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CSiBridge 2016
September 2015
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Contents
Foreword
Step 1
Example Model
1-1
1.2
1-2
1.3
1-4
1.4
1-4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1.5
1-8
1.6
Bent Data
1-8
1.7
1-11
1.7.1
1.7.2
1.7.3
1-12
1-15
1-15
1.7.4
Bent Geometry
1.8
1-17
1.9
1-18
Step 2
1-19
Overview
2-1
2.2
2-1
2.3
2-3
2.4
2-4
2.5
2-8
2.6
2-9
2.7
2-10
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
ii
1-17
4.1
Overview
4-1
4.2
4-1
4.3
4-5
Overview
5-1
5.2
5-1
5.3
5-4
5.4
5-7
Contents
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.5
Step 6
5-7
5-9
5-10
6-2
6.2
6-3
6.3
Pushover Results
6-7
Step 7
Demand/Capacity Ratios
Step 8
8-2
8.2
8-2
8.3
8-2
8-3
8.5
8-3
8.6
8-4
8.7
8-5
8.8
Create Report
8-5
8.4
Introduction
9-1
9.2
9-2
iii
9.3
9-5
9.4
9-10
9.5
9-11
9.6
9-12
9.7
9-14
9.7.1
9.7.2
References
iv
Foreword
Over the past thirty-five years, Computer and Structures, Inc, has introduced
new and innovative ways to model complex structures. CSiBridge, the latest
innovation, is the ultimate integrated tool for modeling, analysis, and design of
bridge structures. The ease with which all of these tasks can be accomplished
makes CSiBridge the most versatile and productive bridge design package in
the industry.
Automated seismic design, one of CSiBridges many features, incorporates the
recently adopted AASHTO Guide Specification for LRFD Seismic Bridge
Design 2nd Edition, 2011. The 2011 implementation in CSiBridge also satisfies
the 2012 and 2014 interim revisions, which do not contain any changes that affect the program. CSiBridge allows engineers to define specific seismic design
parameters that are then applied to the bridge model during an automated cycle
of analysis through design.
Now, users can automate the response spectrum and pushover analyses. Furthermore, the CSiBridge program will determine the demand and capacity displacements and report the demand/capacity ratios for the Earthquake Resisting
System (ERS). All of this is accomplished in eight simple steps outlined as follows:
1. Create the Bridge Model
2. Evaluate the Ground Motion Hazard and the Seismic Design Request
vii
3. Complete the Dead Load Analysis and evaluate the Cracked Section Properties
4. Identify Response Spectrum and Demand Displacements
5. Determine Plastic Hinge Properties and Assignments
6. Complete Capacity Displacement Analysis
7. Evaluate Demand/Capacity Ratios
8. Review Output and Create Report
A detailed explanation of each of the steps is presented in the chapters that follow. The example bridge model shown in the figure illustrates the CSiBridge
Automated Seismic Design features.
Foreword
Foreword
In addition to AASHTO Bridge Seismic Design, CSiBridge provides the capability to perform Caltrans Fault-Crossing Seismic Bridge Design. This new
seismic design procedure considers the more severe case where the rupture of a
seismic fault that crosses a bridge structure causes significantly different
ground displacements for the supports on either side of the fault. Most of the
concepts that apply to AASHTO Bridge Seismic Design also apply to the Caltrans Fault-Rupture case, with some new techniques introduced for this special
purpose. The details are provided in the last chapter of this manual.
Foreword
vii
STEP 1
Create the Bridge Model
1.1
Example Model
This chapter describes the first step in the process required to complete a Seismic Design Request for a bridge structure using CSiBridge. It is assumed the
user is familiar with the requirements in the program related to creating a
Linked Bridge Object. Only select features of the model development are included in this chapter. The CSiBridge model used throughout this manual is
available and includes all of the input parameters.
Example Model
1-1
1.2
1-2
1-3
1.3
1.4
1.4.1
1-4
Frame Section Property Type: Concrete > Rectangular was used to add the following concrete rectangle:
The material property used was 4000 psi. Note that the units shown in Figure
1-6 are in inches. (To check this, hold down the Shift key and double click in
the Depth or Width edit box. This will display the CSiBridge Calculator.)
1.4.2
1-5
1.4.3
I-Girder Properties
The I-girder properties were
input using inch units, as
shown in Figure 1-8. (Again,
check this by holding down
the Shift key and double
clicking in a dimension edit
box to display the CSiBridge
Calculator.)
