TDR S-Parameters and Differential Meas CAS2010

TDR, S-Parameters &
Differential Measurements
Agenda
Introduction
TDR theory of operation
Real Example: Samtec Golden Standard Board
Single Ended Impedance

Coupling Effects
Odd & Even Modes
Differential Impedance
Relating TDR/TDT & S-Parameters

TDR more than reflections
4-Port Single Ended vs 2-Port Mixed Mode (Differential)
Important Factors in DTDR Accuracy
TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

Page 2
TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.
Mar. 2008
Signal Integrity Challenge

Data Rates Increase >1Gbps
Risetimes become faster
Reflections get
larger
Frequency Domain Data is Now Required

Page 3
Mar. 2008
Trend to Differential Topologies
Ideal differential devices

Low voltage requirements
Noise and EMI immunity
Virtual grounding
Non-ideal devices are not symmetric
Can be identified by signalconversions
Differential Common
Common Differential
Differential signal integrity design tools
are needed
Unintended signal conversion

Page 4
Mar. 2008
What About Non-Ideal Devices?

Undesirable signal conversions cause emission or susceptibility problems
z Differential-stimulus to common-response conversion
EMI Generation
Imperfectly matched lines mean the electromagnetic fields of the signals are not as well confined as they should be
giving rise to generation of interference to neighboring circuits.
z Common-stimulus to differential-response conversion
EMI Susceptibility
Imperfectly matched lines mean that interfering signals do not cancel out completely when subtraction occurs at
the receiver. Measured by stimulating common-signal to simulate interference.
Page 5
Mar. 2008
Theory of Operation - TDR

Impedance
TDR
Receiver
Ei
Er
DUT
Step Generator
Time Domain Reflectometer

(TDR)
Page 6
Mar. 2008
Impedance Mismatch Terms
Z L = Z0
1+
1
Vr
Vi
Impedance Calculated from

Source Impedance and
Reflection Coefficient.
Reflection Coefficient, rho:
How much was reflected?
What is the value of load?

The DCA automatically calculates this for us.
(V)
Vr
E/2
Vi
ZL=Z0
Vr
Zero
Time

Page 7
Mar. 2008
The Samtec Golden Standard Reference Board
Details on www.samtec.com

Page 8
Mar. 2008
Samtec Board Cross Section
Top Ground Plane
Conductor A
Conductor B
Top Ground Plane
Dielectric
Lower Ground Plane

Page 9
Mar. 2008
Basic Microstrip Example
= Current into page
= Current out of page
As Positive Voltage Step is launched into conductor, positive

charge is added to the conductor creating a current.
Impedance is defined by the geometry and material properties
independent of the voltage applied.
Wider conductor or thinner dielectric increases capacitance,
decreases impedance
If Voltage is doubled, current is doubled,
Z=
1
C
v
i
X X X X X X X X X X X X

Page 10
Mar. 2008
Coupling Effect on Single Ended Impedance

Adding other nearby conductors causes field lines to couple
to the other conductor instead of the return path
Capacitance to ground is reduced slightly
Single Ended Impedance of primary conductor is increased
slightly
Induced Voltage & Currents on adjacent conductor create
Near and Far End Crosstalk, NEXT/FEXT
X X X X X X X X X X X
X X

Page 11
Mar. 2008
Single Ended Impedance, ZSE of A
T31
Stimulus
on Port 1
only
V=22mV
Vr=8mV, Vi=200mV, Z0=50
T11
ZASE=54

Page 12
Mar. 2008
Single Ended Impedance of B

Exactly same as A
Can be measured with either positive or negative voltage step at
various amplitudes (linear)
B
X X

