Conversion of Units - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

3/16/2016
ConversionofunitsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Conversionofunits
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Conversionofunitsistheconversionbetweendifferentunitsofmeasurementforthesamequantity,typicallythroughmultiplicativeconversion
factors.
Contents
1 Techniques
1.1 Process
1.2 Multiplicationfactors
1.3 Tableordering
2 Tablesofconversionfactors
2.1 Length
2.2 Area
2.3 Volume
2.4 Planeangle
2.5 Solidangle
2.6 Mass
2.7 Density
2.8 Time
2.9 Frequency
2.10 Speedorvelocity
2.11 Flow(volume)
2.12 Acceleration
2.13 Force
2.14 Pressureormechanicalstress
2.15 Torqueormomentofforce
2.16 Energy
2.17 Powerorheatflowrate
2.18 Action
2.19 Dynamicviscosity
2.20 Kinematicviscosity
2.21 Electriccurrent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units#Energy
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3
4
5
6
2.21 Electriccurrent
2.22 Electriccharge
2.23 Electricdipole
2.24 Electromotiveforce,electricpotentialdifference
2.25 Electricalresistance
2.26 Capacitance
2.27 Magneticflux
2.28 Magneticfluxdensity
2.29 Inductance
2.30 Temperature
2.31 Informationentropy
2.32 Luminousintensity
2.33 Luminance
2.34 Luminousflux
2.35 Illuminance
2.36 Radiationsourceactivity
2.37 Radiationexposure
2.38 Radiationabsorbeddose
2.39 Radiationequivalentdose
Softwaretools
Seealso
Notesandreferences
Externallinks
Techniques
Process
Theprocessofconversiondependsonthespecificsituationandtheintendedpurpose.Thismaybegovernedbyregulation,contract,technical
specificationsorotherpublishedstandards.Engineeringjudgmentmayincludesuchfactorsas:
Theprecisionandaccuracyofmeasurementandtheassociateduncertaintyofmeasurement.
Thestatisticalconfidenceintervalortoleranceintervaloftheinitialmeasurement.
Thenumberofsignificantfiguresofthemeasurement.
Theintendeduseofthemeasurementincludingtheengineeringtolerances.
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Historicaldefinitionsoftheunitsandtheirderivativesusedinoldmeasurementse.g.,internationalfootvs.USsurveyfoot.
Someconversionsfromonesystemofunitstoanotherneedtobeexact,withoutincreasingordecreasingtheprecisionofthefirstmeasurement.Thisis
sometimescalledsoftconversion.Itdoesnotinvolvechangingthephysicalconfigurationoftheitembeingmeasured.
Bycontrast,ahardconversionoranadaptiveconversionmaynotbeexactlyequivalent.Itchangesthemeasurementtoconvenientandworkable
numbersandunitsinthenewsystem.Itsometimesinvolvesaslightlydifferentconfiguration,orsizesubstitution,oftheitem.Nominalvaluesare
sometimesallowedandused.
Multiplicationfactors
Conversionbetweenunitsinthemetricsystemcanbediscernedbytheirprefixes(forexample,1kilogram=1000grams,1milligram=0.001grams)
andarethusnotlistedinthisarticle.Exceptionsaremadeiftheunitiscommonlyknownbyanothername(forexample,1micron=106metre).
Tableordering
Withineachtable,theunitsarelistedalphabetically,andtheSIunits(baseorderived)arehighlighted.
Tablesofconversionfactors
Thisarticlegiveslistsofconversionfactorsforeachofanumberofphysicalquantities,whicharelistedintheindex.Foreachphysicalquantity,a
numberofdifferentunits(someonlyofhistoricalinterest)areshownandexpressedintermsofthecorrespondingSIunit.
Legend
Definition
Symbol
exactlyequalto
approximatelyequalto
digits indicatesthatdigitsrepeatinfinitely(e.g.8.294 369correspondsto8.294 369 369 369 369 )

(H)
ofchieflyhistoricalinterest
Length
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Nameofunit
Length
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
ngstrm
1 1010m
0.1nm
astronomicalunit
AU
149 597 870 700mDistancefromEarthtoSun
149 597 870 700m[1]
barleycorn(H)
=13in(seenoteaboveaboutrounding)
8.46 103m
bohr,atomicunitof
length
a0
=Bohrradiusofhydrogen
cablelength(imperial)
608ft
185.3184m
cablelength
(International)
110nmi
185.2m
cablelength(US)
720ft
=219.456m
chain(Gunter's
Surveyor's)
ch
66ft(US)4rods[3]
20.116 84m
cubit(H)
Distancefromfingerstoelbow18in
0.5m
ell(H)
ell
45in[4](InEnglandusually)
=1.143m
fathom
ftm
6ft[4]
=1.8288m
fermi
fm
1 1015m[4]
1 1015m
finger
78in
=0.022 225m
finger(cloth)
412in
=0.1143m
foot(Benot)(H)
ft(Ben)
foot(Cape)(H)
foot(Clarke's)(H)
ft(Cla)
0.304 797 2654m
foot(Indian)(H)
ftInd
0.304 799 514m
foot,metric
mf
110 m
0.31622776601m
foot,metric(long)
lmf
13m
0.3m
foot,metric(short)
smf
0.30m
0.30m
5.291 772 1092(17) 1011m[

2]
0.304 799 735m

Legallydefinedas1.033Englishfeetin1859
0.314 858m
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foot,metric(short)
smf
0.30m
0.30m
foot(International)
ft
0.3048m13yd12inches
0.3048m
foot(Sear's)(H)
ft(Sear)
foot(USSurvey)
ft(US)
12003937m[5]
0.304 800 610m
frenchcharriere
13mm
=0.3 103m
furlong
fur
10chains=660ft=220yd[4]
=201.168m
hand
4in[4]
0.1016m
inch(International)
in
2.54cm136yd112ft
0.0254m
league(land)
lea
1hourwalk,CurrentlydefinedinUSas3Statutemiles,[3]but
historicallyvariedfrom2to9km
4828m
lightday
24lighthours
2.590 206 837 12 1013m
lighthour
60lightminutes
1.079 252 8488 1012m
lightminute
60lightseconds
1.798 754 748 1010m
lightsecond
Distancelighttravelsinonesecondinvacuum
299 792 458m
lightyear
ly
Distancelighttravelsinvacuumin365.25days[6]
=9.460 730 472 5808 1015m
line
ln
112in[7]
=0.002 116m
link(Gunter's
Surveyor's)
lnk
1100ch[4]0.66ft(US)7.92in
0.201 1684m
link(Ramsden's
Engineer's)
lnk
1ft[4]
=0.3048m
metre(SIbaseunit)
(meter)
mickey
micrometre(old:
micron)
milthou
mil
0.304 799 47m
Distancelighttravelsin1299 792 458ofasecondinvacuum.[8]