1-6
1.4.4
Pile Properties
The piles were defined as 14inch-diameter concrete piles with six #9 vertical
bars (Components > Type > Frame Properties > New > Concrete > Circular command). The outer steel casings of the pile were found to increase in the
flexural stiffness of the piles by a factor of 2.353. This value was applied as a
property modifier to the pile section property. The pile will be added to the
bridge model as Equivalent Cantilever piles, as shown in Figure 1-9 and as
described in subsequent Section 1.8. Using this method, the pile is replaced by
a beam that has equivalent stiffness properties to that of the pile with the surrounding soil.
1-7
1.5
1.6
Bent Data
The bents for the subject model have three columns, each with a cap beam
width of 38.25 feet. The Bridge Bent data form shown in Figure 1-11, which is
accessed using the Components > Substructure Item > Bents > New command, is used to input the number of columns and the cap beam width. Since
multiple columns are specified, the location, height and support condition for
each column needs to be specified using the Bent Column Data form.
1-8
After the Modify/Show Column Data button is used, the Bent Column Data
form shown in Figure 1-12 can be used to define the type, location, height, angle and boundary conditions as well as the seismic hinge data for each bent
column.
For the seismic hinge data, RH Long and RH Trans are the relative clear
heights (from -1.0 to 2.0) from the base of the column to the point of contra-
Bent Data
1-9
flexure under horizontal loading at the top of the bent, used to determine the
hinge lengths and positions for bridge seismic design. RH Long is for longitudinal loading (normal to the plane of the bent), and RH Trans is for transverse
loading (in the plane of the bent). Only concrete columns are affected. Steel
columns are not affected and use their own calculation. For each physical bent
column, the reference hinge property to be used at the top and bottom of the
column can be "Auto", "Auto Fiber", "None", and a list of user-defined hinge
properties. The reference hinge properties will only be used when the Concrete
or Steel Hinge Type is set to Auto: From Bent in the Bridge Seismic Design
Preference form, which is accessed using the Design/Rating > Seismic Design
> Preferences command. Under the case that the Hinge Type is Auto: From
Bent, if the reference hinge property is set to Auto, then the program will generate AASHTO/Caltrans hinges for concrete columns and FEMA 356 hinges
for steel columns; if the reference hinge property is set to user-defined hinge
property, then for the force-controlled type hinges, or the deformation controlled type hinges with moment-rotation or force-displacement nonlinear
property types,
An important part of this example model is the inclusion of the foundation elements. Although the foundations can be represented as Fixed, Pinned, or
Spring-Support restraints at the base of the columns, these have been explicitly
modeled in this example. It is important to note that when foundation objects
are part of the bridge model, the base of the bent column must not be restrained, but instead, connected to the foundation elements. Restraining the
base of the columns in the Bent Column Data form using Fixed or Pinned restraints would prevent the bridge loads from reaching the foundation. In this
example, a foundation spring (BFSP1) having no stiffness in any direction is
used as the Base Support data. After the foundations have been modeled and
connected to the bent column bases, support of the bent columns will be
achieved. The Foundation Spring Data form is shown in Figure 1-13. Access
this form by clicking the Foundation Spring Properties button on the Bridge
Bent Column Data form and then the Add New Foundation Spring button on
the Define Bridge Foundation Springs form, or by using the Components >
Substructure Item > Foundation Springs > New command.
1 - 10
Bent Data
1.7
The span data is used to define the span lengths and bent locations. Cross diaphragms also can be included in a bridge model using the Modify/Show Assignments > In Span Cross Diaphragms command and Modify/Show button.
No cross diaphragms were used as part of the example model.
1.7.1
1 - 12
in Figure 1-16. Note that a default abutment property is always created whenever the first bridge object is defined, and that is what is used for this example.
Abutments can alternatively be modeled using bents by selecting Bent Property in the Substructure Assignment area of the Bridge Object Abutment Assignment form. After that selection has been, an option is available to select the
appropriate property definition from a list of previously defined bent properties, or to add a new one by clicking the + button.
The substructure location data is critical because CSiBridge accounts for the
superstructure/substructure kinematics. The ends of the bridge deck will have a
tendency to rotate due to gravity loading. If the abutment bearings are restrained against translation at both ends of a bridge, outward reactions on the
bearings and deck moments can be induced as a result of these restraints. The
amount of outward thrust and the moment in the deck are a function of the
amount of rotation and distance from the deck neutral axis to the top of abutment bearings. Therefore, the user should pay special attention to the substructure and bearing elevations as well as the bearing restraint properties. The user
also must keep in mind that the seismic resisting load path is dependent on the
restraint properties of the bearing at both abutments and bents.
