Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DOI 10.1007/s10661-006-9394-3
Received: 1 February 2006 / Accepted: 29 June 2006 / Published online: 21 October 2006
# Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2006
1 Introduction
The effective control and monitoring of the UWTPs
can be achieved through the use of appropriate tools
for recording, assessing and reporting data related to
the operational characteristics of urban wastewater
treatment plants (UWTPs) as well as to the conduction of sampling, measurements and analyses of raw
and treated wastewater. These tools must be flexible,
based on state-of-the-art technologies and should
follow standard procedures that are common for all
treatment plants.
In this paper, the development and application of
such tools is described. The developed tools are used
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Direct recording of the results obtained by conducting measurements and laboratory chemical
analyses
Instant checking and comparison of the results
obtained with the existing quality standards for
the safe disposal of treated wastewater
Direct and complete picture of the efficiency of
each individual stage of the entire treatment
system Instant determination of the points
where the system presents glitches and/or malfunctions
Direct and straightforward elaboration/processing
of the results that have been obtained during a
specific time period. This allows: (a) the extraction of trends concerning the quality of raw and
treated wastewater, (b) the connection of the
quality of the raw and treated wastewater
with the possible sources that surcharge their
pollution load (e.g., industries that dispose their
wastewater into the sewerage network), (c) extraction of correlation coefficients between the
polluting parameters (e.g., BOD5/COD, S.S./
COD, S.S./BOD, N/P etc.)
technologies have their strong points regarding development of the code and the facilities they provide.
Server-based applications involve the development of
dynamically created web pages. These pages are
transmitted to the web browser of the client and
contain code in the form of HTML and JAVASCRIPT
language. The HTML part is the static part of the page
that contains forms and controls for user needs and the
JAVASCRIPT part is the dynamic part of the page.
Typically, the structure of the code can be completely
altered through the intervention of web server mechanisms added on the transmission part and implemented by server-based languages such as ASP, JSP,
PHP, etc. This comes to the development of an
integrated dynamic page application where user desire
regarding problem peculiarities (calculating shortest
paths, execute routing algorithms, transact with the
database etc.) is implemented by appropriately invoking different parts of the dynamic content of such
pages. In server-based applications all calculations are
executed on the server. In client-based applications,
JAVA applets prevail. Communication of the user is
guaranteed by the well-known JAVA mechanism that
acts as the medium between the user and code.
Everything is executed on the client side. Data in this
case has to be retrieved once and this might be the
time-consuming part of the transaction (Evans & King,
1999; Haig, 2001; Hakman, 2000; KleinaltenKamp &
Jacob, 2002).
In server-based applications, server resources are
used for all calculations and this requires powerful
server facilities with respect to hardware and software. Client-based applications are burdened with
data transmission (chiefly related to road network
data). There is a remedy to that; namely caching.
Once loaded, they are left in the cache archives of the
web browser to be instantly recalled when needed.
2.1 Architecture and interface
In our case, a server-based application was developed.
It involved an administrative part for creating and
maintaining user roles to the system and separate user
parts corresponding to different urban wastewater
treatment plants.
Its scope was straightforward:
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Insertion of data related to the sampling, measurements and analyses programme applied at each
UWTP
Creation of achieves with historical data (in
appropriate database views)
Presentation of analytical and historical data
concerning sampling, measurements and analyses
Presentation of data related to hotels and industrial
units that dispose their wastewater into the
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Figure 2 (continued).
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Figure 3 Representation of
archived data. (a) Archived
sample data presented in the
form of tables; (b) archived
sample data presented in the
form of bar charts; (c) archived sample data presented in the form of
diagrams.
elements of the site (address, phone numbers, personnel names and status). Furthermore, he can create
sites within an installation by defining the name and
type of site. Subsequently, the user can create new
samples defining the date and the personnel that
carried out the sampling process. Several other
characteristics (mainly flow rates and comments) are
specified. To complete the data entry for a specific
sample, the user specifies a number of sub-samples
for each site in the installation by introducing the
values of the sub-samples related parameters. All
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Figure 3 (continued).
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Figure 5 (continued).