110 000 000ofthedistancefromequatortopole.
1200in
1m
=1.27 104m
1 106m
1 103in
2.54 105m
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103in
2.54 105m
milthou
mil
mil(Swedenand
Norway)
mil
10km
=10 000m
6082ft
=1 853.7936m
80chains5280ft1760yd
1 609.344m
6000ft
1 828.8m
mile(geographical)(H)
mile(international)
mi
mile(tacticalordata)
mile(telegraph)(H)
mi
6087ft
=1 855.3176m
mile(USSurvey)
mi
5280USSurveyfeet(528012003937)m
1 609.347 219m
nail(cloth)
214in[4]
=0.057 15m
nanometre
nm
1 109m
1 109m
nauticalleague
NLnl
3nmi[4]
=5556m
nauticalmile
(Admiralty)
NM(Adm)nmi
(Adm)
=6080ft
=1 853.184m
nauticalmile
(international)
NMnmi
1852m[9]
1852m
1853.248m
1853.248m
nauticalmile(USpre
1954)
pace
2.5ft[4]
=0.762m
palm
3in[4]
=0.0762m
parsec
pc
Distanceofstarwithparallaxshiftofonearcsecondfromabaseofone
astronomicalunit
3.085 677 581 1016m[10]
pica
12points
Dependentonpointmeasures.
point(American,
English)[11][12]
pt
172.272in
0.000 351 450m
112172ofpiedduroi
0.000 375 97m
After1878:
After1878:
0.000 375 939 85m
point(DidotEuropean)
[12][13]
pt
cm
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133cm
point(PostScript)[11]
pt
172in
=0.000 3527m
point(TeX)[11]
pt
172.27in
=0.000 351 4598m
quarter
14yd
=0.2286m
rodpoleperch(H)
rd
1612ft
=5.0292m
rope(H)
rope
20ft[4]
=6.096m
shaku(Japan)
=0.3030m
span(H)
9in[4]
=0.2286m
spat[14]
stick(H)
1 1012m
2in
picometre(old:bicron,
pm
stigma)
twip
twp
xunitsiegbahn
xu
yard(International)
yd
=0.0508m
1 1012m
11440in
=1.7638 105m
1.0021 1013m[4]
0.9144m[5]3ft36in
0.9144m
Area
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Area
Nameofunit
Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
acre(international)
ac
1ch10ch=4840sqyd
4 046.856 4224m2
acre(USsurvey)
ac
10sqch=4840sqyd,also43 560sqft
4 046.873m2[15]
are
100m2
=100m2
barn
1028m2
=1028m2
barony
4000ac
1.618 742 107m2
board
bd
1in1ft
=7.741 92 103m2
boilerhorsepowerequivalentdirectradiation bhpEDR 1ft21bhp/(240BTUIT/h)
12.958 174m2
circularinch
circin
4sqin
5.067 075 104m2
circularmilcircularthou
circmil
4mil2
5.067 075 1010m2
cord
192bd
=1.486 448 64m2
cuerda(PRSurvey)
cda
1cdax1cda=0.971 222acre
3 930.395 625m2
dunam
1000m2
=1000m2
guntha
121sqyd
101.17m2
hectare
ha
10 000m2
10 000m2
hide
120ac(variable)
5 105m2
rood
ro
14ac
=1 011.714 1056m2
1mi1mi
=2.589 988 110 336 106m2
1052m2
=1052m2
10ft10ft
=9.290 304m2
404.685 642 24m2
section
shed
square(roofing)
squarechain(international)
sqch
66ft66ft=110ac
squarechain(USSurvey)
sqch
66ft(US)66ft(US)=110USsurveyacre 404.6873m2
squarefoot
sqft
1ft1ft
9.290 304 102m2
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squarefoot
sqft
1ft1ft
9.290 304 102m2
squarefoot(USSurvey)
sqft
1ft(US)1ft(US)
9.290 341 161 3275 102m2
squareinch
sqin
1in1in
6.4516 104m2
squarekilometre
km2
1km1km
=106m2
squarelink(Gunter's)(International)
sqlnk
1lnk1lnk0.66ft0.66ft
=4.046 856 4224 102m2
squarelink(Gunter's)(USSurvey)
sqlnk
1lnk1lnk0.66ft(US)0.66ft(US)
4.046 872 102m2
squarelink(Ramsden's)
sqlnk
1lnk1lnk1ft1ft
=0.092 903 04m2
squaremetre(SIunit)
m2
1m1m
=1m2
squaremilsquarethou
sqmil
1mil1mil
=6.4516 1010m2
squaremile
sqmi
1mi1mi
=2.589 988 110 336 106m2
squaremile(USSurvey)
sqmi
1mi(US)1mi(US)
2.589 998 47 106m2
squarerod/pole/perch
sqrd
1rd1rd
=25.292 852 64m2
squareyard(International)
sqyd
1yd1yd
0.836 127 36m2
stremma
1000m2
=1000m2
township
36sqmi(US)
9.323 994 107m2
yardland
30ac
1.2 105m2
Volume
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Volume
Nameofunit
Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
acrefoot
acft
1acx1ft=43 560cuft
=1 233.481 837 547 52m3
acreinch
1ac1in
=102.790 153 128 96m3
barrel(imperial)
bl(imp)
36gal(imp)
=0.163 659 24m3
barrel(petroleum)
blbbl
42gal(US)
=0.158 987 294 928m3
barrel(USdry)
bl(US)
105qt(US)=105/32bu(USlvl) =0.115 628 198 985 075m3
barrel(USfluid)
flbl(US)
3112gal(US)
=0.119 240 471 196m3
boardfoot
fbm
144cuin
2.359 737 216 103m3
bucket(imperial)
bkt
4gal(imp)
=0.018 184 36m3
bushel(imperial)
bu(imp)
8gal(imp)
=0.036 368 72m3
bushel(USdryheaped)
bu(US)
114bu(USlvl)
=0.044 048 837 7086m3
bushel(USdrylevel)
bu(USlvl)
2 150.42cuin
=0.035 239 070 166 88m3
butt,pipe
126gal(wine)
=0.476 961 884 784m3
coomb
4bu(imp)
=0.145 474 88m3
cord(firewood)
8ft4ft4ft
=3.624 556 363 776m3
cordfoot
16cuft
=0.453 069 545 472m3
cubicfathom
cufm
1fm1fm1fm
=6.116 438 863 872m3
cubicfoot
cuft
1ft1ft1ft
0.028 316 846 592m3
cubicinch
cuin
1in1in1in
16.387 064 106m3
cubicmetre(SIunit)
m3
1m1m1m
1m3
cubicmile
cumi
1mi1mi1mi
4 168 181 825.440 579 584m3
cubicyard
cuyd
27cuft
0.764 554 857 984m3
cup(breakfast)
10floz(imp)
=284.130 625 106m3
cup(Canadian)
c(CA)
8floz(imp)
=227.3045 106m3
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cup(Canadian)
c(CA)
8floz(imp)
=227.3045 106m3
cup(metric)
250.0 106m3
=250.0 106m3
cup(UScustomary)
c(US)
8USfloz116gal(US)
=236.588 2365 106m3
cup(USfoodnutritionlabeling)
c(US)
240mL[16]
=2.4 104m3
dash(imperial)
1384gi(imp)=12pinch(imp)
=369.961 751 302 083 109m3
dash(US)
196USfloz=12USpinch
=308.057 599 609 375 109m3
dessertspoon(imperial)
112gi(imp)
=11.838 776 0416 106m3
drop(imperial)
gtt
1288floz(imp)
=98.656 467 0138 109m3
drop(imperial)(alt)
gtt
11824gi(imp)
77.886 684 109m3
drop(medical)
0.996412ml
=83.03 109m3
drop(medical)
112ml
=83.3 109m3
drop(metric)
120mL
=50.0 109m3
drop(US)
gtt
1360USfloz
=82.148 693 229 16 109m3
drop(US)(alt)
gtt
1456USfloz
64.854 231 496 71 109m3
drop(US)(alt)
gtt
1576USfloz
51.342 933 268 23 109m3
fifth
15USgal
=757.082 3568 106m3
firkin
9gal(imp)
=0.040 914 81m3
fluiddrachm(imperial)
fldr
18floz(imp)
=3.551 632 8125 106m3
fluiddram(US)USfluidram
fldr
18USfloz
=3.696 691 195 3125 106m3
fluidscruple(imperial)
fls
124floz(imp)
=1.183 877 604 16 106m3
gallon(beer)
beergal
282cuin
=4.621 152 048 103m3
gallon(imperial)
gal(imp)
4.546 09L
4.546 09 103m3
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4.546 09 103m3
gallon(USdry)
gal(US)
18bu(USlvl)
=4.404 883 770 86 103m3
gallon(USfluidWine)
gal(US)
231cuin
3.785 411 784 103m3
gill(imperial)Noggin
gi(imp)nog 5floz(imp)
=142.065 3125 106m3
gill(US)
gi(US)
4USfloz
=118.294 118 25 106m3
hogshead(imperial)
hhd(imp)
2bl(imp)
=0.327 318 48m3
hogshead(US)
hhd(US)
2flbl(US)
=0.238 480 942 392m3
jigger(bartending)
112USfloz
44.36 106m3
kilderkin
18gal(imp)
=0.081 829 62m3
lambda
1mm3
=1 109m3
last
80bu(imp)
=2.909 4976m3
1dm3[17]
0.001m3
load
50cuft
=1.415 842 3296m3
minim(imperial)
min
1480floz(imp)=1/60fldr(imp) =59.193 880 2083 109m3
minim(US)
min
1480USfloz=160USfldr
=61.611 519 921 875 109m3
ounce(fluidimperial)
floz(imp)
1160gal(imp)
28.413 0625 106m3
ounce(fluidUScustomary)
USfloz
1128gal(US)
29.573 529 5625 106m3
ounce(fluidUSfoodnutritionlabeling) USfloz
30mL[16]
3 105m3
peck(imperial)
pk
2gal(imp)
=9.092 18 103m3
peck(USdry)
pk
14USlvlbu
=8.809 767 541 72 103m3
perch
per
1612ft112ft1ft
=0.700 841 953 152m3
pinch(imperial)
litre
(liter)
=739.923 502 604 16 109m3

