: Screw drivers, Pliers and tweezers, Compressed air, Handheld vacuum

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM ERROR


There are several errors in a computer from the point you open it up to the point you reach the stand by window
(reaching standby windows means boot process has no error). Here's a list of computer error.
1. No Video Output - When you open your PC, nothing shows up in your monitor and the LED indicator of your
monitor is flashing in yellow color.
2. No Video Output - Same as number one but now the LED indicator of your monitor is in steady orange color.
3. Doesn't Boot - When you open your PC it will show the processor brand and/or the motherboard brand but
doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to system restart over and over again.
4. Never Ending Loading of Operating system - The computer opens up then boots but when the operating
system loads it doesn't continue and it will take a lifetime if you're going to wait for it to load.
5. Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode - This also happens even if you try disconnecting your
computer set from the internet. This is what we called aftershock virus which will continue to run even if
internet is disconnected.
6. Lots of hardware installation windows appear - This happens even if you try installing the hardware.
When you restart your set it will happen again.
7. Safe mode doesn't work - When you try going to safe mode all you will see is a list of files in Command
prompt style.
8. Keyboard and mouse system restart - This will happen only in standby mode, when you move your mouse
or type something, your system will automatically restart and the worst part is it will delete a file at random.
9. Sound on/off error - Upon loading the operating system, you will hear a loading sound and then the sound
stops, when you try running an audio file, no sound will be heard.
10. Application causes system to restart - Just like the mouse problem, when you open a program that will
take the whole screen like for example a game and/or a program applications, when you close it, it will cause
your system to restart.
Aside from the common computer errors, computers also can have different Operating System (OS) errors. OS errors
can be classified into various categories, such as:
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

System errors These are moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop up on your PC.
System errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware components, corrupted operating system modules, etc.
Runtime errors Runtime errors are caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software
executables. Most runtime errors cause the application that caused it to shut down. However, more serious
runtime errors may cause the system to become unstable or unresponsive, leaving you with no choice but to
reach for the Reset button.
Stop errors Stop errors are caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and bad
sectors on hard disks. Stop errors can be difficult to resolve at times.
Device Manager Errors These are usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware
components. In case of the former cause, the problem is usually solved simply by reinstalling or updating the
drivers. However, the latter cause can often be solved only by replacing hardware components.
POST code errors POST code errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware components, and are
characterized by short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard. POST code errors
occur when you press the power button to turn on your PC..
Application errors These can be caused at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused by
applications while those are running. These are usually caused by glitches in the program code itself. These
are usually resolved by updating the program to its latest version.
Browser Status Codes These are caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website.
These can be caused by misplaced web pages in the server of the website itself, or due to connection
problems. For instance, a 404 error would indicate that the browser is trying to access a webpage that does
not exist in the specified location.

DIAGNOSING COMPUTER SYSTEMS


PC Diagnosing

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Probably the most frustrating problem computer users run into are startup problems, where your computer wont boot.
Equally annoying are error messages you constantly run into during your computers startup process. In this module
you will be given a few tips on how you can avoid some of the most common problems that happen right after your
computer is turned on.
Here you will learn the basic troubleshooting.

Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your computer, check it with the other computers so
that you can make sure whether the fault is in the component or not.

Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of your computer such as data cables, power
cable, internal circuitry cables and make sure that all these are plugged in and working fine.

Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and in the device manager of the system and
make all the device drivers up to date and all the cards are plugged in properly.

Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in your computer, determine what was
changed before the problem occurred.

Event viewer: In the event viewer, you will find the error or warning messages associated with any faulty
hardware or software.

Make notes: Troubleshooting is a big learning option and we can learn a lot when we face any kind of
troubleshooting in our computer. Make notes including the error messages and their solutions, so that you
have a record on how a certain problem occurred and how did you solve it.

