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A SEMINAR REPORT ON
SOIL NAILING
A seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements of 7th semester
of bachelor of engineering course during the year 2015-2016
Submitted by:
SUDHANSHU KUMAR
ROLL NO-1205200044
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my semainar supervisor Dr.
Virendra Pathak for his motivation and guidance throughout the preparation and delivery of
seminar.
I am very thankful to friends ,colleagues and all other persons who have rendered their
invaluable assistance directly or indirectly in the completion of seminar report and see the the
light of success.
Last but not least, I would like to thanks The Teaching & Non-Teaching Staff of Civil
Engineering Department, I would like thank one and all who have helped me during the
course of this seminar.
SUDHANSHU KUMAR
ROLL NO-1205200044
BRANCH -CIVIL
SEMESTER -7
Civil
I.E.T
CONTENTS
Page no.
1. INTRODUCTION
4
2. ORIGIN
5
3. FAVOURABLE
AND
GROUND
6-7
4. COMPONENTS
OF
8-10
5. TYPES
OF
11
6. MACHINERIES
12-13
7. MATERIALS
DEVELOPMENT
CONDITIONS
A
FOR
SOIL
SOIL
NAIL
NAILS
USED
IN
USED
IN
14-15
8. DESIGN
WALL
USED
SOIL
SOIL
NAILING
NAILING
NAILING
REQUIREMENTS
15-18
9. CONSTRUCTION
SEQUENCES
18-20
10.
APPLICATIONS
21
11.
ADVANTAGES
21-22
12.
CONCLUSION
23
installed almost vertically and perpendicular to the base of the slide. In this alternative
application, nails are also passive, installed in a closely spaced pattern approximately
4
perpendicular to the nearly horizontal sliding surface, and subjected predominantly to shear
forces arising from the landslide movement.
Tunnelling Method in the 1960s.One of the first applications of soil nailing was in
1972 for a railroad widening project near Versailles, France, where an 18 m (59 ft)
high
The origin of soil nailing can be traced to a support system for underground
excavations in rock referred to as the New Austrian cut-slope in sand was stabilized
Soil nail walls can be used for a wide range of soil types and conditions. Project experience
has shown that certain favourable ground conditions make soil nailing cost effective over
other techniques.
Soil nailing has proven economically attractive and technically feasible when:
The soil in which the excavation is constructed should able to stand unsupported in a
1- to 2-m (3- to 6-ft) high vertical or nearly vertical cut for one to two days.
All soil nails within a cross section are located above the groundwater table.
If the soil nails are below the groundwater table, the groundwater does not adversely
affect the face of the excavation, the bond strength of the interface between the grout
and the surrounding ground, or the long-term integrity of the soil nails (e.g., the
applications:
Stiff to Hard Fine-Grained Soils: Fine-grained (or cohesive) soils may include stiff
to hard clays, clayey silts, silt clays, sandy clays, sandy silts, and combinations
thereof. These types of soils have the SPT value (N) around 9 blows/300mm.Finegrained soils should have relatively low plasticity i.e. PI<15.
Dense to Very Dense Granular Soils: These soils include sand and gravel with SPT Nvalues larger than 30 and with some fines about 10 to 15 percent and with weak natural
cementation that provide cohesion. To avoid excessive breakage of capillary forces thereby
reducing apparent cohesion the movement of water toward the
excavation face needs to be minimized by redirecting surface water away from the
excavation face.
Weathered Rock with no Weakness Planes: Weathered rock may provide a suitable
supporting material for soil nails as long as weakness planes occurring in
unfavourable orientations are not prevalent (e.g., weakness planes dipping into the
excavation).
Glacial Soils: Glacial outwash and glacial till materials are typically suitable for soil
nailing applications as these soils are typically dense, well-graded granular materials
provided.
Granular soils that are very loose (N 4) and loose (4 < N 10) may undergo
excessive settlement due to vibrations caused by construction equipment and traffic.
The components of a soil nailed wall are shown above in the (Fig 4.1) they are as follows:
Nail Bars: Steel reinforcing bars used for soil nails are commonly threaded and may
be either solid or hollow. Bars generally have a nominal tensile strength of 420 MPa
(Grade 60) or 520 MPa (Grade 75). Bars with a tensile strength of 665 MPa (Grade
95) and as high as 1,035 MPa (Grade 150) may be considered for soil nailing, but
their use should be restrictive. Bars with lower grades are preferred because they are
more ductile, less susceptible to corrosion, and readily available. Grade 150bars
should not be used because they are more brittle under shear and more susceptible to
stress corrosion than steel at lower grades. Threaded bars applications are available in
19-, 22-, 25-, 29-, 32-, 36-, and 43-mm diameter (No. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 14 in
English units) up to approximately 18 m (59 ft) in length.
Nail Head: The nail head comprises two main components, the bearing-plate, hex
nut, and washers; and the headed-stud. The bearing plate is made of Grade 250 MPa
(Grade 36) steel and is typically square 200- to 250-mm (8- to 10-in.) side dimension
and 19-mm (-in.) thick. The purpose of the bearing plate is to distribute the force at
the nail end to the temporary shotcrete facing and the ground behind the facing.
Washers and nuts are steel with a grade consistent with that of the nail bar commonly
of 420 or 520 MPa (Grade 60 or 75).