For this example, only the vertical translation of the abutment bearings was set
to Fixed. All other abutment bearing components were set to Free since the
abutment restraint was assumed to be free in the longitudinal and transverse directions. See Figure 1-17 (display this form by clicking the + plus beside the
Bearing Property drop-down list on the Bridge Object Abutment Assignments
form and the Add New Bridge Bearing or Modify/Show Bridge Bearing button on the Define Bridge Bearings form).
To help visualize the abutment geometry, the graphic shown in Figure 1-18 includes the values in the example model to define the location of the abutment
bearings and substructure. It should also be noted that the CSiBridge program
automatically includes the BFXSS Rigid Link when the bridge object is updated.
1 - 14
1.7.2
Abutment Geometry
Figure 1-18 also shows the location of the BBRG1 action point. This is the location where the bearing will translate or rotate depending on the bearing definitions.
1.7.3
For this example model, the bearing properties at the bents have fixed translation restraints in all directions but free restraints for all rotational directions.
See Figure 1-20 (click the + plus beside the Bearing Property drop-down list;
click the Modify/Show Bridge Bearing button on the Define Bridge Bearings
form).
1 - 16
1.7.4
Bent Geometry
The bent geometry is shown in Figure 1-21 for the input values used to define
the bearing and substructure elevations from the Bridge Object Bent Assignment form (Figure 1-19).
Note that the BBRG2 connects to the center of the cap beam. The substructure
elevation is used to define the top of the cap beam. The action point of BBRG2
is at Elevation -49.0.
1.8
After the lengths of the piles were known, the piles were connected to an area
object representing the pile cap. The cap was meshed at the top of the pile locations. The completed pile cap appears in Figure 1-23, which is shown using a
3D extruded view.
1.9
1 - 18
Column-to-Foundation Connection
1.10
Mass Source
The Mass Source definition is used to define the mass to be included in the
modal and response spectrum load cases. Mass and weight are treated separately in CSiBridge: mass is used for inertia in dynamic analysis, and weight is
used for gravity loads.
By default, mass comes from the material mass density and any additional
mass assigned to joints, line objects, and area objects. However, you can use
the Mass Source command to specify that mass is to be computed from load
patterns, either in addition to or instead of the default mass.
Multiple Mass Sources definitions can be created for advanced dynamic analysis. This is rarely necessary. For this example, a single Mass Source is defined
that uses the default mass plus mass from load patterns.
The command Advanced > Define > Mass Source opens the Mass Source
form in shown Figure 1-25. Here the default mass source already defined can
be seen. Clicking the Modify/Show button opens the Mass Source Definition
form shown in Figure 1-26.
Mass Source 1 - 19
In this example, the combined weight of the parapets and wearing surface was
approximated as 2.0 kips per linear foot acting along the bridge deck. A load
pattern was added as a superimposed type with the name SDEAD (Loads >
Load Patterns).
This default mass that comes from the mass density of the materials is indicated by the option Element Self Mass and Additional Mass, which is checked
by default. Checking the additional option Specified Load Patterns allows
adding a linear combination of load patterns from which mass is to be computed. In this example the load pattern SDEAD is used with a scale factor of one.
Note that adding load pattern DEAD would double-count the Element Self
Mass.
1 - 20
Mass Source
STEP 2
Ground Motion Hazard and Seismic Design Request
2.1
Overview
The ground motion hazard (response spectrum) can be determined by
CSiBridge by defining the bridge location using the latitude and longitude or
the postal zone. As an alternative, the user can input any user defined response
spectrum file. The site effects (soil site classifications) also are considered and
are part of the user input data.
2.2
Overview
2-1
Figure 2-1 AASHTO/USGS Hazard Maps used to determine the Demand Response Spectrum
2-2
From the Response Spectrum Data form (Loads > Functions > Type > Response Spectrum > New > NCHRP 20-07), the values for SDS and SD1 are determined by CSiBridge and reported. The SD1 value is used to determine the
Seismic Design Category (SDC). The SDC is used to determine the analysis
and design requirements to be applied to the bridge. For example, if the SDC is
A, no capacity displacement calculation is performed. If the SDC is B or C,
CSiBridge uses an implicit formula (see Section 4.8 of the AASHTO Seismic
Guide Specification). If the SDC is D, CSiBridge uses a nonlinear pushover
analysis to determine the capacity displacements.