Common PC Problems and solutions


You are working away at your computer when suddenly, up comes an error message or worse, your computer comes
to a screeching halt. Here are the common computer problems and solutions that can help you.
Steps
1. Check the POST. POST stands for Power On Self-Test. This is generally the first or second thing that appears
on a computer after turning on the power. This appears before the operating system begins to load. The POST
will display any problems found with hardware that makes the computer unable to boot, POST may also display
problems with hardware that allow the computer to boot, but not operate at its full capacity during operation.
2. Notice the load time of the OS (operating system). A longer than usual load time may indicate errors in
the hard drive.
3. Notice any graphics problems once the OS has loaded. Reduced graphics may indicate driver failures or
hardware failures with graphic cards.
4. Perform an auditory test. An auditory test is an unorthodox, but still effective way of judging how a
computer is working. With the computer on and running, play any decent length audio file (usually above 30
sec). If the audio is choppy or slow, it usually means that the processor is working at an elevated level, or there
is not enough RAM to run all programs loading. Changing the startup sound is a great way to apply this test.
Another issue associated with choppy sounds is PIO (Programmed Input/Output) Mode. This affects how the
hard drive reads and writes data from a drive. Switching to Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows for faster
reads and writes, and can sometimes repair choppy audio.
5. Check any newly installed hardware. Many operating systems, especially Windows, can conflict with new
drivers. The driver may be badly written, or it may conflict with another process. Windows will usually notify
you about devices that are causing a problem, or have a problem. To check this use the Device Manager, this
can be accessed by entering the Control Panel, clicking the System icon, clicking the Hardware tab, and
clicking on Device Manager. Use this to check and arrange the properties of hardware.
6. Check any newly installed software. Software may require more resources than the system can provide.
Chances are that if a problem begins after software starts, the software is causing it. If the problem appears
directly upon startup, it may be caused by software that starts automatically on boot.
7. Check RAM and CPU consumption. A common problem is a choppy or sluggish system. If a system is
choppy it is good practice to see if a program is consuming more resources than the computer can provide. An
easy way to check this is to use the Task Manager, right click on the taskbar select Task Manager, and click the
Processes tab. The CPU column contains a number that indicates the percentage of CPU the process is
consuming. The Memory Usage column indicates how much memory a process is consuming.
8. Listen to the computer, if the hard drive is scratching or making loud noises, shut off the
computer and have a professional diagnose the hard drive. Listen to the CPU fan, this comes on a high
speed when the CPU is working hard, and can tell you when the computer is working beyond its capacity.
9. Run a virus and malware scan. Performance problems can be caused by malware on the computer. Running
a virus scan can unearth any problems. Use a commonly updated virus scanner (such as Norton Antivirus or
Avast! Antivirus)
10. Check for the problem in safe mode. To enter safe mode, tap F8 repeatedly during POST (this works on
most systems). If the problem persists in safe mode, it is a fair bet that the operating system itself is to blame.
Common Trouble shooting for Computer Units
1. Double check the power connections.
2.
3.

Voltage Regulator and power supply could cause power failure in the computer unit.
Check the power cords and cable connectors in your computer unit.

4.
5.

Unseated card. Loose cards could cause malfunction.


Check the boot sequence configuration in the advance BIOS (Basic Input /Output Unit) setup.

Diagnosing Network Connection


Things to look for if a PC is connected to the internet or network:
1. First check the cable connecting to the network card into the network hub.
2.

Check the back of the computer to see if the network card light is on

3.

Check the network cable ( use cable tester)

4.

Check the network HUB (use multi-tester)

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DIAGNOSE AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS


SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) refers to the legislation, policies, procedures and activities that aim
to protect the health, safety and welfare of all people at the workplace.
Every worker has a right to healthy and safe work and to a work environment that enables them to live a socially and
economically productive life. Safety practices should be learned early and always adhered when working with any
electrical device including personal computers and peripherals.
Personal safety while working with PCs
The following statements are some safety precautions to take before working with any computer devices:

Before doing anything, listen to your teachers instruction to prevent accidents or any unwanted events that
may occur on your workplace.

Do not work on computer when you are wet because you might get electrocuted.

Do not remove internal devices of the computer when it is turned on.

Avoid playing or running while inside the room.

Always wear personal protective equipments (PPE) like coverall, shoes with rubber sole, anti-static wrist strap,
etc.

Ask for assistance from your teacher when it comes on dealing with computer devices.

Applying safety measure when handling tools and equipment are necessary to avoid certain damages.

