Shelter Belt Complete

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW
Memorandum
To:
Christopher Shannon, Communications Professor
From:
Tyler Baker, Danielle Hennink, Thomas Huitema, Lindsay Jackson,

and Hugo Wilson; COMM 44, Section 60
Subject:
Case Study Report Proposal: Bombus affinis Shelterbelt in the Drill
Shed Meadow
Date:
March 23, 2016
The attached Case Study has been prepared in compliance with the
Shelterbelt Case Study Project, as assigned in week five of the Fleming College
winter semester through the courses COMM 44 and ENVR 20. In the weeks that
followed, the authors compiled in this report detailed observations, analysis, and
shelterbelt designs to create habitat for the chosen species, Bombus affinis,
within the assigned location, the drill shed meadow.
To thoroughly understand the ecosystem of the drill shed meadow, various
information was gathered. Inventory was taken of the vegetation and wildlife
present in the meadow, and climate data was both recorded and acquired
through research. Samples of soil were taken, and their composition and
compatibility analysed. Among these other observations, general notes were
made detailing the local geography and other noteworthy factors to be
considered.
Through study of both B. affinis and the shelterbelt site, a number of
suitable improvements were planned. To contend with potential threats including
nearby drilling activity and pedestrian traffic, the proposed shelterbelt would be
positioned to protect as much land as possible. Being composed of nine rows and
nine species, including eight flowering species, this primary planting would also
provide an excellent source of food. Inclusion of other recommended
improvements, such as wildflower plantings and artificial nests would further
enhance the site.
Through the improvements recommended in this report, the drill shed
meadow can be made into an ideal habitat for B. affinis. Additionally, the
proposed planting would benefit various other native species, promoting
increased biodiversity.
Case Study Report

Proposal: Bombus affinis Shelterbelt in the Drill Shed Meadow
By:
Tyler Baker, Danielle Hennink, Thomas Huitema, Lindsay Jackson, and Hugo
Wilson
Communications COMM 44
Attention: Chris Shannon
Section 60
March 23, 2016
Abstract
Over the course of six weeks between February 9 th and March 18th of 2016,
the five authors of this report created plans to install a shelterbelt supporting
Bombus affinis, the rusty-patched bumblebee, at the Fleming College drill shed
meadow. The attached report, in its totality, documents the research, discussion,
and design stages involved in the development of this plan.
Shelterbelts are often considered synonymous with windbreaks, however
they actually incorporate many other elements. A windbreak is a row of trees or
thick vegetation, planted for the sole purpose of blocking wind. Shelterbelts
perform this same function, but also serve to promote biodiversity, providing
food and shelter to a variety of native wildlife (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
2010). A successful shelterbelt must meet all the needs of B. affinis, and protect
against any potential threats such as predators, or starvation (COSEWIC, 2010).
The drill shed meadow itself is located just south of the Frost Campus
windmill, found by following the road south until it ends, and then passing a
fence. A rectangular field measuring roughly 102 by 73 metres, the meadow is
covered primarily by grasses and other herbaceous plants, with some scattered
conifers and tall shrubs. It is bordered to the north by a community garden, to
the west by a drilling yard, and to the south and east by spruce treelines (Baker,
Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016).
In the initial research stage, various field data was collected by group
members. Included in this collection were inventories of the vegetation and
wildlife of the meadow, as well as soil analysis and general observations. Outside
of the field, climate data was retrieved, and group members researched B. affinis
and its needs on a broad scale (Government of Canada, 2010). Referencing all of
this data, a shelterbelt and other additions were designed, all specially chosen to
be most appropriate to both the conditions of the meadow, and the needs of B.
affinis.
The group proposes a shelterbelt be planted along the north and west
borders of the site, composed of nine rows and nine species. Blocking the most
exposed borders of the meadow, this planting would reduce traffic through the
area, especially combined with signage placed along these trails. A central row of
white spruce would disperse noise and wind originating from the west
(Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2010; Government of Canada, 2010). The
remaining rows, consisting of flowering plants, provide a steady supply of nectar
to bees in the region by blooming throughout the active period of B. affinis
(COSEWIC, 2010). Finally, the group recommends the installation of complex
artificial nests, designed to provide ideal habitat for Bombus species and
protection from predators (Lye, 2009).
Through execution of the plans outlined in this report, the drill shed meadow can
be converted into a productive, diverse ecosystem not only for B. affinis, but for
various other native flora and fauna species.
Table of Contents
Memorandum........................................................................................................ 1
Abstract................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction........................................................................................................... 6
Species Description............................................................................................... 8
Methods and Results............................................................................................ 10
Wildlife Inventory.............................................................................................. 10
Vegetation Inventory........................................................................................ 10
Soil Analysis...................................................................................................... 12
Further Site Observations.................................................................................13
Results.............................................................................................................. 16
Design................................................................................................................. 17
Primary Planting Specifications........................................................................18
Additional Foraging........................................................................................... 20
Artificial Nesting............................................................................................... 21
Signage for Conservation................................................................................. 23
Conclusion........................................................................................................... 25
Works Cited......................................................................................................... 26
Appendix A: Bombus affinis Photos.....................................................................29
Appendix B: Wildlife Data.................................................................................... 30
Wildlife Inventory.............................................................................................. 30
Appendix C: Vegetation Data...............................................................................31
Vegetation Inventory........................................................................................ 31
Photo Documentation: Daubenmire Sampling..................................................32
Woody Plant Figure........................................................................................... 33
Appendix D: Soil Profiles and Findings.................................................................34
Soil Findings...................................................................................................... 35
Photo Documentation....................................................................................... 35
Appendix E: Climate Data.................................................................................... 36
Climate Normals Chart..................................................................................... 36
Appendix F: Site Photographs.............................................................................. 37
Introduction
The site assigned, plot A, is better known as the drill shed meadow.
Located on Fleming Colleges Frost Campus, it is found south of the community
garden, and east of the drilling lot. The meadow is rectangular, measuring 102
by 73 metres, totalling in .74 hectares. Bordering the meadow to the north, west,
and south are foot trails, most heavily trafficked to the north and west (Baker,
Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016). The site is within the Saint
Lawrence Lowlands, and as such local bedrock is composed of sedimentary
limestone and shale. This bedrock is weathered easily, and provides rich, thick
soils that sustain plant life very effectively (Luloff, 2016).
The soil within the plot was found to be a permeable sandy clay loam in
the A horizon, followed by a B horizon of silty clay. In combination, these two
layers give the meadow a mildly moist topsoil, which then gives way to truly
moist soil conditions (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016). The
existing vegetation is primarily herbaceous, with a few trees and tall shrubs
scattered throughout. At both the eastern and southern borders of the site,
grown spruce treelines provide some shelter. In the southern ranges of the plot,
what appear to be bur oak saplings are in the early stages of reclaiming the
meadow (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016).
Climate data recorded from Frost Campus reveals that winds in the region
tend to originate roughly from the west (Government of Canada, 2010). With no
protective treeline or other cover to the west, the meadow is quite strongly
impacted by these winds. Excessive winds can negatively impact life in a region,
causing soil erosion, vegetation damage, or otherwise disrupting wildlife (Luloff,
2016). The hardiness zone of the region is 5a, and directly impacts which types
of plants can succeed in the meadow.
The focus of all the proposed changes outlined in this report is Bombus
affinis, commonly known as the rusty-patched bumblebee. A highly endangered
insect, B. affinis were once common across Southern Ontario, but in recent years
have disappeared across the province (COSEWIC, 2010). Since the year 2000,
only scattered individuals of B. affinis have been documented, such as the
female worker shown in Figure 1. Among Ontarios most important native
pollinators, B. affinis feed from and advance the reproduction of thousands of
native flowering plants (Government of Ontario, 2015). Like most Bombus
species, B. affinis nest almost exclusively in abandoned underground burrows,
with their queens also overwintering underground (COSEWIC, 2010).
Figure 1 Female B. affinis worker, among the only individuals left in Ontario (Colla & Ratti, 2009)
To attract and support a population of B. affinis in the drill shed meadow,