Page 13
Mar. 2008
Single Ended Impedance, ZSE of B

1
T13
V=23mV
Stimulus
on Port 3
only
T33
Vr=7mV, Vi=200mV, Z0=50
ZBSE=54

Page 14
Mar. 2008
Vector Addition of Field Lines

Page 15
Mar. 2008
Simultaneous Stimulation
Since the voltages/currents add/cancel, results can
be calculated from independent measurements
The amount of voltage that might couple
onto a quiet net from an active net is
completely independent of the voltage that
might already be present on the quiet net
Dr. Eric Bogatin Signal Integrity Simplified
Prentice Hall
X X
X X

Page 16
Mar. 2008
Differential Circuit Terminology

Odd Mode Impedance
- Impedance of a single line, while the pair is driven in the odd mode (only
differential signal, no common signal).
Even Mode Impedance

- Impedance of a single line, while the pair is driven in the even mode
(only common signal, no differential).
- Impedance the differential part of a signal will see. (Sum of the Odd
Mode Impedances)
Common Impedance
- Impedance the common part of a signal will see. (Sum of Even Mode
Impedances/4)

Page 17
Mar. 2008
Odd Mode Impedance

Defined as Impedance of a single line when voltage on A is
opposite polarity of voltage on B
Can be measured either by stimulating both lines simultaneously
OR combining currents/voltages from independent measurements
Zodd is less than ZSE due to induced currents combining (more
current = less impedance)
A
B
X X
X X

Page 18
Mar. 2008
Even Mode Impedance

Defined as Impedance of a single line when voltage on A is
identical to voltage on B
Can be measured either by stimulating both lines simultaneously
OR combining currents/voltages from independent measurements
Zeven is more than ZSE since induced currents oppose each other
(less current = more impedance)
A
X X
X X

Page 19
Mar. 2008
Odd Mode Impedances

1
-(T33-T31)=TBodd
Vr=15mV, Vi=-200mV, Z0=50
T11-T13=TAodd
Vr=-14mV, Vi=200mV, Z0=50
ZBOdd=43
ZAOdd=43

Page 20
Mar. 2008
10
Even Mode Impedances

1
T11+T13=TAeven
Vr=30mV, Vi=200mV, Z0=50
ZAEven=ZBEven=67
T33+T31=TBeven

Page 21
Mar. 2008
1
ZDiff=ZAodd+ZBodd
2
(TAodd+TBodd)/2=TCD11
Vr=-29mV, Vi=400mV,
Z0=100
TAodd-TBodd=TDD11
ZDiff=86
Samtec simulated ZDiff=86.6

Page 22
Mar. 2008
11
Common Impedance
1
ZComm=(ZAeven+ZBeven)/4
2
Vr=30mV, Vi=200mV, Z0=25
ZComm=33
(TAeven+TBeven)/2=TCC11
TAeven-TBeven=TDC11

Page 23
Mar. 2008
Try using your single-ended TDR to make any two of the

following measurements. From these measurements, you
can work out the true differential impedance:
The impedance of one trace while the other is reasonably
well-terminated at both ends.
The impedance when both traces are ganged together in
parallel.
The near-end crosstalk induced on the second trace when
the first is driven.
The necessary equations are pretty hairy, but you don't
have to know them.
Howard Johnson, PhD EDN Article, 8/22/2002
http://www.edn.com/article/CA238428.html

Page 24
Mar. 2008
12
Understanding S-Parameters
Optical Device (Lens)
incident signal
Electrical Device (PCB)
Transmitted
signal
S21
S11
S22
DUT
S12
Reflected signal
S21
Reflection S11,S22
Transmission S21,S12
response
stimulus

Page 25
Mar. 2008
Theory of Operation TDR/VNA
Impedance
S-parameters
Reflection A
TDR
Er
DUT
DUT
Et
Transmission
Sine
Wave
Receiver
Ei
Receiver
Magnitude
&
Phase
Reference R
Step Generator
Network Analyzer
Time Domain Reflectometer