The student is further expected to maintain good health, to be neat in personal appearance and to practice safe
working procedures at all time with appropriate equipment.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY
This lesson will introduce us to the fundamental knowledge of electricity. It will enable student to be equip with the
basic knowledge in electricity.
Basic Electrical Terms
Electricity is define as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of energy that can be transform
into other form of energy like heat light and mechanical.
Electron is the negatively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to flow.
Proton is the positively charge component of an atom. It had the ability to attract electron
Matter is anything that occupy space and has mass. It can be a solid, liquid or gas in state.
Atom is a basic component of matter. It composes of a nucleus which is the central part, the protons and electrons.
Current Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of current flowing in a circuit can be measured in ampere
(I).
Voltage the amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as potential difference or EMF
(electromotive force). The amount of voltage can be measured in volt (v)
Resistance - define as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance can be measure in ohms ().
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors are materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to current flow.
Examples; aluminum, gold, silver, copper, iron
Insulators are materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high resistance to current flow.
Examples; rubber, plastic, paper

TYPES OF CURRENT
1. Direct Current
In direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. This is the type of electricity is
produced by batteries, static, and lightning. A voltage is created, and maybe stored, until it is consumed. When the
current flows directly, in one direction. In the circuit, the current flows at a specific, constant voltage ( this is
oversimplified somewhat but good enough for our needs.) When you use a flashlight, pocket radio, portable CD player
or virtually any other type of portable or battery-powered device, you are using direct current.
Most DC circuits are relatively low in voltage; for example, your car's battery is approximately 12V, and that's
about as high a DC voltage as most people ever use.

An ideal 12 V DC current. The voltage is considered positive because its potential is measured relative to ground or
the zero-potential default state of the earth.

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Direct currents flow in one direction only, and are constant in time. Their appearance is that of a straight line which
does not vary. They are produced from power sources such as batteries, power supplies and DC generators.
Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells also generate DC power.
2. AC Alternating Current
In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. This type of
electricity is produced or generated by AC generators commonly from a hydro electric plant. It is the commercial
power that we use in homes and offices. Delivered through a power transmission lines. AC current can be reduced
through the use of power transformer to suite for its application. It can also be converted to DC for a specific purpose.
In the Philippines AC is rated as 220V AC at 60 Hz.
Alternating currents change direction, flowing first one way and then the other. They are sinusoidal waves, so
that they change in time. They are produced from sources such as power supplies and AC generators. In North
America, AC is 120 volts and 60 hertz or cycles per second. This means it changes direction 60 times per second. In
Europe, it is generally 50 hertz with 220 to 240 volts.

Why does standard electricity come only in the form of alternating current?
There are a number of reasons, but one of the most important is that a characteristic of AC is that it is relatively easy
to change voltages from one level to another using a transformer, while transformers do not work for DC. This
capability allows the companies that generate and distribute electricity to do it in a more efficient manner, by
transmitting it at high voltage for long lengths, which reduces energy loss due to the resistance in the transmission
wires. Another reason is that it may be easier to mechanically generate alternating current electricity than direct
current.
PCs use only direct current, which means that the alternating current provided by your utility must be
converted to direct current before use. This is the primary function of your power supply.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Electric circuit - is the pathways for electricity to flow.
Components of Circuit
Load - commonly represented by a bulb or any electrical component that consumes electricity.
Supply - Commonly represented by a cell or a battery
Switch - an electrical device that opens or closed a circuit.
Types of Circuit
1. Open Circuit - a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that current cannot flow in
open circuit.
The switch is said to be OPEN the current cant flow into the circuit and the bulb is OFF
2.

