Electrical Formulas

Conversion Formulas
Area of Circle = r2
Breakeven Dollars = Overhead Cost $/Gross Profit %
Busbar Ampacity AL = 700A Sq. in. and CU = 1000A Sq. in.
Centimeters = Inches x 2.54
Inch = 0.0254 Meters
Inch = 2.54 Centimeters
Inch = 25.4 Millimeters
Kilometer = 0.6213 Miles
Length of Coiled Wire = Diameter of Coil (average) x Number of Coils x
Lightning Distance in Miles = Seconds between flash and thunder/4.68
Meter = 39.37 Inches
Mile = 5280 ft, 1760 yards, 1609 meters, 1.609 km
Millimeter = 0.03937 Inch
Selling Price = Estimated Cost $/(1 - Gross Profit %)
Speed of Sound (Sea Level) = 1128 fps or 769 mph
Temp C = (Temp F - 32)/1.8
Temp F = (Temp C x 1.8) + 32
Yard = 0.9144 Meters
Electrical Formulas Based on 60 Hz
Capacitive Reactance (XC) in Ohms = 1/(2 f C)
Effective (RMS) AC Amperes = Peak Amperes x 0.707
Effective (RMS) AC Volts = Peak Volts x 0.707
Efficiency (percent) = Output/Input x 100
Efficiency = Output/Input
Horsepower = Output Watts/746
Inductive Reactance (XL) in Ohms = 2f L
Input = Output/Efficiency
Neutral Current (Wye) =

A 2 B 2 C 2 ( AB BC AC )

Output = Input x Efficiency

Peak AC Volts = Effective (RMS) AC Volts x

2
Peak Amperes = Effective (RMS) Amperes x 2
Power Factor (PF) = Watts/VA
VA (apparent power) = Volts x Ampere or Watts/Power Factor
VA 1-Phase = Volts x Amperes
VA 3-Phase = Volts x Amperes x 3
Watts (real power) Single-Phase = Volts x Amperes x Power Factor
Watts (real power) Three-Phase = Volts x Amperes x Power Factor x 3
Parallel Circuits
Note 1: Total resistance is always less than the smallest resistor
RT = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +...)
Note 2: Total current is equal to the sum of the currents of all parallel resistors
Note 3: Total power is equal to the sum of power of all parallel resistors
Note 4: Voltage is the same across each of the parallel resistors
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Series Circuits
Note 1: Total resistance is equal to the sum of all the resistors
Note 2: Current in the circuit remains the same through all the resistors
Note 3: Voltage source is equal to the sum of voltage drops of all resistors
Note 4: Power of the circuit is equal to the sum of the power of all resistors
Transformer Amperes
Secondary Amperes 1-Phase = VA/Volts
Secondary Amperes 3-Phase = VA/Volts x 3
Secondary Available Fault 1-Phase = VA/(Volts x %impedance)
Secondary Available Fault 3-Phase = VA/(Volts x 3 x %Impedance)
Delta 4-Wire: Line Amperes = Phase (one winding) Amperes x 3
Delta 4-Wire: Line Volts = Phase (one Winding) Volts
Delta 4-Wire: High-Leg Voltage (L-to-G) = Phase (one winding) Volts x 0.5 x

Wye: Line Volts = Phase (one winding) Volts x 3

Wye: Line Amperes = Phase (one winding) Amperes
Voltage Drop
VD (1-Phase) = 2KID/CM
VD (3-Phase) = 3 KID/CM
CM (1-Phase) = 2KID/VD
CM (3-Phase) = 3 KID/VD
Code Rules
Breaker/Fuse Ratings 240.6(A)
Conductor Ampacity 310.15 and Table 310.16
Equipment Grounding Conductor 250.122
Grounding Electrode Conductor 250.66
Motor Conductor Size 430.22 (Single) 430.24 (Multiple)
Motor Short-Circuit Protection 430.52
Transformer Overcurrent Protection 450.3
(Pi) = (3.142 approximately), 2 = 1.414 (approximately), 3 = 1.732 (approximately), f = Frequency, r = radius, d = diameter, C = Capacitance (farads),
L = Inductance (henrys), CM = Circular Mils (Chapter 9, Table 8), VD = Volts Drop, K = (12.9 ohms CU) (21.2 ohms AL), I = Amperes of load, D = Distance in ft one way