(TDR)
Vector Network Analyzer

(VNA)
Page 26
Mar. 2008
13
Scattering Parameters & Impulse Response
T ( j ) * H ( j ) = R ( j )
S21(phase not shown)
Frequency Domain
Multiplication in
the Frequency
Domain
iFFT
FFT
FFT
iFFT
(Phase not shown)
T (t ) H (t ) = R (t )
=
Convolution in
the Time
Domain
Time Domain
Impulse
Response
Page 27
Mar. 2008
Step Response (TDR/TDT) vs Impulse Response
)=
A perfect impulse is equivalent

to a differentiated perfect step
T (t ) H (t ) = R (t )
Therefore if we differentiate the

Step Response we get the
Impulse Response
)=
iFFT
(
t
FFT
(
t
S-Parameter! (S21)
Page 28
Mar. 2008
14
Single-ended S-Parameters and TDR/TDT

Port 1
Port 3
Port 2
Port 4
Four-port single-ended device
Return Loss or TDR

Insertion Loss or TDT
Near End Crosstalk (NEXT)
Far End Crosstalk (FEXT)
Frequency Domain Parameters
Time Domain Parameters

FFT or IFFT
Page 29
Mar. 2008
Single-ended to Differential S-Parameters

Network Analyzers
typically use this method
Balanced
Single-ended
Balanced
Port 2
Port 4
Port 1
Port 3
port 1
S14
S 21 S 22
S 23
S 24
S 31 S32
S33
S 34
S 41 S 42
S 43
S 44
SSE
Common Differential
Response Response
Response
S13
port 2
Differential
Stimulus
Port 1
Port 2
Stimulus
S11 S12
Balanced
Common
Stimulus
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
S DD11 SDD12
SDC11 S DC12
Port 2
SDD21 SDD22
SDC21 S DC22
Port 1
SCD11 SCD12
SCC11 S CC12
Port 2
SCD21 SCD22
SCC21 SCC22
Naming Convention:
Smode res., mode stim., port res., port stim.
SMM
Page 30
Mar. 2008
15
Single-ended to Differential TDR/TDT Parameters

Agilent TDR uses this
method
Balanced
Single-ended
Port 2
Port 4
Port 1
Port 3
port 1
Differential
Stimulus
Port 1
Port 2
T 11 T 12
T 13
T 14
T 21 T 22
T 23
T 24
T 31 T 32
T 33
T 34
T 41 T 42
T 43
T 44
Common Differential
Response Response
Response
Stimulus
TSE
port 2
Common
Stimulus
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
T DD11 T DD12
T DC11 T DC12
Port 2
T DD21 TDD22
TDC21 T DC22
Port 1
T CD11 T CD12
T CC11 T CC12
Port 2
T CD21 T CD22
T CC21 T CC22
Naming Convention:
Tmode res., mode stim., port res., port stim.
TMM
Page 31
Mar. 2008
Single-ended to Differential TDR/TDT Parameters
[TMM ] = [M ]* [TSE ]* [M ]1
Differential
Stimulus
Port 1
Port 2
T 11 T 12
T 13
T 14
T 21 T 22
T 23
T 24
T 31 T 32
T 33
T 34
T 41 T 42
T 43
T 44
Common Differential
Response Response
Response
Stimulus
Common
Stimulus
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
T DD11 T DD12
T DC11 T DC12
Port 2
T DD21 TDD22
TDC21 T DC22
Port 1
T CD11 T CD12
T CC11 T CC12
Port 2
T CD21 T CD22
T CC21 T CC22
[TSE ] = [M ]1 * [TMM ]* [M ]
Conversion Matrix
1
M =
2
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0

