EXCLI J. 2016 Jan 22;15:64-74. doi: 10.17179/excli2015-748. eCollection 2016.

The effect of cold application and lavender oil inhalation in

cardiac surgery patients undergoing chest tube removal.
Hasanzadeh F1, Kashouk NM1, Amini S2, Asili J3, Emami SA3, Vashani HB1, Sahebkar A4.
Author information
Abstract
Post-surgical chest tube removal (CTR) is associated with a significant pain and discomfort for patients. Current treatment strategies for reducingCTRassociated pain and anxiety are limited and partially efficacious. To determine the effects of cold application, inhalation of lavender essential oil, and
their combination on pain and anxiety during CTR was investigated. This randomized controlled open-label trial was conducted with 80 patients in the
cardiac surgery intensive care unit who had a chest tube for duration of at least 24 hours after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Patients were
randomized (n=20 in each group) to receive cold application, aromatherapy with lavender oil, cold application in combination with lavender oil
inhalation, or none of the above interventions (control group). The intensity and quality of pain and anxiety were evaluated using the visual analogue
scale, short form and modified-McGill pain questionnaire (SFM-MPQ) and the Spielberger situational anxiety level inventory (STAII) scale, respectively.
Patients in all treatment groups had significantly lower pain intensity and anxiety compared with the control group immediately, 5, 10 and 15 min after
CTR. There was no statistically significant difference in the SFM-MPQ total scores between the intervention groups. With respect to anxiety score,
there was a significantly reduced anxiety level immediately after CTR in the aromatherapy and cold-aromatherapycombination groups versus the cold
application group. The present results suggested the efficacy of cold application and aromatherapy with lavender oil in reducing pain
and anxiety associated with post-CABG CTR.

KEYWORDS:
Lavandula angustifolia; anxiety; chest tube; cold application; nursing; pain

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:381381. doi: 10.1155/2013/381381. Epub 2013 Feb
17.

Effects of aromatherapy on the anxiety, vital signs, and sleep

quality of percutaneous coronary intervention patients in
intensive care units.
Cho MY1, Min ES, Hur MH, Lee MS.
Author information
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on the anxiety, sleep, and blood pressure (BP) of percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI) patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). Fifty-six patients with PCI in ICU were evenly allocated to either the aromatherapy or
conventional nursing care. Aromatherapy essential oils were blended with lavender, roman chamomile, and neroli with a 6 : 2 : 0.5 ratio. Participants
received 10 times treatment before PCI, and the same essential oils were inhaled another 10 times after PCI. Outcome measures patients'
stateanxiety, sleeping quality, and BP. An aromatherapy group showed significantly low anxiety (t = 5.99, P < .001) and improving sleep quality (t =
-3.65, P = .001) compared with conventional nursing intervention. The systolic BP of both groups did not show a significant difference by time or in a
group-by-time interaction; however, a significant difference was observed between groups (F = 4.63, P = .036). The diastolic BP did not show any
significant difference by time or by a group-by-time interaction; however, a significant difference was observed between groups (F = 6.93, P = .011). In
conclusion, the aromatherapy effectively reduced the anxiety levels and increased the sleep quality of PCI patients admitted to the
ICU.Aromatherapy may be used as an independent nursing intervention for reducing the anxiety levels and improving the sleep quality of PCI patients.

Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014 Jun;16(6):e18371. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.18371. Epub 2014 Jun 5.

Aromatherapy with citrus aurantium oil and anxiety during the

first stage of labor.
Namazi M1, Amir Ali Akbari S1, Mojab F2, Talebi A3, Alavi Majd H3, Jannesari S1.
Author information
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Anxiety is the most common psychological response of women to labor. Aromatherapy, i.e. the use of fragrant essential oils to stimulate the olfactory
system, can create a state of calmness and help to alleviate anxiety.

OBJECTIVES:
The present study tried to determine the efficacy of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium oil in reducing anxiety during the first stage of labor.
PATIENTS AND METHODS:
This randomized clinical trial was conducted on two groups of pregnant women, referred to Vali-Asr Hospital (Tuyserkan, Iran) between June and
September 2013. The sample size was comprised of 63 subjects in each group. Gauzes impregnated with 4 mL of C. aurantium distillate and normal
saline were attached to the collar of subjects in the aromatherapy and control groups, respectively. The gauzes were changed every 30 minutes. The
levels of anxiety in both groups were measured at baseline and after the intervention at dilations of 3-4 and 6-8 cm. The participants were followed up
until delivery and the first- and fifth-minute Apgar scores were recorded. Data were collected using a demographic and obstetric characteristics
questionnaire, an examination and observation checklist, and Spielberger state-trait anxiety questionnaire. Data analysis was performed with
independent-t, Mann-Whitney, and chi-square tests in SPSS-22. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
RESULTS:
Before the intervention, both groups had same levels of anxiety. However, the levels of anxiety at dilations of 3-4 and 6-8 cm were significantly lower in
the aromatherapy group compared with the control group.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this study confirmed aromatherapy with C. aurantium blossom oil as a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive, and effective intervention to
reduce anxiety during labor.

BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 Mar 6;15:43. doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0571-1.

Effect of the fragrance inhalation of essential oil from Asarum

heterotropoides on depression-like behaviors in mice.
Park HJ1, Lim EJ2, Zhao RJ3, Oh SR4, Jung JW5, Ahn EM6, Lee ES7, Koo JS8, Kim HY9, Chang
S10, Shim HS11, Kim KJ12, Gwak YS13, Yang CH14.
Author information
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Psychological stressors may cause affective disorders, such as depression and anxiety, by altering expressions of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF),
serotonin (5-HT), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the brain. This study investigated the effects of essential oil from Asarum heterotropoides (EOAH)
on depression-like behaviors and brain expressions of CRF, 5-HT, and TH in mice challenged with stress.
METHODS:
Male ICR mice received fragrance inhalation of EOAH (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g) for 3 h in the special cage capped with a filter paper before start of the
forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). The duration of immobility was measured for the determination of depression-like behavior
in the FST and TST. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine as positive control was administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg (i.p.) 30 min before
start of behavioral testing. Immunoreactivities of CRF, 5-HT, and TH in the brain were also measured using separate groups of mice subjected to the
FST.
RESULTS:
EOAH at higher doses (1.0 and 2.0 g) reduced immobility time in the FST and TST. In addition, EOAH at a dose of 1.0 g significantly reduced the
expected increases in the expression of CRF positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and the expression of TH positive neurons in the locus
coeruleus, and the expected decreases of the 5-HT positive neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus.
CONCLUSION:
These results provide strong evidence that EOAH effectively inhibits depression-like behavioral responses, brain CRF and TH expression increases,
and brain 5-HT expression decreases in mice challenged with stress.

Complement Ther Med. 2014 Jun;22(3):456-62. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.04.001. Epub 2014 May 2.

Modulatory effects of aromatherapy massage intervention on

electroencephalogram, psychological assessments, salivary
cortisol and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Wu JJ1, Cui Y1, Yang YS1, Kang MS1, Jung SC1, Park HK2, Yeun HY3, Jang WJ4, Lee S5, Kwak
YS6, Eun SY7.
Author information
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
Aromatherapy massage is commonly used for the stress management of healthy individuals, and also has been often employed as a therapeutic use
for pain control and alleviating psychological distress, such as anxiety and depression, in oncological palliative care patients. However, the exact
biological basis of aromatherapy massage is poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated here the effects of aromatherapymassage interventions on
multiple neurobiological indices such as quantitative psychological assessments, electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectrum pattern, salivary
cortisol and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels.
DESIGN:
A control group without treatment (n = 12) and aromatherapy massage group (n = 13) were randomly recruited. They were all females whose children
were diagnosed as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and followed up in the Department of Psychiatry, Jeju National University Hospital.
Participants were treated with aromatherapy massage for 40 min twice per week for 4 weeks (8 interventions).
RESULTS:
A 4-week-aromatherapy massage program significantly improved all psychological assessment scores in the Stat-Trait Anxiety Index, Beck Depression
Inventory and Short Form of Psychosocial Well-being Index. Interestingly, plasma BDNF levels were significantly increased after a 4 weekaromatherapy massage program. Alpha-brain wave activities were significantly enhanced and delta wave activities were markedly reduced following
the one-time aromatherapy massage treatment, as shown in the meditation and neurofeedback training. In addition, salivary cortisol levels were
significantly reduced following the one-time aromatherapy massage treatment.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest that aromatherapy massage could exert significant influences on multiple neurobiological indices such as EEG pattern, salivary
cortisol and plasma BDNF levels as well as psychological assessments.
Copyright 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Hambatan:
1. kl penciuman menurun

Sensasi penciuman bekerja akibat stimulasi reseptor olfaktorius oleh zat kimia
yang mudah menguap. Perubahan yang terjadi pada penciuman akibat proses
menua yaitu penurunan atau kehilangan sensasi penciuman kerena penuaan
dan usia. Penyebab lain yang juga dianggap sebagai pendukung terjadinya
kehilangan sensasi penciuman termasuk pilek, influenza, merokok, obstruksi
hidung, dan faktor lingkungan. Implikasi dari hal ini adalah penurunan
sensitivitas terhadap bau. 1 misalnya jika terapi akan diberikan kepada lansia.

2. kalo pake proses yang difusi, maka jika ruangan terlalu luas, maka difusi
terlalu luas jg, jadinya sensasi bau aromaterapi menurun.
Selain itu, untuk aktifitas relaksasi juga diperlukan suasana yang tenang, nyaman
dan memiliki privasi dalam kegiatan perawatan.
Kelemahan terkait sisi negative dari terapi
Hambatan dari segi aplikasi/teknis (faktor internal/eksternal)