1
gi(imp)=tsp(imp)
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192gi(imp)=tsp(imp)
pinch(US)
148USfloz=18UStsp
=616.115 199 218 75 109m3
pint(imperial)
pt(imp)
18gal(imp)
=568.261 25 106m3
pint(USdry)
pt(USdry)
164bu(USlvl)18gal(USdry) =550.610 471 3575 106m3
pint(USfluid)
pt(USfl)
18gal(US)
=473.176 473 106m3
pony
34USfloz
=22.180 147 171 875 106m3
pottlequartern
12gal(imp)=80floz(imp)
=2.273 045 103m3
quart(imperial)
qt(imp)
14gal(imp)
=1.136 5225 103m3
quart(USdry)
qt(US)
132bu(USlvl)=14gal(USdry) =1.101 220 942 715 103m3
quart(USfluid)
qt(US)
14gal(USfl)
=946.352 946 106m3
quarterpail
8bu(imp)
=0.290 949 76m3
registerton
100cuft
=2.831 684 6592m3
sack(imperial)bag
3bu(imp)
=0.109 106 16m3
sack(US)
3bu(USlvl)
=0.105 717 210 500 64m3
seam
8bu(USlvl)
=0.281 912 561 335 04m3
shot(US)
usually1.5USfloz[14]
44 106m3
strike(imperial)
2bu(imp)
=0.072 737 44m3
strike(US)
2bu(USlvl)
=0.070 478 140 333 76m3
tablespoon(Australianmetric)
tablespoon(Canadian)
tbsp
12floz(imp)
=14.206 531 25 106m3
tablespoon(imperial)
tbsp
58floz(imp)
=17.758 164 0625 106m3
tablespoon(metric)
tablespoon(UScustomary)
tbsp
20.0 106m3
15.0 106m3
1 USfloz
=14.786 764 781 25 106m3
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tablespoon(UScustomary)
tbsp
2USfloz
=14.786 764 781 25 106m3
tablespoon(USfoodnutritionlabeling) tbsp
15mL[16]
=1.5 105m3
teaspoon(Canadian)
tsp
16floz(imp)
=4.735 510 416 106m3
teaspoon(imperial)
tsp
124gi(imp)
=5.919 388 020 83 106m3
teaspoon(metric)
5.0 106m3
=5.0 106m3
teaspoon(UScustomary)
tsp
16USfloz
=4.928 921 593 75 106m3
teaspoon(USfoodnutritionlabeling)
tsp
5mL[16]
=5 106m3
timberfoot
1cuft
=0.028 316 846 592m3
ton(displacement)
35cuft
=0.991 089 630 72m3
ton(freight)
40cuft
=1.132 673 863 68m3
ton(water)
28bu(imp)
=1.018 324 16m3
tun
252gal(wine)
=0.953 923 769 568m3
wey(US)
40bu(USlvl)
=1.409 562 806 6752m3
Planeangle
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Nameofunit
Planeangle
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
26400rad
0.981 748 103rad
arcminuteMOA '
160
0.290 888 103rad
arcsecond
"
13600
4.848 137 106rad
centesimal
minuteofarc
'
1100grad
0.157 080 103rad
centesimal
secondofarc
"
110 000grad
1.570 796 106rad
degree(ofarc)
1360ofarevolution180rad
17.453 293 103rad
gradgradian
gon
grad
1400ofarevolution200rad0.9
15.707 963 103rad
octant
45
0.785 398rad
quadrant
90
1.570 796rad
radian(SIunit)
rad
Theanglesubtendedatthecenterofacirclebyanarcwhoselengthisequaltothecircle'sradius.
Onefullrevolutionencompasses2radians.
=1rad
sextant
60
1.047 198rad
sign
30
0.523 599rad
angularmil
Solidangle
Solidangle
Nameof
unit
Symbol
Definition
square
degree
deg2
(180)2sr
2
sq.deg.()
steradian
(SIunit)
sr
Thesolidanglesubtendedatthecenterofasphereofradiusrbyaportionofthesurfaceofthesphere
havinganarear2.Asphereencompasses4sr.[14]
RelationtoSI
units
0.304 62 103sr
=1sr
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Mass
Notes:
SeeWeightfordetailofmass/weightdistinctionandconversion.
Avoirdupoisisasystemofmassbasedonapoundof16ounces,whileTroyweightisthesystemofmasswhere12troyouncesequalsonetroy
pound.
Inthistable,theunitgeeisusedtodenotestandardgravityinordertoavoidconfusionwiththe"g"symbolforgrams.
Inphysics,thepoundofmassissometimeswrittenlbmtodistinguishitfromthepoundforce(lbf).Itshouldnotbereadasthemongrelunit
"poundmetre".
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Mass
Nameofunit
Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
atomicmassunit,unified
uAMU
1.660 538 921(73) 1027kg[18]
atomicunitofmass,electronrest
mass
me
9.109 382 91(40) 1031kg[19]
bag(coffee)
60kg
=60kg
bag(Portlandcement)
94lbav
=42.637 682 78kg
barge
2212shortton
=20 411.656 65kg
carat
kt
316gr
=205.196 5483mg
carat(metric)
ct
200mg
=200mg
clove
8lbav
=3.628 738 96kg
crith
89.9349mg
dalton
Da
1.660 538 921(73) 1027kg[18]
dram(apothecarytroy)
drt
60gr
=3.887 9346g
dram(avoirdupois)
drav
271132gr
=1.771 845 195 3125g
electronvolt
eV
1eV(energyunit)/c2
=1.782 661 84(45) 1036kg[20]
gamma
1g
=1g
grain
gr
17000lbav
6 479 891mg
grave
gv.
gravewastheoriginalnameofthekilogram
1kg
hundredweight(long)
longcwtor
cwt
112lbav
=50.802 345 44kg
hundredweight(short)cental
shcwt
100lbav
=45.359 237kg
kg
massoftheprototypenearParis(massof1Lof
water)
1kg(SIbaseunit)[8]
kip
kip
1000lbav
=453.592 37kg
mark
8ozt
=248.827 8144g
kilogram
(kilogramme)
17/45
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mite
120gr
=3.239 9455mg
mite(metric)
120g
=50mg
ounce(apothecarytroy)
ozt
112lbt
=31.103 4768g
ounce(avoirdupois)
ozav
116lb
=28.349 523 125g
ounce(USfoodnutritionlabelling)
oz
28g[16]
=28g
pennyweight
dwtpwt
120ozt
=1.555 173 84g
point
1100ct
=2mg
pound
lb
slugft/s2
=0.453 592 37kg
pound(avoirdupois)
lbav
0.453 592 37kg=7000grains
0.453 592 37kg
pound(metric)
500g
=500g
pound(troy)
lbt
5760grains
=0.373 241 7216kg
quarter(imperial)
14longcwt=2st=28lbav
=12.700 586 36kg
quarter(informal)
14shortton
=226.796 185kg
quarter,long(informal)
14longton
=254.011 7272kg
quintal(metric)
100kg
=100kg
scruple(apothecary)
sap
20gr
=1.295 9782g
sheet
1700lbav
=647.9891mg
sluggeepoundhyl
slug
101lbav1s2/ft
14.593 903kg
stone
st
14lbav
=6.350 293 18kg
ton,assay(long)
AT
1mg1longton1ozt
=32.6g
ton,assay(short)
AT
1mg1shortton1ozt
=29.16g
ton,long
longtnorton
2240lb
=1 016.046 9088kg
ton,short
shtn
2000lb
=907.184 74kg
tonne(mtsunit)
1000kg
=1000kg
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tonne(mtsunit)
1000kg
=1000kg
wey
252lb=18st
=114.305 277 24kg(variants

