FACT SHEET PHILIPPINES
Women in Agriculture,
KEY FACTS
◆ The Philippine population is
49.7 percent female
◆ The female literacy rate is
92.7 percent
◆ Women’s labour force
participation rate is
50.2 percent
◆ The population growth rate
is 2.3 percent
◆ 53.4 percent of overseas
workers are women who
work as sales and service
workers
◆ Women’s actual contribution
to food production and the
rural economy remains
undervalued and invisible
◆ In the rice industry, women
spend an average of
7.8 hours working in the
field
◆ Agriculture and fisheries are
viewed as male areas even if
women engage in such
occupations
◆ The financial and economic
crisis in the late 1990s has
contributed to the
persistence of poverty among
rural women
◆ Environmental problems
greatly affect women’s
livelihoods, food security and
overall health and well-being
limiting their participation
and empowerment
Environment and
Rural Production
GENERAL PROFILE
Population
The Philippine population in 2000 was
76 504 077, making it the 13 th most
populous country in the world. Its
population in 2005 is estimated at
85 236 913; women comprise about
50 percent of the total population. The
sex ratio is such that there are 101.4 men
per 100 women. In 2000, 48 percent of the
population lived in urban areas compared
to 37.4 percent in 1980 (NSO, 2000).
The population growth rate has improved
from 2.35 percent in 1980 to a projected
2.05 percent in 2005. The fertility rate as
of 2003 was 3.5 percent (NSO, 2003). The
population is young: 37 percent is under
15 years of age, 60 percent is of working
age (15-64 years) and three percent is
64 years or older. Life expectancy is
72.5 years for women and 67.2 years for
men. The average Filipino household has
grown smaller, from six members in 1970,
to five in 2000. Female-headed households
increased from ten percent in 1970 to
12.2 percent in 2000. Female-headed
households tend to be smaller, with an
average of four members (NCRFW, 2005).
Sex Ratio by Type of Area
110
106
102
98
94
Urban Rural Philippines
Source: NSO, October 2000
The Philippines is an archipelago with more
than 7 100 islands. Eleven large islands
make up about 95 percent of the total land
area; small islands and islets, some of
which emerge and disappear with the
ebbing and rising of the tides, comprise the
remaining 5 percent. The country is
divided into three major island groups:
Luzon is the largest island group with an
area of 141 000 sq km, followed by
Mindanao covering 102 000 sq km, and the
Visayas with 57 000 sq km (FAO, 2004).
The Philippine population is divided
geographically and culturally into regions,
and each regional group is recognisable by
distinct traits and dialects. Tribal
communities can be found scattered across
the archipelago. The Philippines has more
than 111 dialects spoken, owing to the
subdivisions of these basic regional and
cultural groups. Some 80 percent of the
population is Roman Catholic. About
15 percent is Moslem and these people can
be found mainly in Mindanao. The rest of
the population subscribes mostly to smaller
Christian denominations and Buddhism
(www.gov.ph).
In 2004, the Philippines ranked 77 th out
of 173 countries in terms of human
development. This translates to high life
expectancy at birth, high literacy rate,
and medium levels of income. Its
Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
rank was 63rd out of 146 countries in the
same year. Both the HDI and GDI indices
indicated satisfactory performances in
health and education, but not in income.
Income growth lagged behind because of
the country’s erratic economic growth and
high poverty incidence (ADB, 2004).
Over the years, the Philippine government
has had limited success in bringing down
poverty levels. Poverty incidence in 2000
was 28.4 percent or about 4.3 million
families or 26.5 million Filipinos. This
means that more than one-third of the total
Philippine population lived below the
poverty line (ICPD, 2004). The poverty
threshold in the rural areas was $207
whereas the urban poverty threshold
was $242 (NSCB, 2002). Approximately
17.7 percent of the total female-headed
households were living below the poverty
line; the average income of female-
headed households was higher than the
male-headed households. The average
annual family income of female-headed
households in the rural areas was $1 576
whereas male-headed households in the
rural areas’ average annual family income
was $1 548. This could be attributed to the
fact that most of the female-headed
households were smaller in size than the
male-headed households (NSCB, 2005).
 Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production
Education
Basic education consists of ten years of
formal schooling with six years in the
primary level and four years in the
secondary level. Tertiary education
consists of four to five years depending on
the degree course. The government
provides free basic education to all
children of school age.
Rapid population growth led to rapid
increases in the school age population,
and the provision of free basic education
resulted in increased school enrolment.
However, lack of resources for providing
basic quality education, along with
pervasive poverty, have adversely affected
the school attendance rates, particularly
among poor households (ICPD, 2004).
In 2000, 48.6 percent of the enrollees at
the primary level were females, whereas
51.4 percent of the enrollees at the
secondary level were females. Data show
no significant gender differences in
enrolment rates up to the secondary level,
but female students tend to stay longer
in school and are more likely finish
secondary education than their male
counterparts (NCRFW, 2005).
In 2001, 95 percent of the population was
literate. There were no significant
differences in the literacy rates of females
and males. Urban females’ literacy rate
was eight percent higher than the rural
females’ literacy rate. However , the
gender gap in functional literacy between
women and men in rural areas was
4.9 percent, with women having the higher
rate. Female literacy rates across regions
vary; it is lowest in the Administrative
Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM),
at 59 percent (ADB, 2004).
Labour
The female labour force participation
rate (LFPR) has consistently lagged
behind the male LFPR in the past 10 years.
Since 1995, female LFPR registered
only 50 percent whereas the male LFPR
was steadily above 80 percent (NCRFW,
2005/NSO, 2004).
Labour Force Participation
Rate by Sex
110
80
60
40
20
0 mainly grow rice and sugarcane whereas
Female Male
Source: NSO, October 2004
Of the 11.5 million women of working
age, 4.9 million were employed and
0.6 million were unemployed. The
declining livelihood opportunities,
particularly for young women, pushed
many of them to migrate not only to Metro
Manila and other urban centres but also
overseas (CEDAW, 2005).
In 2004, about 13.5 million females were
part of the country’s labour force in the
rural areas. More women in the rural areas
are unpaid family workers. Of the total
number of employed women in agriculture
in 2002, unpaid family workers accounted
for 51.4 percent, own-account workers
accounted for 30 percent, and wage and
salary earners accounted for 18.6 percent.
Women wage earners received lower pay
for similar work done by men (NSO,
2004).
Until the mid-1980s, agriculture absorbed
half of the labour force, but its relative size
shrank in succeeding decades. By 2000,
only 37 percent of employed workers
were in agriculture. Most of the waged
agricultural workers were men, who
comprised 72 percent of all workers in
agriculture, hunting and forestry; and
94 percent of all workers in fishing
(NSO, 2002).
Macroeconomic policies and deregulation
in the agricultural sector have restricted
the choices and limited the resources
available to women and men. Hence, the
number of overseas Filipino workers
(OFW) has been increasing. During the
mid-90s, almost 800 000 Filipinos were
working abroad; this number increased
to 1.06 million after a decade. Corre-
spondingly, the number of female OFW
also increased over the years. Of the total
OFW in 1995, women accounted for only
47.7 percent; in 2004, women comprised
50 percent of the Filipinos who are
working abroad (NSO, 2004).
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture plays a significant role in the
Philippine economy. Involving about 40
percent of Filipino workers, it contributes
an average of 20 percent to the Gross
Domestic Product. This output comes
mainly from agribusiness, which in turn
accounts for about 70 percent of the total
agricultural output (CIDA-LGSP, 2003).
The main agricultural enterprise is crop
cultivation. Others are chicken broiler
production, including operation of chicken
hatcheries (20.4 percent), agricultural
services (19.8 percent), and hog farming
(18.4 percent) (NSO, 2002).