Load factor = Average load / Maximum load

Power transformer
design feature, cores made of precisely cut sheets, high quality copper winding, clamping structure, voltage adjustment (tappings), well designed tank and
conservator, excellent cooling system, and most importantly embedded by protection and control equipment. And of course, stringent tests are carried out to
determine conformity to local and international standards. Each production step is operator controlled to ensure the highest quality. Elaborate control procedures
and continuous measurements are used to verify the conformance to customer specifications.
In order to achieve better reduced losses and low noise levels with smaller core dimensions, core sheets produced with highly developed technologies are used.
Generally, the thickness of core laminations is 0.30 or 0.23mm and it is possible or obtain better results with 0.23mm thick laser treated core sheet. CNC
machinery is used for lengthwise and broadways cutting to achieve better results with these low loss core sheets.

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The windings are designed in accordance with the temperature rises, insulation and impulse voltage levels, overload conditions, short circuit stresses which are
issued in international manufacturing standards. Normally layer winding is used up to 36 kV voltage level and continuous disc winding is used for higher voltage
levels. The windings are compressed with pressure segments at the upper and lower yokes in order to encounter the mechanical stresses occurred axially during
the short-circuits while the transformer is under service. Motor drive mechanism is used for the control of on-load tap changer. This control can either be made
locally on the transformer or remotely from the control room. The operation of off-load tap changers can either be made on the cover or on the sidewall of the
transformer by manual drive mechanism.
On the tanks, there are oil treatment connection valves, oil sampling cocks, lifting lugs, butterfly valves to which radiators are connected and the oil connection
valves to other types of coolers in case. All gasket surfaces at the tank are treated with utmost core to prevent unwanted oil leakage. All gasket surfaces are
painted with a special point against corrosion. Before painting, outer surfaces of the tanks are sand blasted in accordance with international standards.
Conservators are used to compensate the increase of oil volume due to heat. The oil rows from tank to conservator or from conservator to tank through the pipe
between cover and conservator depending on expansion and extraction of the oil, air enters or exists the conservator through a dehydrating breather equipped
with silica gel particles. To avoid faster aging of the oil, special oil preservation system (Air cell) is used.
In transformers, the cooling has a special importance to ensure safe operation and to increase the lifetime of the transformer. The heat occurred in the
transformers is dissipated at the cooling unit by the help of oil. The simplest and mostly used cooling system is ONAN (Natural Air Cooling with Radiators). ONAF
(Radiators Additionally Cooled by Fans) cooling system, in which cooling air is blown to the radiators by fans, is also used.
Transformers are equipped with various protection and control instruments for the operational security. Gases which occur in the transformer for any reason are
collected in the Bucholz relay and depending on the volume of gas it gives an alarm or control signal. Pressure relief device replies to the sudden pressure
increase that may occur by an arc in the oil of the transformer and gives tripping signal by the contacts on itself. Depending on the oil temperature variations, oil
level indicator indicates the oil level in the conservator and gives too low or too high indications by the contacts on itself. Dehydrating breather takes the
moisture and dust in the air that enters the conservator and increases service security of the transformer, the amount of silica gel particles in it varies with the
amount of the oil in the transformer. Oil thermometer controls the temperature of the oil in the transformer tank and gives alarm and trip signal at the adjusted
temperature limit. It gives start and stop signal for the fans used at forced cooling. If remote control is required, PT 100 resistance or 4-20mA output is added to
it. Winding thermometer controls the temperature of windings with its monitoring circuit and gives alarm and trip signal at the adjusted temperature limits, like
the oil thermometer. Oil flow indicator controls the oil flow at forced oil cooled transformers. It gives alarm signal if oil does not flow for any reason.