exist)
Zentner
Ztr.
Definitionsvary.[14][21]
Density
Nameofunit
Density
Symbol Definition
RelationtoSIunits
grampermillilitre
g/mL
g/mL
=1000kg/m3
kilogrampercubicmetre(SIunit)
kg/m3
kg/m3
=1kg/m3
kilogramperlitre
kg/L
kg/L
=1000kg/m3
ounce(avoirdupois)percubicfoot
oz/ft3
oz/ft3
1.001 153 961kg/m3
ounce(avoirdupois)percubicinch
oz/in3
oz/in3
1.729 994 044 103kg/m3
ounce(avoirdupois)pergallon(imperial) oz/gal
oz/gal
6.236 023 291kg/m3
ounce(avoirdupois)pergallon(USfluid) oz/gal
oz/gal
7.489 151 707kg/m3
pound(avoirdupois)percubicfoot
lb/ft3
lb/ft3
16.018 463 37kg/m3
pound(avoirdupois)percubicinch
lb/in3
lb/in3
2.767 990 471 104kg/m3
pound(avoirdupois)pergallon(imperial) lb/gal
lb/gal
99.776 372 66kg/m3
pound(avoirdupois)pergallon(USfluid) lb/gal
lb/gal
119.826 4273kg/m3
slugpercubicfoot
slug/ft3 slug/ft3 515.378 8184kg/m3
Time
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Nameofunit
atomicunitof
time
Time
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
a0/(c)
2.418 884 254 1017s
Callippiccycle
441mo(hollow)+499mo(full)=76aof365.25d
=2.396 736Gsor
2.398 3776Gs[note1]
century
100years(100a)
=3.155 6952Gs[note2][note3]
day
=24h=1440min
=86.4ks[note3]
day(sidereal)
TimeneededfortheEarthtorotateoncearounditsaxis,determinedfromsuccessive
transitsofaverydistantastronomicalobjectacrossanobserver'smeridian(International
CelestialReferenceFrame)
86.1641ks
decade
dec
10years(10a)
=
315.569 520Ms[note2][note3]
fortnight
fn
2wk
=1.2096Ms[note3]
11080h
=3.3s
au
helek
Hipparchic
cycle
4Callippiccycles1d
=9.593 424Gs
hour
60min
=3.6ks[note3]
jiffy
160s
=16.6ms
jiffy
(alternative)
ja
1100s
=10ms
ke(quarterof
anhour)
14h=196d=15min
=900s
ke(traditional)
1100d=14.4min
=864s
lustrelustrum
5aof365d
=157.68Ms
Metoniccycle
enneadecaeteris
110mo(hollow)+125mo(full)=6940d19a
=599.616Ms
millennium
1000years(1000a)
=31.556 952Gs[note2][note3]
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milliday
md
11000d
=86.4s
minute
min
60s,duetoleapsecondssometimes59sor61s,
=60s[note3]
moment
90s
=90s
month(full)
mo
30d[22]
=2.592 106s[note3]
month(Greg.
av.)
mo
=30.436 875d
2.6297Ms[note3]
month(hollow) mo
29d[22]
=2.5056Ms[note3]
month
(synodic)
mo
Cycletimeofmoonphases29.530 589d(average)
2.551Ms
octaeteris
=48mo(full)+48mo(hollow)+3mo(full)[23][24]=8aof365.25d=2922d
=252.4608Ms[note3]
Plancktime
1
(Gc5) 2
1.351 211 868 1043s
second
timeof9 192 631 770periodsoftheradiationcorrespondingtothetransitionbetweenthe

twohyperfinelevelsofthegroundstateofthecaesium133atomat0K[8](butotherseconds
aresometimesusedinastronomy).Alsothattimeittakesforlighttotraveladistanceof
299 792 458metres.
(SIbaseunit)
shake
108s
=10ns
sigma
106s
=1s
Sothiccycle
1461aof365d
=460.740 96Ts
svedberg
1013s
=100fs
week
wk
7d=168h=10 080min
=604.8ks[note3]
year(common) a,y,oryr 365d
=31.536Ms[note3][note3][25]
year
(Gregorian)
a,y,oryr
=365.2425daverage,calculatedfromcommonyears(365d)plusleapyears(366d)onmost
=31.556 952Ms[note3]
yearsdivisibleby4.Seeleapyearfordetails.
year(Julian)
a,y,oryr
=365.25daverage,calculatedfromcommonyears(365d)plusoneleapyear(366d)every
fouryears
year(leap)
a,y,oryr 366d
year(mean
a,y,oryr conceptually,thelengthoftimeittakesfortheSuntoreturntothesamepositioninthecycle 31.556 925Ms
=31.5576Ms
=31.6224Ms[note3][25]
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year(mean
tropical)
a,y,oryr conceptually,thelengthoftimeittakesfortheSuntoreturntothesamepositioninthecycle 31.556 925Ms

