Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TRAINING ORGANIZATION
PERIOD OF TRAINING
H.M.HASAN
E/11/146
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to convey my gratitude to the Industrial Training and Career Guidance Unit (ITCGU),
Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, National Apprentice and Industrial Training
Authority (NAITA) and the Road Development Authority (RDA) for providing me the opportunity to
have industrial training experience in my field of study.
I am pleased to be trained in RDA (NWP)one of the largest functioning body in the road construction
and maintenance sector in Sri Lanka. I am grateful towards the Provincial Director (NWP) for
providing me the opportunity to be a part of the trainees in the Kurunegala region. Due to the ongoing
construction works in Kurunegala, I was able to get the best exposure I needed.
My thanks go to the Resident Engineer Mr B.G.Gunasiri for being the greatest support and guidance
during the period of my industrial training. I must also thank Field Engineer, Mr B.M.B.S.Bandara and
Mr L.P.L.Liyanapathirana, Mr N.W.A.D.Manjula and Material Engineer, Mr J.S.M.S.A.Jyasundara,
for their effort in the fields to guide me towards the proper technical experience. Finally I would like to
add all the technical officers and staff who helped me immensely to make my training a success.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
Contents
ii
List of Figures
iii
List of Tables
iv
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.2
3
4
2.1 Quarry
2.3 Workshop
2.4 Laboratory
2.5 Machinery
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13
3.1 Introduction
13
14
14
14
17
17
17
20
4.1 Culvert
20
20
20
4.4 Formwork
21
4.5 Backfilling
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22
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5.2 Embankment
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23
Chapter 7: CONCLUSION
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ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1
Organizational Structure
Figure 2.1
Quarry
Figure 2.2
ABC plant
Figure 2.3
Asphalt plant
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6
Backhoe
Figure 2.7
Motor Grader
Figure 2.8
Figure 2.9
Figure 2.10
Road roller
Figure 2.11
Asphalt paver
10
Figure 2.12
Water bowser
10
Figure 2.13
11
Figure 2.14
Dump truck
11
Figure 2.15
Human Resources
12
Figure 3.1
13
Figure 3.2
15
Figure 3.3
15
Figure 3.4
16
Figure 3.5
16
Figure 3.6
Boomer
17
Figure 3.7
Asphalt paving
19
Figure 4.1
Formworks of a Culvert
21
Figure 4.2
Backfilling
21
Figure 5.1
Shoulder compaction
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iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Details of the cross section
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iv
LIST OF ABRIVIATION
Abbreviation
Description
ABC
AKT
DOC
Degree of Compaction
ITCGU
NAITA
RDA
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 A Brief Account about the Training
This report holds detailed aspects of the industrial training I obtained in the Road Development
Authority for a period of 12 weeks commencing from 20th of October 2014 to 11th of January 2015
through the National Apprentice and Industrial Training Authority (NAITA) and the Industrial
Training and Career Guidance Unit (ITCGU), Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya as a
six credit and non-GPA course followed in the Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Peradeniya.
1.2 A Description about the Establishment
The functions performed by the RDA consist mainly of the maintenance and development of the roads
and bridges in the National Highway Network and the planning, design and construction of new
highways, bridges and expressways to enhance the existing network.
Road transportation is the main mode of transportation in Sri Lanka. Therefore it is very important to
facilitate the country with a very efficient network of road. RDA has the responsibility to cater to the
current development works in the country as well as any future development projects.
1.2.1
Vision
To upgrade the National Highway Network to meet the expectations of all stakeholders and to make
the Road Development Authority an institution of multidisciplinary excellence in Highway
Engineering.
1.2.2
Mission
As the premier National Organization of the road sector, to provide an adequate and efficient network
National Highways, to ensure mobility and accessibility at an acceptable level of safety and comport,
in an environment friendly manner for the movement of people and goods for the socio-economic
development of the nation.
1.2.3
Organizational Structure
PROVINCIAL DIRECTOR
CHIEF
CHIEF
CHIEF
ADMINISTRATOR
ACCOUNT
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
ASSISTANT
ASSISTAN
PROJECT
DESIGN
Executive
Design
Engineer (1)
Engineer
T
Clerical Staff
(1)
Design
Executive
Clerical
Staff
Engineer
Engineer (2)
(2)
Design
Executive
Engineer
Engineer
(3)
(3)
Resident
Resident
Resident
Engineer
Engineer (2)
Engineer (3)
(AKT)
Section (2)
Section (3)
Section (1)
Material
Supporting
Engineer
Engineer
Engineer
Engineer
Staff
/Technical
Officer
Worksite
Worksite
Worksite
Worksite
Supervisor
Supervisor
Supervisor
Supervisor
Trainee
Trainee
Trainee
Trainee
1.3
Name
Road
:A006
Road section
ch. 0+000KM~25+000KM
ch. 25+000KM~50+000KM
ch. 50+000KM~75+110KM
Funding
:Local banks
:Rs. 13 Billion
Contractor
Consultant
:RDA
Date of commencement
Duration
:36 months
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Quarry
Workshop
Laboratory
Machinery
Human resources
2.1 Quarry
The material required for the preparation of ABC, asphalt concrete and other random works are
provided from the quarry. Rocks are blasted and prepare it in the quarry for the above purposes. The
quarry must be selected considering environmental factors because this may cause noise and dust,
hence effects the human livelihood and environment.
