TERM PAPER

ON
MICROPROCESSOR BASED
SYSTEM DESIGN

Submitted to:
Mr. Kamal Preet

LPU Submitted
By:
Sahil Gandhi
RB1703B52
 Btech-
MBA(CSE)
3450070155

INDEX:
1. Pin Diagram of 8085 Micro Processor

2. Components of Microprocessor

3. Different types of system designs

4. References
The below Picture describes the Pin
Diagram of 8085 microprocessor

.
Following are
the
components of
microprocessor
: commonly needs voltages in
Processor The processor is
at the heart of any digital
system that uses one at all.
It accepts analog data in
digital format, manipulates
the data in some suitable
way, and then generates
more analog data as output.
In addition to this signal-
processing function, the
processor will handle
interactions with the user
through input and display
devices, it will store data in
memory and then retrieve it
again, and it may
communicate with other
systems as well.
Memory The memory is
used to support the
system’s functions. It is
common for the system to
store large amounts of
analog data in digital form
and manipulate the stored
values. The amount of
memory needed is strongly
dependent on the purpose
of the system. Input
transducers The transducers
convert some physical
variable into an analog
electrical signal. As an
example, a strain gauge
may generate a voltage
proportional to the force
applied to the gauge. Input
signal conditioners
lowpass filters No matter
and
what electrical levels are
produced by input
transducers, they seldom
are appropriate for the
digital system, which
the 0 V to 5 V range. The
signal conditioner is
responsible for altering the
input analog signal to this
range. In addition, high-
frequency components of
the input signal are usually
regarded as noise and are
stripped off by a lowpass
filter in order to minimize
their effects on the system.
Furthermore, the digital
sampling done subsequently
absolutely requires this step
in order to avoid aliasing.
Analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) This
component converts the
analog signal generated by
the Signal Conditioner and
Lowpass Filter into a digital
signal. It does this by
sampling the analog signal
at a uniform rate first.
Shannon’s sampling
theorem[2] states that if a
signal has no frequency
components above fmax =
fs/2 then it can be
completely recon structed
from samples taken at
frequency fs. Turning this
around, we can get useful
samples at frequency fs by
ensuring no frequencies are
present at f > fs/2, and we
can accomplish this with a
lowpass filter whose band-
width B = fs/2. The output
of the analog-to-digital
conversion process, then, is
a digital representation of a
band-limited analog signal.
Microprocessor program The
program is responsible for
the processing of the analog
data stream (the signal
processing) and for the
operation of the system
itself. It is common for there
to be two (or even more)
microprocessors in a system
so that signal processing
and system operating
programs are then distinct.
Communications It is
also common for a system
to have the ability to pass
data to another device,
often another system. A
common interface for
systems is the IEEE
488.2/GPIB/HP-IB
instrumentation bus,
specially designed for
instruments.
Display devices
These can range from
simple light-emitting diode
(LED) indicators to cathode
ray tubes (CRT). They can
indicate the status of the
system or render the signal
into a graphical form.
Input devices
Common input devices are
keypads, potentiometers,
optical shaft encoders, and
switches. More elaborate
devices are those familiar to
computer users: mice,
digitizing pads, joysticks,
and light pens.
Digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) After
manipulating the signal in
some fashion appropriate to
the application, it is
common for the system to 2
create an analog signal. An
example of this is the
generation of a video signal
for operating a CRT or an
audio signal to operate a
loud speaker.
By feeding signal samples to
a DAC at regular intervals,
an analog signal can be
completely reconstructed
from the samples if it
represents a band- limited
signal. The analog output
may represent a
complicated signal, such as
an audio signal or it may be
something much simpler,
such as a control signal for
positioning a mechanical
arm.
Output signal
conditioners and
lowpass filters The
output of a DAC commonly
entails voltages between 0
V and 5 V. This is often an
in- appropriate level for
operating a particular
device. The signal
conditioner makes the
adjustments necessary for
getting the analog output
signal into the right range of
values. A lowpass filter is
also necessary in this stage
in order to remove the
vestiges of the sampling
process. If this is not done,
then frequency components
of the output signal will
include the sampling
frequency fs. The lowpass
filter should remove this
frequency and everything
above the band-limited
signal whose maximum
frequency is f = fs/2. An
excellent book on modern
