Lecture 1 Overview 2016 PDF

Reservoir Geomechanics
In situ stress and rock mechanics applied to reservoir processes!

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Mark D. Zoback
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Professor of Geophysics
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Week 1 Lecture 1
Course Overview
Why is Geomechanics Important?

Drilling and Reservoir Engineering
Compaction, Compaction Drive, Subsidence, ProductionInduced Faulting Prediction
Optimizing Drainage of Fractured Reservoirs
Hydraulic Propagation in Vertical & Deviated Wells
Wellbore Stability During Drilling (mud weights, drilling
directions)
Completion Engineering (long-term wellbore stability, sand
production prediction)
Well Placement (Azimuth and Deviation, Sidetracks)
Underbalanced Drilling to Formation Damage

Reservoir Geology and Geophysics
Optimizing Drainage of Fractured Reservoirs
Pore Pressure Prediction
Understanding Shear Velocity Anisotropy
Fault Seal Integrity
Hydrocarbon Migration
Reservoir Compartmentalization

Exploitation of Shale Gas/Tight Gas/Tight Oil
Properties of Ultra-Low Permeability Formations
How Formation Properties Affect Production
Optimizing Well Placement
Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing
Importance of Fractures and Faults on Well Productivity
Interpretation of Microseismic Data
Simulating Production from Ultra-Low Permeability
Formations
Text for Class
Part I Basic Principles

Chapters 1-5
Part II Measuring Stress
Orientation and Magnitude
Chapters 6-9
Part III Applications
Chapters 10-12
Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles

Week 1
Lecture 1 Introduction and Course Overview
Lecture 2 Ch. 1 - The Tectonic Stress Field
HW-1 Calculating SV from density logs
Week 2
Lecture 3 - Ch. 2 - Pore Pressure at Depth
HW-2 Estimating pore pressure from porosity logs
Lecture 4 - Ch. 3 - Basic Constitutive Laws
Week 3
Lecture 5 - Ch. 4 - Rock Strength
HW-3 Estimating rock strength from geophysical logs
Lecture 6 - Ch. 4 - Fault Friction and Crustal Strength
HW 4 Calculating limits on crustal stress
Week 4
Lecture 7 - Ch. 5 - Faults and Fractures
HW 5 Analysis of fractures in image logs
6
Course Syllabus Part II In Situ Stress

Week 4
Lecture 8 - Ch. 6 - Stress Concentrations Around Vertical Wells
Week 5
Lecture 9 - Ch. 7 - Hydraulic Fracturing, Measuring Shmin, Limiting Frac
Height and Constraining Shmax
HW 6 Analysis of stress induced wellbore failures
Lecture 10 - Ch. 8 - Failure of Deviated Wells
Week 6
Lecture 11 - Ch. 9 - State of Stress in Sedimentary Basins
HW 7 Identification of critically-stressed faults
Course Syllabus Part III - Applications

Week 6
Lecture 12 - Ch. 10 - Wellbore Stability -1
Week 7
Lecture 13 - Ch. 10 - Wellbore Stability 2
Lecture 14 - Ch. 11 - Critically-Stressed Faults and Flow
HW 8 Development of a geomechanical model
Week 8
Lecture 15 - Ch. 11 - Fault Seal and Dynamic Hydrocarbon Migration
Lecture 16 - Ch. 12 - Effects of Depletion, Reservoir Stress Paths
Week 9
Lecture 17 - Ch. 12 - Compaction of Weak Sands and Shales and Subsidence
Course Syllabus Additional Topics

Week 9
Lecture 18 Geomechanics and Shale Gas/Tight Oil Production - 1
Week 10
Lecture 20 - Geomechanics and Triggered Seismicity
Geomechanics Through the Life of a Field
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
Exploration
Appraisal
Development
Harvest
Abandonment
Wellbore Stability
Pore Pressure Prediction
Fault Seal/Fracture Permeability
Sand Production Prediction
Compaction
Casing Shear
Subsidence
Coupled Reservoir Simulation
Fracture Stimulation/ Refrac
Depletion
Geomechanical Model
Time
Components of a Geomechanical Model

Principal Stresses at Depth
Sv Overburden
SHmax Maximum horizontal
principal stress
Shmin Minimum horizontal
principal stress
Sv
Additional Components of a
Geomechanical Model
UCS
Pp
Shmin
SHmax
Pp Pore Pressure
UCS Rock Strength (from logs)
Fractures and Faults (from Image
Logs, Seismic, etc.)
11

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
12
Anderson Classification of Relative Stress Magnitudes