2.2
The ABC and Asphalt plants for this project are located in Thulhiriya , Galewela, Thorayaya,
Malsiripura, Polgahawela, Alawwa and some other places which is not more than 250m away from the
AKT road (75+110KM project has more plants to cover the distance efficiently). Asphalt mixture
should be taken to the project site as soon as possible because the pavement of asphalt should be done
at a specific temperature. Therefore the location of the plant is selected such that it is closer to the
project area and brings less cost for transport.
2.3
Workshop
All the maintenance work of the machines used for the construction is done in the workshop allocated
to the contractor. This is situated closer to the project offices in order to serve the project efficiently.
2.4
Laboratory
All the tests needed to be done to ensure a standard of work is conducted in the laboratory. This
location established closer to the project office of each section.
Mostly concrete cube test done for the concrete strength measurements, Slump test done
before put to the formwork in the site, Regularly AIV test conduct for the samples in the laboratory
and Rarely Benkelman-beam Deflection test done to find road deflection etc.
2.5
Machinery
The machinery needed to serve the project will be discussed in this section.
2.5.1 Concrete mixtures
On sight concrete mixed using Hydraulic concrete mixtures or normal concrete mixtures.
2.5.2 Backhoe
Backhoe is used for site clearances, provide shifted gravel for shoulder compaction and excavation
perposes etc.
Road Roller
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Road construction work is most commonly done by unskilled laborers. Workers can specialize in
certain types of work. Diligent and responsible workers are usually promoted to supervisory positions;
to train and supervise other workers.
The types of workers are distinguished using skill levels.
General workers These kinds of workers are necessary to perform general excavation with picks
and shovels and clean the sides of roads for better working environment.
Masonry workers For the building of structures such as culverts, retaining walls, etc.
Machine operators For a better efficient way of finishing up the project work, skillful machine
operators are needed with specific talents in operating the machineries used in the construction
Drivers For transportation purposes, drivers are necessary for a construction project.
Construction supervisors Supervision of the construction work is done by supervisors.
Office staff Staff working in the project office for the functioning of the project
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Thickness/mm
Overlay
Winding
Wearing Course
40
40
Binder Course
60
60
450
900
250
Shoulder Material
Embankment type 1
ABC
The aspects of the elements involved in the construction process will be discussed in detail in this
chapter.
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measurement.
For greater than 5m, inclined measurement is done. Likewise several measurements taken on the
section which is ABC layered and eventually the center line is marked.
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15
10 m Markings
Centre line
The layering of ABC is done to meet the marked positions in the rod. Motor graders is used to make
the proper slope needed. After this, vibrating or steel roller of more than 8 tonnages was used for
compacting and it should be made sure that the degree of compaction is greater than 98% with the
sprinkling of water in a turn with compaction.
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Introduction
Asphalt concrete is a mixture of two basic components: aggregates (stone, gravel and sand) and liquid
asphalt. These are mixed at elevated temperatures. Asphalt is paved in the carriageway of the road.
Paving with asphalt concrete allows you to pave faster, more efficiently, more economically with
greater serviceability.
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A smooth driveway is obtained by the asphalt concrete pavement. A major advantage for Asphalt
Concrete is the ability for staged construction. The asphalt base course is placed and used under traffic
during initial construction.
This is a flexible pavement which allows it to withstand occasional overloads without serious damage.
Blowups are reduced by the usage of asphalt because of the lack of repetitive joints. Also the usage of
asphalt is economical.
3.7.2 Types of Asphalt Concrete
There are two types of asphalt concrete used. They are used in the form of Binder course and Wearing
Course. The ingredients of bitumen, the aggregate size & passing percentages vary for every work.
3.7.2.1 Binder Course
This is paved on top of the ABC layer after the application of tack coat with a thickness of 60mm.After
the pavement of Binder Course compaction is done using steel rollers and then pneumatic rollers. After
the binder course is paved it should be made sure no vehicles pass along the road on top of the newly
paved Binder Course for six hours.
3.7.2.2 Wearing Course
This is paved on top of the Binder Course after a minimum of three days. The thickness of the Wearing
Course should be 40mm. prior to the pavement of the Wearing Course the Binder Course surface must
be well cleaned without dust and loose material.