the group proposes the installation of the shelterbelt design included in this
report. Shelterbelts are often considered synonymous with windbreaks, however
they actually incorporate many other elements. A windbreak is a row of trees or
thick vegetation, planted for the sole purpose of blocking wind. Shelterbelt fulfill
that same role, but are also carefully designed to promote biodiversity, providing
food and shelter to many different species (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
2010).
To shelter the interior of the meadow, the proposed shelterbelt will follow
the north and east borders of the meadow. Consisting of nine rows including one
of white spruce, it will provide year-round protection from wind and other
disturbances (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2010). To provide food for B.
affinis, it will incorporate eight carefully selected native flowering plants, as well
as others throughout the meadow (Chan, 2012). Finally, to ensure B. affinis can
find a home at the site, specially designed artificial nests will be installed across
the meadow, incorporating materials already present on site to provide
maximum shelter from predators (Lye, 2009).
Species Description
In order to recognize the success of the proposed shelterbelt, one must
first be able to identify Bombus affinis, also known by its common name, the
rusty-patched bumblebee. Identification of B. affinis is possible through three
types of bee: a queen bee, a female worker, or a male bee. Images of these
three variants can be found in Appendix A.
Figure 2 Bee anatomy, note T1-T6 representing tergites that make up the abdomen (Bumble Bee
Watch, 2016)
B. affinis workers and males are both distinguished by their unique rusty
patch, found on the second tergite of their abdomen (see Figure 2), and bordered
by a pair of yellow tergites (Wildlife Preservation Canada, 2016). B. affinis queens
are considerably larger than workers or males, and lacks the rusty patch which is
replaced by a pair of conjoined, yellow tergites (Wildlife Preservation Canada,
2016). Other than the namesake rusty patch, B. affinis are distinguished from
similar Bombus species by short, dense black hairs covering their back (Wildlife
Preservation Canada, 2016). B. affinis have the longest annual cycle among bees
in eastern North America, emerging in April and active into October (Wildlife
10
Preservation Canada, 2016). They are also, however, on the brink of extinction,
with only three B. affinis documented in Canada within the past 10 years, making
them the first federally listed endangered bee species in North America (Wildlife
Preservation Canada, 2016). The primary cause for their decline as a species is
generally considered to be related to pesticide use, as the dramatic decline
observed in populations over the past 30 years is too sudden for predation,
competition, or habitat loss (COSEWIC, 2010). The specifics of the decline of B.
affinis remain unknown.
11
Methods and Results