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3 Case Studies
The software tool was developed and applied for the
six UWTPs of Cyprus. Two of these, located in
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UWTP
Anthoupolis
Mia Milia
Limassol
Larnaca
Paphos
Paralimni/Agia Napa
350
13,000
22,000
8,500
5,400
12,000
Inlet (kg/d)
Outlet (kg/d)
BOD
COD
SS
TN
TP
BOD
COD
SS
TN
TP
197
5,386
8,080
2,585
2,732
3,863
361
11,300
16,092
5,280
4,065
7,730
121
5,423
8,156
2,281
1,607
2,591
35
1,436
1,204
557
341
638
10
232
325
90
65
102
12
487
143
52
44
64
87
1,386
635
323
304
335
67
886
78
83
26
85
8
102
202
43
33
58
2
158
136
42
20
44
Table II Total inlet and outlet polluting load for the main
parameters (total for the six UWTPs)
Pollutant
BOD
COD
SS
TN
TP
22,843
44,828
20,179
4,211
3,754
802
3,070
1,225
446
402
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Table III Outlet polluting load for each one of the six UWTPs according to the treatment level
UWTP
Treatment level
Anthoupoli
Mia Milia
Limassol
Larnaca
Paphos
Paralimni/Agia Napa
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
TERTIARY
TERTIARY
TERTIARY
BOD
COD
SS
TN
TP
12
487
143
52
44
64
87
1,386
635
323
304
335
67
886
78
83
26
85
8
102
202
43
33
58
2
158
136
42
20
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SECONDARY
TERTIARY
BOD (kg/d)
COD (kg/d)
SS (kg/d)
TN (kg/d)
TP (kg/d)
449
1,473
953
110
160
303
1,597
272
336
242
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Table V Data of sampling,
measurements and analyses
for each UWTP
UWTP
Anthoupolis Nicosia
Inlet (43)
Aeration tank (43)
First amphoteric tank (43)
Second amphoteric tank (43)
Maturation tank (43)
Inlet (33)
Anaerobic treatment tank (33)
Aerobic treatment tank (33)
Amphoteric tank (33)
First maturation tank (33)
Second maturation tank (33)
Inlet (609)
First aeration tank (609)
Second aeration tank (609)
Primary treatment outlet (609)
Secondary treatment outlet (609)
Tertiary treatment outlet (609)
Sludge recycling line (609)
Primary sludge settlement tank (609)
Secondary sludge settlement tank (609)
Primary sludge digestion tank (609)
Secondary sludge digestion tank (609)
Stabilized sludge tank outlet (609)
Dewatered sludge tank
Inlet (213)
First oxidation ditch (213)
Second oxidation ditch (213)
Sludge recycling line (213)
Thickening sludge tank (178)
Tertiary treatment inlet (211)
Tertiary treatment outlet (133)
Inlet (457)
Primary treatment outlet (457)
Nitrification tank (457)
Secondary treatment outlet (814)
Tertiary treatment outlet (100)
Inlet (519)
Secondary treatment outlet (519)
Tertiary treatment outlet (519)
36
14
14
14
14
37
15
15
15
15
15
38
17
17
38
38
44
3
4
2
3
3
12
2
38
5
5
3
1
8
44
38
33
11
41
44
10
2
8
Limassol
Larnaca
Paphos
Paralimni/Ag. Napa
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Table VI Influent and effluent wastewater characteristics for the six UWTPs
Influent characteristics
Athoupolis
Larnaca
Mia Milia
Limassol
Paphos
Paralimni/Agia Napa
BOD5 (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
TSS (mg/l)
TKN (mg/l)
NH4N (mg/l)
TN (mg/l)
TP (mg/l)
PO4P (mg/l)
Effluent characteristics
BOD5 (mg/l)
COD (mg/l)
TSS (mg/l)
TKN (mg/l)
NO3N
NH4N (mg/l)
TN (mg/l)
TP (mg/l)
PO4P (mg/l)
563.4
1,032.7
346.6
99.6
304.1
621.2
268.4
65.5
57.5
414.3
869.2
417.2
110.5
367.3
731.4
370.7
54.7
36.2
55.2
321.9
28.8
10.6
17.8
487.4
749.4
317.6
70.0
38.1
72.0
12.5
Athoupolis
32.2
136.3
58.6
37.3
0.27
23.7
37.6
Larnaca
6.1
38.0
9.8
5.1
15.6
3.1
24.4
4.9
Mia Milia
37.5
106.6
68.1
32.1
Paphos
17.6
42.4
6.1
4.4
3.8
Paralimni/Agia Napa
1.6
27.6
8.3
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2.4
0.03
0.35
2.5
5.8
9.61
Limassol
6.5
28.9
3.6
9.2
5.1
4.9
8
216.0
53.1
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Standard procedures were applied for the collection of samples (application of ISO procedures for
sampling of treated and raw wastewater, use of
appropriate samplers, use of appropriate containers for the collection of the samples)
Standard procedures were followed for the conservation of the samples in the cases when
specific polluting parameters were not measured
instantly (samples were kept in specific temperature conditions, specific chemicals were added)
Standard methods were applied for carrying out
the chemical analyses (standard methods set by
the International Standardization Organization,
methods that are given by European Directives,
methods that are suggested by the Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater)
The conducting of sampling, measurements and
chemical analyses took place by experienced
personnel of each wastewater treatment plant
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5 Conclusions
References