Source: Energypac

Wiring Installation Residences

DEFINITION AND POSITIONING OF EQUIPMENT:

1. Service board or meter board:

The board on which the energy meter, cut-out, neutral link are installed is called service board or meter
board..
2. Main switch board or main board:
An iron clad enclosed pattern main switch is installed on the main board. The main board should be
installed as near to the service board as.possible and also near to the commencement of supply. The
normal height from ground level should be 1.5 metre.
3. Main Switch:
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Larger standard ratings for power loads are 15, 30, 60,100,200, ampers etc. The main switches are
further divided into 2 pole, 3 pole for residential purposes. The main switch also consists of fuse kitkats on each phase wire apart from isolating links
4. Distribution board:
The supply is brought to the distribution board from the main switch. Its function is to energise various
sub circuits in a systematic manner instead of bunching various wires together with main supply 'wire
5. Fuse
A fuse is a safety device to prevent overloading and short circuiting a current circuit. It consists of a short
length of conducting metal which melts at certain heat and thereby breaks the circuit.
Light point:
One in small room and two in medium and large rooms.
Socket out-let 5 Amps: Ore in normal room and two in large rooms (serving drawing dinning rooms)
15 - ampere Socket: One for heating purpose and for electric press etc.
Fan Point: One in small room and two in large rooms.
Bed Room : Every bed room should be provided with switch board near the entrance to the room.
Light Points: Two (one lamp and one fluorescent tube). Fan Points: One
Socket Out-let 5 ampere: One/two i.e., one on the switch board close to door and the other on the
switch board close to bed.
Drawing Cum Dining Room: The lighting system in the drawing cum dinning room should be made
decorative and the room should be well illuminated. Following electrical points are suggested :
Light Points: Two i.e. one for lamp and other for tube. If the room is extra large, then three points
should be provided.
Fan Point: Two i.e. one for drawing space and other for dinning space. Socket Outlet 5 Amp.: Two i.e.
one each on switch board. Socket Outlet 15 Amp: One
Kitchen :
Light Pointst Two i.e. one on ceiling for general lighting and the other near the place where cooking is
done. i.e. close to cooking shelf. 15-Ampere Socket: One for heater etc. Exhaust Fan : One. However it
depends upon individuals choice.
Bath and Latrine.
Light: One each
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15 Amp Socket for Geyser in bath room.

Exhaust Fan : One. It depends upon individuals choice.
Verandah: The requirements of number of light points will depend upon the size of verandah. However,
one light and one socket outlet 5 ampere and one push button for bell aresuggeste

PECIFICATIONS OF CABLES
SPECIFICATIONS OF CABLES
GENERAL SPECIFICATION
The specification for the parts of this contract mentioned below cover design, manufacture, assembly and testing at the manufacturers factory as well as the supply,
delivery, installation, testing and commissioning of the cable at site.
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
The climate is tropical and has marked Monsoon character with seasonal changes from humid, warm, rainy season, summers to cool and dry winters. Maximum temperature
occurs during the period from April to May reaching approximately 43 deg. C (110 deg. F) with a relative air humidity of 60% to 70%.
The annual mean temperature is approximately 29 deg. C (84 deg. F). During the rainy monsoon month from June to September, the average relative air humidity is 80% and
reaches extreme values up to saturation point during longer periods. The annual rainfall, most of which occurs from June to September is 2000mm to 2500mm.
OPERATING CONDITIONS
The cable will be connected to the 11KV or 415 volts 3-phase or 220 volt single phase, 50 Hz Bus of Power Development Board/REB/ DPDC/DESCO Bangladesh.
STANDARDS
All equipment and materials must be in conformity with the most recent relevant Bangladeshi laws, standard rules and regulation. Particular attention is to be paid to the
Electrical Act 1910 and Electricity Rules 1937 (as amended in 1946). All equipment and materials to be supplied which required any form of approval by the Bangladesh
Government or a Local Authority like PDB/ DPDC/DESCO or REB must satisfactorily pass all inspection and tests procedures imposed by them.
Otherwise, all the equipment and materials must be in conformity with the most recent international rules, regulation, standards and recommendation: IEC.
STANDARD DATA
The following standard values for high and low voltage are standard in Bangladesh.
Distribution bus High Voltage
:
11KV,
Maximum system High Voltage
:
12 KV.
Distribution bus Low Voltage
:
415/240 V
FREQUENCY
The standard power frequency in Bangladesh will be: 50Hz.
DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
All Cables are to be in accordance with the latest recognized rules of workmanship and modern engineering practice and must be suitable in every respect for continuous
operation at maximum output under the climatic conditions as specified above.
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
Conducting materials for cables must be of 99.99% pure annealed stranded copper and insulation of thermoplastic materials based on PVC or XLPE for HT and LT Cables
shall be complying with relevant IEC/VDE/BS/BDS standards.
PROPERTIES OF PVC COMPOUND
1. Tensile Strength
Tensile Strength
Thermoplastic PVC compound