Sv
Normal
Shmin
SHmax
a.
Strike-Slip
Sv > SHmax > Shmin

Sv
SHmax
Shmin
SHmax > Sv > Shmin
Sv
Reverse
b.
SHmax
Shmin
c.
SHmax > Shmin > Sv
Tectonic regimes are

defined in terms of the
relationship between
the vertical stress (Sv)
and two mutually
perpendicular
horizontal stresses
(SHmax and Shmin)
Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth

Hydrostatic Pp
Figure 1.4 a,b,c pg.13

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
16
Variations in Pore Pressure Within Compartments,

Each With ~Hydrostatic Gradients
Figure 2.4 pg.32
Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth

Overpressure at Depth
Figure 1.4 d,e,f pg.13

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
19
Stress (MPa)
Laboratory Testing
Figure 3.2 pg.58
Constitutive Laws
Figure 3.1 a,b pg.57
Constitutive Laws
Figure 3.1 c,d pg.57

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
23
Module 1
Compressive Strength
Strength Criterion
Strength Anisotropy
Module 2
Shear Enhanced Compaction
Strength from Logs, HW 3
Module 3
Tensile Strength
Hydraulic Fracture Propagation
Vertical Growth of Hydraulic
Fractures

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
25
Limits on Stress Magnitudes

Hydrostatic P
p
Critical S
Hmax
Critical S
hmin
Critical S
Hmax
S v Pp
= 3.1
Sh min Pp
Sh min =
Sh min
S v Pp
3.1
0.6S v
SHmax Pp
+ Pp
Sh min Pp
= 3.1
SHmax = 3.1 Sh min Pp + Pp
SHmax Pp
= 3.1
S v Pp
SHmax = 3.1 S v Pp + Pp

Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
27
Stress Regimes and Active Fault Systems
Sv
Normal
SHmax
Shmin
Shmin
shmin
SHmax
a.
Strike-Slip
Sv > SHmax > Shmin

Sv
Normal
sv
SHmax
Shmin
SHmax
Shmin
Strike-slip
SHmax > Sv > Shmin

Sv
Reverse
b.
SHmax
Shmin
sHmax
SHmax
Shmin
c.
SHmax > Shmin > Sv
Reverse
Map View
sv
Cross-section
Stereonet

Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
29
Stress Concentration Around a Vertical Well
Compressional and Tensile Wellbore Failure
Well A
UBI Well A
FMI Well B

Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
32
Drilling Induced Tensile Wall Fractures
FMI
FMS
Visund Field Orientations
Regional Stress Field in the Timor Sea
Complex Stress Field in the Elk Hills Field
Horizontal Principal Stress Measurement Methods

Stress Orientation
Stress-induced wellbore breakouts (Ch. 6)
Stress-induced tensile wall fractures (Ch. 6)
Hydraulic fracture orientations (Ch. 6)
Earthquake focal plane mechanisms (Ch. 5)
Shear velocity anisotropy (Ch. 8)
Relative Stress Magnitude
Absolute Stress Magnitude
Hydraulic fracturing/Leak-off tests (Ch. 7)
Modeling stress-induced wellbore breakouts (Ch. 7, 8)
Modeling stress-induced tensile wall fractures (Ch. 7, 8)
Modeling breakout rotations due to slip on faults (Ch. 7)
Horizontal Principal Stress Measurement Methods

Stress Orientation
Stress-induced wellbore breakouts (Ch. 6)
Stress-induced tensile wall fractures (Ch. 6)
Hydraulic fracture orientations (Ch. 6)
Whyvelocity
do we
use these
Shear
anisotropy
(Ch. techniques?
8)
1. Model is developed using data from

Relativeformations
Stress Magnitude
of interest
1. Every well that is drilled tests the model
Absolute2.
Stress
Magnitude
They
work!
Hydraulic fracturing/Leak-off tests (Ch. 7)
Modeling stress-induced wellbore breakouts (Ch. 7, 8)
Modeling stress-induced tensile wall fractures (Ch. 7, 8)
Modeling breakout rotations due to slip on faults (Ch. 7)
Obtaining a Comprehensive Geomechanical Model

Parameter
Data
z0
Vertical stress
Least principal
stress
Max. Horizontal
Stress
Sv (z0 ) = r g dz
0
Shmin ! LOT, XLOT, minifrac

SHmax magnitude ! modeling
wellbore failures
Stress
Orientation
Orientation of Wellbore failures
Pore pressure
Pp ! Measure, sonic, seismic
Rock Strength
Lab, Logs, Modeling well failure
Faults/Bedding
Planes
Wellbore Imaging

Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
40
Wellbore Wall Stresses for Arbitrary Trajectories

Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
42
Generalized World Stress Map

180
270
90
180
70
70
35
35
SHmax in
compressional
domain
-35
-35
SHmax and Shmin

in strike-slip
domain
Shmin in
extensional
domain
180
270
90
180
9-2
M.L. Zoback (1992) and subsequent papers

Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
44
Exploration Success Targeting Critically-Stressed

Faults in Damage Zones
Hennings et al (2011)
Geomechanical Wellbore Characterization
Wellbores Intersecting Fault Damage Zones

j
d
j
a
k
h
a
Well
R2
Well Performance (bcf/d)
0.35
0.13
0.04
0.36
0.07
0.12
0.12
0.09
0.01
1.0
1.0
Well/Reservoir Contact Length, m
345
550
560
930
180
420
240
400
50
197
778
Critically-Stressed m=0.5
214
254
204
323
280
350
156
279
16
607
0.67
91
77
56
140
32
117
37
63
379
0.93
10
12
153
0.9
1.0
Well Performance, bcf/day

Maximum Open-Hole Flow
0.8
0.6
R2=0.93
0.4
0.2
g
b
e
i
0
0
c
100
200
300
Number of Critically-Stressed Faults
400

Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
50
Depletion in Gulf of Mexico Field X
Depletion in Gulf of Mexico Field X
90
80
70
60
S3
Pp
Pp
40
30
20
10
Jan-04
Apr-01
Jul-98
Oct-95
Jan-93
May-90
Aug-87
Nov-84
0
Feb-82
Pp (psi)
S3
50
Compaction Drive
Elliptical reservoir at 16300 ft
depth with single well at centre
Reservoir dimensions 6300 x
3150 x 70 ft, grid 50 x 50 x 1
Average permeability 350
md, !init 30%
Oil flow, little/no water influx, no
injection
IP 10 MSTB/d, min. BHP 1000 psi, Econ. Limit 100
STB/d
Ran for maximum time of 8000
days
Compaction Drive
Simulation Result - Recovery
30
Compaction drive
Cum. Oil, MMSTB
25
20
Compaction drive with
permeability change
15
10
5
Elastic strain only
(Constant compressibility)
0
0
2000
4000
6000
days
8000
10000
National Geographic, October 2004
Oil and gas fields are pervasive

through the region of high rates
of land loss.
Land Loss 1932-2050

Land Gain 1932-2050
Geertsma Model
For a circular reservoir, surface displacements are:
u (r ,0) = 2C (1 )pHR e D J (R )J (r )d
m
1
0
0
z
ur (r ,0) = 2Cm (1 )pHR e D J1 (R )J1 (r )d

0
Assuming R>>H, total

reduction in reservoir
height:
H
H = Cm (z )p(z )dz
0
Study Area: LaFourche Parish
Leeville Subsidence

Week 9
Week 10
62
Current Shale Gas/Tight Oil Research Projects
Eagle Ford Shale Pore Structure

Shale Permeability is a Million Times
Smaller Than Conventional Reservoir
50mm
10 mm
64
500 nm
Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing

S
Hmax
Dan Moos et al.

SPE 145849
Horizontal Drilling and Multi-Stage

Slick-Water Hydraulic Fracturing
Induces Microearthquakes (M ~ -1 to M~ -3)
To Create a Permeable Fracture Network
We Need to Dramatically Improve Recovery Factors
Dry Gas ~25%

Petroleum Liquids ~ 5%

Week 9
Week 10
67
Recent Publications
Physical properties of shale reservoir rocks
Sone, H and Zoback, M.D. (2013), Mechanical properties of shale-gas reservoir
rocksPart 1: Static and dynamic elastic properties and anisotropy, Geophysics,
v. 78, no. 5, D381-D392, 10.1190/GEO2013-0050.1
Sone, H and Zoback, M.D. (2013), Mechanical properties of shale-gas reservoir
rocksPart 2: Ductile creep, brittle strength, and their relation to the elastic
modulus, Geophysics, v. 78, no. 5, D393-D402, 10.1190/GEO2013-0051.1
Why slow slip occurs