ofseasons,[Converter1]approximately365.242 19d,eachdaybeing86 400SIseconds[26]
year(sidereal)
timetakenforSuntoreturntothesamepositionwithrespecttothestarsofthecelestial
a,y,oryr sphere,approximately365.256 363d
31.558 149 7632Ms
Notes:
1.seeCallippiccycleforexplanationofthedifferences
2.ThisisbasedontheaverageGregorianyear.Seeabovefordefinitionofyearlengths.
3.WhereUTCisobserved,thelengththisunitmayincreaseordecreasedependingonthenumberofleapsecondswhichoccurduringthetimeintervalinquestion.
Frequency
Nameofunit
hertz(SIunit)
Frequency
Definition
Symbol
Hz
revolutionsperminute rpm
Numberofcyclespersecond
RelationtoSIunits
=1Hz=1/s
Oneunitrpmequalsonerotationcompletedaroundafixedaxisinoneminuteoftime. 0.104 719 755rad/s
Speedorvelocity
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Nameofunit
Speed
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
footperhour
fph
1ft/h
=8.46 105m/s
footperminute
fpm
1ft/min
=5.08 103m/s
footpersecond
fps
1ft/s
=3.048 101m/s
furlongperfortnight
furlong/fortnight
1.663 095 104m/s
inchperhour
iph
1in/h
=7.05 106m/s
inchperminute
ipm
1in/min
=4.23 104m/s
inchpersecond
ips
1in/s
=2.54 102m/s
kilometreperhour
km/h
1km/h
=2.7 101m/s
knot
kn
1nmi/h=1.852km/h
=0.514m/s
knot(Admiralty)
kn
1NM(Adm)/h=1.853 184km/h
=0.514 773m/s
machnumber
Ratioofthespeedtothespeedofsound[note1]inthemedium(unitless).
340to295m/s
metrepersecond(SIunit)
m/s
1m/s
=1m/s
mileperhour
mph
1mi/h
=0.447 04m/s
mileperminute
mpm
1mi/min
=26.8224m/s
milepersecond
mps
1mi/s
=1 609.344m/s
speedoflightinvacuum
299 792 458m/s
=299 792 458m/s
speedofsoundinair
1225to1062km/h(761660mphor661574kn)[note1]
340to295m/s
Note
1.Thespeedofsoundvariesespeciallywithtemperatureandpressurefromabout1225km/h(761mphor661kn)inairatsealeveltoabout1062km/h(660mphor
570kn)atjetaltitudes(12 200mor40 000ft).[27]
Avelocityconsistsofaspeedcombinedwithadirectionthespeedpartofthevelocitytakesunitsofspeed.
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Flow(volume)
Nameofunit
Flow
Symbol Definition
RelationtoSIunits
cubicfootperminute
CFM
1ft3/min =4.719 474 432 104m3/s
cubicfootpersecond
ft3/s
1ft3/s
cubicinchperminute
in3/min 1in3/min =2.731 1773 107m3/s
cubicinchpersecond
in3/s
1in3/s
=1.638 7064 105m3/s
cubicmetrepersecond(SIunit) m3/s
1m3/s
=1m3/s
gallon(USfluid)perday
GPD
1gal/d
=4.381 263 638 108m3/s
gallon(USfluid)perhour
GPH
1gal/h
=1.051 503 273 106m3/s
gallon(USfluid)perminute
GPM
1gal/min =6.309 019 64 105m3/s
litreperminute
LPM
1L/min
=0.028 316 846 592m3/s
=1.6 105m3/s
Acceleration
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Nameofunit
Acceleration
Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
footperhourpersecond
fph/s
1ft/(hs)
=8.46 105m/s2
footperminutepersecond
fpm/s
1ft/(mins)
=5.08 103m/s2
footpersecondsquared
fps2
1ft/s2
=3.048 101m/s2
galgalileo
Gal
1cm/s2
=102m/s2
inchperminutepersecond
ipm/s
1in/(mins)
=4.23 104m/s2
inchpersecondsquared
ips2
1in/s2
=2.54 102m/s2
knotpersecond
kn/s
1kn/s
5.14 101m/s2
metrepersecondsquared(SIunit) m/s2
1m/s2
=1m/s2
mileperhourpersecond
mph/s
1mi/(hs)
=4.4704 101m/s2
mileperminutepersecond
mpm/s 1mi/(mins)
=26.8224m/s2
milepersecondsquared
mps2
1mi/s2
=1.609 344 103m/s2
standardgravity
9.806 65m/s2 =9.806 65m/s2
Force
25/45
3/16/2016
Nameofunit
Force
Definition
Symbol
atomicunitofforce
RelationtoSIunits
2 2
me c a0
8.238 722 06 108N[28]
dyne(cgsunit)
dyn
gcm/s2
=105N
kilogramforcekilopond
graveforce
kgfkp
Gf
01kg
=9.806 65N
kipkipforce
kipkipf
01000lb
klbf
milligraveforce,gravet
force
mGfgf
01g
=9.806 65mN
longtonforce
tnf
01shortton
=
9.964 016 418 183 52 103N
newton(SIunit)
Aforcecapableofgivingamassofonekilogramanaccelerationofonemetre
=1N=1kgm/s2
persecondpersecond.[29]
ounceforce
ozf
01oz
=0.278 013 850 953 781 25N
poundforce
lbf
01lb
=4.448 221 615 2605N
poundal
pdl
1lbft/s2
=0.138 254 954 376N
shorttonforce
tnf
01shortton
=8.896 443 230 521 103N
sthene(mtsunit)
sn
1tm/s2
=103N
=4.448 221 615 2605 103N
Seealso:Conversionbetweenweight(force)andmass
Pressureormechanicalstress
26/45
3/16/2016
Nameofunit
Pressure
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
101 325Pa[30]
atmosphere(standard)
atm
atmosphere(technical)
at
bar
bar
barye(cgsunit)
1dyn/cm2
=0.1Pa
centimetreofmercury
cmHg
13 595.1kg/m31cm0
1.333 22 103Pa[30]
centimetreofwater(4C)
cmH2O 999.972kg/m31cm0
footofmercury(conventional)
ftHg
13 595.1kg/m31ft0
4.063 666 104Pa[30]
footofwater(39.2F)
ftH2O
999.972kg/m31ft0
2.988 98 103Pa[30]
inchofmercury(conventional)
inHg
13 595.1kg/m31in0
3.386 389 103Pa[30]
inchofwater(39.2F)
inH2O
999.972kg/m31in0
249.082Pa[30]
1kgf/cm2
=9.806 65 104Pa[30]
105Pa
98.0638Pa[30]
kilogramforcepersquaremillimetre kgf/mm2 1kgf/mm2
=9.806 65 106Pa[30]
kippersquareinch
ksi
1kipf/sqin
6.894 757 106Pa[30]
longtonpersquarefoot
1longton0/1sqft
1.072 517 801 1595 105Pa
13 595.1kg/m31 m00.001torr
0.133 3224Pa[30]
13 595.1kg/m31mm01torr
133.3224Pa[30]
micrometreofmercury
mHg
millimetreofmercury
mmHg
millimetreofwater(3.98C)
mmH2O 999.972kg/m31mm0=0.999 972kgf/m2 =9.806 38Pa
pascal(SIunit)
Pa
N/m2=kg/(ms2)
=1Pa[31]
pize(mtsunit)
pz
1000kg/ms2
=103Pa=1kPa
poundpersquarefoot
psf
1lbf/ft2
47.880 26Pa[30]
poundpersquareinch
psi
1lbf/in2
6.894 757 103Pa[30]
poundalpersquarefoot
pdl/sqft 1pdl/sqft
shorttonpersquarefoot
1shortton0/1sqft
1.488 164Pa[30]
9.576 0518 104Pa
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shorttonpersquarefoot
1shortton0/1sqft
9.576 0518 104Pa
torr
torr
101 325760Pa
133.3224Pa[30]
Torqueormomentofforce
Nameofunit
Torque
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
footpoundforce
ftlbf
01lb1ft
=1.355 817 948 331 4004Nm
footpoundal
ftpdl
1lbft2/s2
=4.214 011 009 380 48 102Nm
inchpoundforce
inlbf
01lb1in
=0.112 984 829 027 6167Nm
metrekilogramforce
mkgf
0Nm
=9.806 65Nm
Newtonmetre(SIunit) Nm
Nm=kgm2/s2 =1Nm
Energy
28/45
3/16/2016
Nameofunit
Energy
Definition
Symbol
5.8 106BTU59F
RelationtoSIunits
6.12 109J
barrelofoilequivalent
boe
Britishthermalunit(ISO)
BTUISO 1.0545 103J
=1.0545 103J
Britishthermalunit
(InternationalTable)
BTUIT
=1.055 055 852 62 103J
Britishthermalunit(mean)
BTUmean
1.055 87 103J
Britishthermalunit
(thermochemical)
BTUth
1.054 350 103J
Britishthermalunit(39F)
BTU39F
1.059 67 103J
BTU59F 1.054 804 103J
=1.054 804 103J
BTU60F
1.054 68 103J
BTU63F
1.0546 103J
calorie(InternationalTable)
calIT
4.1868J
calmean
calorie(mean)
100oftheenergyrequiredtowarmonegramofairfreewaterfrom
0Cto100C@1atm
=4.1868J
4.190 02J
calorie(thermochemical)
calth
4.184J
=4.184J
Calorie(USFDA)
Cal
1kcal=1000cal
=4184J
calorie(3.98C)
cal3.98C
calorie(15C)
cal15C
calorie(20C)
cal20C
Celsiusheatunit(International
Table)
CHUIT
cubiccentimetreofatmosphere ccatm
standardcubiccentimetre
scc
4.2045J
4.1855J
=4.1855J
4.1819J
1BTUIT1K/R
=1.899 100 534 716 103J
1atm1cm3
=0.101 325J
cubicfootofatmosphere
cuft
standardcubicfoot
atmscf 1atm1ft3
=2.869 204 480 9344 103J
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standardcubicfoot
atmscf
1atm1ft3
cubicfootofnaturalgas
1000BTUIT
cubicyardofatmosphere
standardcubicyard
cuyd
3
atmscy 1atm1yd
=77.468 520 985 2288 103J
electronvolt
eV
e1V
1.602 176 565(35) 1019J
erg(cgsunit)
erg
1gcm2/s2
=107J
footpoundforce
ftlbf
01lb1ft
=1.355 817 948 331 4004J
footpoundal
ftpdl
1lbft2/s2
=4.214 011 009 380 48 102J
gallonatmosphere(imperial)
impgal
atm
1atm1gal(imp)
=460.632 569 25J
gallonatmosphere(US)
USgal
atm
1atm1gal(US)
=383.556 849 0138J
hartree,atomicunitofenergy
Eh
me2c2(=2Ry)
4.359 744 1018J
horsepowerhour
hph
1hp1h
=2.684 519 537 696 172 792 106

J
inchpoundforce
inlbf
01lb1in
=0.112 984 829 027 6167J
joule(SIunit)
Theworkdonewhenaforceofonenewtonmovesthepointofits
applicationadistanceofonemetreinthedirectionoftheforce.[29]
=1J=1mN=1kgm2/s2=
1CV=1Ws
kilocalorielargecalorie
kcalCal 1000calIT
=4.1868 103J
kilowatthourBoardofTrade
Unit
kWh
1kW1h
B.O.T.U.
=3.6 106J
litreatmosphere
latmsl 1atm1L
=101.325J
quad
1015BTUIT
=1.055 055 852 62 1018J
rydberg
Ry
Rc
2.179 872 1018J
therm(E.C.)
100 000BTUIT
=105.505 585 262 106J
therm(US)
100 000BTU59F
=105.4804 106J
=2.869 204 480 9344 103J