Page 32
Mar. 2008
16
The 4 Matrices of a 4-Port Device

S11 S12
S13
S14
S DD11 SDD12
SDC11 S DC12
S 21 S 22
S 23
S 24
SDD21 SDD22
SDC21 S DC22
S 31 S32
S33
S 34
SCD11 SCD12
S 41 S 42
S 43
S 44
SCC11 S CC12
SCD21 SCD22
SCC21 SCC22
All 4 Matrices can be

calculated from any 1 of
the 4 Matrices
T 11 T 12
T 13
T 14
T DD11 T DD12
T DC11 T DC12
T 21 T 22
T 23
T 24
T DD21 TDD22
TDC21 T DC22
T 31 T 32
T 33
T 34
T 41 T 42
T 43
T 44
T CD11 T CD12
T CC11 T CC12
T CD21 T CD22
T CC21 T CC22

Page 33
DCAj S-Parameters
Mar. 2008
1
3
2
4
Calibrated S-Parameters
Real-time Update
Built-in to the GUI

Page 34
Mar. 2008
17
1
3
Correlation with Network Analyzer

S11
2
4
S21
Blue = 20GHz PNA, Red = DCAj, Data compared with PLTS

Page 35
Mar. 2008
1
3
Correlation with Network Analyzer

S31
2
4
S41
Blue = 20GHz PNA, Red = DCAj, Data compared with PLTS

Page 36
Mar. 2008
18
Differential Circuit Testing Whats

Important?
Differential Steps must be well matched
Differential Channels must be de-skewed
- use the TDR De-Skew procedure prior to making measurements

Page 37
Mar. 2008
Matching the Steps

When the TDR outputs are terminated with 50 standards, there is no coupling so the
Differential Impedance should be 2 x 50 = 100
Mismatch or overshoot will affect the resolution of the Differential Impedance
measurement
DCAj has ~10
(10%) variation
Tek CSA has ~17

(17%) variation

Page 38
Mar. 2008
19
Agilent Calibration
Agilents built-in Calibration removes the effects of imperfect
steps AND fixturing to give the Truest Differential Impedance.
DCAj has <1
(<1%) variation

Page 39
Mar. 2008
More Information
DCAj - www.agilent.com/find/dcaj
High Precision Time Domain Reflectometry (AN 1304-7)
Measuring Differential Impedance with TDR to Improve
High-Speed Bus Designs, (AN 1382-5)
Improving TDR/TDT Measurements Using Normalization (AN 1304-5)
PLTS - www.agilent.com/find/plts
Signal Integrity Analysis Series
Part 1: Single-Port TDR, TDR/TDT and 2-Port TDR - 5989-5763EN
Part 2: 4-Port TDR/VNA/PLTS - 5989-5764EN
Part 3: The ABCs of De-Embedding 5989-5765EN
Page 40
Mar. 2008
20

TDR S-Parameters and Differential Meas CAS2010

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TDR, S-Parameters &

Single Ended Impedance

Relating TDR/TDT & S-Parameters

Important Factors in DTDR Accuracy

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.

Signal Integrity Challenge

Frequency Domain Data is Now Required

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

Trend to Differential Topologies

Ideal differential devices

Unintended signal conversion

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.

What About Non-Ideal Devices?

z Differential-stimulus to common-response conversion

z Common-stimulus to differential-response conversion

Theory of Operation - TDR

Time Domain Reflectometer

TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.

Impedance Mismatch Terms

Impedance Calculated from

What is the value of load?

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

The Samtec Golden Standard Reference Board

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.

Samtec Board Cross Section

Top Ground Plane

Top Ground Plane

Lower Ground Plane

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

Basic Microstrip Example

= Current into page

= Current out of page

As Positive Voltage Step is launched into conductor, positive

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.

Coupling Effect on Single Ended Impedance

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

Single Ended Impedance, ZSE of A

Vr=8mV, Vi=200mV, Z0=50

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.

Single Ended Impedance of B

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

Single Ended Impedance, ZSE of B

Vr=7mV, Vi=200mV, Z0=50

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.

Vector Addition of Field Lines

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.

Differential Circuit Terminology

Even Mode Impedance

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

Odd Mode Impedance

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

TDR, S-par, Differential Meas.

Even Mode Impedance

TDR, S-Parameters & Differential Measurements

Odd Mode Impedances