2.3
The Design/Rating > Seismic Design > Preferences command accesses a form
that can be used to specify the design code, concrete hinge type, steel hinge
type and the hinge length option for all Seismic Design Requests. There are
four choices for the hinge type: Auto: AASHTO/Caltrans Hinge for concrete
and FEMA 356 hinge for steel, Auto: Fiber Hinge, Auto: From Bent and Userassigned. The following hinge length options are provided: Use Longitudinal
2-3
Hinge Length, Use Transverse Hinge Length, Use Shortest Hinge Length (DEFAULT), Use Longest Hinge Length, and Use Average Hinge Length. The
longitudinal and transverse hinge lengths are calculated based on the Seismic
Hinge Data specified in the Bridge Bent Column Data Form introduced in the
Section 1.6.
2.4
The Design/Rating > Seismic Design > Design Request > Add New Request
command accesses a form that can be used to specify the name, check type,
loading and design request parameters for a Seismic Design Request. There are
two check types available: AASHTO Seismic Design and Caltrans Fault Crossing. For the loading, the pre-defined response spectrum function (see Section
2.2) to be used for a specific Seismic Design Request should be selected for the
horizontal and/or vertical direction. None should be selected if no response
spectrum is to be included in either direction in the seismic design request. The
form is shown in Figure 2-4.
For this example, which is of AASHTO Seismic Design, clicking the Modify/Show button will display the Substructure Seismic Design Request Parameters form, shown in Figure 2-5. A brief description of the parameters on that
form follows.
2-4
Item
Seismic Design
Category
(SDC) Option
The user can choose to have the SDC be selected by the program
(i.e., Programmed Determined), or the user can impose a value
for the SDC (i.e., User Defined). To impose a value, select it from
Item 4, the Seismic Design Category.
Seismic Design
Category
Bent Displacement
Demand Factor
2-5
2-6
Item
Gravity Load
Case Option
The user can specify which gravity load case is used to determine
the cracked section properties for the bent columns. The choices
include Auto-Entire Structure, Auto This Bridge Object, or User
Defined. As a default, all Dead and Super Dead loads are included
in the Auto-Entire Structure gravity load case.
Gravity Load
Case
If the User Option is selected for Item 6 Gravity Load Case Option,
the gravity load case name must be selected here.
Additional
Group
Include P-Delta
Cracked
Property
Option
The cracked section properties for the bent columns can be automatically determined by the program or they can be user defined.
If program determined, the automatic gravity load case will be run
iteratively. Section Designer will use the calculated axial force at
the top and bottom on the column to determine the cracked moments of inertia in the positive and negative transverse and longitudinal directions. The average of the top and bottom column
cracked properties will be applied as named property modifier sets
and the analysis will be re-run to make sure the cracked-modified
model converges to within the specified tolerance.
Convergence
Tolerance
This value sets the relative convergence tolerance for the bentcolumn cracked-property iteration. This item is required only when
the cracked-property calculation is program determined.
10 Maximum
Number of
Iterations
This value sets the maximum number of iterations allowed for the
bent-column cracked-property iteration. The first run is considered
to be the zero-th iteration. Usually only one iteration is needed.
This item is required only when the cracked-property calculation is
program determined.
11 Accept
Unconverged
Results
12 Modal Load
Case Option
Item
13 Modal Load
Case
14 Type of Modes
15 Additional
Number Of
Modes
The number of additional modes to consider beyond those automatically determined. This can be zero (default), positive, or negative. The default number of modes is determined based on the
number of bridge spans. The minimum number of modes is 12. For
a bridge object with more than two spans, 6 modes are added for
each additional span.
16 Response
Spectrum Load
Case Option
17 Response
Spectrum Load
Case
The name of an existing response-spectrum load case that represents the seismic demand. This item is required only if the response-spectrum load case option is user-defined.
18 Response
Spectrum Angle Option
19 Response
Spectrum
Angle
Angle (degree, from global X) that defines the direction of the response spectrum load case. This item is required only if the response spectrum load case is user-defined.
20 Directional
Combination
21 Directional
Scale Factor
For absolute directional combination this is the scale factor used for
the secondary directions when taking the absolute sum. This is
typically 0.3 if a 100/30 rule is to be applied. For CQC3 directional
combination, this is the scale factor applied to the response spectrum function in the second horizontal direction. This is typically
greater than 0.5. For the SRSS directional combination the direc-
2-7
Item
2.5
22 Foundation
Group
If foundations are included and explicitly modeled, then the foundation objects need to be assigned to a group and that group needs
to be identified here. This way the foundation objects will be included in the pushover load case. This item is required only if the seismic design category is D.
23 Pushover
Target
Displacement
Ratio
24 Bent Failure
Criterion
25 Pushover
Curve Drop
Tolerance
Relative decrease in base shear from the maximum that determined the displacement capacity from the pushover curve.
