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In open construction fitting is easy and certain air gap provided also ensures
cooling of the core. But on board ships it may fail due to pitch, roll etc. due to
which the winding comes out.
In closed it is vice versa where cooling is not possible.
The semi closed construction is used normally where it combines advantages of
both open and close type.
The winding construction is single layered or double layered double layer is
further classified into
Lap winding and waveform winding
In lap winding the coil rotation is made one over the other in the slots whereas in
waveform it can be pole pitch or short pole pitch type
Where pole pitch= no: of slots on stator/ no: of poles on rotor
Short pole pitch= 1-pole pitch
Paralleling of generators
It is the most important and essential job on board ships to share the load.
Generally a single generator should be designed to withstand total load of the
ship. But its not advisable to connect entire loads on a single generator. So
paralleling is mandatory. It can be made with any number of generator, certain
parameters has to be fulfilled for paralleling or synchronizing
The generated voltage should be same with respect to bus bar voltage
The frequency should be same (change in freq. = 0)
The phase sequence should coincide
This can be made by use of synchroscope which consist of slow and fast
calibrations to denote the frequency of the generator which is to be paralleled
with other. The slow position indicates the frequency of the generator to be
paralleled is low with respect to bus bar/ generator on load, and vice versa if the
needle is in fast position. To synchronize we have to adjust the jack strip to
provide the change in frequency as required. When the needle is in 11o clock
position (normally its 12o clock) i.e. its approaching 12. The breaker is engaged
and it takes the load from the generator on load.
Supply on board
Generally the supply generated is used for two systems
Important systems
Essential systems
Though the important systems are predominant as the name indicates, but the
primary supply is fed continuously to the essential items (day and night) it is the
one which takes majority of load and preference is given to them in case of
emergency and also during overload i.e. preferential tripping
Overload relay
Short circuit trip
Reverse power trip
Preferential tripping
Low voltage trip relay
Low frequency trip relay
This can be defined with the motoring effect of generator, where the generator
when synchronized before it is not producing the rated voltage and frequency,
the current will travel from higher potential to the lower potential so the current
from bus bar travel to the low potential generator i.e. producing voltage less than
rated voltage, this causes motoring effect of the generator.
The generator rotate in anti or counter clockwise direction whereas the motor
rotate in clockwise direction, the motoring effect twist the shaft and subjected to
breakage and further the system fails. So we use a reverse power trip relay to
trip the supply of generator to be paralleled and it is isolated. So the system is
protected.