=1.055 055 852 62 106J
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therm(US)
100 000BTU59F
=105.4804 106J
thermie
th
1McalIT
=4.1868 106J
tonofcoalequivalent
TCE
7Gcalth
=29.288 109J
tonneofoilequivalent
toe
10GcalIT
=41.868 109J
tonofTNT
tTNT
1Gcalth
=4.184 109J
Powerorheatflowrate
31/45
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Nameofunit
Power
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
atmospherecubiccentimetreper
minute
atmccm
1atm1cm3/min
=1.688 75 103W
atmospherecubiccentimetreper
second
atmccs
1atm1cm3/s
=0.101 325W
atmospherecubicfootperhour
atmcfh
1atm1cuft/h
=0.797 001 247 04W
atmospherecubicfootperminute
atmcfm
1atm1cuft/min
=47.820 074 682 24W
atmospherecubicfootpersecond
atmcfs
1atm1cuft/s
=2.869 204 480 9344 103W
1BTUIT/h
0.293 071W
BTU(InternationalTable)perhour BTUIT/h
BTU(InternationalTable)per
minute
BTUIT/min 1BTUIT/min
17.584 264W
BTU(InternationalTable)per
second
BTUIT/s
1BTUIT/s
=1.055 055 852 62 103W
calorie(InternationalTable)per
second
calIT/s
1calIT/s
=4.1868W
ergpersecond
erg/s
1erg/s
=107W
footpoundforceperhour
ftlbf/h
1ftlbf/h
3.766 161 104W
footpoundforceperminute
ftlbf/min
1ftlbf/min
=
2.259 696 580 552 334 102W
footpoundforcepersecond
ftlbf/s
1ftlbf/s
=1.355 817 948 331 4004W
horsepower(boiler)
hp
34.5lb/h970.3BTUIT/lb
9 809.5W[32]
horsepower(Europeanelectrical)
hp
75kpm/s
=736W
horsepower(electrical)
hp
746W
=746W[32]
horsepower(mechanical)
hp
550ftlbf/s[32]
=745.699 871 582 270 22W
horsepower(metric)
hporPS
75mkgf/s
=735.498 75W[32]
Latm/min 1atm1L/min
litreatmosphereperminute
=1.688 75W
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litreatmosphereperminute
litreatmospherepersecond
Latm/s
1atm1L/s
=101.325W
lusec
lusec
1LmHg/s[14]
1.333 104W
poncelet
100mkgf/s
=980.665W
squarefootequivalentdirect
radiation
sqftEDR
240BTUIT/h
70.337 057W
tonofairconditioning
2000lboficemelted/24h
3504W
tonofrefrigeration(imperial)
2240lbiceIT/24h:iceIT=144F2326J/kgF
3.938 875 103W
tonofrefrigeration(IT)
2000lbiceIT/24h:iceIT=144F2326J/kgF
3.516 853 103W
watt(SIunit)
Thepowerwhichinonesecondoftimegivesrisetoonejouleof
energy.[29]
=1W=1J/s=1Nm/s=
1kgm2/s3
Action
Nameofunit
Action
Symbol Definition
atomicunitofaction au
RelationtoSIunits
2 1.054 571 68 1034Js[33]
Dynamicviscosity
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Nameofunit
Dynamicviscosity
Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
pascalsecond(SIunit)
Pas
Ns/m2,kg/(ms) =1Pas
poise(cgsunit)
1baryes
poundperfoothour
lb/(fth) 1lb/(fth)
4.133 789 104Pas
poundperfootsecond
lb/(fts) 1lb/(fts)
1.488 164Pas
poundforcesecondpersquarefoot lbfs/ft2 1lbfs/ft2
47.880 26Pas
poundforcesecondpersquareinch lbfs/in2 1lbfs/in2
6 894.757Pas
=0.1Pas
Kinematicviscosity
Nameofunit
Kinematicviscosity
Symbol Definition RelationtoSIunits
ft2/s
1ft2/s
=0.092 903 04m2/s
squaremetrepersecond(SIunit) m2/s
1m2/s
=1m2/s
stokes(cgsunit)
104m2/s =104m2/s
squarefootpersecond
St
Electriccurrent
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Electriccurrent
Nameofunit
ampere(SIbase
unit)
Symbol
A
RelationtoSI
units
Definition
Theconstantcurrentneededtoproduceaforceof2 107newtonpermetrebetweentwo
straightparallelconductorsofinfinitelengthandnegligiblecircularcrosssectionplacedonemetre =1A=1C/s
apartinavacuum.[8]
electromagnetic
unitabampere(cgs abamp
unit)
10A
=10A
esupersecond
statampere(cgs
unit)
0.1Am/sc
3.335 641 1010A
esu/s
Electriccharge
Electriccharge
Nameofunit
Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
abcoulombelectromagneticunit(cgs
unit)
abCemu
10C
=10C
atomicunitofcharge
au
1.602 176 462 1019C
coulomb
Theamountofelectricitycarriedinonesecondoftimebyone
ampereofcurrent.[29]
=1C=1As
faraday
1molNAe
96 485.3383C
milliamperehour
mAh
0.001A1h
=3.6C
statcoulombfranklinelectrostaticunit
(cgsunit)
statCFr
esu
0.1Amc
3.335 641 1010C
Electricdipole
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Nameofunit
Electricdipole
Symbol Definition
RelationtoSIunits
atomicunitofelectricdipolemoment ea0
8.478 352 81 1030Cm[34]
coulombmeter
Cm
=1C1m
debye
=1010esu =3.335 640 95 1030Cm[35]
Electromotiveforce,electricpotentialdifference
Voltage,electromotiveforce
Nameof
Symbol
unit
Definition
RelationtoSI
units
abvolt
abV
(cgsunit)
108V
=108V
statvolt
statV
(cgsunit)
c(1J/Am)
=299.792 458V
volt(SI
unit)
Thedifferenceinelectricpotentialacrosstwopointsalongaconductingwirecarryingoneampereofconstant =1V=1W/A
currentwhenthepowerdissipatedbetweenthepointsequalsonewatt.[29]
=1kgm2/(As3)
Electricalresistance
Electricalresistance
Name
Symbol
ofunit
ohm(SI
unit)
Definition
Theresistancebetweentwopointsinaconductorwhenonevoltofelectricpotentialdifference,appliedto
thesepoints,producesoneampereofcurrentintheconductor.[29]
RelationtoSIunits
=1=1V/A
=1kgm2/(A2s3)
Capacitance
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Capacitor'sabilitytostorecharge
Nameof
Symbol
unit
farad(SI
unit)
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
Thecapacitancebetweentwoparallelplatesthatresultsinonevoltofpotentialdifferencewhencharged =1F=1C/V
byonecoulombofelectricity.[29]
=1A2s4/(kgm2)
Magneticflux
magneticflux
Nameof
unit
Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
maxwell
(CGSunit)
Mx
108Wb[32]
weber(SI
unit)
Wb
Magneticfluxwhich,linkingacircuitofoneturn,wouldproduceinitanelectromotiveforceof1voltif =1Wb=1Vs
itwerereducedtozeroatauniformratein1second.[29]
=1kgm2/(As2)
=108Wb
Magneticfluxdensity
WhatphysicistscallMagneticfieldiscalledMagneticfluxdensityby
electricalengineersandmagneticinductionbyappliedmathematiciansand
electricalengineers.
Nameofunit Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
gauss(CGSunit) G
Mx/cm2=104T =104T[36]
tesla(SIunit)
Wb/m2
=1T=1Wb/m2=1kg/(As2)
Inductance
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Inductance
Nameof
Symbol
unit
henry(SI
H
unit)
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
Theinductanceofaclosedcircuitthatproducesonevoltofelectromotiveforcewhenthecurrentinthe
circuitvariesatauniformrateofoneamperepersecond.[29]
=1H=1Wb/A
=1kgm2/(As)2
Temperature
Nameofunit
Temperature
Definition
Symbol
degreeCelsius
degreeDelisle
De
degreeFahrenheit
degreeNewton
degreeRankine
degreeRaumur
[K]=[R]54+273.15
degreeRmer
[K]=([R]7.5)4021+273.15
ReguloGasMark
GM
kelvin(SIbaseunit) K
[C][K]273.15
RelationtoSIunits
[K][C]+273.15
[K]=373.15[De]23
[F][C]95+32
[K]([F]+459.67)59
[K]=[N]10033+273.15
[R][K]95
[F][GM]25+300
[K][R]5/9
[K][GM]1259+422.038
1273.16ofthethermodynamictemperatureofthetriplepointofwater.[8] 1K
Informationentropy
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Nameofunit
Symbol
Informationentropy
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
Relationtobits
SIunit
J/K
J/K
=1J/K
natnipnepit
nat
kB
=1.380 6505(23) 1023J/K
bitshannon
bitbSh ln(2)kB =9.569 940(16) 1024J/K =1bit
banhartley
banHart ln(10)kB =3.179 0653(53) 1023J/K
nibble
byte
kilobyte(decimal) kB
4bits
=3.827 9760(64) 1023J/K =22bit
8bits
=7.655 952(13) 1023J/K =23bit
1000B
=7.655 952(13) 1020J/K =8000bit
kilobyte(kibibyte) KBKiB 1024B
=7.839 695(13) 1020J/K =213bit=8192bit
Often,informationentropyismeasuredinshannons,whereasthe(discrete)storagespaceofdigitaldevicesismeasuredinbits.Thus,uncompressed
redundantdataoccupymorethanonebitofstoragepershannonofinformationentropy.Themultiplesofabitlistedaboveareusuallyusedwiththis
meaning.Othertimesthebitisusedasameasureofinformationentropyandisthusasynonymofshannon.
Luminousintensity
ThecandelaisthepreferrednomenclaturefortheSIunit.
Luminousintensity
Nameofunit
Symbol
Definition
Relation
toSIunits
candela(SIbase
cd
unit)candle
Theluminousintensity,inagivendirection,ofasourcethatemitsmonochromaticradiationoffrequency
540 1012hertzandthathasaradiantintensityinthatdirectionof1/683wattpersteradian.[8]
=1cd
candlepower
(new)
cp
cdTheuseofcandlepowerasaunitisdiscouragedduetoitsambiguity.
=1cd
candlepower
(old,pre1948)
cp
Variesandispoorlyreproducible.[37]Approximately0.981cd.[14]
0.981cd
Luminance
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Luminance
Symbol
Nameofunit
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
candelapersquarefoot
cd/ft2
cd/ft2
10.763 910 417cd/m2
candelapersquareinch
cd/in2
cd/in2
1 550.0031cd/m2
candelapersquaremetre(SIunit)nit(deprecated[14]) cd/m2
cd/m2
=1cd/m2
footlambert
fL
(1/)cd/ft2
3.426 259 0996cd/m2
lambert
(104/)cd/m2 3 183.098 8618cd/m2
stilb(CGSunit)
sb
104cd/m2
=104cd/m2
Luminousflux
Luminousflux
Nameofunit Symbol Definition RelationtoSIunits
lumen(SIunit) lm
cdsr
=1lm=1cdsr
Illuminance
Nameofunit
Illuminance
footcandlelumenpersquarefoot fc
lm/ft2
=10.763 910 417lx
lumenpersquareinch
lm/in2
lm/in2
1 550.0031lx
lux(SIunit)
lx
lm/m2
=1lx=1lm/m2
phot(CGSunit)
ph
lm/cm2 =104lx
Radiationsourceactivity
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Nameofunit
Radioactivity
Definition
Symbol
RelationtoSIunits
becquerel(SIunit) Bq
Numberofdisintegrationspersecond =1Bq=1/s
curie
Ci
3.7 1010Bq[38]
=3.7 1010Bq
rutherford(H)
rd
1MBq
=106Bq
Pleasenotethatalthoughbecquerel(Bq)andhertz(Hz)bothultimatelyrefertothesameSIbaseunit(s1),Hzisusedonlyforperiodicphenomena,and
Bqisonlyusedforstochasticprocessesassociatedwithradioactivity.[39]
Radiationexposure
Radiationexposure
Nameofunit Symbol
Definition
roentgen
RelationtoSIunits
1R2.58 104C/kg[32] =2.58 104C/kg
TheroentgenisnotanSIunitandtheNISTstronglydiscouragesitscontinueduse.[40]
Radiationabsorbeddose
Radiationabsorbeddose
Nameofunit Symbol
Definition
RelationtoSIunits
gray(SIunit) Gy
1J/kg=1m2/s2[41] =1Gy
rad
0.01Gy[32]
rad
=0.01Gy
Radiationequivalentdose
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Radiationequivalentdose
Nameofunit
Rntgenequivalentman rem