Closed Circuit - a type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It means that current can flow in a
closed circuit.
The switch is said to be CLOSED the current cant flow into the circuit and the bulb is ON

TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSING COMPUTER SYSTEMS


Computer Diagnosis
Sometimes when the problem with a system is not totally apparent and the problem may be intermittent,
using a basic common diagnostic procedure may help determine what is wrong. This procedure has a number of steps
that, if followed each time, can be of help.
Rules in Diagnosing Computer System
1. Know the facts
Educate oneself on all aspects and operation of computer parts.
Continuous learning on computer technology.
2. Use your common sense
3. Focus on Field Replaceable Units
Identify the different types of FRU that can be used for replacement or sub assembly.
4. Proper assembly and disassembly
5. Factors Causing Computer Failures and Defects
a. People ware Untrained personnel would probably damage programs in PC.
b. Firmware Programs or software burnt in chips may be corrupted.
c. Software Corrupted operating systems would cause the system to fail.
d. Hardware Defective hardware components would lead to computer malfunction.
Hardware conflicts and viruses can hinder your computers performance.
ESD (Electro Static Discharge)

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Electro static discharge can easily damage sensitive components in your computer.
Problem Isolation
Problem isolation is a detective work in which you need to determine what is out of the ordinary by making
detailed observation of what is not working normally and record any information as you proceed. The information you
will be able to gather will help diagnose your computer. You need to observe wisely. Look for any abnormalities in the
unit, any change in smell or foreign smell, listen to all the sounds, and error codes.
Component Isolation
This section will aid in determining components in your system which are failing. First, most systems have 3
major components; monitor, system unit, and printers. Some have multiple external devices. To troubleshoot, you
need to isolate major components which are failing to operate.
Diagnostics Procedure for ATX Power Supply Failure
1. Determine whether or not the power comes on.
2. Check the switch operation with a Digital Volt Meter on the continuity or resistance setting.
3. Check the pins if the corresponding voltage are properly regulated to the motherboard.
4. Replace the power supply unit if defective.
Things to Consider in troubleshooting
There are many devices, parts, cords, and connections on a computer, which means that there are many possible
problems that could arise. In addition, your computer uses a variety of software, which can also cause problems.
However, no matter what the problem is, you can use the following tips to help you find a solution:
1. Always check the cables: Many computer problems are related to an issue in the cables and connections.
The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot most problems is to check all related cables and
connections.
2. Isolate the problem: If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you can't get the cursor to move
on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the mouse. If you have an extra mouse, you can alternate
devices to see if the one plugged in is the issue, or use the arrow keys on the keyboard to help determine if the
mouse is the source of the problem. When trying to isolate the problem, only make one change at a time.
3. Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you error messages, be sure to write down as
much information as possible. If the basic troubleshooting steps don't work, you may need the information.
4. Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down: Once you start troubleshooting, you will want to
remember what you have done, so you don't repeat yourself. If you can't remember it, then write it down. If
you end up asking someone for help, it will be much easier if they know exactly which steps you've taken.

SIMPLE SOLUTIONS TO COMMON PROBLEMS


Most of the time, problems can be fixed by using simple troubleshooting techniques, such as closing and reopening the program. It's important to try these simple solutions before resorting to more extreme measures. If the
problem still isn't fixed, you can then try other troubleshooting techniques, such as reinstalling the software.
Program Runs Slowly or Isn't Working Right

If a program is running slowly or otherwise isn't working right, the first thing you should try is closing the
program and re-opening it.

You can also shut down your computer, wait a few seconds, and boot it up again. Some minor problems
will work themselves out when you do this.

Check with the company for any known problems or updates to the software.

Program is Completely Unresponsive

If a program has become completely unresponsive, you can press (and hold) Control+Alt+Delete on
your keyboard to open the Task Manager. You can then select the program that isn't working and click
End Task. If you are using a Mac, you can press Option+Command+Esc to open a similar dialog box.
Problems Starting or Shutting Down the Computer
Power Button Will Not Start Computer
If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to confirm that it is plugged securely into
the back of the computer case and the power outlet.

If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. Often, this will require you to plug a lamp
or other electrical device into the outlet to make sure it is receiving power.

If the computer is plugged into a surge protector, verify that it is turned on. You may have to reset the
surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You can also plug a lamp or other device into the surge
protector to verify that it is on.

If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug the AC adapter into the wall and then
try to turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may need to wait a few minutes and then try again.