3.7.3 Preparation for Pavement of Asphalt
A sharp inspection is done on the existing surface of the road. Factors such as the DOC, surface texture
and flexibility of the pavement are taken into consideration during the inspection. The existing surface
is trimmed to the designated tolerance which is slightly higher than the tolerance amount allowed for
the overlaying asphalt thickness.
As the general practice of road pavement, at this stage also cleaning the surface was done.
3.7.4 Pavement of Asphalt
At the time of paving the Asphalt mixture shall have a temperature above 130. Due to the
transportation time the temperature may fall. Therefore, the trucks which carries the asphalt mix has to
be well covered till the paving started.
Before the binder course pavement is done the ABC layer level was checked. Thereafter the
compacting height is determined based on the height of the asphalt layer. If the thickness is less than
75mm, the compaction is determined to be 20% of the thickness and if it is greater than 75mm, the
compaction is 25% of the thickness.
When the asphalt is being paved by the paver machine, in order to check whether the required height is
being paved, the required height is marked on a rod and the rod in pinned into the course and verified
randomly.
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The temperature of the Asphalt which is about to be paved in the road was measured. If the
temperature is detected to be less than 130, the following actions are taken. First the surface
temperature of Asphalt which is loaded in truck is measured and if it is less than 130, the Asphalt
mixture in the surface is removed using shovels and the temperature of the Asphalt inside is measured
and if it the temperature meets the conditions paving is continued. But if the inner temperature is also
less than 130 the mixture is rejected and sent to recycle. If recycling cannot be done, it will be
permanently rejected.
Therefore it is vital that the Asphalt mixture should have an elevated temperature at the time of loading
to the trucks leaving heat losses due to the transportation and waiting until paved. Hence ambient
conditions, the distance to the site and the waiting time to pave the Asphalt are considered to determine
the loading temperature.
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Culvert
Culverts are structures of less than 6 meter span between faces of Abutment and generally have two
spans. A culvert must be large enough to carry the flow of water without any heading up at the
entrance. They are constructed to enable water flow from one side of water to the other. In this sector
Box/slap culvert and Hump pipe culvert were widened as an improvement for culverts. Generally
culvert includes screed, base, abutment, wing wall, capping beam, deck, and parapet wall and guard
stones.
4.2
This is done in accordance with the design drawing. During setting out measurements should be taken
from the centerline. If this is not done culvert abutment and wing walls may skew to the road. Initially
center of culvert should be located. Then widening length should be marked. Head walls and wing
walls should not be skewed from the centerline. Excavation should be done up to screed bottom level.
Otherwise it may be very difficult to fix reinforcement and formworks and concrete. In order to
achieve this we have to excavate extra 0.5m away from actual setting out area as working space.
4.3
C20 reinforced concrete is used to construct Parapet Wall and Guard Stone.
Formwork for all concreting structure was left to set for 24.
All compaction of the concrete placed in the forms was by poker.
Structure was plastered by cement mortar 1:3at an average thickness of 20mm.
Finally clean the area.
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4.4
Formwork
Is a structural support is to hold the concrete until it gets strong. For formworks of walls, vertical and
horizontal supports are given by pipes and the bolts. The braces are kept at horizontal and they are
supported at base concrete level by stakes firmly driven into the concrete. Cover blocks are used to
keep the sheets in correct position. Reinforcing steel is checked for its alignment before laying of
concrete. The forms are cleaned and oiled before and after each use. The formwork is cleaned and
washed with water before laying of concrete in it.
Fig.4.2 Backfilling
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Embankment
This includes the process of filling low existing level of ground up to the design level of a road. This
treatment is usually done when the level of the existing road is higher than the amount needed to be
widened. The layers are selected according to the height.
The embankment material is placed. The compaction is commenced at the edge and done towards the
center. Each successive layer is placed only after the DOC of the previous layer has been tested and it
was found to be greater than 95%. In order to widen the existing embankment the top soil of the
sloping faces is removed and scarified. Some bench was formed on the surface to give adequate
bonding between old and new embankments.
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Chapter 7: CONCLUSION
During my training period of 12 weeks I was able to gather a good experience in highway engineering
and it helped me to understand what is happening on the site apart from the theoretical aspects.
In the site, I gained practical, technical knowledge and experience regarding situations of the working
site and how to overcome the difficulties and also got supervision and communication skills within the
site. The industrial training is important and valuable experience as an apprentice in the field of Civil
Engineering.
The engineers in the site induced and guided me to go with the process in progress. The management
of conflicts occurred between staff and labors or in between them, arrangement of facilities to support
the work proposed, adjustment for the scarce resources and labors, taking decisions depends on the
forth coming problems and avoidance of unnecessary work to reduce the cost. Not only that, by
exposing to the field I was being got to know the people from various organizations, and this
environment helped me to express my interest, intensions and suggestion Finally confident to state that
the training I got is more than I really expected to get and I hope that the future undergraduates coming
for the internship will find their training even more beneficial to their future career.
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