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J
im Fournier wants to help save the consequences, including the destruction of to be the key ingredient — is 70 times
planet, though in a most unlikely virgin forests to make way for plantations. more concentrated in terra preta than in
way: by burning biomass. At the “Biochar certainly has potential,” surrounding soils and is formed by heating
forefront of a carbon-sequestration says David Wardle, a soil scientist at biomass in an oxygen-poor or oxygen-
technology that proponents say offers the Swedish University of Agricultural free environment. Some of the charcoal in
a rare ‘win-win-win’ environmental Sciences in Uppsala. “But it’s premature Amazon terra preta soils has persisted for
opportunity, Fournier’s company Biochar to be already including it in carbon thousands of years, back to when people
Engineering in Golden, Colorado, accounting. Maybe it really is an answer. first started this practice. Its persistence has
manufactures machines that turn biomass But we don’t know that yet.” attracted the attention of research scientists
into charcoal, or biochar. who think that it could be used to lock
Spread on soil, biochar can keep CO2 away carbon for a similarly long time in the
out of the atmosphere while improving
“Biochar certainly has potential. future, keeping it out of the atmosphere as a
soil fertility and boosting productivity. Maybe it really is an answer. greenhouse gas.
In addition, gases released in the
charcoal-making process can be used to
But we don’t know that yet.” “You can get charcoals that are tens
of thousands of years old, or even older,”
make biofuels that are more sustainable David Wardle says Chris Turney, a geographer at the
than those currently on the market. University of Exeter and director of the
“Char happens to be the one thing that Though the idea of using biochar for start-up Carbonscape. With headquarters
represents a solution to all of these factors climate change mitigation is relatively in Blenheim, New Zealand, Carbonscape is
together. It’s a unique opportunity,” new, its origins extend back to the pre- developing a unique approach to producing
Fournier says. Columbian era, when humans first biochar. The company is soon to launch
But while enthusiasts are pushing made terra preta — in Portuguese, dark in the United Kingdom. “If you want a
to have biochar recognized as an official earth — soils in the central Amazon basin. very simple method of fixing carbon in a
means of offsetting greenhouse gas According to archaeologists, the rich, black relatively stable form for potentially tens of
emissions, others remain cautious. At and fertile terra preta was created by adding thousands of years, charcoal is a good way of
best we know too little, say critics, and at a mixture of bone, manure and charcoal doing it,” Turney says.
worst using biochar to sequester carbon to the otherwise relatively infertile soil
could ultimately lead to unintended over many years. The charcoal — believed Tonnes tucked away
wheat crops with switchgrass that would University, also worries that methods
be turned into biochar. to sequester carbon, including biochar
Smolker and Almuth Ernsting, production, could distract attention from
who works with Biofuelwatch, a UK the need to reduce emissions. “The people
environmental organization, are specifically New Zealand start-up Carbonscape is using industrial- who created the problem like the idea. They
concerned that a market for biochar would scale microwaves to turn biomass into biochar. can keep using the atmosphere as a sewer
encourage the destruction of tropical and let other people clean up the mess,”
forests, much as a market for biofuel has he says.
encouraged forest destruction for palm- modern manufactured char will persist. Most biochar researchers agree that
oil plantations. Ernsting estimates that “You can’t assume that modern biochar the technology needs more study and that
sequestering even a relatively modest behaves like terra preta,” says Smolker. Soil the most important thing is to reduce
1 billion tonnes of carbon a year would scientist David Wardle reported in Science emissions in the first place. “Biochar is not
require that 500 million hectares of last year that, in Swedish forests at least, a silver bullet for sequestration,” Lehmann
land be devoted to biochar plantations3. charcoal may cause carbon to disappear says. “We cannot continue the emissions
By comparison, there are an estimated from the soil much more quickly than that we generate today and anticipate
1.5 billion hectares of tropical forest expected4. Wardle and his team left mesh that any technology or combination
remaining in the world. bags containing either humus, charcoal or of technologies could compensate.”
But demand for biochar plantations a mixture of both on the forest floor and Nevertheless, it’s possible that biochar
needn’t lead to the destruction of forests, recorded how much mass was lost from could help mitigate those emissions,
argues Turney. Although he believes it each over a ten-year period. They found he says.
would make the most economic sense that the mixtures of humus and charcoal “Part of what our group will be trying
to use agricultural and forest waste for lost more mass than the controls of humus to do is to contribute to that work, and
biochar, he says that if plantations were and charcoal alone. Wardle thinks that the monitor and review where all this has got
needed they could be situated on land charcoal promoted microbial breakdown of to,” Haszeldine says. “We want to make sure
that has already been deforested. In the humus, accelerating the release of CO2 we’re not making a giant mistake.”
fact, he says, biochar production might back into the atmosphere. It’s also possible
actually provide an incentive to reforest that some microbes could degrade biochar Published online: 21 May 2009
the estimated 900 million hectares of directly. Although the black carbon that
doi:10.1038/climate.2009.48
degraded land worldwide. “The whole makes up the bulk of biochar is thought
point is to suck up carbon, not to start to be biologically unavailable to most References
pillaging native vegetation that’s already microbes, research suggests that some 1. Amonette, J. et al. in American Geophysical Union
out there,” says Turney. Fournier also microbes might be able to metabolize it. Fall Meeting 2007, abstract U42A-06;
http://tiny.cc/biochar1
agrees that destroying forests for biochar If so, it would be less stable in soil than 2. Lenton, T. M. & Vaughan, N. E. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.
plantations would be a perverse effect, but currently thought5. 9, 2559–2608 (2009).
he thinks that international agreements Another outstanding issue is to what 3. Ernsting, A. & Smolker, R. Biochar for Climate Change
and certification could prevent that extent modern-day biochar application Mitigation: Fact or Fiction? (Biofuelwatch, 2009);
http://tiny.cc/biochar
from happening. will fulfil the promise of terra preta in 4. Wardle, D. A. Science 320, 629 (2008).
That isn’t Smolker’s only concern, improving soil fertility. Research by 5. Hamer, U., Marschner, B., Brodowski, S. & Amelung, W.
though. The hope is that once the carbon Lehmann6 suggests that in most cases Org. Geochem. 35, 823–830 (2004).
6. Lehmann, J. & Rondon, M. in Biological Approaches to
is stored in the soil, it will stay there for the addition of charcoal improves soil
Sustainable Soil Systems (eds Uphoff, N. et al.)
many thousands of years. But although productivity, and although the reasons for 517–530 (CRC Press, 2006).
terra preta shows that’s possible, it is not the increased fertility still aren’t entirely
known whether all soils will benefit from understood, several things seem to be going Kurt Kleiner is a freelance science writer
biochar application, or even how long on. First, the biochar itself contains some based in Toronto.