Wildlife Inventory
Over the course of two weeks, and again immediately before finalising the
report, members of the group surveyed the drill shed meadow to collect
information on what kinds of wildlife inhabit the site. Five categories of life were
recorded, based on scientific class: birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and
insects. Whenever an animal or signs of an animal were observed, the group
members making observations would record the sighting in the appropriate
category. Data was recorded at varied times throughout the day, with the
intention of revealing the full scope of life present in the meadow. By cataloguing
all wildlife present in the meadow, the group hoped to identify any predators or
threats to B. affinis. As the survey was conducted in the winter, mammal tracks
could easily be spotted in the snow, however the inhospitable weather left
almost no wildlife to be observed. No signs of reptiles or amphibians were found,
although signs of insects and their nesting were noted, especially in warmer
weather. Group members also observed several bird calls, and some red squirrel
activity was recorded near the eastern treeline (Baker, Hennink, Huitema,
Jackson, & Wilson, 2016). All wildlife inventory data can be found in Appendix B.
The wildlife observed were not predators to B. affinis, however, given the
unfortunate timing of the survey, the presence of predators in warmer seasons
cannot be known for certain (COSEWIC, 2010).
Vegetation Inventory
Vegetation inventory of the meadow was taken, with group members
surveying three 10 by 10 metre plots measured out within the assigned area. A
Daubenmire sampling tool was used to determine the composition of the areas
groundcover, as shown in Figure 3. Within each plot, group members cast the
12
Daubenmire tool at random, and then studied the vegetation found within the
tools borders. Vegetation within the tool was counted under the categories of
grass, moss, flowering plants, and other. The group also took inventory of woody
plants, determining the percentage coverage of shrubs, coniferous, and
deciduous trees within each plot, and the woody plant composition of the
meadow as a whole. All vegetation inventory findings, woody plants figures, and
Daubenmire sampling documentation can be found in Appendix C. The meadow
was found to contain some mixed woody plants, but is mostly dominated by
herbaceous cover. Also noted were two existing tree lines along the south and
east borders of the meadow which consist of fully-grown coniferous trees (Baker,
Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016).
Figure 3 Daubenmire sampling tool, shown in plot 1 (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson,
2016)
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Knowledge of vegetation within the plot will play a key role in creating a
habitable space for B. affinis, as their primary food source are flowering plants. In
order to most effectively establish a healthy population of B. affinis, a shelterbelt
must be designed incorporating great diversity in trees, shrubs and grasses that
will bloom and be pollinated at various times. Meeting these criteria, the
shelterbelt will provide an appropriate food supply, a vital component of a
successful habitat for B. affinis (COSEWIC, 2010).
Soil Analysis
During the investigative period, research was conducted on the types of
soil that are found in the drill shed meadow. Through knowledge of the areas soil
conditions, the group can more effectively select the vegetation composing the
proposed shelterbelt, and determine what changes to the conditions, if any, are
necessary. Furthermore, soil analysis would allow the group to better recognize
environmental challenges that might impact the success of the shelterbelt
design. Complete knowledge of the region would allow changes to be made, with
the purpose of ensuring the effective progression of plans to develop a habitat
suitable for B. affinis.
14
Figure 4 Soil profile, shown from sample hole #1 (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson,
2016)
Group members surveyed within a 10 by 10 metre plot measured out

using a 30 metre tape, the first of the three plots used in vegetation inventory.
Once the plot had been marked, three points were chosen to be augured,
situated a triangular pattern at a distance of one metre apart. Each of these
three points was to be analysed separately, with the aim of providing varied
sample data on the meadows soil conditions. The ground was cleared of any
grasses or debris, and the auger operator used a hand auger to extract soil
samples. As shown in Figure 4, once extracted the sample was laid on the ground
alongside a metre stick to create a visual representation of the layers and their
depths. The hand auger was then returned to the hole, repeating the process
until the hand auger operator could no longer dig due to obstruction (i.e. rocks)
or until the auger had reached its maximum depth of approximately one metre.
Through the aforementioned measurements, group members concluded
that both the A and B layers reached considerable depths, as it was not possible
15
to collect samples of the C layer even at the augurs maximum depth. See
Appendix D for depths of soil layers and samples collected.
Finally, soil samples were analysed using the ribbon test method, and a
soil classification key was consulted to determine the qualities of soil found in the
drill shed meadow (Luloff, 2016). Through this test, it was determined that the A
layer in the drill shed meadow consists of a sandy clay loam, which is most
suited to a variety of field plants such as those already present at the site.
Contrastingly, the B layer consists of silt clay, more water-retaining soil suitable
to another variety of local plants. The colour and moisture levels of both layers
were also recorded, with the B layer being notably more moist, and therefore
able to support plants requiring moist soil conditions. See Appendix D for soil
classification findings.
Further Site Observations

