TP ON DU KH VIT NAM

TRNG I HC DU KH VIT NAM

THEORETICAL BASIS
(continue)

Lecturer : MSc Luong Hai Linh

Email
: linhlh@pvu.edu.vn
Tel
: +84 1234 081 666

Content

Darcys law

Flow regimes

Skin effect

Nodal analysis

Inflow performance relationship (IPR)

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Back to skin effect

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Skin effect
The linear IPR for a reservoir that presents some skin effect

is then:

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Skin effect

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Skin effect
The flow efficiency coefficient is defined as the ratio

between the drawdown with no skin effect to the drawdown

with skin:
=

141,2
= 1

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Skin effect- saturated reservoir

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Skin effect- saturated reservoir

For a saturated IPR we have:

=1+

(1 + )

= 1 +

(1)
(2)

Or:

=1+

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1 +
(1 + )

1 +

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Skin effect- saturated reservoir

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Skin effect- saturated reservoir

The value of J is:

(3)

From (1)we have:

=

2(1+)

2

From (2): =

(4)
(5)

(3),(4),(5), we have:

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2 1+
2

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(6)

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Skin effect- saturated reservoir

(2),(6) we have:
=

2 1+

1 +

The value of 0 is:

2 1+

=
2(1 + )(1 )

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Skin effect- saturated reservoir

For 0 to be zero we have:

0 = 2(1 + )(1 )
2+
=
2 + 2
The value of FE can not be higher than this critical value

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Skin effect- saturated reservoir

For Vogel the maximum value of FE is 1,125

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis
Individual components analysis is adequate when

components dont interact with each other

In two phase flow, pressure drop is function not only of

flowrates but also of pressure level at the component

This creates an interdependence between each component

Individual component analysis is no longer applicable

A new tool is necessary- Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

(, )

The inflow pressure at the node represents the pressure

the inflow section can deliver the flowrate q at the node
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Nodal analysis

= +

(, )

The outflow pressure at the node represents the pressure

the outflow section requires to produce the flowrate q up to
the separator.
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Nodal analysis
The equilibrium point is the point at which the inflow section

is capable of delivering the flowrate at a pressure enough

for the outflow section to flow the fluids up to the separator

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis
Example:

Perform a Nodal analysis for the following well:

- IPR: Vogel with = 5000/ and = 4500
- Separator pressure = 450 psig
- The pressure drop at the flowline, and production string is

given in the following table

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis

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Nodal analysis-stability
If the system is disturbed from the equilibrium point, it will

readjust itself to restore equilibrium

If an unstable system is disturbed, it will readjust itself to be

a stable point
This is a transient problem and the steady state nodal

analysis tool is very limited for explaining this phenomena

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability
As a consequence, for the situation illustrated, the transient

coupling between the tubing and the reservoir will generate

the driving force to promote equilibrium
For any small disturbances in the system, the reservoir and

tubing will interact to bring the production back to

equilibrium point

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Two equilibrium points

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Stable and unstable conditions

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Stable and unstable conditions

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Stable and unstable conditions

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Nodal analysis-stability
Point B is an unstable operating point
If the flowrate is decreased from the equilibrium point, the

well is going to die

If the flowrates is increased from the equilibrium point, the

well is going to produce the next stable flowrate value

This is a very important and common phenomenon in the

field
A well with this IPR~OPR behavior can not produce the

stable flowrate without some help

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Nodal analysis-stability
Point B represents a barrier that the well needs to

overcome in order to produce under stable conditions. This

is usually accomplished by inducing flow in the well
If this well dies it can not be put into production simply by

opening the choke or valves

If the well has an artificial lift installed it can be put into

production by using the lift system to help the well

overcome the unstable point B. After that if artificial lift is not
required you can leave the well under natural flow
If we dont have an artificial lift system installed we can:

rock the well, nitrogen injection, swab, etc

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability

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Nodal analysis-stability

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END OF CHAPTER 2

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