2-8
It is noted that for a designed request, when clicking the button "Delete Design
for Request", a message box asking to remove all the program-generated items,
such as load cases, load patterns, group, generalized displacement will be
popped up. The Yes button will bring up another message box asking to remove all the program-generated hinges. The program-generated items can be
removed by clicking the button "Clean up Request" if they were kept when deleting the design results. Also if the same design request is selected to be designed again when the model is locked, then a new set of the programgenerated items will be created and previous generated items will be kept;
when the model is unlocked, then the program will ask to remove the previous
program-generated items or to keep them.
2.6
2-9
2.7
2 - 10
Step 3
Dead Load Analysis and Cracked Section Properties
As shown in the schematic included in the Foreword, the third step begins with
the dead load analysis of the entire bridge model. The results of the dead load
analysis are then used to verify the analytical model. For concrete bent columns,
these results are used for the determination of the cracked section properties that
are then applied to the bent columns as frame section property modifiers. The reduced stiffnesses of the concrete bent columns will affect the response spectrum
and pushover analyses. The frame section property modifiers are defined separately for each of the concrete bent and abutment columns as a named property
set. The user can use the Section Designer program to observe the momentcurvatures and I,cracked properties for the various cross-sections (see also Step 5).
The calculation of the cracked section properties will be skipped for the steel
bent columns and thus no frame section property modifiers will be generated and
assigned to the steel bent columns.
Auto load patterns and auto load cases are produced by the program. The load
case, which has the default name, <SDReq1>, is automatically developed by
CSiBridge as a single stage construction load case and is used to apply the
cracked section property modifiers to the columns. Figure 3-1 shows the Load
Case Data form for the <SDReq1>GRAV load case (Analysis > Load Cases >
Type > All > New > Highlight <SDReq1>GRAV > Modify/Show Load Case).
The auto load cases are not modifiable.
3-1
As an option, the user can overwrite the cracked section property determined by
the program and instead, apply a user defined value. See Step 2 for the user options available in the Seismic Design Request.
3-2
Step 4
Response Spectrum and Demand Displacements
4.1
Overview
The seismic response of the entire bridge structure is analyzed by CSiBridge using the response spectrum function defined in Step 2. The number of modes used
by CSiBridge is automated and depends on the number of bridge spans. The user
should check the total mass participation to ensure that an adequate number of
modes are included in the modal analysis. The additional number of Modes can
be added to the auto-generated modal load case as the item 15 in Figure 2-5. The
response spectrum displacements are used by CSiBridge as the displacement demands as defined in Section 4.4 of the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification.
4.2
Overview
4-1
rection that is chosen to be from the start abutment to the end abutment, both
points located on the reference line of the bridge object. If the user wants to apply
a response spectrum load along a different axis, a directional overwrite is available in the Substructure Seismic Design Request Parameters form (see Chapter 2).
The third response spectrum load case uses a Directional Combination option of
ABS, with an ABS scale factor of 0.3. This response spectrum load case will
satisfy the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification, Section 4.4, which requires
the response spectrum loads to be combined using the 100/30 percent rule in each
of the major directions. The single response spectrum load case,
<SDReq1>RS_XY, envelopes the maximum response spectrum results for each
of the combinations 100/30 and 30/100. The Load Case Data form for the response spectrum load case <SDReq1>RS_XY is shown in Figure 4-2.
4-2
The modal damping coefficient is set to 5 percent, but this value can be modified
as necessary by the user in the Substructure Seismic Design Request Parameters
form (Chapter 2).
To illustrate the ABS directional combination feature, the following BENT1 displacements are summarized for example model MO_1C:
4-3
4-4
4.3
4-5
Step 5
Determine Plastic Hinge Properties and Assignments
5.1
Overview
For bridge structures having a Seismic Design Category (SDC) D the AASHTO Seismic Guide Specification requires that the displacement capacity be determined using a nonlinear pushover analysis. This requires that the column
plastic hinge lengths and plastic hinge properties be determined for each column that participates as part of the Earthquake Resisting System (ERS).
In this step, the methodologies used to calculate the plastic hinge lengths and
properties will be explained. After the hinge properties have been determined,
the plastic hinges are assigned to the ERS columns. The automation of the plastic hinge assignments will also be explained in this step.
5.2
Overview
5-1
=
LP 0.08 L + 0.15 f ye dbl ,
where
L = length of column from point of maximum moment to the point of
moment contraflexure (in.),
= |RH 1| , subject to 2
Above
RH -1.00 -0.75 -0.50 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 1.75 2.00
Bottom Hinge
L/H
1.00 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Top Hinge
L/H
5-2
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.75 1.00
For the steel columns, based on the Section 4.11.8 in AASHTO Seismic Guide
Specification, the plastic hinge region is determined as the maximum of 1/8 of
the clear height of a steel column or 1.5 times the gross cross-sectional dimension in the direction of bending.