In combination with other observations, group members also recorded the
temperature, precipitation, and wind speed/direction of the meadow. Recording
of the local weather, in combination with government weather records, would
allow the group to choose which plants to introduce in the interest of both plants
and bees (Government of Canada, 2010). Information gathered concerning wind
directions, in combination with other site observations, would also determine the
orientation and placement of the shelterbelt design within the meadow. See
Appendix E for climate data.
16
Figure 5 Drill shed meadow and surroundings; note the meadow boundary in yellow, adjacent drill
lot in brown, community garden in blue, bordering pathways in red, concrete block clearing in
black, and limestone debris in white (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016; Google
Inc., 2016)
Additionally, general observations were made, noting various other factors

that had an impact on the site, many of which can be found in Figure 5. This
general information was among the most important to gather, as it would reveal
both potential challenges and boons to shelterbelt design. The meadow was
paced out, and measured to be roughly 102 metres north to south, and 73
metres east to west, equating to 7400 square metres of land, or 0.74 hectares
(Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016). As this is slightly smaller
than the one hectare recommendation for a wildlife shelterbelt, it was decided
that the shelterbelt should protect as much of the meadow as possible
17
(Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2010). Group members noted a community

garden to the north, which could provide pollen and be a food source for the
bees. Intense drilling activity was observed on the drilling lot to the west, which
could potentially disturb bees and other wildlife within the meadow. Further
potential disturbances were noted along the footpaths to the north and west,
where traffic of humans and dogs was seen, as well as on the meadow itself.
Within the meadow itself, group members observed a path entering from the
west, and leading to a less vegetated area and a pile of large concrete blocks. As
these blocks were very heavy, the group believes they were moved down this
path with machinery, which could greatly disturb wildlife in the region, and
should be considered in the shelterbelt design. Finally, just north of this clearing,
a ridge of dirt and limestone blocks was observed, as shown in Figures 5 & 6
(Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016). Given that B. affinis are
known to nest in natural crevices, the group decided that the limestone blocks
present in this area could be moved and repurposed as potential habitat for the
bees (Hatfield, Hoffman Black, Jepsen, Mader, & Shepherd, 2012).
18
Figure 6 Drill shed meadow, note the limestone ridge in the centre (Baker, Hennink, Huitema,
Jackson, & Wilson, 2016)
After completing initial observations, group members returned to the site

each week, with the exception of the week eight break, to photograph the area.
By creating a log of photographs over time, the group could observe changes in
the meadow, or notice consistencies over time. The meadow was photographed
from all four corners, with group members trying to capture the same angles and
locations each week. One such series of site photographs can be found in
Appendix F.
Results
The data collected indicates little to no change in topography across the
plot, the majority of which consists open grasslands. The southern and eastern
borders of the plot are lined with conifers, largely white spruce, which already act
as an aid to block wind and noise, as well as deterring traffic through the area.
The inner boundary of the meadow is composed of over 80% herbaceous
vegetation, with some sparse tree cover as well as what appears to be a small
19
plot of newly planted bur oak trees in the south end. A variety of moss underlies
the tall grasses, thriving in the shade (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, &
Wilson, 2016).
Soil conditions were found to be consistent throughout the flat, plain-like
meadow. The site is in the Saint Lawrence Lowlands, and sits atop bedrock
consisting on limestone and shale (Luloff, 2016). As these materials are easily
weathered, soils were found to be thick, and favorable for most of the tree and
plant species to be brought in for the use of the shelterbelt (Baker, Hennink,
Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016). Given the success of both coniferous and
deciduous trees within the plot boundaries, and the observed soil conditions, the
maples and spruce selected for the shelterbelt are sure to thrive.
Wildlife observations catalogued indicated that the activity in the plot was
minimal, as expected given the inhospitable winter weather. Most birds observed
were not found nesting in the meadow, but rather flying over top, with some
song birds perching within the eastern tree line. There were no bees sighted in
wildlife observations, though this was expected, as B. affinis is not active during
the winter months (COSEWIC, 2010). Observations were made on a third, warmer
day once snow had melted in an effort to document wildlife emerging in the
warmer weather. Some insects were observed, mostly arachnids and a cricket,
common insects to be found in grassland conditions (Baker, Hennink, Huitema,
Jackson, & Wilson, 2016). In summary, wildlife in the region was sparse, but what
was documented poses no threat to B. affinis, and stands to benefit from
shelterbelt planting.
20
Design
Bombus affinis is considered a generalist species, a fact that can be
observed through its broad range and varied habitats. Specifically considering
nesting habitat, B. affinis are most commonly found to nest underground,
primarily in abandoned burrows, such as those of rodents (COSEWIC, 2010).
Referencing the projected ranges of numerous burrowing mammals, a variety of
burrow-creating candidates should be active in the area, especially following the
shelterbelt installation (Dobbyn, 1994). Given these characteristics, the drill shed
meadow can be considered a habitable space for B. affinis prior to shelterbelt
installation, allowing design focus on other factors.
As one might expect, the most important factor to be considered in
shelterbelt design is the sourcing of food, namely flowering plants. B. affinis are
active between the months of April and October, and require constant access to
food to survive. As reproduction towards the next generation of bees does not
occur until the end of this period, a small disruption in food source can wipe out
a colony (COSEWIC, 2010). To most effectively support pollinators, the shelterbelt
must contain a diverse selection of trees, shrubs, and grasses with varied bloom
periods. It is also important to give consideration to other factors, such as
drought and disease within the plants, which might disrupt or starve growing bee
populations (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2010).
As a secondary objective, a shelterbelt planting should aim to deter
human activity through the area, especially heavy machinery from the adjacent
drilling lot (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016). Overly trafficked
areas are prone to numerous issues, for instance over-compaction of soil,
damage to vegetation, or even destruction of nests. These concerns extend to all
life within the plot, supporting increased biodiversity across the sheltered area.
21
Finally, in addition to the primary shelterbelt planting, it is proposed that

additional wildflowers be planted, and artificial nesting spaces constructed. With
these further improvements, the meadow may more reliably meet the food,
nesting, and overwintering needs of B. affinis (Hatfield, Hoffman Black, Jepsen,
Mader, & Shepherd, 2012).
22
Primary Planting Specifications

