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ROCK MECHANICS
ystein Pettersen
Reservoir Mechanics 20 years anniversary 30.08.02
Original photography
Standard procedure:
From a system of equations L(u(x), a, x) = 0 with I.C. and B.C.
find the solution u(x), with known parameters a.
History matching:
From a system of equations L(u(x), a, x) = 0 with I.C. and the
solution u(x) known, determine the boundary conditions and
parameter set a.
Normally some of the B.C.'s and (part of) a will be known.
Deterministic
case
Different heterogeneity
cases
300
275
RFT-pressures ("certain")
Less certain pressure
measurements
250
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
cf = 3E-05
0,99
0,98
0,97
0,96
310 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 260 250 240 230 220 210
Pressure (bars)
Classification of Compaction
Pc (Conf. press.)
Reversible elastic
Compaction by
Overburden
With hysteresis
Irreversible elastic
Pp (Pore pressure)
Decline period
300
275
Pure pressure-dependant compaction
Time- & pressure-dep. compaction
RFT-pressures ("certain")
Less certain pressure
measurements
250
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Elastic moduli
Field B -- Weak Sandstone
0,5
0,4
1000
0,4
0,3
0,2
400
0,1
200
0
0
100
200
p' (bars)
300
0
400
0,3
600
0,2
400
0,1
0
p' (bars)
200
0
250
E (MPa)
500
E (MPa)
0,4
150
100
150
200
0
250
1000
100
50
p' (bars)
600
50
0,1
200
0,5
0,2
400
1200
200
0,3
600
800
800
0,2
0,15
400
300
0,1
200
0,05
100
0
0
50
100
150
p' (bars)
200
250
0
300
600
E (MPa)
800
1200
1000
0,5
E (MPa)
1200
"Ideal"
irrev.
Loading
Unloading
Permeability vs stress
Unconsolidated Sand Field A
Initial permeability (100%): 4138 mD
100
80
1. load
1. unload
60
2. load
40
2. unload
20
69
621
Permeability vs stress
Unconsolidated Sand Field B
Initial permeability (100%): ~1.5 D
100
80
1. load
1. unload
60
2. load
40
2. unload
20
0
69
621
Permeability vs stress
Unconsolidated Sand Field C
100
1. load
80
1. unload
60
2. load
40
2. unload
20
0
69
621
6 000
5 500
5 000
4 500
4 000
3 500
3 000
300
295
290
285
280
275
270
Reservoir pressure (perm. press. gauge)
Production tests during 2 years
Soil strength
C0
B
D
0
Elastic
Ductile
Brittle
Soil strength:
Hysteresis and deformation
OB: Perfect elasticity
(No irreversible behaviour)
BC: Irreversible changes occur
Successive loading / unloading
by different curves. E.g. PQ
gives a permanently set
deformation 0.
QR NPQ, but R still on BC.
CD: Unloading curve ST often
results in large permanent
deformation. The following load
sequence TU meets CD on a
lower stress level than S.
C
P
R
S
U D
e la
la s
p
sto
tic
elastic
Non-achievable
states
failure surface
(envelope of reachable yield surfaces)
400
200
800
1 200
1 600
600
1 000
1 400
Differential stress (bar)
Pc = 138bar
Pc = 207bar
Pc = 276bar
Pc = 345bar
Pc = 276bar
Pc = 414bar
1
0
1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500
Differential stress (bar)
16
6
Pc = 138bar
Pc = 276bar
Pc = 414bar
12
8
4
80
4
2
0
0
120
160
200
Differential stress (bar)
240
50
100
150
200
250
Differential stress (bar)
Pc = 207bar
Pc = 276bar
300
Pc = 414bar
350
-0,05
DEZ01
DEZ02
DEZ03
DEZ04
DEZ05
DEZ06
DEZ07
-0,1
-0,15
10000
15000
20000
25000
PARAMETER:
DEZ07
TYPE
REAL
0.127115
0.042764
-0.041586
-0.125937
-0.210288
-0.294638
-0.378989
Conclusion