"Non-System Disk or Disk Error" Message


If you get this message when you boot up your computer, it usually means there is a CD, DVD, USB flash
drive, or floppy disk in your computer, which is interfering with your computer's booting process. Remove the disk
from the drive and restart the computer.
Windows Shutting Down Message Will Not Disappear

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Sometimes Windows will freeze during the shutdown process. If this happens, the Windows is Shutting Down
message screen will stay active on your screen. To finish shutting down the computer, press and hold the power
button for about 10 seconds, or until the computer turns off.
Computer Begins Randomly Rebooting or Crashing

Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked. Confirm that there is good air flow
around the computer.

Update your antivirus software and scan for viruses.

PROBLEMS WITH THE MONITOR AND SPEAKERS


No Picture on the Monitor

Confirm the computer is turned on.

Check the brightness control, located on your monitor or your keyboard, and make sure it is not set too low.

Check the connections for the monitor and surge protector, and make sure the surge protector is turned on.

Monitor Goes Blank Periodically


You may have the screensaver enabled. If the screen saver is enabled, just move your mouse back and forth
and your original screen will appear. You can change the screensaver settings by going to your Control Panel (or your
System Preferences if you're using a Mac).

No Sound

Check the volume control on your computer. In Windows, the sound icon will usually be on the taskbar, and
you can also access the sound options in the Control Panel. On Macs, the sound options are found at the top
of the screen or in System Preferences.

Most media programs (such as iTunes or Windows Media Player) have a volume control, which will need
to be turned up.

Make sure the speakers are turned on, if using external speakers.

Make sure external speakers are connected to the correct audio port or a USB port. If your computer has
color-coded ports, the audio output will usually be green.

Connect headphones to the correct audio port and determine if sound is audible from the headphones.

Searching the web for a solution


If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask someone else for help. Try
searching the web for the problem that you're having, as other people may have had similar problems. Also, if you
have a friend or family member who knows a lot about computers, they may be able to help you.
Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions, although it may take some time to
find them. For very difficult problems, a more drastic solution may be required, such as reformatting your hard
drive, reinstalling programs, or reinstalling your operating system. If you're not a computer expert, it's possible that
you could make the situation worse, so it's best to consult a professional if you think a drastic solution is needed.

TROUBLESHOOTING COMPUTER SYSTEM NETWORK


Causes of Network Trouble
If a computer is unable to connect to a network or see other computers on a network, it may be necessary to
troubleshoot the network. A network may not work because of any of the reasons below.
1. Network card not properly connected.
2. Bad network card drivers or software settings.
3. Firewall preventing computers from seeing each other.
4. Connection related issues.
5. Bad network hardware.
Solution
Because of the large variety of network configurations, operating systems, setup, etc... Not all of the below
information may apply to your network or operating system. If your computer is connected to a company or large
network, or you are not the administrator of the network, it is recommended that if you are unable to resolve your
issues after following the below recommendations that you contact the network administrator or company
representative.
Verify connections / LEDs
Verify that the network cable is properly connected to the back of the computer. In addition, when checking the
connection of the network cable, ensure that the LEDs on the network are properly illuminated. For example, a network
card with a solid green LED or light usually indicates that the card is either connected or receiving a signal.
If, however, the card does not have any lights or has orange or red lights, it is possible that either the card is
bad, the card is not connected properly, or that the card is not receiving a signal from the network.
If you are on a small or local network and have the capability of checking a hub or switch, verify that the
cables are properly connected and that the hub or switch has power.

Adapter resources
Ensure that if this is a new network card being installed into the computer that the card's resources are
properly set and not conflicting with any hardware in the computer.