Grout: Grout for soil nails is commonly a neat cement grout, which fills the annular
space between the nail bar and the surrounding ground. Sand-cement grout can also
be used in conjunction with open hole-drilling (i.e. for non-caving conditions) for
economic reasons. Cement Type I (normal) is recommended for most applications.
Cement Type III is grounded finer, hardens faster, and can be used when target grout
strength is required to be achieved faster than for typical project conditions. Cement
Type II hardens at a slower rate, produces less heat, and is more resistant to the
corrosive action of sulphates than Cement Type I. The water/cement ratio for grout
used in soil nailing applications typically ranges from 0.4 to 0.5.
10
11
The types of nails used in the construction of soil nailed walls are as follows:
Drilled and grouted soil nail: These are approximately 100- and 200-mm (4- to 8in.) diameter nail holes drilled in the foundation soils. These holes are typically
spaced about 1.5 m (5 ft) apart. Steel bars are placed and the holes are grouted.
Grouted soil nails are the most commonly used soil nails for FHWA projects and they
can be used as temporary and permanent applications, provided that appropriate
approximately 1 to 1.2 m (3 to 4 ft) apart. The use of driven soil nails allows for a
Drilling Equipments
Grout Mixing Equipments
Shotcreting / Guniting Equipments
Compressor
They can be broadly explained further as follows:
pin shall be installed at fixed vertical and horizontal intervals to guide the nozzle man.
Compressor: The compressor shall have minimum capacity to delivered shotcrete at
the minimum rate of 9m3/min. Sometimes, the noise of compressor can be an issue if
the work is at close proximity to residential area, hospital and school.
13
Fig 6.3: Shotcreting is done with the help of a pipe with a nozzle
14
This presents information on construction materials used for the construction of a soil nailed
wall. They are:
Steel Reinforcements: Steel reinforcements are used in the construction of soil nailed
walls. For corrosion protection; all steel component shall be galvanized. If machine
threading after galvanization is unavoidable, then proper zinc based coating shall be
applied onto the thread. For double corrosion protection, the PVC corrugated pipe
used shall be of good quality and adequate thickness.
Fig 7.2: Grout Mix is being formed in the Grout Mixing Machine
15
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
The design of a soil nailed wall is organized to first introduce the technical concepts related
to the mechanisms underlying soil nail wall response to construction and operation.
Following this introduction, specific topics related to analysis and design are introduced,
starting with a presentation of the two specific limit states that must be considered by the
designer, namely, the strength limit states and service limit states. This is followed by a
description of potential failure modes for soil nail walls. Then it introduces and compares
calculations resulting from SNAIL and GOLDNAIL, two of the most widely used computer
programs in the United States.
8a) LOAD TRANSFER CONCEPT IN SOIL NAIL WALLS
16
Fig 8.1
Soil excavation is initiated from the ground surface and the Excavation Phase 1 is
completed (Figure 5.1). Because of the soil ability to stand unsupported, the upper
portion of the soil behind the excavation is stable (or at least marginally stable) before
the first row of nails (Nails 1) is installed.
17
As Nails 1 and the temporary facing are installed, some load derived from the
deformation of the upper soil is transferred to these nails through shear stresses along
the nails and translate into and axial forces.
schematically the axial force distribution in Nails 1 at the end of excavation Phase 1.
At this point, the temporary facing supports the excavation surface and provides
Nails 1 at the end of the last excavation Phase N does not exhibit the largest values.
As the critical failure surface becomes deeper and larger, the contribution of the upper
nails to the stabilization of this larger sliding mass diminishes.
18
Other service limit states: These are beyond the scope of this document; include
total or differential settlements, cracking of concrete facing, aesthetics, and fatigue
caused by repetitive loading.
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCES
The sequence of construction for typical soil nail walls was described in and consisted of:
Excavation;
Drilling of nail holes;
Installation and grouting nails;
Construction of temporary shotcrete facing;
Construction of subsequent levels; and
Construction of a final, permanent facing.
19
20
21
APPLICATIONS
Excavation retaining structures in urban areas for high-rise building and underground
facilities
Soil Nailing through existing concrete or masonry structures such as failing retaining
walls and bridge abutments to provide long term stability without demolition and
rebuild costs.
Temporary support can be provided to excavations without the need for bulky and
intrusive scaffold type temporary works solutions.
ADVANTAGES
Soil nail walls exhibit numerous advantages. Some of these advantages are described below:
11a) CONSTRUCTION:
Requires smaller ROW than ground anchors as soil nails are typically shorter
Less disruptive to traffic and causes less environmental impact compared to other
construction techniques
Installation of soil nail walls is relatively rapid and uses typically less construction
materials
Soil nailing is advantageous at sites with remote access because smaller equipment is
generally needed
11b) PERFORMANCE:
Soil nail walls are relatively flexible and can accommodate relatively large total and
differential settlements
Total deflections of soil nail walls are usually within tolerable limits
Have performed well during seismic events owing to overall system flexibility.
11c) COST:
anchor walls
Shotcrete facing is typically less costly.
23
CONCLUSION
Conventional design procedure using FHWA (2003) provides a safe but conservative
design.
Provision of facing results in the significant improvement of the stability and
vertical facing.
The overall stability (i.e. external as well as internal) and performance of the soil nail
walls is dependent on the other spectral properties (e.g., strong motion duration and
24
REFERENCES
http://www.deepexcavation.com/en/soil-nail-wall
http://www.moretrench.com/b_literature_article.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_nailing
Manual for Design and Construction Monitoring of Soil Nail walls,
25