Kohli, A. H. and M.D. Zoback (2013), Frictional properties of shale reservoir
rocks, Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth, v. 118, 1-17, doi: 10.1002/
jgrb. 50346
Zoback, M.D., A. Kohli, I. Das and M. McClure, The importance of slow slip on
faults during hydraulic fracturing of a shale gas reservoirs, SPE 155476, SPE
Americas Unconventional Resources Conference held in Pittsburgh, PA, USA 5-7
June, 2012
Recent Publications
Fluid transport/adsorption in nanoscale pores
Heller, R., J. Vermylen and M.D. Zoback (2013), Experimental Investigation of
Matrix Permeability of Gas Shales, AAPG Bull., in press.
Heller, R. and Zoback, M.D. (2013), Adsorption of Methane and Carbon Dioxide
on Gas Shale and Pure Mineral Samples, The Jour. of Unconventional Oil and
Gas Res., in review.
Viscoplasticity in clay-rich reservoirs
Sone, H. and M.D. Zoback (2013), Viscoplastic Deformation of Shale Gas
Reservoir
Rocks and Its Long-Term Effects on the In-Situ State of Stress, Intl. Jour. Rock
Mech.,
in review.
Sone, H and M.D. Zoback (2013), Viscous Relaxation Model for Predicting Least
Principal Stress Magnitudes in Sedimentary Rocks, Jour. Petrol. Sci. Eng., in
review.
Recent Publications
.
Discrete Fracture Network Modeling in Unconventional Reservoirs

Johri, M. and M.D. Zoback, M.D. (2013), The Evolution of Stimulated Reservoir
Volume During Hydraulic Stimulation of Shale Gas Formations, URTec 1575434,
Unconventional Resources Technology Conference in Denver, CO, U.S.A., 12-14
August 2013
Case Studies
Yang, Y. and Zoback, M.D., The Role of Preexisting Fractures and Faults During
Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing in the Bakken Formation, Interpretation, in press

Week 9
Week 10
71
An Increase in Intraplate Seismicity
Prague, OK
3 M5+ Eqs
Prague,
Nov., 2011
OK*
Nov. 2011 M 5.7
Zoback (2012)
Ellsworth (2013)
About 150,000 Class II EPA Injection Wells Operating in the US
Why the Increase in Seismicity?
Managing Triggered
Seismicity
EARTH April, 2012
Earthquakes Spreading Out Along an Active Fault
Hurd and Zoback (2012)
Horton (2012)
Seismicity Triggered by Injection
Guy Arkansas
Earthquake Swarm
- Avoid Injection into Potentially Active Faults

- Limit Injection Rates (Pressure) Increases
- Monitor Seismicity (As Appropriate)
- Assess Risk
- Be Prepared to Abandon Some Injection Wells

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Reservoir Geomechanics

In situ stress and rock mechanics applied to reservoir processes!

Why is Geomechanics Important?

Why is Geomechanics Important?

Why is Geomechanics Important?

Text for Class

Part I Basic Principles

Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles

Course Syllabus Part II In Situ Stress

Course Syllabus Part III - Applications

Course Syllabus Additional Topics

Geomechanics Through the Life of a Field

Components of a Geomechanical Model

Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles

Anderson Classification of Relative Stress Magnitudes

Sv > SHmax > Shmin

SHmax > Shmin > Sv

Tectonic regimes are

Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth

Figure 1.4 a,b,c pg.13

Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles

Variations in Pore Pressure Within Compartments,

Figure 2.4 pg.32

Range of Stress Magnitudes at Depth

Figure 1.4 d,e,f pg.13

Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles

Figure 3.2 pg.58

Figure 3.1 a,b pg.57

Figure 3.1 c,d pg.57

Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles

Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles

Limits on Stress Magnitudes

SHmax = 3.1 Sh min Pp + Pp

Course Syllabus Part I - Basic Principles

Stress Regimes and Active Fault Systems

Sv > SHmax > Shmin

SHmax > Sv > Shmin

SHmax > Shmin > Sv

Course Syllabus Part II In Situ Stress

Stress Concentration Around a Vertical Well

Compressional and Tensile Wellbore Failure

Course Syllabus Part II In Situ Stress

Drilling Induced Tensile Wall Fractures

Visund Field Orientations

Regional Stress Field in the Timor Sea

Complex Stress Field in the Elk Hills Field

Horizontal Principal Stress Measurement Methods

Horizontal Principal Stress Measurement Methods

1. Model is developed using data from

Obtaining a Comprehensive Geomechanical Model

Shmin ! LOT, XLOT, minifrac

Orientation of Wellbore failures

Pp ! Measure, sonic, seismic

Lab, Logs, Modeling well failure

Course Syllabus Part II In Situ Stress

Wellbore Wall Stresses for Arbitrary Trajectories

Course Syllabus Part II In Situ Stress

Generalized World Stress Map

SHmax and Shmin

M.L. Zoback (1992) and subsequent papers

Course Syllabus Part III - Applications

Exploration Success Targeting Critically-Stressed

Geomechanical Wellbore Characterization