The primary planting of this shelterbelt will consist of two multi-row
plantings, running from the northeast and southwest corners of the plot, and
extending to merge near the northwest corner, as shown in Figure 7. In the
northeast and southwest corners, the line of the proposed shelterbelt will meet
the existing treeline closely, limiting wind funnelling through end gaps
(Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2010). With this two legged design, this
shelterbelt can effectively disperse noise and wind, both largely originating from
the west (Government of Canada, 2010). Additionally, these two edges of the
meadow are its most open and travelled borders, given the southern and eastern
treelines (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016). By planting in this
manner, traffic into and around the meadow can be deterred, to the benefit of
the protected region.
23
Figure 7 Shelterbelt location, note the plot boundary in yellow, central spruce row in green, maple
rows in red, and replaced topsoil + outer rows in brown (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, &
Wilson, 2016; Google Inc., 2016)
To maximise diversity within the aforementioned planting, the shelterbelt

will consist of a central row of white spruce, flanked on either side by four rows of
decreasingly sized flowering plants. While they do not provide food for bees, the
central spruce trees are important to the sheltering characteristics of the
shelterbelt, and as they do not shed in winter, they fulfil this role year-round.
Between rows, plants will be spaced diagonally from one another where possible,
providing more space for growth, and a more complete barrier to wind and noise
(Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2010). Within each flanking row, a pair of
similarly sized species will be planted in alternating fashion. These alternating
rows effectively double the diversity of the planting, and through increased
24
diversity the food source becomes less vulnerable to disease (Agriculture and
Agri-Food Canada, 2010).
The plants present in each row of the proposed shelterbelt have been
chosen based on the benefits they provide to pollinators; as well as their
compatibility with the conditions of the meadow, with the climate of Lindsay, and
with each other (Chan, 2012). As previously mentioned, the central row will
consist of white spruce, and flanking these, rows of alternating red and sugar
maple saplings. In the remaining rows, changes to the soil conditions will be
made to benefit the species planted, replacing the existing sandy clay loam Ahorizon with a loam or clay loam. This more fertile, water-retaining topsoil will aid
in the establishment of the productive, moisture loving plants of the outer rows.
Following the change in topsoil, rows of hawthorn and black cherry trees will be
planted, followed by rows of blueberry and black raspberry bushes, and finally,
outermost rows of blue vervain and bee balm (Chan, 2012). In the outlined
conditions, these species are well suited to survive in Lindsays hardiness zone of
5a.
Spacing among these rows should be according to the needs of the
various plants. Outward from the spruces, rows will be four metres, four metres,
two metres, and then one metre away. Within each row, and ordered from the
centre outwards, spacing will be three metres, five metres, three metres, one
metre, and finally 50 centimetres. With this spacing, the plants will be healthy
and productive, and in the long term will grow to provide maximum cover to the
meadow (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2010).
Additional Foraging
As previously noted, the interior area of the drill shed meadow is
approximately 7,400 square metres, and is home to primarily grassland, but also
25
woodland flora and fauna. To reinforce the mixed conditions of the meadow,
scattered wildflowers and flowering plants should be planted within the interior
of the plot. Native species are more appropriate in this role, given their tendency
not to overspread and become weedy, and once established require no
maintenance to thrive given their evolutionary ties to local pollinators (Hatfield,
Hoffman Black, Jepsen, Mader, & Shepherd, 2012). Bombus species are known to
have a colour preference in plants; preferring blue, purple and yellow flowers;
and essentially will not forage red flowers as they are blind to the colour
(Hatfield, Hoffman Black, Jepsen, Mader, & Shepherd, 2012). B. affinis has also
developed a special technique of collecting nectar, in which workers pierce the
corollas of flowers with their short tongues, making both long and short stemmed
flowers accessible to forage (Hatfield, Hoffman Black, Jepsen, Mader, &
Shepherd, 2012).
The proposed plants are perennials, as they return each year, are hardier
and tend to contain higher quantities of nectar than annuals (Hatfield, Hoffman
Black, Jepsen, Mader, & Shepherd, 2012). Given their location in the centre of the
field, they must be able to tolerate full sun, and are therefore mostly shade
intolerant. Effort has also been made to select plants that bloom at different
times throughout the active season of B. affinis, in order to provide further food
resources (COSEWIC, 2010).
Keeping with the aforementioned themes, as well as the soil and climate
conditions of Lindsay, the group has selected six herbaceous species that would
be well suited to planting in the meadow. In no particular order; lavender hyssop,
New England aster, blue vervain, and fireweed should be planted where
vegetation is sparse. In an exception to the rule of planting only native species,
the group also recommends the planting of both sweet clovers and wild chives,
as they are non-invasive and have a blooming period beginning in April and May,
26
earlier than the suitable native species (Chan, 2012). These herbaceous
perennials will enhance the variety and volume of available flowering plants, and
co-exist with the wild carrot, common milkweed, and goldenrod that are already
established in the drill shed meadow (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, &
Wilson, 2016).
Artificial Nesting
The next step to attract and sustain B. affinis in the drill shed meadow
involves the creation of adequate artificial shelter to nest in. Statistically, over
90% of B. affinis in Canada and the United States have been found to nest
underground, largely in abandoned rodent burrows (COSEWIC, 2010). Numerous
studies conducted throughout the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and North
America examining the viability of artificial nests have found that while Bombus
species will use artificial nests, they are not consistently inhabited. In accordance
with the preference of most Bombus species to nest below ground, nests built
above ground were very rarely occupied, while underground nests were occupied
up to 60% of the time (Dicks, Showler, & Sutherland, 2016).
To best accommodate the nesting habits of B. affinis, artificial nests placed
in the drill shed meadow should be built underground, and structured similarly to
rodent burrows. If assembled at a sufficient depth and with sufficiently limited
access, these nests could provide security from most predators, being only
accessible by B. affinis and similarly sized insects (Lye, 2009). To most effectively
provide attractive nesting opportunities for B. affinis, the group recommends the
construction of 10 to 15 subterranean artificial nests. For best results, these
nests should follow the complex domicile model presented in Figure 3.6 of the
report Nesting Ecology, Management and Population Genetics of Bumblebees: An
27
Integrated Approach to the Conservation of an Endangered Pollinator Taxon, as