The general trends in the last two
decades present a dim picture of the
agriculture sector. Significant decrease in
productivity, high production costs, and
low government support to the sector,
among other things, have led to a crisis in
Philippine agriculture (CIDA-LGSP,
2003).
The neglect of the agriculture sector and
the uneven distribution of resources
worsened the poverty situation in rural
areas. Only the remittances of migrant
workers to their families have enabled the
latter to survive crippling poverty brought
about by stagnant agricultural productivity,
stiff competition from cheaper food
imports, and periodic droughts and floods
that devastated crops and livelihoods.
Bureau of Communication Services
Rural women undertake a variety of
production and caring activities. Though
not counted in official statistics, women
are active economic actors such as
landless workers, traders of agricultural
and fishery products, and engaged in
micro-manufacturing enterprises. Of the
total rural work force, women comprised
27.3 percent of the 10.4 million workers
employed in the agricultural, hunting and
forestry sector in 2004 (NSO, 2004).
Women’s actual contribution to food
production and rural economy remains
undervalued if not invisible. As a result,
women have less access to productive
resources than men do. Access to land,
technology, extension services, capital, and
infrastructure support tend to favour rural
men (WAGI, 2003).
Ownership of land remains elusive for
many rural women. As per an assessment
from January to September 2001, women
comprised only 34.8 percent of total
agrarian reform beneficiaries (Philippine
NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005).
Crop Production
Major agricultural systems include
lowland irrigated farming, rainfed farming
and upland farming. Irrigated farm areas
rainfed areas are planted with coconut,
corn and cassava. The Philippines’ major
 Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production
agricultural products include rice, Women farmers toil with their male
coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, counterparts in most of the farm tasks,
pineapples, and mangoes. except for food preparation, which is
usually undertaken by the women, and for
ploughing with tractors, which is usually
done by men. Rural women are also
mostly responsible for accessing capital
needed for farm production. Many of
these women engage in off-farm activities
that can help augment household income
(PPI, 2002).
Forestry
The Philippines’ total land area is
Bureau of Communication Services 300 179 sq km, 49 percent of which is
classified as forest (although only
From 1999 to 2003, women’s participation 21 percent is under forest cover) (EIU,
was significant in planting/transplanting, 2001/2002). It directly supports approxi-
manual weeding, care of crops and mately 30 percent of the population,
harvesting. Women were least involved in including indigenous peoples. Three
land preparation and furrowing. In palay percent of the total land area is still
farming, about 35 percent to 49 percent of unclassified (DENR, 2004).
the farming households hired women With a per capita forest cover of about
workers in pulling and bundling of 0.085 ha, the forest cover of the
seedlings, and in planting and harvesting Philippines ranks as one of the 11 poorest
activities. More women workers were also among 89 countries in the tropics. It
employed in corn (harvesting/husking, declined from 70 percent of the total land
planting and transplanting and care of area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999,
crops), and sugarcane farming (weeding or just over 5 million ha of residual and
and fertilizer application). Women old-growth forests (ESSC, 1999a as cited
workers were least employed in coconut in FAO, 2001).
farming, particularly in the removal of
coconut meat (BAS, 2004). Among forest-based industries, more
women are employed in saw milling
The following chart describes the gender than in logging, veneer and plywood
division of labour in rice production: manufacturing, and other wood-based
products manufacturing. On the whole
however, there are more men than women
Gender division of labour employed in forest-based industries
in rice production (DENR, 2004).