filter design is Schaumann
and van Valkenburg.
Output transducers
(actuators) These
devices convert an analog
electrical signal into some
other physical form. For
example, a loud speaker is a
transducer which converts
an analog electrical signal
into an audible sound wave
by using an electromagnetic
to move a large cone back
and forth rapidly. As another
example, a fan may
interpret analog control
signals of varying currents
by turning the blades of the
fan faster or slower. Finally,
a piezoelectric crystal such
as quartz will change its size
when subjected to different
voltage levels and so can be
used to move items over a
very small distance.
Controlled
equipment Sometimes
the distinction between an
output transducer and
controlled equipment is
blurred. However, one might
well regard an entire robotic
system as controlled
equipment which itself
contains multiple output
transducers.
DIFFERENT
DESIGNS OF
MICROPROCES
SOR:
8-bit designs
The Intel 4004 was followed in
1972 by the Intel 8008, the world's
first 8-bit microprocessor.
According to A History of Modern
Computing, (MIT Press), pp. 220–
21, Intel entered into a contract with
Computer Terminals Corporation,
later called Datapoint, of San
Antonio TX, for a chip for a terminal
they were designing. Datapoint
later decided not to use the chip,
and Intel marketed it as the 8008 in
April, 1972. This was the world's
first 8-bit microprocessor. It was the
basis for the famous "Mark-8"
computer kit advertised in the
magazine Radio-Electronics in
1974.
12-bit designs
The Intersil 6100 family consisted
of a 12-bit microprocessor (the
6100) and a range of peripheral
support and memory ICs.
The microprocessor recognised
the DEC PDP-8 minicomputer
instruction set. As such it was
sometimes referred to as
the CMOS-PDP8. Since it was also
produced by Harris Corporation, it
was also known as the Harris HM-
6100. By virtue of its CMOS
technology and associated
benefits, the 6100 was being
incorporated into some military
designs until the early 1980's.
32-bit designs
Upper interconnect layers on an Intel
80486 DX2 die.
16-bit designs had only been on the
market briefly when 32-bit
implementations started to appear.
The most significant of the 32-bit
designs is the MC68000 introduced
in 1979. The 68K, as it was widely
known, had 32-bit registers but
used 16-bit internal data paths and
16-bit designs
The first multi-chip 16-
bit microprocessor was the National
Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced
in early 1973. An 8-bit version of
the chipset was introduced in 1974
as the IMP-8. During the same
year, National introduced the first
16-bit single-chip microprocessor,
the National Semiconductor PACE,
which was later followed by
an NMOS version, the INS8900.
a 16-bit external data bus to reduce
pin count, and supported only 24-
bit addresses. Motorola generally
described it as a 16-bit processor,
though it clearly has 32-
bit architecture. The combination of
high performance, large
(16 megabytes or 224 bytes)
memory space and fairly low cost
made it the most popular CPU
design of its class. The Apple
Lisa and Macintosh designs made
use of the 68000, as did a host of
other designs in the mid-1980s,
including the Atari
ST and Commodore Amiga.
The world's first single-chip fully-32-
bit microprocessor, with 32-bit data
paths, 32-bit buses, and 32-bit
addresses, was the AT&T Bell Labs
BELLMAC-32A
64-bit designs in
personal
computers
While 64-bit microprocessor
designs have been in use in
several markets since the early
1990s, the early 2000s saw the
introduction of 64-bit
microprocessors targeted at the PC
market.
Multicore designs
Pentium D dual core processors
A different approach to improving a
computer's performance is to add
extra processors, as in symmetric
multiprocessing designs, which
have been popular in servers and
workstations since the early 1990s.
Keeping up with Moore's Law is
becoming increasingly challenging
as chip-making technologies
approach the physical limits of the
technology.
Special-purpose
designs
Though the term "microprocessor"
has traditionally referred to a
single- or multi-chip CPU
or system-on-a-chip (SoC), several
types of specialized processing
devices have followed from the
technology. The most common
examples
are microcontrollers digital signal
processors (DSP) and graphics
processing units (GPU). Many
examples of these are either not
programmable, or have limited
programming facilities. For
example, in general GPUs through
the 1990s were mostly non-
programmable and have only
recently gained limited facilities like
programmable vertex shaders.
There is no universal consensus on
what defines a "microprocessor",
but it is usually safe to assume that
the term refers to a general-
purpose CPU of some sort and not
a special-purpose processor unless
specifically noted.
REFERENCES
1. Microprocessor Architecture Programming
and applications with 8085 by Ramesh
Gaonkar

2. http://www.usna.edu

3. en. Wikipedia. Org.