shown in Figure 8 (Lye, 2009).
Figure 8 Complex subterranean domicile nest design (Lye, 2009)
In the aforementioned report, six designs of artificial nest were tested on

agricultural land in Scotland, with the complex subterranean shown in Figure 8
being not only the most commonly occupied by Bombus species, but also the
least occupied by other competitors (Lye, 2009). The complex subterranean
domicile, compared to many mass-produced bee boxes, is very cost-effective,
and can be assembled as needed. The casing itself consists of two pairs of
plastic flowerpots joined at the mouths, 16 and 14 centimetres in diameter
respectively. The larger pots are sealed to be waterproof, and contain the
smaller, perforated set of pots. Small holes are drilled in the bottom side of the
nest, acting as a drainage system for feces and moisture, and then covered with
thin nylon mesh to prevent insects from entering. The casing is buried 10 to 30
centimetres deep, and joined to the surface by a pair of two centimeter PVC
tubes, one being used as the entrance, and the other meshed-over to act as a
ventilation chimney (Lye, 2009). Within the inner chamber, a thin layer of chicken
wire provides structure, and is covered in wool and natural fibres such as mosses
to imitate the bedding inside a rodent burrow (Lye, 2009).
28
Once nests have been installed, the final measure to be taken involves
nearly completely covering both pipe entrances with stones or tiles, to keep out
intruders. The abundant limestone slates already present in the meadow would
fill this role effectively, and avoid the need for additional materials. To maximise
chance of occupation, nests will be distributed throughout the central regions of
the meadow. Recommended spacing is at least three metres between domiciles,
so to provide ample space, five metres of space will be given (Lye, 2009). An
example of distribution of these nests can be seen in Figure 9.
Figure 9 Shelterbelt with potential locations for nesting & signage (Baker, Hennink, Huitema,
Signage for Conservation

The final step in the installation of the proposed shelterbelt will be to
create, post, and maintain adequate signage informing the public of the
29
importance of the habitat created within the drill shed meadow. Examples of
locations where signage should be placed can be found in Figure 9. B. affinis is
considered a critically endangered species, and as the first federally listed bee in
North America B. affinis and their habitat are considered protected (Government
of Ontario, 2015; Wildlife Preservation Canada, 2016). As such, habitat designed
specifically for this endangered species should also be protected. Signage will be
placed along the walkways surrounding the shelterbelt, providing the public with
basic information on B. affinis, descriptive pictures, and caution against
disturbing the artificial habitat. The walking paths surrounding the drill shed
meadow have been heavily trafficked by humans and pets, so providing proper
information to these individuals will help prevent any unnecessary entrance or
damage to the habitat (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016).
30
Conclusion
Initial research gathered concluded that the drill shed meadow, with some
modification, could potentially provide an excellent habitat for Bombus affinis.
Local climate and vegetation were all identified to be suitable, and survey of
local soil conditions provided insight into what vegetation the meadow could
support (Government of Canada, 2010). Problematic factors such as drilling
activity, prevailing winds, and human presence in the region were identified, and
then accounted for in the design stage (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, &
Wilson, 2016).
Extensive research and discussion leads the group to propose the
enclosed shelterbelt design, as well as several additional changes. A major
planting of white spruce, maples, and various other flowering plants along the
north and east boundaries of the meadow is recommended, including the
replacement of topsoil in some rows. This planting would serve primarily to
provide food to pollinators such as B. affinis, incorporating eight excellent food
species (Chan, 2012). In its secondary function, the shelterbelt will serve to deter
human traffic through the region, supported by the placement of informative
signage. The proposed planting would further act as a windbreak, dispersing
both winds and noise from the western drilling lot (Baker, Hennink, Huitema,
Jackson, & Wilson, 2016; Government of Canada, 2010).
In further steps to attract B. affinis to the region, the group proposes
several other minor additions to the interior of the meadow. Outside of the shade
of the shelterbelt, further food species should be planted, providing an
abundance of flowering plants. Finally, artificial nests should be constructed and
buried throughout the meadow, based on the research of Gillian Clare Lye (Lye,