Farm Activities F M B sector provides direct and indirect
Women in the environment and natural
Land preparation X
resources (ENR) sector are constantly seen
Seedbed preparation X in the limited context of implementing
Ploughing X force, of whom 65 percent (675 677) are
forestry-related programmes, focusing
Harrowing X on special activities such as nursery
Levelling X (258 480) in aquaculture and 6 percent
establishment in reforestation. There is
Care of seedlings X a need to expand women’s participation
Pulling and bundling of in ENR programmes and projects,
X
seedlings particularly as these affect their roles as:
Planting/Transplanting X a) heads of households who might
Irrigation X benefit from forestry-related programmes;
Care of irrigation canal X b) entrepreneurs in forestry-related
Care of crops X occupations needing assistance and
Mechanical weeding X extension services; c) technical workers
Manual weeding X and researchers especially in the private
Fertilizer application X sector, and as supervisors and managers in
Spraying X both private and public sectors in ENR
Picking of snails X development and management (PPGD,
Harvesting X 1995-2025).
Threshing X
The continuous destruction of the
Hauling X
environment threatens everyone, but has
Drying X graver consequences for marginalized
Other farm activities X women and indigenous communities.
Source: BAS, 2004 The immediate effects of environmental
Note: F – Female; M – Male; B – Both problems on them include not only the loss
of traditional sources of livelihood and
food, but also serious damage to health
and life (FPW, 2001-2004).
Since time immemorial, women and
indigenous cultural communities have
taken part in the maintenance of
ecosystems. A corollary of this is that
they are especially affected by the
deterioration of the environment. There is
a need therefore to harness women and
indigenous groups as active agents in the
preservation of the environment: as
advocates supporting programmes for
environmental maintenance; as vigilant
groups deterring polluters; as educators
advocating values on conservation/
development of natural resources and
preservation of the environment; or as
agents of technology generation for
environmental sustainability (PPGD
1995-2025).
Fisheries
Fisheries is an important sector in the
Philippine economy. The fisheries
industry accounted for 15 percent ($1.22B)
and 18.6 percent ($618.2M) of the Gross
Value Added (GVA) in the agriculture,
fishery and forestry sectors at current
and constant prices, respectively, with
the second largest share next only to
agricultural crops (BFAR, 2004). The
sector provides substantial employment
and income for some segments of the
population, contributes to export earnings,
and supplies a major part of the dietary
protein requirement of the population as
a whole (DA, 2004).
With regard to employment, the fisheries
employment to over one million people,
or about 5 percent of the national labour
in municipal fisheries, 26 percent
(56 715) in commercial fisheries (BFAR,
2004).
Of the total employed workers, women
consisted of only 8.2 percent, dropping to
6.3 percent in 2002. Whereas men fishers
are primarily involved in catching fish,
women are engaged in pre- and post-
fishing activities. Women undertake
Bureau of Communication Services
 Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production
50 percent to 70 percent of local fish
processing and marketing activities. They
are also involved in mending the nets and
tending the fishing equipment, among
others (Philippine NGO BPA+10 Report,
2005).
Currently, the fisheries sector is besieged
with major issues and concerns brought
about by the open-access policy in
fisheries resources use, the rapid
increase in population size of the poverty-
stricken fishing communities where
the exploitation of natural resources is
most intense, and the inability of the
government to provide for an environment
that can support the fishery industry’s
growth and development (DA, 2004).
Livestock
Livestock production contributed
12.7 percent to total agricultural output.
The most common livestock raised in the
Philippines include broiler chickens,
carabao, cattle, ducks, goats, and swine.
The livestock subsector, which contributed
13.53 percent to total agricultural
production, posted a negative growth of
0.41 percent in 2004. This was largely
attributed to the decline in hog and cattle
production (DA, 2004).
In lowland irrigated and rainfed farming
systems, households generally raise
a brood of chickens, ducks and or geese,
and one or two pigs. On the other hand,
cow and/or carabao (water buffalo) are
among the other animals households keep
(Illo, 1994).
Women in the rice and corn industry allot
three hours to do farm-related work during
ordinary days. This does not yet include
1-2 hours spent in backyard gardening and
livestock raising, which provide most of
their daily provisions and even for special
occasions as in the case of hogs they raise
(PPI, 2002).