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Adapter functionality
Verify that the network card is capable of detecting or seeing itself by using the ping command. Windows / MSDOS users ping the computer from a MS-DOS prompt. Unix / Linux variant users ping the computer from the shell.
To ping the card or the local host, type either ping 127.0.0.1 or ping local host
This should show a listing of replies from the network card. If you receive an error or if the transmission failed,
it is likely that either the network card is not physically installed into the computer correctly, or that the card is bad.
Protocol
Verify that the correct protocols are installed on the computer. Most networks today will utilize TCP/IP, but may
also utilize or require IPX/SPX and NetBEUI.
When the TCP/IP protocol is installed, unless a DNS server or other computer assigns the IPX address, the user
must specify an IP address as well as a Subnet Mask. To do this, follow the instructions below.
1. Click Start / Settings / Control Panel
2. Double-click the Network icon
3. Within the configuration tab double-click the TCP/IP protocol icon. Note: Do not click on the PPP or Dial-Up
adapter, click on the network card adapter.
4. In the TCP/IP properties click the IP address tab
5. Select the option to specify an IP address
6. Enter the IP address and Subnet Mask address, an example of such an address could be:
IP Address
: 102.55.92.1
Subnet Mask
: 255.255.255.192
7. When specifying these values, the computers on the network must all have the same Subnet Mask and have
a different IP Address. For example, when using the above values on one computer you would want to use an
IP address of 102.55.92.2 on another computer and then specify the same Subnet Mask.
Firewall
If your computer network utilizes a firewall, ensure that all ports required are open. If possible, close the
firewall software program or disconnect the computer from the firewall to ensure it is not causing the problem.
Additional time
In some cases it may take a computer some additional time to detect or see the network. If after booting the
computer you are unable to see the network, give the computer 2-3 minutes to detect the network. Windows users
may also want to try pressing the F5 (refresh) key when in Network Neighborhood to refresh the network connections
and possibly detect the network
Additional troubleshooting
If after following or verifying the above recommendations you are still unable to connect or see the network,
attempt one or more of the below recommendations.
If you have installed or are using TCP/IP as your protocol you can ping another computer's IP address to verify
if the computer is able to send and receive data. To do this, Windows or MS-DOS users must be at a prompt and Linux /
Unix variant users must open or be at a shell.
Once at the prompt assuming, that the address of the computer you wish to ping is 102.55.92.2, you would type:
ping 102.55.92.2
If you receive a response back from this address (and it is a different computer), this demonstrates that the
computer is communicating over the network. If you are still unable to connect or see the network, it is possible that
other issues may be present.
Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert command if you are a MS-DOS or Windows
user or the trace route command if you are a Linux / Unix variant user. To use this command you must be at the
command prompt or shell. Or trace route 102.55.92.2
This should begin listing the hops between the computer and network devices. When the connection fails,
determine what device is causing the issue by reviewing the trace route listing.
NETWORKING WITH DHCP
Setting up a local area network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) server is easy! The DHCP server
provides all the information your computer needs to get up and running on the network. Once connected, you will
check network connectivity with the router and at least one other peer on the network.
Procedure and Getting connected
1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the Windows XP operating system is running on your
computer. You will use Windows XP sp2 throughout this activity.
2. Next, open a terminal window on your computer by clicking on Applications->Accessories->Terminal.
3. In the terminal window, type ipconfig and press Enter.
a. How many network devices are listed in the output? Record their names in your worksheet.
b. Is there an IPv4 address listed for any of the network devices? If so, record your IP addres (es) in your
worksheet.
4. Connect your computer to a network switch using a patch cable. Did you get a light on the switch? Record the
port number you connected to in your worksheet.
5. Draw a diagram of the entire local area network in the space below, including the router, any switches or hubs,
and all connected PCs.
6. Run ipconfig again. Do you see an IP address? If so, record it in your worksheet.
7. In the terminal window, type dhclient eth1 and press Enter. Describe what happens.
Checking your connection
1. Check connectivity with the router with the ping command. Type ping -c4 10.0.1.1 and press Enter. Record the
times listed in the last column of the output. What was the average round trip time (rtt) from your computer to
the router and back?

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2.

Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's computer with ping. Run ping as
shown above, substituting the new IP address for the one listed in the previous item. Record the times listed in
the last column below. What was the average round trip time (rtt)?