0.01Sv
sievert(SIunit)
1J/kg[39] =1Sv
Sv
=0.01Sv
Althoughthedefinitionsforsievert(Sv)andgray(Gy)wouldseemtoindicatethattheymeasurethesamequantities,thisisnotthecase.Theeffectof
receivingacertaindoseofradiation(givenasGy)isvariableanddependsonmanyfactors,thusanewunitwasneededtodenotethebiological
effectivenessofthatdoseonthebodythisisknownastheequivalentdoseandisshowninSv.Thegeneralrelationshipbetweenabsorbeddoseand
equivalentdosecanberepresentedas
H=QD
whereHistheequivalentdose,Distheabsorbeddose,andQisadimensionlessqualityfactor.Thus,foranyquantityofDmeasuredinGy,the
numericalvalueforHmeasuredinSvmaybedifferent.[42]
Softwaretools
Therearemanyconversiontools.Theyarefoundinthefunctionlibrariesofapplicationssuchasspreadsheetsdatabases,incalculators,andinmacro
packagesandpluginsformanyotherapplicationssuchasthemathematical,scientificandtechnicalapplications.
Therearemanystandaloneapplicationsthatofferthethousandsofthevariousunitswithconversions.Forexample,thefreesoftwaremovementoffersa
commandlineutilityGNUunits(https://www.gnu.org/software/units/)forLinuxandWindows.
Seealso
Accuracyandprecision
Conversionofunitsoftemperature
Englishunits
Falseprecision
Imperialunits
InternationalSystemofUnits
Mesuresusuelles
Metricprefix(e.g."kilo"prefix)
Metricsystem
Naturalunits
Rounding
Significantfigures
UnitedStatescustomaryunits
Units(software)
Unitsconversionbyfactorlabel
Unitsofmeasurement
42/45
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Notesandreferences
1.jobs(September14,2012)."Theastronomicalunitgetsfixed:NatureNews
&Comment".Nature.com.doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11416.Retrieved
August31,2013.
2."NISTReferenceonConstants,Units,andUncertainty."
(http://physics.nist.gov/cgibin/cuu/Value?bohrrada0)(2010).National
InstituteofStandardsandTechnology.RetrievedOctober17,2014.
3.U.S.NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyHandbook44Appendix
CGeneralTablesofUnitsofMeasurement2013Edition
(http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/appc13hb44final.pdf)
4.Lide,D.(Ed.).(1990).HandbookofChemistryandPhysics(71sted).Boca
Raton,FL:CRCPress.Section1.
5.NationalBureauofStandards.(June30,1959).Refinementofvaluesforthe
yardandthepound.FederalRegister,viewedSeptember20,2006at
NationalGeodeticSurveywebsite
(http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc595442.pdf).
6.TheInternationalAstronomicalUnionandAstronomicalUnits
(http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/measuring/)
7.Klein,HerbertArthur.(1988).TheScienceofMeasurement:aHistorical
Survey.Mineola,NY:DoverPublications0486258394.
8.TheInternationalSystemofUnits,Section2.1(8ed.),BureauInternational
desPoidsetMesures,2006,retrievedAugust26,2009
9.InternationalSystemofUnits,
(http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table8.html)8thed.(2006),
BureauInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,Section4.1Table8.
10.P.KennethSeidelmann,Ed.(1992).ExplanatorySupplementtothe
AstronomicalAlmanac.Sausalito,CA:UniversityScienceBooks.p.716and
s.v.parsecinGlossary.
11.Whitelaw,Ian.(2007).AMeasureofAllThings:TheStoryofManand
Measurement(http://books.google.com/books?id=3zgGEWM5iAC).New
York:Macmillan0312370261.p.152.
12.DeVinne,TheodoreLow(1900).Thepracticeoftypography:atreatiseon
theprocessesoftypemaking,thepointsystem,thenames,sizes,stylesand
pricesofplainprintingtypes(http://books.google.com/books?id=R4
DjphIpLMC)2nded.NewYork:TheCenturyCo.p.142150.
13.Pasko,WesleyWashington(1894).Americandictionaryofprintingand
bookmaking(http://books.google.com/books?id=Z_QUAAAAIAAJ).(1894).
NewYork:HowardLockwood.p.521.
14.Rowlett,Russ(2005),HowMany?ADictionaryofUnitsofMeasurement
15.Thompson,A.andTaylor,B.N.(2008).GuidefortheUseofthe
InternationalSystemofUnits(SI).NationalInstituteofStandardsand
TechnologySpecialPublication811.p.57.
16.USCodeofFederalRegulations,Title21,Section101.9,Paragraph(b)(5)
(viii),retrievedAugust29,2009
17.BarryN.Taylor,Ed.,NISTSpecialPublication330:TheInternational
SystemofUnits(SI)(http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf)(2001
Edition),Washington:USGovernmentPrintingOffice,43,"The12th
ConferenceGeneraledesPoidsetMesures(CGPM)declaresthattheword
"litre"maybeemployedasaspecialnameforthecubicdecimetre".
18.[1](http://physics.nist.gov/cgibin/cuu/Value?tukg)
19.CODATAValue:atomicunitofmass.(http://physics.nist.gov/cgi
bin/cuu/Value?ttme%7Csearch_for=atomic+unit+of+mass)(2010).National
InstituteofStandardsandTechnology.Retrieved29May2015.
20.http://physics.nist.gov/cgibin/cuu/Value?tevj%7Csearch_for=electronvolt
21.TheSwissFederalOfficeforMetrologygivesZentneronaGerman
languagewebpage[2](http://www.metas.ch/de/scales/systemch.html)and
quintalontheEnglishtranslationofthatpage[3]
(http://www.metas.ch/en/scales/systemch.html)theunitismarked
"spcifiquementsuisse!"
22.PedersenO.(1983)."Glossary"inCoyne,G.,Hoskin,M.,andPedersen,O.
GregorianReformoftheCalendar:ProceedingsoftheVaticanConference
toCommemorateits400thAnniversary.VaticanObservatory.Availablefrom
AstrophysicsDataSystem.
23.Richards,E.G.(1998),MappingTime,OxfordUniversityPress,pp.9495,
ISBN0198504136
24.Steel,Duncan(2000),MarkingTime,JohnWiley&Sons,p.46,ISBN0
471298271
43/45
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25.Richards,E.G.(2013)."Calendars"inS.E.Urban&P.K.Seidelmann,
eds.ExplanatorySupplementtotheAstronomicalAlmanac.MillValley,CA:
UniversityScienceBooks.
26.Richards,E.G.(2013)."Calendars"inS.E.Urban&P.K.Seidelmann,
eds.ExplanatorySupplementtotheAstronomicalAlmanac.MillValley,CA:
UniversityScienceBooks.p.587.
27.TomBenson.(2010.)"MachNumber"(http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K
12/airplane/mach.html)inBeginner'sGuidetoAeronautics.NASA.
28.CODATAValue:atomicunitofforce
(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/).(2006).NationalInstituteof
StandardsandTechnology.RetrievedSeptember14,2008.
29.ComitInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,Resolution2,1946,retrieved
August26,2009
30.BarryN.Taylor,(April1995),GuidefortheUseoftheInternationalSystem
ofUnits(SI)(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf)(NISTSpecial
Publication811),Washington,DC:USGovernmentPrintingOffice,pp.57
68.
31.BarryN.Taylor,(April1995),GuidefortheUseoftheInternationalSystem
ofUnits(SI)(NISTSpecialPublication811),Washington,DC:US
GovernmentPrintingOffice,p.5.
32.NISTGuidetoSIUnits,AppendixB.9,retrievedAugust27,2009
33.InternationalSystemofUnits,
(http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/table7.html)8thed.(2006),
BureauInternationaldesPoidsetMesures,Section4.1Table7.
34.TheNISTReferenceonConstants,Units,andUncertainty,2006,retrieved
August26,2009
35.RobertG.MortimerPhysicalchemistry,AcademicPress,2000ISBN012
5083459,page677
36.StandardfortheUseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):TheModern
MetricSystemIEEE/ASTMSI101997.(1997).NewYorkandWest
Conshohocken,PA:InstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineersand
AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials.TablesA.1throughA.5.
37.TheNISTReferenceonConstants,Units,andUncertainty,retrieved
August28,2009
38.AmblerThompson&BarryN.Taylor.(2008).GuidefortheUseofthe
InternationalSystemofUnits(SI).
(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf)SpecialPublication811.
Gaithersburg,MD:NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.p.10.
39.TheInternationalSystemofUnits,Section2.2.2.,Table3(8ed.),Bureau
InternationaldesPoidsetMesures,2006,retrievedAugust27,2009
40.TheNISTGuidetotheSI(SpecialPublication811),section5.2,2008,
retrievedAugust27,2009
41.AmblerThompson&BarryN.Taylor.(2008).GuidefortheUseofthe
InternationalSystemofUnits(SI).
(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf)SpecialPublication811.
Gaithersburg,MD:NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.p.5.
42.Comitinternationaldespoidsetmesures,2002,Recommendation2,
retrievedAugust27,2009
Notes
1.ThetechnicaldefinitionoftropicalyearistheperiodoftimefortheeclipticlongitudeoftheSuntoincrease360degrees.(Urban&Seidelmann2013,Glossary,
s.v.year,tropical)
Externallinks
StatutoryInstrument1995No.1804(http://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804)Unitsofmeasurement
regulations1995Fromlegislation.gov.uk(http://legislation.gov.uk)
HowMany?Adictionaryofunitsofmeasurement(http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/)
NIST:FundamentalphysicalconstantsNonSIunits
(http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Document/nonsi_in_1998.pdf)PDF(35.7KB)
Wikibookshasabookon
thetopicof:FHSST
PhysicsUnits:Howto
ChangeUnits
44/45
3/16/2016
NISTGuidetoSIUnits(http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB9.html)Manyconversionfactors
Wikivoyagehasatravel
guideforMetricand
listed.
Imperialequivalents.
TheUnifiedCodeforUnitsofMeasure(http://aurora.rg.iupui.edu/~schadow/units/UCUM/ucum.html)
Units,Symbols,andConversionsXMLDictionary(http://w3.energistics.org/uom/poscUnits22.xml)
Units,Symbols,Exchange,Equations,HumanReadable(https://www.unitwolf.com)
UnitsofMeasurementSoftware(https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Reference/Units_of_Measurement/Software/)atDMOZ
UnitsofMeasurementOnlineConversion(https://www.dmoz.org/Science/Reference/Units_of_Measurement/Online_Conversion/)atDMOZ
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_units&oldid=706685322"
Categories: Unitsofmeasurement Metrication Conversionofunitsofmeasurement
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon24February2016,at18:39.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetothe
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3/16/2016