In the dairy sector, women are involved
mainly in: sanitizing milk equipment
and facilities; cleaning cattle barns,
grazing areas and surroundings; and
conversion of raw milk into milk products.
Men participate more in: production,
cultivation and harvesting of fodder and
other crops; water collection; collection of
feeds of animals; watering and grazing
cattle; calving animals; tending to sick
animals; and milking and bathing of
cattle. Both women and men share
responsibilities in feeding the cattle, and
the proper management and handling of
cattle prior to milking (NDA, 2005).
Women who are involved in dairying,
especially those who actively participate in
dairy production, are prone to physical
strain compared with men. The lack of
machine-assisted facilities or equipment
(e.g. milk machine) that would aid women
in milking the cows can be an additional
burden to women in terms of time and
physical ability or strength. The additional
time that is required of manual labour may
also eat up time from their caregiving
functions at home and to their children,
thus creating multiple burdens on women
(NDA, 2005).
Division of Labour in Dairying
Gathering grass
Feeding animals
Milking
Milking processing
Record keeping
Wife
Obtaining credit Husband
0 20 40 60 80
Source: Paunlagui, 2002
Most women seem to be unaware of their
potential roles in dairying, thus missing
out on their possible contributions to the
sector’s development. The farmers’ views
on traditional roles in dairying, the lack
of effective gender responsive dairy
campaigns, the failure to value women’s
work in dairying and to deliberately target
women beneficiaries are factors that make
women unaware of their roles as potential
contributors in the dairy industry (NDA,
2005).
Although women assume mainly the
responsibilities of the daily activities in
goat raising (herding, feeding, cleaning
of the pen, cleaning of females anuses,
assisting nursing of kids), they have
a minor role in receiving and applying
new techniques that could improve overall
goat raising (Solis, 2002).
ENVIRONMENT
Coastal mangroves, fertile plains,
luxuriant tropical jungles, rugged
mountains, and active volcanoes and hot
springs characterize the landscape of
the Philippines. The islands are rich
in mineral resources such as lead,
nickel, zinc, copper and cobalt. The
country is considered to be one of the
17 megadiverse countries in the world,
home to over 52 000 species of flora and
fauna. The country’s species rank in the
top ten in the world, making it one of the
most unique in terms of biodiversity
(MTPDP, 2004-2010).
However, forest resources have been
declining because of harvesting and
logging activities, conversion of forestland
to non-forest use, forest fires, and natural
death of trees (NSCB, 2005).
The productivity of the coastal and marine
areas has been continuously threatened by
destructive and illegal fishing methods,
siltation, pollution, and overfishing.
Widespread loss of the country’s coral
reefs, mangroves and sea grass has
contributed to a dwindling fish population.
These environmental problems caused by
profit-driven concepts of development
have greatly affected women’s livelihoods,
food security, and overall health and
well-being. Thus, women’s participation
and empowerment have been limited.
Natural and man-made calamities have
added to the burden of women, given their
domestic and caring roles in the family and
in the community (RSFW, 2001-2003).
Rural women recognize that threats to
100
the environment are threats to their lives
as well. Indigenous women assert that
mining and logging concessions are
a direct hazard to their culture and
a violation of their rights to their ancestral
domains. Peasant women raise the issues
of chemical-intensive farming systems and
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
as hazardous to both the environment
and to the peoples’ health. Fisher
women draw attention to the fact that
proliferation of aquaculture farms, illegal
fishing and mangrove conversion put
coastal biodiversity, and eventually
their livelihoods, at risk (Philippine
NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005).
The government has instituted major
policies and programmes to grant women
equal access to natural resources through
its community-based forest management
and community livelihood assistance
programmes. Certificates of stewardship
contracts have been issued to both spouses
and training programmes were made
available to women and men (CEDAW,
2004).