Calculated hinge lengths may be different for bending in the longitudinal or
transverse direction of the bents. However, each hinge can only have a single
hinge length in the model. Set the Hinge Length Option in the Bridge Seismic
Design Preferences Form as described in Section 2.3 to specify whether to use
the Longitudinal, Transverse, Longest, Shortest, or Average hinge length for a
given instance of the model. After performing a bridge seismic design with one
of these options, you can re-run the design with a different choice to see the effect.
After the hinge lengths and properties have been determined, the hinges are
placed on the bent columns at each end of the column at distances from each
end equal to 1/2 the hinge length, as shown below in Figure 5-1.
5-3
5.3
5-4
Typically, the axial loads in the bent columns change as the bent is pushed over
due to the overturning effects. Therefore, the yield and plastic moments will
change depending on the amount of axial load present in a particular column at
a particular pushover step. These effects are captured in the nonlinear hinge responses whenever P-M or P-M-M hinges are specified. For this reason, the Automated Seismic Design procedure assigns coupled P-M-M hinges to the bent
columns. The default settings are shown in Figure 5-4 (select the frame(s) to be
assigned a hinge, click Advanced > Assign > Frames > Hinges, select Auto,
click the Modify/Show Auto Hinge Assignments Data button). The length of
the plastic hinge also is calculated by CSiBridge when using the Automated
Seismic Design procedure.
5-5
5-6
Upon completion of the Pushover Analysis, the Hinge Results can be traced.
This feature is explained in detail in Step 6.
5.4
5.4.1
5-7
Figure 5-7 Nonlinear Stress-Strain curves for Confined and Unconfined Concrete
5-8
5.4.2
5-9
5.5
5 - 10
The fiber mesh also can be specified in this form. The mesh can be rectangular
or cylindrical depending on the shape of the column. Another advantage of using the Section Designer feature is that complex sections, similar to the one below, can be handled.
5 - 11
Step 6
Capacity Displacement Analysis
This step describes the automated procedure that CSiBridge uses to determine
the bridge seismic capacity displacements. The method used varies depending
on the Seismic Design Category (SDC) of a particular bridge. A flowchart that
describes when an implicit or pushover analysis is used to determine the capacity displacements is shown in Figure 6-1:
6-1
Identification ERS
Recommended
Required
Required
Demand Analysis
Required
Required
Required
Implicit Capacity
Required
Required
Required
May be required
Re-
Required
Required
Required
ty
Support Width
quired
Detailing Ductility
SDC B
SDB C
SDB D
Capacity Protec-
Recommended
Required
Required
Recommended
Required
Required
tion
Liquefaction
The user can overwrite the program determined SDC to enforce that a pushover analysis is used to determine the displacement capacity. The differences
between the implicit and pushover approaches are described in the following
sections.
6.1
(4.8.1-1)
For SDC C:
L
0.12 H o ( 2.32ln( x) 1.22 ) 0.12 H o
C=
in which
6-2
(4.8.1-2)
x=
Bo
Ho
(4.8.1-3)
where,
Ho =
B0 =
Column diameter or width parallel to the direction of displacement under consideration (ft)
= 1.0
0 < RH 0.5:
= 1 / (1 RH)
= 1 / RH
For the bent columns that are not of Type 1 reinforced concrete, CSiBridge uses the same equations to determine the capacity. In this case, users may overwrite the SDC as D for a better solution, in which the capacity is determined
based on the pushover analysis results.
6.2
6-3
to determine the displacements capacities for each bent in each of the transverse and longitudinal directions.
To perform multiple pushover analyses on a single bridge model, CSiBridge
uses several nonlinear single-staged construction load cases.
For the example bridge, the four separate pushover load cases are named as follows:
<SDReq1>PO_TR1
<SDReq1>PO_LG1
<SDReq1>PO_TR2
<SDReq1>PO_LG2
The SDReq1 is the name provided by the user to identify a particular seismic
design request.
TR denotes Transverse and LG denotes Longitudinal.
The <request name> is added to the beginning of each auto load case name
to distinguish the load cases that are automatically provided by CSiBridge from
user defined load cases.
Figure 6-3 shows the nonlinear single-staged construction load case for the
BENT1 transverse direction.