digits indicatesthatdigitsrepeatinfinitely(e.g.8.294 369correspondsto8.294 369 369 369 369 )

149 597 870 700mDistancefromEarthtoSun

149 597 870 700m[1]

0.304 797 2654m

0.304 799 514m

5.291 772 1092(17) 1011m[

0.304 799 735m

0.304 800 610m

2.590 206 837 12 1013m

1.079 252 8488 1012m

1.798 754 748 1010m

299 792 458m

=9.460 730 472 5808 1015m

0.304 799 47m

Distancelighttravelsin1299 792 458ofasecondinvacuum.[8]

3.085 677 581 1016m[10]

0.000 351 450m

0.000 375 97m

=0.000 351 4598m

1.618 742 107m2

boilerhorsepowerequivalentdirectradiation bhpEDR 1ft21bhp/(240BTUIT/h)

5.067 075 104m2

5.067 075 1010m2

=1.486 448 64m2

=2.589 988 110 336 106m2

9.290 304 102m2

9.290 304 102m2

9.290 341 161 3275 102m2

=4.046 856 4224 102m2

4.046 872 102m2

=0.092 903 04m2

=2.589 988 110 336 106m2

2.589 998 47 106m2

=25.292 852 64m2

0.836 127 36m2

9.323 994 107m2

=1 233.481 837 547 52m3

=102.790 153 128 96m3

=0.163 659 24m3

=0.158 987 294 928m3

105qt(US)=105/32bu(USlvl) =0.115 628 198 985 075m3

=0.119 240 471 196m3

2.359 737 216 103m3

=0.018 184 36m3

=0.036 368 72m3

=0.044 048 837 7086m3

=0.035 239 070 166 88m3

=0.476 961 884 784m3

=0.145 474 88m3

=3.624 556 363 776m3

=0.453 069 545 472m3

=6.116 438 863 872m3

0.028 316 846 592m3

16.387 064 106m3

4 168 181 825.440 579 584m3

0.764 554 857 984m3

=284.130 625 106m3

=236.588 2365 106m3

=369.961 751 302 083 109m3

=308.057 599 609 375 109m3

=11.838 776 0416 106m3

=98.656 467 0138 109m3

77.886 684 109m3