The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of
1997 or IPRA provides equality between
indigenous women and men in connection
with rights and opportunities in various
spheres of life, and participation of
indigenous women in decision-making
processes at all levels. The IPRA,
however, exempts mineral lands from
the coverage of certificates of ancestral
domain claims (CADCs). It is a known
fact that mining, logging and agribusiness
have serious negative impacts on the
economic, health, environment and
cultural aspects of the lives of the
indigenous peoples (IPs). These industries
focus on the extraction of resources in
ancestral lands that displace and uproot the
IPs from their lands and their culture.

Women’s representation and participation
in environmental-related bodies have
been noted through policy issuances
on admission of women in corps of
commissioned officers in the coastal
and geodetic surveys, beneficiaries of
homestead patents, and memberships in
Protected Areas Management Boards,
the Philippine Council for Sustainable
Development and the Fisheries and
Aquatic Resource Management Council
(Philippine NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005)
RURAL PRODUCTION
The agricultural sector was the hardest
hit during the 1997 Asian financial
crisis. Because of declining employment
opportunities and family incomes, women
had to engage in multiple economic
activities, including selling cooked food to
farm workers, engaging in backyard swine
raising, picking of duck eggs, working as
laundry women or domestic helpers, and
whenever possible, participating in rice
transplanting. Land conversion of
agriculture to non-agriculture enterprises
led also to lost opportunities for
agricultural workers. Displaced women
have become operators of a variety of
stores and eateries, and assistants in retail
shops. To a certain extent, the shift from
rice to vegetable and fruit production has
also limited women’s participation in wage
work. Though beneficial to farming
households, the same is not true for
landless agricultural workers, since this
meant limited work. The shift in crop not
only limits the number of workers but also
the type of agricultural work engaged in by
rural workers (Illo and Ofreneo, 2002).
Bureau of Communication Services
In a predominantly male industry such
as agriculture, women’s economic
participation is further limited following
socially ascribed roles and responsibilities
for women and men. Women’s work was
seen largely as an extension of their
reproductive and domestic functions in the
home. Hence, government programmes
benefited men more than women such as
in the agrarian reform beneficiaries’
Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production
development programme, and distribution
of Certificates of Land Ownership
Agreement and Emancipation Patents and
extension services. (ADB, 2004). Women
beneficiaries however, exceeded men in
programmes on loans for agricultural and
fishery-related businesses (Philippine
NGO BPA+10 Report, 2005).
FOOD SECURITY
Various laws have been passed promoting
agriculture and fisheries to push economic
advancement. These measures impact
primarily on women because these affect
food security and health services among
others. With less food from subsistence
crops, women have to find ways to feed
the family by engaging in other livelihood
activities. With limited health care
services, women have to take care of the
sick in the family (Philippine NGO
BPA+10 Report, 2005).
Consumer food price data show that food
prices have been rising more slowly
compared to other commodities in the
consumption basket from 1997 onwards.
As a measure of the purchasing power
of households, the food, beverage and
tobacco price index is particularly
relevant for women in their role as
caretakers of the family. Thus, any
threat to the household’s access to food –
whether through higher food prices or
inaccessibility of resources for food
production – threatens poor women
and increases their burden of care.
The relatively slow growth of food
prices in 2002 and 2003 has benefited
women in poor households (WAGI, 2003).
POLICY AND
PLANNING FOCUS
To recognize gender issues in agriculture,
environment and rural production,
policy-makers and planners in the
Philippines need to:
◆ Collect sex-disaggregated local
data through the conduct of gender-
responsive agriculture, fishery
and environment surveys and
administrative-based reporting
systems;
◆ mainstream gender concerns in
agricultural and environmental
development policies and programmes;
◆ integrate women’s particular needs in
the planning, programming and
implementation of projects;
◆ develop rural women’s capabilities,
encourage women’s membership in
farmers’ organizations, and support
women to form organizations,
including cooperatives, where they can
push for common concerns like getting
credit for rural entrepreneurial/
agricultural projects, assistance for
projects on environmental protection;
◆ expand income opportunities for
women to improve household incomes;
◆ provide infrastructure and technology
support that considers the needs of
women in rural areas; and
◆ forge stronger government and
non-government linkages for
cooperation and sharing of resources.