2009). These nests have proven success in supporting Bombus species, and
provide cost-effective and safe habitat by incorporating the limestone debris
already found on the site.
In combination, the improvements proposed in this report satisfy all the
needs of B. affinis, and would transform the drill shed meadow into the most
suitable habitat possible.
31
32
Works Cited
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. (2010). Shelterbelts: design guidelines for
farmyard, field, roadside, livestock, wildlife and riparian buffer plantings
on the Prairies. Retrieved from Government of Canada Publications
Website: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/agr/A125-22010-eng.pdf
Baker, T., Hennink, D., Huitema, T., Jackson, L., & Wilson, H. (2016, February).
Field Research. Vegetation Inventory, Wildlife Inventory, Soil Textural
Study. Lindsay, Ontario, Canada.
Bumble Bee Watch. (2016). Bumble Bee Anatomy Image. Retrieved from Bumble
Bee Watch Website: http://www.bumblebeewatch.org/contents/anatomy/
Chan, S. (2012). Planting Guide. Retrieved from beefriend.org:
http://www.beefriend.org/documents/Planting%20Guide.pdf
Colla, S., & Ratti, C. (2009). Rusty-patched bumblebee images. Retrieved from
Species at Risk Public Registry Website: https://www.registrelepsararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=0F864E45-1
COSEWIC. (2010). COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Rusty-Patched
Bumblebee Bombus affinis in Canada. Retrieved from Species at Risk
Public Registry: http://www.registrelepsararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Rusty%20patched
%20Bumble%20Bee_0810_e.pdf
Dicks, L., Showler, D., & Sutherland, W. (2016). Provide artificial nest sites for
bumblebees. Retrieved from Conservation Evidence Website:
http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/48
33
Dobbyn, J. (1994). Atlas of the Mammals of Ontario. Retrieved from Ontario

Nature Website:
http://www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/publications.php#atlases
Google Inc. (2016). Fleming College Frost Campus, Earth View. Retrieved from
Google Maps: https://www.google.ca/maps/@44.3378297,78.7395428,516m/data=!3m1!1e3
Government of Canada. (2010). Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Lindsay
Frost. Retrieved from Government of Canada Weather Database:
http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?
stnID=5178&lang=e&dCode=1&dispBack=1
Government of Ontario. (2015). Rusty-patched bumble bee . Retrieved from
Ontario Provincial Website: https://www.ontario.ca/page/rusty-patchedbumble-bee
Hatfield, R., Hoffman Black, S., Jepsen, S., Mader, E., & Shepherd, M. (2012).
Conserving Bumble Bees. Retrieved from Xerces Society Website:
http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/conserving_bb.pdf
Luloff, T. (2016). Ecology and Environment Course Manual. Lindsay: Fleming
College.
Lye, G. C. (2009). Nesting Ecology, Management and Population Genetics of
Bumblebees: An Integrated Approach to the Conservation of an
Endangered Pollinator Taxon. Stirling: University of Stirling. Retrieved from
https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/2086/1/Gillian%20C%20Lye
%20final%20corrected%20PhD%20thesis%202009.pdf
34
Wildlife Preservation Canada. (2016). Rusty-Patched Bumblebee. Retrieved from

Wildlife Preservation Canada Website: https://wildlifepreservation.ca/rustypatched-bumble-bee/
Appendices
35
Appendix A: Bombus affinis Photos
B. affinis female worker specimen (Colla & Ratti, 2009)
B. affinis male specimen (Colla & Ratti, 2009)
B. affinis queen specimen (Colla & Ratti, 2009)
36
37
Appendix B: Wildlife Data

Wildlife Inventory
Feb. 16,
2016
Morning
09:0009:35
Midday
13:0713:30
Evening
16:3016:48
Feb. 19,
2016
Morning
09:0009:30
Midday
13:1213:30
Evening
16:1316:36
Mar. 18,
2016
Morning
9:07-9:27
Birds
Mammals
Insect
Reptile
Amphibian
Birds
Mammals
Insect
Reptile
Amphibian
1
(1 Red
Squirrel)
1
2
(2 Red
Squirrels)
Mammals
Insect
Reptile
Amphibian
1 (1
Chipmunk)
8(3
Spiders, 1
Cricket)
0
Birds
13 (2
Canadian
Geese, 2
Ring Billed
Gulls, 1
Red
Winged
Black Bird)
3 (2
American
Crows)
4
Midday
12:55
13:17
Evening
17:0317:22
(Baker, Hennink, Huitema,
2 (2 Red
Squirrels)
38
39
Appendix C: Vegetation Data