6-4
6-5
6-6
Figure 6-5 BENT1 Pushover Load Pattern for the Transverse Direction
6.3
Pushover Results
After the pushover analyses have run, the capacity displacements are automatically identified as the maximum displacement of the pushover curve just before
strength loss (negative slope on the pushover curve) for each of the pushover
runs.
The pushover results can be viewed using the Home > Display > More >
Show Static Pushover Curve command. An example output is shown in Figure 6-6 for the BENT1 transverse and longitudinal pushover load cases.
Pushover Results
6-7
6-8
Pushover Results
Step 7
Demand/Capacity Ratios
In the table shown, all four D/C ratios are reported, namely, the transverse and
longitudinal directions for each bent (the example model has two bents). Note
that the Generalized Displacement name also is reported. Generalized displacements are used to average the top of bent displacements and to determine
the relative displacements between the bent cap beam and the foundation. The
generalized displacement definition is automatically defined by CSiBridge and
Demand/Capacity Ratios
7-1
can be viewed using the Advanced > Define > Generalized Displacements
command.
7-2
Demand/Capacity Ratios
Step 8
Review Output and Create Report
This step describes the two methods of viewing the seismic design results. The
first way to review the results is to use the Home > Display > Show Tables
command. The second way is to create a report using the Orb > Report > Create Report command.
The entire list of output tables for the Bridge Seismic Design includes the following:
The seven Bridge Seismic Design tables are described in the sections that follow.
8-1
8.1
8.2
8.3
8-2
8.4
8.5
8-3
8.6
8-4
8.7
8.8
Create Report
A single command can be used to create a report using the Design menu >
Bridge Design > Create Seismic Design Report command. Several representative pages of the report that can be created using the previously noted report request are included in the following pages. Theses have been excerpted from a 30
page summary report that CSiBridge writes as a Microsoft Word document.
8-5
8-6
Create Report
Create Report
8-7
8-8
Create Report
Chapter 9
Caltrans Fault Crossing Seismic Bridge Design
9.1
Introduction
Automated seismic design for bridges crossing seismic faults is available in
CSiBridge. The methodology is based on the following references:
9-1
9.2
9.3
Choose the bridge object to which this request will apply, and select the Check
Type to be Caltrans Fault Crossing, which changes the form as shown below.
Enter the loading data as follows:
Most of these parameters are identical to the parameters for the AASHTO Seismic
Design Request, and are described in the CSiBridge Seismic Analysis and Design
manual. A few of these parameters of particular interest for fault-crossing analysis
are described here:
The Seismic Design Category (1) has the same meaning as it does for
AASHTO seismic design, but it is not automatically determined from the
response-spectrum functions. Due to the severity of fault-crossing motion,
category D is probably most appropriate, meaning that the capacity will be
determined by nonlinear static pushover analysis. However, if you just want
to study the seismic demand due to fault crossing and dont care about
capacity, setting the category to be less than D will speed up the analysis.
Type of Modes (13) is fixed to be Ritz. This is superior to using Eigen modes
for ground displacement loading, which tends to excite higher frequency
modes than acceleration loading.
9.4
Using the buttons on the right, select the Design Requests that you would like to
run, and set their action to Design. Then click the Design Now button.
We recommend unlocking the model before using this command, which will
delete all prior results. You may wish to save the model under a new name before
doing this. We also recommend simultaneously running all design requests of
interest at the same time, although this is not required.
After clicking the Design Now button, CSiBridge will create and run multiple
load cases for each Design Request to calculate the demands and capacities. The
results of some cases are used to create additional cases, so the analyses are
performed in a sequence of runs. These load cases are described later in this
document.
You will know when the seismic design is done when a table of final results is
presented, or a message is produced in case the Design Requests were unable to
complete for any reason.
9.5
This report will be written to an .RTF file that can be opened in Microsoft Word
for viewing, editing, and printing.
The same data can be viewed within CSiBridge using the command Home >
Display > Show Tables.
9 - 11
Results are presented for both displacement and force demands, as well as
capacities. While the displacement demands may be meaningful for design
purposes, the force demands should be used only for reference purposes, since
they superpose the linear response-spectrum results with the nonlinear static
results and are not mathematically valid.
9.6
<QreqX>DIS. This is a nonlinear static load case that continues from the
gravity case <QreqX>GRAV and applies the full specified ground motion.