PROGRAMME FOCUS
The Philippines’ agricultural and rural
development programmes need to respond
to rural women’s and men’s concerns by:
◆ Raising awareness of rural women
and men of the importance of their
roles and means for productive
participation in agricultural and
fisheries development;
◆ training project implementers and
beneficiaries on gender-sensitive
participatory planning and programme
implementation;
◆ expanding availability and
sustainability of services and technical
assistance programmes for women;
◆ enhancing inter-agency, inter-partner
coordination for a more effective and
integrated support for women’s access
to capital and services;
◆ monitoring and evaluating the
implementation of mechanisms for the
expanded participation of women in
agricultural and fisheries development;
◆ conducting advocacy programmes
that involve civil society organizations
(CSOs), people’s organizations
(POs) and the private sector in
community-based livelihood and
skills development initiatives; and
◆ developing and promoting gender-
responsive technologies by and among
women farmers in cooperation with
men farmers and extension staff.
Women in Agriculture, Environment and Rural Production
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at www.popcom.gov.ph/pdf/icpd10report.pdf).
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the World.
◆ NCRFW (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women).
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For more information
Contact:
Revathi Balakrishnan
Senior Officer, Gender
and Development
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand
FAO website: http://www.fao.org
http://www.fao.org/world/regional/rap
◆ NCRFW (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women).
2001-2004. Framework Plan for Women.
◆ NCRFW (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women).
2001-2003. Report on the State of the Filipino Women.
◆ NCRFW (National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women).
1995-2025. Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development.
◆ NDA (National Dairy Authority). 2005. Dairy Enterprise
Enhancement Program. Gender Situation Analysis in Two Dairy
Farms in Bulacan: The Case Studies of Two Dairy Cooperatives.
◆ NEDA (National Economic and Development Authority). 2004-2010.
Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (available at
www.neda.gov.ph/ads/mtpdp/MTPDP2004-2010).
◆ NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board). 2005. Statistics on
Agriculture and Fishery (available at www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/
d_accounts.asp).
◆ NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board). 2005. NSCB.
Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources
Accounting (PEENRA) (available at www.nscb.gov.ph/peenra/results/
default.asp).
◆ NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board). 2005. Women and
Men Factsheet (available at www.nscb.gov.ph/stats/gender/
statwatch03March05.asp).
◆ NSCB (National Statistical Coordination Board). 2002. Poverty:
Latest Reports and Statistics (available at www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/
default.asp).
◆ NSO (National Statistics Office). 2004. October 2004 Labour Force
Survey (available at www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/datalfs.html).
◆ NSO (National Statistics Office). 2002. Annual Survey of Philippine
Business and Industry Final Results (available at www.census.gov.ph/
data/sectordata/dataagri.html).
◆ NSO (National Statistics Office). 2000. Census of Population
(available at www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/datapop.html).
◆ Official Government Portal of the Republic of the Philippines.
(www.gov.ph).
◆ Paunlagui, Merlyn M. 2001. Assessment of Dairy System Constraints
and Opportunities for the Development of RD&E Framework: Focus
on the Social Concerns and Information System.
◆ PPI (Philippine Peasant Institute). 2003. (available at www.ppi.org.ph/
publications/publ_main.htm).
◆ PPI (Philippine Peasant Institute). 4th quarter 2002. Farmnews and
Views. Magna Carta for Rural Women: Recognizing the Rural
Women!
◆ Solis, Chester. 2003. The Gendered Impact of Goat Breeding
Technology Program.
◆ WAGI (Women and Gender Institute). 2003. To Produce and To Care.
Telephone: (662) 697-4000
Facsimile: (662) 697-4445
E-mail: revathi.balakrishnan@fao.org