NETWORKING WITH STATIC IPS


Purpose: While setting up a network with a Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) server is very convenient, it is
sometimes preferable to use static IP addresses. In this activity, you will join the network using an IP address and
netmask provided by your instructor. Once connected, you will check network connectivity with at least one other peer
on the network.
Procedure
Getting connected
1. Before connecting your PC to the network, be sure the windows Operating system is running on your computer.
2. When the boot process is completed, connect your computer to the network switch using a patch cable. Did
you get a light? What port number did you connect to on the switch?
3. Draw a diagram of the entire network in the space below.
4. To configure your network settings, click System->Administration->Network.
5. In the Network settings window, make sure the Connections tab is selected.
6. Click on Wired connection, and then click the Properties button.
7. In the Interface properties window, change the Configuration setting to Static IP address.
8. Enter the IP address provided by your instructor in the IP address field.
9. Enter 10.0.1.0 in the Gateway address field.
10. Finally, enter 255.255.255.0 in the Subnet mask field. Click OK to close the Interface properties window.
11. Click OK to close the Network settings window.
Checking your connection
1. Open a terminal window on your computer, if one is not already open, by clicking Applications->Accessories>Terminal.
2. 2. Type ipconfig and press Enter. Are your network setting correct? If not, repeat the steps 411 in the previous
section
3. Ask another group for their IP address. Check connectivity with that group's computer with ping. For example,
ping -c4 10.0.1.200. Record the times listed in the last column below. What was the average round trip time?
4. Ask a second group for their IP address. Check connectivity to that group's computer with ping. Record the
times listed in the last column below. What was the average round trip time?
COMPUTER SYSTEM AND NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS
Computer Networks
Networks are collections of computers, software, and hardware that are all connected to help their users work
together. A network connects computers by means of cabling systems, specialized software, and devices that manage
data traffic. A network enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as well as send messages
electronically (e-mail) to each other.
The most common networks are Local Area Networks or LANs for short. A LAN connects computers within a single
geographical location, such as one office building, office suite, or home. By contrast, Wide Area Networks (WANs) span
different cities or even countries, using phone lines or satellite links.
Network System Configuration
All networks go through roughly the same steps in terms of design, rollout, configuration, and management.
Designing Your Network
Plan on the design phase to take anywhere from one to three working days, depending on how much help you have ad
how big your network is.
Here are the key tasks:
Settle on a peer-to-peer network or a client/server network.
Pick you network system software.
Pick a network language.
Figure out what hardware you need.
Decide on what degree of information security you need.
Choose software and hardware solutions to handle day-to-day management chores.
Rolling Out Your Network
Rolling out your network requires the following steps:
Run and test network cables.
Install the server or servers if youre setting up a client/server network. (If you are setting up a peer-to-peer
network, you typically dont have to worry about any dedicated servers.)
Set up the workstation hardware.
Plug in and cable the Network Interface Cards (NICs these connect the network to the LAN).
Install the hub or hubs (if you are using twisted-pair cable).
Install printers.
Load up the server software (the NOS, or Network Operating System) if your network is a client/server type.
Install the workstation software.
Install modem hardware for remote dial-up (if you want the users to be able to dial into the network).
Install the programs you want to run (application software).