The results of this load case will later be combined with the responsespectrum results to form the displacement demand. This case is unique to
<QreqX>MODAL. This is a Ritz modal load case that uses the stiffness from
load case <QreqX>GRAV and calculates vibration modes optimized for the
fault-crossing response-spectrum analysis. For each direction of fault slip, a
separate load pattern is created that applies the specified ground motion to
the supports. These load patterns are then applied as Load Inertia and used
as the starting load vectors in the Ritz modal case. If uniform acceleration
loading has been specified for the design request, acceleration loads are
added to this modal case. Load Inertia is a new type of loading added to
CSiBridge for the purpose of calculating fault-crossing response. Load
Inertia applies the specified load pattern, multiplies the resulting
displacement at each degree-of-freedom in the structure by its respective
mass, and then reapplies the result as an inertial load to get the final
response. This same loading will be applied in the response-spectrum case.
This case is unique to fault-crossing seismic design, although a different
modal case is used for AASHTO design.
<QreqX>RS_DIS. This is a generalized response-spectrum analysis for faultcrossing motion that uses the modes calculated in load case
<QreqX>MODAL. The same fault-crossing load patterns used in the modal
case are applied here as Load Inertia. Each inertial load is applied with its
respective response-spectrum function as specified in the Design Request,
and scaled by g/u0. For each load, the modes are combined using the CQC
method. The directional loads are then combined as an absolute sum by
default, although you may choose to use SRSS in the Design Request. This
case is unique to fault-crossing seismic design, although different responsespectrum cases are used for AASHTO design.
Two load combinations are created to calculate the total seismic demand:
9.7
Note that there is no established protocol for using general displacement loading
in design at the present time. Using this method requires engineering judgment
and perhaps some experimentation.
The procedure is similar to the that described above for defining a Seismic
Design Request for planar motion, with the following differences.
Define the new load patterns. Enter a Name, set the Type to Other, set the
Self Weight Multiplier to zero, and click Add New Load Pattern.
For each load pattern, select the various supported joints and assign ground
displacement loads, as appropriate, using the command Advanced > Assign
Loads > Joints > Displacements. Be sure to select the desired load pattern
in the assignment form.
Note that displacement loads will only act at joint degrees of freedom
connected to ground through restraints, springs, or single-joint links.
Displacements assigned to other joints or degrees of freedom are permitted
9 - 15
but will have no effect on the structure. The magnitude of the loads are not
important, only their relative values. They can be scaled later, separately for
the nonlinear and the response-spectrum load cases. For complicated ground
motion, you may wish to use tabular data entry using the interactive database
editor. The figure on the next page shows the joint displacements loads that
are generated automatically for transverse planar fault-parallel motion in the
first span. Note that loads are applied everywhere, but that they will only act
at the base.
To apply uniform acceleration, define a displacement load pattern and assign
an equal translation in the desired direction to every joint.
For each load pattern, decide on a single reference displacement value, u0,
which characterizes the motion. This may be the most difficult part. This
value will be used later to normalize the load pattern for application in the
response-spectrum load case. By analogy with the planar motion, it should
represent a measure of how much each joint moves from its initial position.
For non-uniform motion, you could use the average displacement or the
maximum displacement, as determined by your engineering judgment. You
can assign displacement loads of any magnitude in the load pattern, but the
value u0 should be representative of these loads.
Define response-spectrum functions that characterize the dynamic response
to the ground motion for the various load patterns. The response-spectrum
functions should be chosen as appropriate for type of near-fault behavior
characterized by the load patterns.
Choose General Displacement Loading for the fault definition. The form will
appear as shown below (after entering Loading data).
Click the Add button to add a new load pattern.
For each load pattern:
o Choose the name of the load pattern you previously defined
o Choose the name of the corresponding response-spectrum function.
o Enter a dimensionless scale factor that will multiple the load pattern
when it is used in the nonlinear static displacement load case. The
9 - 17
default is unity. Increasing this scale factor will increase the static
load, but will have no effect on the response-spectrum load case.
Enter the reference displacement u0 for the load pattern, determined
as described in Step 3 above. This value has units of length, and will
be used to scale the response-spectrum load by g/u0. The default is
0.5 m, but you should a value that actually corresponds to the
magnitude of the loads applied in the load pattern. Increasing this
reference displacement will reduce the response-spectrum load, but
will have no effect on the nonlinear static load case.
You may add or delete as many load patterns as you wish. These load patterns
will be applied in the nonlinear static, Ritz modal, and response-spectrum load
cases. The Design Request Parameters are the same as for planar motion.
9 - 19
References
ACI, 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08)
and Commentary (ACI 318R-08), American Concrete Institute, P.O.
Box 9094, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
AASHTO, 2011. AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge
Design. American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capital Street, NW Suite 249, Washington, DC 2011
FEMA 356, Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of
Buildings, November 2000, Federal Emergency Management Agency,
Washington D.C.
R-1