Before Ageing
(kgf) min

After Ageing at 80+2C for 7 days

(kgf) min

Difference after ageing

% max

Insulation mixture

( LT Cables)

125

125

25

Insulation mixture

( HT Cables)

150

150

25

100

100

25

Sheath mixture

2. Elongation
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Elongation
Thermoplastic PVC compound

Before Ageing
% min

After Ageing at 80+2C for 7 days % Difference after ageing

min
% max

Insulation mixture

( LT Cables)

125

125

25

Insulation mixture

( HT Cables)

100

100

25

150

150

25

Sheath mixture

3. Thermal Stability at 200C

Thermal Stability at 200C
Volume
resistivity
at 70C
Ohm.cm

Before
Ageing
% min

Insulation mixture ( LT Cables)

10

80

80

50

No Crack

Insulation mixture ( HT Cables)

10

120

120

50

No Crack

Sheath mixture

40

40

50

No Crack

Thermoplastic PVC compound

Deformation under
After Ageing pressure at 70C. Heat Shock Shrinkage at
% min
Depth of indentation at 150C 150C % max
% max

MARKING AND CODE

The Cables shall be marked and coded in accordance with BS, IEC, VDE or equivalent standards.
INSULATION CO-ORDINATION
The insulation of thermoplastic materials based on PVC or XLPE for HT and LT Cables shall be comply with relevant IEC/VDE/BS/BDS standards.
The insulation test voltage for Cables is as follows:
Rated voltage of the cables, KV

Single phase test voltage, KV Three phase test voltage, KV

Direct test voltage, KV

0.6

12

3.5

11

11

33

5.8

17

17

51

TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
The Cable specified in the following items shall withstand the impulse levels and test voltages specified by the recommendations of IEC, as stipulated before. They must be
capable of carrying the short time current for three seconds and must withstand the short circuit (Peak value) current.
The cable must be designed accordingly in order to withstand the mechanical short circuit stresses.
They must contain all technical particulars which are mentioned in the Schedule of Technical Data.
The Owner reserves the right to have routine tests carried out on each type of equipment at the manufacturers factory in the presence of his representative.
The single bars shall be marked by the colors as per IEC, VDE or BS standard.

H.T. CABLE HT XLPE Cables Construction

H.T. CABLE
HT XLPE Cables Construction
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CONDUCTOR
The Conductor is Plain annealed stranded and compacted round Copper in accordance with IEC-60228. Compacting of conductor improves its current carrying capacity,
reduces losses and reduces overall cable diameter.
CONDUCTROR SCREEN
An extruded tight fitting layer of Semi-conducting is provided over the copper conductor as the provisions of IEC-60502-2.
INSULATION
The insulation is Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) applied by extrusion as per IEC-60502-2.
INSULATION SCREEN
An extruded tight fitting layer of Semi-conducting is provided over the XLPE insulation as the provisions of IEC-60502-2.
METALLIC SCREEN
A metallic screen of copper is provided over insulation screen as per the provisions of IEC-60502-2.
INNER COVERING:
Inner covering of extruded or taped PVC is provided wherever applicable as per IEC-60502-2.
ARMOUR:
Armouring by Round wires or Flat wires or Double tapes. The material of armour for Single core is aluminium whereas, for multi-core cables it is Galvanized Sheet. Counter
helix of Galvanized sheet tape is provided on request for round steel wire & Flat wire armoured cables. The armour is applied over the inner covering as per IEC-60502-2.
OVER SHETH:
Over sheath is of extruded PVC as per IEC-60502-2. Special properties for sheath can be provided on specific request, such as FRLS, anti-termite & anti-rodent, resistance
to ultraviolet radiation etc.
3 Core Round/Flat Wire HT XLPE Cables
Type: 2xSEYRGY/2xSEYFGY
Applicable Specification: IEC-60502-2.
Voltage grade 6/10(12) KV.
Construction: Stranded copper conductor, extruded semi conducting conductor screen, XLPE insulation, extruded semi conducting insulation screen, metallic screen of
copper, cores laid up with PVC fillers. Extruded PVC Inner covering, Galvanized steel Round/Flat wire armour with counter helix binder tape, PVC over sheathed.
Dimension & Mechanical Data
Nominal conductor No. of strands
cross section
in conductor
mm2
3x50
3x70
3x95
3x120
3x150
3x185
3x240
3x300