Vegetation Inventory
Sampl
e Plot
Average
Snow Depth
(cm)
11.13
Snow Cover / Plot Notes

Vegetation
Cover Class
Description
95 % snow cover
5% grass showing through
fresh snowfall
1
Herbaceous
Grass reaches a maximum
of about 30 cm in height
No tree cover
11.88
Vegetated
50% tall shrub cover
25% tall grass cover
2
Tall Shrub
showing through fresh
snowfall
Shrub cover ranging from 24 metres in height
10.13
Mostly tall grasses
3
Herbaceous
1 (one) Eastern White
Cedar tree
(Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016)
Percentage Groundcover
Vegetation
Moss
Grass
Flowering
Types
Plant
Plot 1
20%
75%
0%
Plot 2
10%
85%
5%
Plot 3
20%
80%
0%
Category
Plot 1
Plot 2
Plot 3
Woody Plant Counts

Deciduous
Coniferous
0
0
0
0
0
1
Others
5%
0%
0%
Shrubs
0
16
0
Photo Documentation: Daubenmire Sampling
Daubenmire tool, plot 1 (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016)
40

Daubenmire tool, plot 2(Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016)
Daubenmire tool, plot 3 (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016)
Woody Plant Figure
Woody Plant Composition of Drill Shed Meadow
Coniferous; 6%
Shrubs; 94%
Shrubs
Deciduous
Coniferous
41
42
Appendix D: Soil Profiles and Findings

Soil Findings
Depth of Soil Samples Collected Within Plot #1
A Layer Depth
B Layer Depth
Total Depth of
(cm)
(cm)
Hole
Sample Hole 1
46.5
28.5 (at obstruction)
75
Sample Hole 2
47
21.5 (at obstruction)
68.5
Sample Hole 3
100
57
43
Average Depth of
81.2
50.2
31
Layer
Soil Analysis Resulting Classification
A Layer
B Layer
Dark Brown
Orange brown to graybrown
Moisture
Slightly moist
Fairly moist
Texture Name
Sandy clay loam
Silt clay
Factor
Colour
Photo Documentation
Sample #1 (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016)
43
44
Appendix E: Climate Data

Climate Data for Frost Campus, Lindsay, ON from 1981-2010
Daily
Daily
Daily
Rainf Snowf Maximum Directio
Avera Maxim
Minim
all
all
Hourly
n
ge
um
um
(mm) (cm)
Wind
(Maxim
(C)
(C)
(C)
Speed
um
(km/h)
Hourly
Speed)
January -8.4
-4.1
-12.7
22.4
44.4
56
SW
Februar -6.8
-2.1
-11.4
22.2
32.7
48
SW
y
March
-1.8
2.9
-6.6
30.4
25.3
51
NW
April
6.0
11.2
0.7
57.5
7.7
48
W
May
12.5
18.2
6.8
87.3
0.0
43
NW
June
17.7
23.4
11.9
82.6
0.0
35
NW
July
20.3
26.0
14.4
75.8
0.0
35
NW
August
19.2
24.8
13.5
85.7
0.0
34
W
Septem 14.8
20.0
9.4
88.2
0.0
39
W
ber
October 8.2
12.8
3.5
74.9
1.7
53
W
Novem
2.0
5.6
-1.6
72.3
17.5
43
SW
ber
Decemb -4.4
-0.6
-8.1
29.4
39.0
57
W
er
Year
6.6
11.5
1.7
728.6 168.3
N/A
N/A
Climate Normals Chart
(Government of Canada, 2010)
Appendix F: Site Photographs
Photo: week 5 (Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016)
Photo: week 6(Baker, Hennink, Huitema, Jackson, & Wilson, 2016)
45
46

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PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Christopher Shannon, Communications Professor

Tyler Baker, Danielle Hennink, Thomas Huitema, Lindsay Jackson,

March 23, 2016

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Case Study Report

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

To attract and support a population of B. affinis in the drill shed meadow,

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Methods and Results

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Group members surveyed within a 10 by 10 metre plot measured out

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Further Site Observations

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Additionally, general observations were made, noting various other factors

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

(Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2010). Group members noted a community

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

After completing initial observations, group members returned to the site

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Finally, in addition to the primary shelterbelt planting, it is proposed that

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Primary Planting Specifications

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

To maximise diversity within the aforementioned planting, the shelterbelt

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Integrated Approach to the Conservation of an Endangered Pollinator Taxon, as

Figure 8 Complex subterranean domicile nest design (Lye, 2009)

In the aforementioned report, six designs of artificial nest were tested on

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Signage for Conservation

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Dobbyn, J. (1994). Atlas of the Mammals of Ontario. Retrieved from Ontario

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Wildlife Preservation Canada. (2016). Rusty-Patched Bumblebee. Retrieved from

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Appendix A: Bombus affinis Photos

B. affinis female worker specimen (Colla & Ratti, 2009)

B. affinis male specimen (Colla & Ratti, 2009)

B. affinis queen specimen (Colla & Ratti, 2009)

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW

Appendix B: Wildlife Data

Jackson, & Wilson, 2016)

PROPOSAL: BOMBUS AFFINIS SHELTERBELT IN THE DRILL SHED MEADOW