Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. History at a Glance
Psychiatric mental nursing as a profession emerged in the early
19th century. Nursing interventions in the early days was still focused on the
disease model rather than looking at the client wholly. Then, since 1940, mental
psychiatric nursing began to develop rapidly, but the service is still concentrated in
the hospital (Otong Antai, 1994). It was not until around the 1960s, the role of
psychiatric
nurses
went
to
community. This
happened
in
line
with
deinstitutionalization program. Deinstitutionalization was a chronic-mentaldisorder patient acquisition program from hospital institutions and returned them to
the environmental rehabilitation in the community (Lefley, 1996). These programs
launched for being proven that the client care centered in a hospital was not
effective.
Primary, secondary, and tertiary preventions could only be performed
whether the patient returned to the community environment. The incidence of
mental disorders can be minimized by using preventative methods such as finding
the cases early, early diagnosis and intervention of crisis (Gerald Kaplan cited by
Otong Antai, 1994).
To date, deinstitutionalization program runs still in several countries,
mainly European countries and the United States. With the development of this
program, many forms of mental health services available in the community. For
example in Melbourne, Australia, there are several the community mental health
service programs such as Crisis Assessment and Care Services, Continuing Care,
Residential Rehabilitation Services, Aged Persons Mental Health Services and
Community Mental Health Center (H & CS, 1996). Even today there are psychosis
a) Related with the trend of global major health problems and global mental health
services, its the time for mental nursing service focus based on the community
(community-based care) which gives emphasis on preventive and promotive.
b) Related with the rapid improvement of science and, it is a need to improve
nursing science by developing existed educational institutions and specializing
mental nursing program. Equally important is to increase research on mental
psychiatric nursing, particularly mental nursing clinic.
c) In order to maintain quality of provided services and to protect consumers, it's
time to make license for nurses who work in this service.
d) Due to differences between our cultural backgrounds and the keynote speaker,
which in this case we still refer to the Western countries especially the United
State, it is necessary to refine the concepts of psychiatric mental nursing
obtained from outside. Estin (1999) emphasized that to build trust and
therapeutic relationships with clients and to prevent delays in diagnosing client
needs, nurses need to understand the patients culture, values, beliefs, and
attitudes toward their mental disorder.