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Configuring Your Network


Network configuration means customizing the network for your own use.
Creating network accounts for your users (names, passwords, and groups).
Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share data files.
Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share programs (unless everyone runs programs from their
own computer).
Setting up print queues (the software that lets users share networked printers).
Installing network support on user workstations, so they can "talk" to your network.
Managing Your Network
The work you do right after your LAN is up and running and configured can save you huge amounts of time in the
coming months.
Mapping your network for easier management and troubleshooting.
Setting up appropriate security measures to protect against accidental and intentional harm.
Tuning up your LAN so that you get the best possible speed from it.
Creating company standards for adding hardware and software, so you dont have nagging compatibility
problems later.
Putting backup systems in place so that you have copies of data and programs if your hardware fails.
Installing some monitoring and diagnostic software so that you can check on your networks health and get
an early warning of impleading problems.
Figuring out how you plan to handle troubleshooting educating your LAN administrator, setting up a
support contract with a software vendor, and so on.
Smooth Setup
One key advantage of a peer-to-peer network is that its easy to setup. With the simplest sort of peer-to-peer
network, you just use the built-in networking that comes with your operating system (Windows 98, Windows XP,
Windows 7, Windows 8 and so on) and you have very little software to set up even less if you have computers that
have the operating system preinstalled, as most computers do these days.
For Windows XP and Windows 7, the basic steps to setting up a peer-to-peer network are as follows:
(Review for Cabling) UTP Cable
A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable consists of 4 twisted pairs of metal
wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable). Adding RJ45 connectors at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a
LAN cable they usually use.
Preparation
You need a UTP Cable, Crimping Tool, RJ45, and Cutter
MAKING CABLE
Follow the steps below.
1. Remove the outmost vinyl shield for 12mm at one end of the cable (we call this side A-side).
2. Arrange the metal wires in parallel (refer the each section's wire arrangement table). Don't remove the shield of
each metal line.
3. Insert the metal wires into RJ45 connector on keeping the metal wire arrangement.
4. Set the RJ45 connector (with the cable) on the pliers, and squeeze it tightly.
5. Make the other side of the cable (we call this side B-side) in the same way.
6. After you made it, you don't need to take care of the direction of the cable. (Any cable in this page is directionless --that means you can set either end of the cable to either device.)
How to see the wire arrangement
Take the UTP cable with your left hand and a RJ45 connector with your right hand. Hold the RJ45 connector in the way
you can see the contact metal face of the RJ45 connector.
The tables below are for the case where the UTP cable consists of green/green-white, orange/orange-white, blue/bluewhite, brown/brown-white twisted pairs.
10 Base T / 100 Base T Straight
10BaseT and 100BaseT are most common mode of LAN. You can use UTP category-5 cable for both modes.
(You can use UTP category-3 cable for 10BaseT, in which there are only 3 wires inside the cable.)
A straight cable is used to connect a computer to a hub. You can use it to connect 2 hubs in the case one of the
hubs has an uplink port (and you use normal port on the other hub).
10 BASE T / 100 BASE T STRAIGHT
PIN ID SIDE A
SIDE B

2
3

White

Orange
Orange
White Green

White

Orange
Orange
White Green

10 BASE T / 100 BASE


PIN
SIDE A
ID
1
White

Orange
2
Orange
3
White Green

4
5

Blue
White Blue

Blue
White Blue

4
5

Blue
White Blue

T CROSS
SIDE B
White Green
Green
White

Orange
Blue
White Blue

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6
7

Green
White Brown

Green
White Brown

6
7

Brown

Brown

Green
White
Brown
Brown

Orange
White Brown
Brown

10 Base T / 100 Base T Cross


A cross cable for 10BaseT and 100BaseT is used to connect 2 computers directly (with ONLY the UTP cable). It is also
used when you connect 2 hubs with a normal port on both hubs. (In other words, the cross cable is used relatively in a
rare case.)
A network interface or Local Area Network (LAN) adapter for each computer. The same manufacturer and model of
network card is preferred.
Cabling that is supported by the network cards.
Windows XP or 7 drivers for the network cards.
A common network protocol.
A unique computer name for each computer.
Creating Peer to Peer Network
To create a peer network, follow these steps for each computer connected to the network:
1. Shut down the computer and install the network card and appropriate cabling for each computer.
2. Start Windows and install the network drivers. Windows may detect your network card and install the drivers
when you start the computer. If the network card drivers are not included with Windows, follow the
manufacturer's instructions about how to install the network drivers.
3. Choose a client and a common protocol for each computer. To do this, follow these steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network.
b. Click Add, click Client, and then click Add.
c. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the appropriate client in the
Network Clients box, and then click OK.
d. Click Add, click Protocol, and then click Add.
NOTE: For information about how to configure your network adapters and physically connect your computers, consult
the documentation included with your network adapters or contact the manufacturer(s) of your network adapters.
192
e. In the Manufacturers box, click the appropriate manufacturer, click the appropriate protocol in the
Network Protocol box, and then click OK.
4. Configure a peer server. Each computer that is configured for File and Printer Sharing can act as a server. To
configure a computer for File and Printer Sharing, use the following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network.
b. Click File and Print Sharing, click one or both options to share files and printers, click OK, and then click OK
again.
c. Click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.
5. Give each computer a unique computer name. To do this, use the following steps:
a. Click Start, point to Settings, click Control Panel, and then double-click Network.
b. On the Identification tab, type a unique name in the Computer name box.
c. Click OK, and then click Yes when you are prompted to restart your computer.

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