Nos.
19
19
19
37
37
37
61
61

Nominal
thickness of
insulation
mm
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4

Steel armour
wire Dia.
mm
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.2
3.2

Nominal
Over Sheath
thickness
mm
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.5

Approx. Cable Approx. weight of

Diameter
cable
mm
58.7
58.7
52.6
66
69.4
73.1
80.4
85.1

kg/km
6108
7089
8281
9376
10657
12084
15322
17669

Electrical Data
Nominal
conductor
cross section
mm2
3x50
3x70
3x95
3x120
3x150
3x185
3x240
3x300

Max. conductor Current rating

DC resistance @300C in ground
@200C
Ohm/km
Amps
0.387
202
0.268
249
0.193
300
0.153
335
0.124
381
0.0991
421
0.0754
488
0.0601
525

Current rating
@300C in air

Capacitance

Inductance

Amps
218
270
333
378
436
503
580
617

micro F/km
0.26
0.29
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.50

mH/km
0.364
0.344
0.327
0.314
0.304
0.295
0.284
0.275

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THREE PHASE POWER TRANSFORMER

b.
d.
e.

j.

l.

THREE PHASE POWER TRANSFORMER:

The Transformer shall comply with IEC726, VDE 0532 etc. and the general specifications will be as follows:
Oil immersed Indoor/Outdoor Type Power Transformer:
a.
Rated capacity
:
As per Schedule KVA
b.
Rated frequency
:
50 Hz
c.
Rated primary voltage
:
11 KV
d.
Rated secondary voltage
:
0.415KV
e.
Tap changing ( off load)
:
2.5%, 5%, 7.5%
f.
Phase connection
:
DYN 11.
g.
L.V. neutral
:
Brought out
h.
BIL level (H.T. side)
:
75KV (H.T. side)
i.
Maximum system voltage
:
12KV (H.T. side), 0.5 KV (L.T. side)
j.
Cooling
:
as per schedule.
The Tenderer shall furnish following data at 75 deg. C.
a.
Iron loss at rated voltage and frequency
Copper loss (including supplementary eddy current loss ) at continuous rated current (50 c/s) and for winding at 40 deg.C ambient temperature with the changer in middle
position.
c.
Impedance voltage with tap changer at middle position.
Voltage drop referred to rated voltage at rated load with tap changer in middle position and at unit p.f.
Permissible maximum symmetric three phase short circuit current referred to rated current.
f.
Rated no load current (RMS value referred to rated current).
g.
Type of windings with conductor materials.
h.
Class of insulation material.
i.
Voltage regulation.
Temperature after continuous rated load at 40 deg. C ambient temperature.
In windings
Core
k.
one minute double power frequency induced tests voltage applied to:
H.V. line terminal
L.V. line terminal
L.V. Neutral.
Impulse test voltage 1.2/50 micro second fully wave positive and negative polarity applied to:
H.V. line terminal
L.V. line terminal
L.V. Neutral
m.
Weight of:
Iron core
Copper
The transformer shall be designed and manufactured in accordance with the requirement of B.S. 171: 1970 equivalent.

Types of Fuses:
Two types of Fuse:
Low voltage Fuse:
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Low voltage fuses can be subdivided into two viz.,

(!) Semi-enclosed rewire able fuse: The use of this type of fuses is limited to domestic and lighting loads.
(!!) High-rupturing capacity (H.R.C) cartridge fuse: They are extensively used on low-voltage distribution of system against over-load
and short-circuit conditions.

High Voltage Fuse: High voltage fuses can be subdivided into three.
(!) Cartridge type: Used up to 33KV
(!!) Liquid type: Used up to 133KV
(!!!) Metal clad fuses: Can be used for very high voltage circuit.
Screws, bolts and springs
Check tightening screws and bolts of each part for loosening. Tighten them if loose. Check each spring for proper engagement and damage. Correct
problem by repair or replacement.
Dirt and dust
Latching parts should be free of dirt and dust. Wipe them with a clean cloth
Coil
Measure the coil resistance with an ohmmeter .if it is much lower than the value 1 or there is no continuity, replace the SHT
Terminal and mounting screws

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